A Case Study of Islamkot, Tharparkar, Pakistan
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Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 10 , No. 1, 20 20 , 5288 -5294 5288 Impact Assessment of Groundwater Quality using WQI and Geospatial tools: A Case Study of Islamkot, Tharparkar, Pakistan Natesh Kumar Ali Asghar Mahessar Sheeraz Ahmed Memon Institute of Environmental Engineering Sindh Barrages Improvement Project Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran University of Irrigation Department and Management, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Government of Sindh Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan Sindh, Pakistan Jamshoro, Pakistan Kamran Ansari Abdul Latif Qureshi U.S.-Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies in Water U.S.-Pakistan Centers for Advanced Studies in Water Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan Abstract –Groundwater is the only source of fresh water in the a significant natural resource particularly in rural areas [3]. Thar Desert which is located in an arid region of Pakistan with Owing to the lack of surface water facilities, groundwater plays dense population and spreads over 19,638km 2. Low rainfall, low a pivotal part in overcoming drinking and agricultural needs in groundwater recharge, high evaporation and absence of both arid and semi-arid areas [4]. Groundwater table is perennial streams are the general reasons for water scarcity. naturally recharged through rainfall, streams, lakes, rivers and Being the single water source for drinking, domestic and swamp wetlands [5]. The groundwater becomes free from industrial uses, and livestock activities, this source is highly impurities of organic wastes by the filtration which occurs overexploited. Realizing the gravity of the situation, this paper naturally through sediments and soil [6]. The quality of presents a groundwater quality evaluation of Islamkot, groundwater is an essential defining factor for its potentiality Tharparkar, using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geospatial for drinking, agricultural and industrial usages [7]. tools. 40 samples were collected from dug wells. The TDS of 28 samples was found higher than 3000mg/L and 12 samples ranged The presence of some chemical elements in drinking water from 1500 to 3000mg/L. Many (28) samples were not further at concentrations above the standard levels can lead to health analyzed due to their very high TDS which made the water unfit problems. Drinking water contains various elements essential for drinking. Twelve samples with TDS ranging from 1500 to for human health. However, high concentrations of these 3000 mg/L were further analyzed. The analyzed results revealed parameters (TDS, alkalinity, As, F, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, and the average values of pH, EC, TDS, salinity, chloride, total hardness) might create severe health complications [8-9]. alkalinity, fluoride, and arsenic. The results did not meet NEQS Contamination of groundwater by organic and inorganic and WHO guidelines. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted material of anthropogenic origin poses a severe problem. Safe among parameters. Further, groundwater quality was assessed by WQI and indicated that water quality varied from very poor drinkable water plays a vital role in human health, while water to unsuitable for drinking. The consumption of polluted unfit for drinking is known a major source of waterborne groundwater has been the main cause of prevalent waterborne diseases [10]. About 1.8 million people in the world die from diseases and poses a very high risk for public health. diarrhea related diseases annually, many of which have been interrelated to the consumption of contaminated water [11]. Keywords-statistics; physicochemical analysis; Islamkot; WQI; Globally, over 80% of people live with unimproved drinking GIS models; public health water and 70% without improved sanitation. The adverse health effects of drinking water pose a serious problem in I. INTRODUCTION several parts of the world [11]. Severe problems have been Surface and ground water are the main resources of reported even in Pakistan, especially in rural areas [12-17]. It is drinkable water, since the 97.5% of the total water on the globe estimated that 30% of all diseases and 40% of all deaths are is saline. The 68.9% of the drinkable water falls within glaciers related to poor water quality. Water borne diseases are reported and permanent snow at the poles, 29.9% is in groundwater, as a leading cause of death in infants and children in Pakistan only 0.3% of the fresh water exists in rivers, and 0.9% is in soil while about 20% of the citizens suffer from polluted water moisture and swamp water from groundwater [1]. The surface related symptoms [18]. and ground water are major water sources [2]. Groundwater is Corresponding author: Ali Asghar Mahessar ([email protected]) www.etasr.com Kumar et al.: Impact Assessment of Groundwater Quality using WQI and Geospatial tools: A Case … Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 10, No. 1, 2020, 5288 -5294 5289 Groundwater quality has received widespread attention since the demand of water of high quality is rising. Until recently, groundwater quality assessment has been based on laboratory investigation, but the emergence of satellite technologies such as Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) has made it easy to integrate various databases for water quality assessment. RS has been used to land classification, land cover and land use changes [19]. GIS can be used as a powerful tool for finding water resource solutions, assessing water quality and availability, assisting in the prediction of local and regional floods, and understanding the natural environment. The WQI model is widely used worldwide for groundwater quality assessment, evaluation, and management [20]. Like many other countries, Pakistan also faces the problem of safe and clean drinking water availability. In the rural areas, the primary source of drinking water is Fig. 2. Map of the study area groundwater. Poor water quality is a major health risk in Pakistan [21]. Fresh water resources in Thar region are scarce. A. Climate of the Study Area Moreover, crops are totally dependent upon rainwater [22]. The climate of the studied area is dry with annual This study was conducted in order to evaluate groundwater precipitation of 200–300mm whereas the temperature quality by using WQI and GIS. In order to use these models for fluctuates between 9 oC in winter to 48 oC in summer. In groundwater sustainably, groundwater resource monitoring and summer, it is extremely hot during the day, but nights are mapping are essential. Statistical analysis of groundwater remarkably cooler. April, May and June are the hottest months quality data was performed using descriptive statistics and during the year, while December, January and February are the Pearson correlation. coldest. The inhabitants mostly rely on rainfall for agriculture and livelihood [23]. Agricultural practice depends upon the II. STUDY AREA rainwater and is the major occupation of locals. The main Tharparkar district consists of seven Talukas. The total area sources of drinking water are dug wells and low-lying areas of the district is 19,638km 2 mostly covered with sand dunes. (Tarais) which recharge during rainfall. The population is 1,649,661 (2017 census). Islamkot is a taluka B. Geology of the Study Area of the Tharparkar District which is at a distance of 35km from Tharparkar is the largest subtropical desert spread over Mithi City and around 450km from Karachi. Islamkot is 2 geographically positioned between 24°42'4.9680''N and 19,638km and lies in Pakistan's southern Sindh province. 70°10'41.9592''E with an altitude of 193 feet. The area selected Tharparkar district is specially named according to the for research is Islamkot city area including the villages falling geographical conditions, ie. Thar and Parkar. “Thar” means within its vicinity. The map of the study area is shown in desert while Parkar refers to a rocky and hilly terrain. Figure1. III. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Samples Collection Forty samples were collected in one-liter clean polyethylene bottles. At the time of sampling, the bottles were thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and labelled properly before transporting to laboratory and preserved with nitric acid. GPS coordinates were noted for sampling locations using handheld GPS (62s). The samples were collected from the study area and were sent to the Lab of Institute of Environment, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro. The values of pH, TDS and salinity were taken in situ at samples’ collection sites. The pH measurements were made with calibrated pH meter with glass electrode and reference internal electrode. Electrical Conductivity (EC), salinity and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were recorded with a calibrated salinity and conductivity meter (HACH 8163). Furthermore, physicochemical parameters have been measured in the Laboratory using standard analysis procedures. The locations Fig. 1. Map of Tharparkar District, Sindh, Pakistan of samples’ collection, their latitudes and longitudes are listed in Table I. www.etasr.com Kumar et al.: Impact Assessment of Groundwater Quality using WQI and Geospatial tools: A Case … Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 10, No. 1, 2020, 5288 -5294 5290 TABLE I. SAMPLES’ COLLECTION NUMBERS AND LOCATIONS IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Locations of collected samples A. Geospatial Analysis of Collected Samples No. Latitude Longitude No. Latitude Longitude S1 24.701 70.217 S21 24.727 70.223 1) pH S2 24.736 70.156 S22 24.737 70.223 S3 24.703 70.183 S23 24.733 70.223 According to National Environmental Quality Standards S4 24.701 70.179 S24 24.734 70.225 (NEQS) and WHO guidelines, water used for drinking should S5 24.701 70.177 S25 24.734 70.228 have a pH between 6.5 and 8.5. The pH values found in the S6 24.705 70.179 S26 24.730 70.227 study area's groundwater samples ranged from 7.6 to 8.7 as S7 24.700 70.190 S27 24.738 70.225 shown in the geospatial distribution of pH in Figure 3.