Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change in Japan - Toward Water-disaster Adaptive society - September 22, 2008 Toshio Okazumi Director for International Water Management Coordination Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Government of Japan 1. Present conditions Japan is vulnerable to climate change and issues
Kinki Region Kanto Region A
y S a h Ikebukuro s i e n
Station R n Ueno a
i k v
a
Station S e
r
Kanzaki River K u Kameido R a m nd i
a v
Amagasaki Ri i Station
ved r e
Station Shin-Osaka Station a r
Tokyo Shinjuku R Kinsicyo
Old Edo River
Station i
Station v Station e r r River Ara Shibuya Osaka Station Neya River Shibu Yodo River Station ya Ri M ver Osaka Castle e Hirano gu ro Tennouji Station River R Toneiv River er
Elevation Elevation
About 50% of population 3m – 4m and about 75% of 3m – 4m 1m – 3m 1m – 3m 0m – 1m property on about 10% of 0m – 1m -1m – 0m -1m – 0m -1m – -1m – Water Area land lower than water Water Area levels in rivers during flooding 1. Present conditions 2008 Floods in Japan and issues
2008.7.28 Floods in Hyogo Pref. 2008.8.29 Floods in Aichi Pref.
Rapid water level rise of Amount rainfall per hour 雨量 Amount rainfall per hour 134cm in 10 minutes largest-ever 160 140
amount rainfall 120 per hour 100 80
60
40
(146mm/h) 20
0 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Break Point 1. Present conditions Increase of torrential rain and issues Annual total of hourly rainfall instances 1. Number of instances of 50 mm or more rain in an hour (from approx. 1,300 AMeDAS locations across Japan) 500 (instances/year) 400 300 200 1996~2005 100 1976~1985 1986~1995 Average 288 instances Average 209209 instances Average 234234 instances 288 01976 ‘77 ‘78 ‘79 ‘80 ‘81 ‘82 ‘83 ‘84 ‘85 ‘86 ‘87 ‘88 ’89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 2. Number of instances of 100 mm or more rain in an hour 10 (instances/year) 1976~1985 1986~1995 1996~2005 Average 4.74.7 instances Average 22.22 instances Average 2.22.2 instances 5
0 1976 ‘77 ‘78 ‘79 ‘80 ‘81 ‘82 ‘83 ‘84 ‘85 ‘86 ‘87 ‘88 ‘89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 Data from the materials prepared by the Meteorological Agency 2. Impacts of climate Mechanism of global warming and climate change change
Large volumes of greenhouse gas emissions cause CO2 concentration in the air to rise and increase heat absorption, resulting in temperature rise. Thus, global warming occurs.
Melting of glaciers, ice caps and Thermal expansion Change in Change in snow ice sheets of sea water evapotranspiration accumulation condition
Sea level rise (Maximum rise: 59 cm) More intense typhoons Increase of More frequent heavy Earlier snow melt precipitation by a rains and droughts and reduction of factor of 1.1 to 1.3* discharge
Change in water use Increase of river flow rate pattern
MoreMore frequentfrequent highhigh tidestides andand coastalcoastal MoreMore frequentfrequent MoreMore seriousserious debrisdebris flowflow HigherHigher riskrisk ofof droughtdrought erosionserosions floodsfloods 2. Impacts of climate Estimation of increased rainfall in region change
Future rainfall amounts were projected as a median value in each region of
Average rainfall in 2080-2099 period Average rainfall in 1979-1998 period ② The above equation was obtained based on the maximum daily precipitation in the year ① at each survey point identified in GCM20 (A1B scenario).
① Hokkaido 1.24 ④ ② Tohoku 1.22 ③ ⑧ ③ Kanto 1.11 ⑤ ④ Hokuriku 1.14 ⑨ ⑥ ⑤ Chubu 1.06 ⑦ ⑥ Kinki 1.07 ⑩ Legend ⑦ Southern Kii 1.13 ⑪ 1.20～1.25 ⑧ San-in 1.11 1.15～1.20 ⑨ Setouchi 1.10 1.10～1.15 ⑩ Southern Shikoku 1.11 1.05～1.10 ⑪ Kyushu 1.07 1.00～1.05 2. Impacts of climate Impacts of precipitation 100 years from now on safety against flood change
Precipitation 100 years from now is projected to be about 1.1 to 1.3 times the present level. The highest projection may be 1.5 times.
Impacts of precipitation 100 years from now on safety against flood 1/1000 最大 Highest Lowest 最小 1/200 1/150 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/100 1/80 1/60 1/60 1/55 1/35 1/70 1/35 1/35 1/45 1/23 1/40 1/15 1/23 治水安全度 1/22 1/12 Safety 1/10 1/12 1/10 1/6
1 現計画Present plan 1.1倍1.1 times 1.2倍1.2 times 1.3倍1.3 times 1.5倍1.5 times 現計画Present plan 1.1倍1.1 times 1.2倍1.2 times 1.3倍1.3 times 1.5倍1.5 times 現計画Present plan 1.1倍1.1 times 1.2倍1.2 times 1.3倍1.3 times 1.5倍1.5 times Safety in present plan: 1/100 Safety in present plan: 1/150 Safety in present plan: 1/200 The safety designated in the present plan would substantially deteriorate based on the assumption of projected precipitation 100 years from now.
More frequent inundation and flooding 石狩川 (北海道） 2. Impacts of climate Changes of peak runoff by future rainfall change
北上川 Estimations（東北） of future rainfall are about ×1.1 ～×1.5 compare to current rainfall. Peak runoff will be estimated about ×1.1 ～×1.7 compare to current peak runoff in 9 major rivers.
利根川 計画降雨量の増加と基本高水のピーク流量の変化 × × （関東） Design Rainfall 1.0 1.1 ×1.2 ×1.3 ×1.5
Ishikari Riv. Design Level Basin Area Peak Runoff of Design Flood (Hokkaido)黒部川 １／１５０ 12,697ｋｍ2 18,000 m3／s 20,500 23,000 25,600 30,700 （北陸） Kitakami Riv. １／１５０ ｋｍ2 3／ (Tohoku) 7,070 13,600 m s 15,700 17,800 19,900 24,000
Tone雲出川 Riv. About 21,000 m3／s １／２００ 5,114ｋｍ2 23,600 25,900 27,900 31,800 (Kanto)（中部） (Calculated by 1/200)
Kurobe Riv. １／１００ 667ｋｍ2 7,200 m3／s 8,100 8,900 9,700 11,300 (Hokuriku)紀の川 （近畿） Izumo Riv. 2 3 (Cyubu) １／１００ 541ｋｍ 8,000 m ／s 9,000 9,900 10,900 12,800
Kinokawa太田川 Riv. １／１５０ ｋｍ2 16,000 m3／s (Kinki)（中国） 1,574 17,600 19,700 21,600 25,400
Oota Riv. (Cyugoku) １／２００ 1,505ｋｍ2 12,000 m3／s 13,100 14,700 16,300 19,400 那賀川 Naga（四国） Riv. (Shikoku) １／１００ 765ｋｍ2 11,200 m3／s 12,800 14,500 16,100 19,300
Kase嘉瀬川 Riv. １／１００ 225.5ｋｍ2 3,400 m3／s 3,800 4,100 4,500 5,300 (Kyusyu)（九州） 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 2. Impacts of climate Frequent and more serious droughts: Deterioration of safety against droughts change
■There has been a smaller rainfall amount in recent years and the range of variation has been lower than in the late 1940s through the late 1960s when dams and other facilities were constructed. ■As a result, stable water supply using dams has been decreasing. Example in the Kiso River system ◇In recent years (in 1979 through 1998): Reduction of water supply below the design level by about 40% ◇Worst drought in recent years (1994): Reduction of water supply below the design level by about 70%
Annual precipitation (mm/year) Trend Average Dam and other facilities
年降水量 (㎜/年) 3,000 Reduction by about 40% Reduction by about 70%
2,500
2,000
1,500 ▲Year of drought
1,000 Design water supply Possible stable supply Worst drought in recent years 1946S211951 S261956 1961 S311966 S361971 S411976 1981 S461986 S511991 1996 S562001 S61 H3 H8 H13 (February 20) (1994) 2. Impacts of climate More frequent and serious droughts change
Comparison between present conditions(1979 to 1998) Comparison between and future rainfall(2080 to 2099) in Class A river present water volume and predicted water volume after 100 years shows decrease in most area in March - June
Water volume means the sum of snowfall and rainfall Reduction of river flow in the reaching to the earth’s surface. periods requiring irrigation water, e.g. during the surface soil Legend
puddling in paddy fields, may be Future water volume/present water deteriorated to water use for volume ≧ 1.4 1.2 ≦ Future water volume/present rice farming. water volume < 1.4
1.0 ≦ Future water volume/present water volume < 1.2
0.8 ≦ Future water volume/present water volume < 1.0
Future water volume/present water volume < 0.8
Spring (March through June)
Source: Water Resources in Japan 2007, Land and Water Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport 2. Impacts of climate Frequent and more serious droughts change
In the upper Tone River, snow cover With global warming, is likely to decrease considerably. (i) earlier snow melt and (ii) reduction of snowfall That will accompany the reduction of induce changes in river flow rate, and river flow rate in the snow melt (iii) earlier surface soil puddling in paddy fields is season or in early spring. expected to cause the annual water demand pattern to change and to have serious impacts on water use.
ChangeChange inin snowsnow covercover inin 100100 years'years' timetime duedue toto furtherfurther globalglobal warmingwarming (Fujiwara)(Fujiwara) (ii) Reduction of river (i) Earlier discharge due to earlier flow rate due to snow melt 300 reduction of the amount Average平均 of snowfall 250 Future将来
200 Reduction of river flow during the 積 surface soil puddling in paddy fields 雪 150 深 cm） 100 /sec) 3 Snow cover (cm) cover Snow 50 Future将来 Present現況 0 10月1日October 1 November 11月 1日 1 December 12月1日 1 January 1月1日 1 February 2月1日 1 March 3月 1日1 April 4月1日 1 5月1日May 1
*Prepared by Water Resources Department, Water and Land Bureau, Ministry of River flow (m Land, Infrastructure and Transport based on Regional Climatic Model (RCM) 20, a global warming prediction model, developed by Japan Meteorological Agency. (iii) Insufficient river flow even when the surface puddling starts earlier (requiring large amounts of irrigation water)
January April Surface soil July October puddling period Release of reservoir water not contributing to effective water use Where the reservoir is full, released water is not used effectively. Source: Water Resources in Japan 2007, Land and Water Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport 2. Impacts of climate Impacts of sea level rise change
Increases of below-sea-level areas in three large bay areas (Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay)
Ashiya City to Osaka City Kawagoemachi to Tohkai City Yokohoma City to Chiba City
Osaka Bay Ise Bay Tokyo Bay
*Prepared by the River Bureau based on the national land-use digital information. *Shown are the areas at elevations lower than sea level shown in a three-dimensional mesh (1 km x 1 Areas with flood risks due to km). Total area and population are based on three-dimensional data. *No areas of surfaces of rivers or lakes are included. *A premium of 60% is applied to the potential flood risk area and to the population vulnerable to flood risk high tides will increase. in the case with a one-meter rise of sea level.
Rate of Present現状 After海面上昇後 sea level rise increase倍率 面積（Area (kmk㎡）2) 577559 879861 １．５ 人口（万人）Population (Million) 4043.88 5935.76 １．５ 3.Adaptation measures Basic concept of adaptation strategies for climate change
Climate change due to global warming is expected to induce the following phenomena in coastal and low-lying areas. -More frequent heavy rains and more intense typhoons Frequent and serious flood and sediment disasters -Sea level rise and more intense typhoons Frequent and serious high tides and coastal erosions -Wider range of variation of rainfall intensity and change of river flow regime Frequent and serious droughts
Basic concept for Future ideal society Combining mitigation and adaptation aiming at ‘’ Water -disaster adaptation society’’
Basic direction of climate change adaptation strategies
1. Adaptation measures to achieve “Zero casualty" should be considered because ‘’Zero damage’’ from disasters is difficult. 2. In a nerve center like the Tokyo metropolitan area, intensive efforts should be made such as preventing from ceasing national function 3.Adaptation measures Multiple measures for increasing in risk for climate change Red figures indicate present degree Blue figures indicate future of safety against flood. Image of flood disaster adaptation measures degree of safety against flood. Present Future （For example, after 100 years）
1/150 1/150
Degree of safety against Degree of safety against Reconfiguration of flood flood presently aimed at river improvement presently presently would deteriorate with for increasing aimed at future increase of Adaptation by future increase of external force precipitation. Structural measures
1/70 Degree of Degree of safety against safety against Degree of safety flood aimed at against flood flood against flood 1/40 currently aimed at in presently 100 years' time Degree of 1/20 secured 1/20 Deterioration of the safety against degree of safety against flood secured flood currently secured
Comprehensive flood control measures Adaptation measures based on regional development through such actions as restrictions on and review of land use 3.Adaptation measures Process of effective and efficient adaptation program for climate change
① Review of past flood ③ ④
②Runoff analysis and flood analysis ⑤ 入間台地 ① ⑥ ③Categorize flooding pattern in each category ②
④Calculate damage and effect
⑤Consider effective and efficient adaptation measures ②Runoff analysis and flood analysis ③-1 Categorize flooding patterns
Ex. Prediction of victims bank堤防補強 strengthening
ST disaster prevention 防災ステーションstation Ａ Ａ Ｂ Ｂ Index of potential Road Index of potential
victims Increasing Risks
Increasing Risks Ｃ victims Ｃ
River 新設するNew road embankment道路盛土 etc Ｄ Ｄ Ｅ Ｅ drainage pump 排水ポンプ Ｐ Segmentalize flooding Confirmation effectiveness patterns of ② Ｆ Ｐ Ｆ of adaptation ③-2Devide flooding patterns into ④Description of disaster risk ⑤Consider effective and efficient blocks by land features and river into Risk Map by blocks adaptation measures 3.Adaptation measures Adaptation by using structures for climate change
Improvement of the reliability of structures, full and long-life utilization of existing structures
Constructing new structures Storage facilities usual
対策後
flooded
Ｆｌｏｏｄ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ（Dａｍ）
Permeable pavement Infiltration trench and inlet
装 舗 性 水 透
貯 留 水 位 Ｈｉｇｈ ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ｅｍｂａｎｋｍｅｎｔs Underground discharging Channel 雨水浸透ます trench inlet Structure construction in river basins: 3.Adaptation measures floodwater control with secondary levees for climate change
Floodwater control with secondary levees to prevent expansion of a damaged area
Inundation due to the Aug. 1986 flood Expected effect of secondary levee ← Yoshida se aru river N → vee ←Yoshida er ry le flooding iv a 山 T T r ond se river ec o ru o Dyke break flooding S Na 王 h er→ h point 江o riv o k Yoshida Riv. k 排 u
flooding u 水R flooding 路a R i l w a a Mitigating i lw y flood damage
After completion at city center
I
a n
- y s
Flow from break Residential area e
r v
i 6
c 4
Lifesaving from helicopter e 3
6 R l e
4 g
o
3 f
R Actual flooded area in Aug. 1986
R 3
4
6
’
s
b
y
p
a
s s Due to 4 break points, 3,060ha was flooded, 1,510 This secondary levee is under construction in houses were flooded above the floor level, and some coordination with road construction. parts of the area stayed under water up to 12 days. A new concept for urban development： 3.Adaptation measures Compact community easier to implement flood control measures for climate change
Toward sustainable cities Compactly-built residences provide better energy efficiency Social sustainability Environmental sustainability Economic sustainability and easier environment for flood control projects
Principles Concept Directions Conceptual figure of compact city for present small and medium cities in Tohoku region nature in harmony with Compact city Safe, secure, Guarantee safe, secure & prosperous livelihood Present city & comfortable city Provide convenient transportation services Attractive & Revive the city center and reallocate public facilities lively city Maintain and conserve local communities Artistic city with full Disorderly-spread city of history, cultures Curb city expansion & maintain/conserve green agricultural areas and nature Promote artistic & environmentally-friendly community development Sound city with collaboration & Provide efficient & effective public services participation Future picture Source: Committee on compact city in Tohoku region
Compact city harmoniously surrounded by nature
Urban area where people Green and Agricultural area can reside and make a living r with residences ive Houses relocated to this area aR Oy
Urban center Suburb area where people can enjoy affluent life Pond Suburb
iver ai R Kok Urban center Suburb Green area Green area Forest Agri field Rural Settlement イメージ Source: Committee on compact city in Tohoku region Hakojima retarding basin (constructed in 1990) Adaptation measures 3.Adaptation3.Adaptation measures measures forfor climate climate change change in step with local community development
Response to floods that cannot be dealt with by facility-based measures, through land use or community development allowing inundation.
Shift to land use or ways of living that minimize damage circle levee River improvement of continuous levee
River improvement for protection of specified areas by using circle levees Designation of potential disaster hazard area
Restrictions on land use by designating potential disaster hazard areas Shift to community planning resistant to inundation
Class 4 disaster Sample ordinance restrictions (Nagoya City) hazard area Class 3 disaster hazard area １階の床の高さ 構 造 制 限 図 解 *建築物の建築禁止 範囲…海岸線・河岸線から N・P 50m以内で市長が指定する区 第 市 5 域 １ 街 4 1階床高 制限…居住室を有する建築 3 種 化 Ｎ・Ｐ（+）4m以上 木造禁止 物、病院及び児童福祉施設等 区 区 （ｍ） の建築禁止 域 域 木造以外の構造で、居住室等 の床の高さをN・P（+）5.5m以 上としたものについては建築 可能 第 市 2階以上に居室設置 N・P *公共建築物の制限 ２ 街 緩和：延べ面積が100㎡2 （第2種～第4種区域） 種 化 Ｎ・Ｐ（+）1m以上 以内のものは避難 1 1階床高 範囲…学校、病院、集会場、 Class 2 disaster 区 区 室、避難設備の設 0 官公署、児童福祉施設等その hazard area 域 域 置による代替可 （ｍ） 他これらに類する公共建築物 第 市 N・P 制限…1階の床の高さN・P（+） ３ 街 2mかつN・P（+）3.5m以上の居 2 種 化 Ｎ・Ｐ（+）1m以上 1 1階床高 室設置 区 区 0 域 域 （ｍ） Class 1 disaster 市 hazard area 第 街 N・P ４ 化 2 種 調 Ｎ・Ｐ（+）1m以上 2階以上に居室設置 1 1階床高 区 整 0 域 区 （ｍ） Adopting pilotis to prevent damage to buildings during a flood Example of Nagoya city 域 Adaptation measures 3.Adaptation6. Japan's measuresresponse to for climateclimate changechange with emphasis on crisis management
Building of a wide-area disaster prevention network that connects Reinforcement of actions in the initial stages of a embankments, roads on the dry river bed for emergency traffic and disaster for minimizing damage and restoring elevated roads to wide-area disaster prevention bases. infrastructure early, and enhancement of an organizational setup to achieve the goal Technical Emergency Control Force (TEC-FORCE) 《緊急災害対策派遣隊》TEC-FORCE Organizational体制 setup 構成員 Staff of Regional各地方整備局・事務所職員 Development Bureaus and Offices 現地支援センターField support center Engineers of National Institute for Land and 広域基盤施設部隊 Infrastructure国総研・土研等の技術専門家 Management and Public Works Research Wide-area infrastructure force Institute (rivers, roads, sediment control, 〈河川・道路・砂防・港湾等〉ports, etc.) 技術支援グループ（技術専門家）Technical support group (engineers)
契約 Contract/ Private sector construction organizations Sewerage system force agreement 下水道部隊 協定 民間建設関連（資機材の操作員）(operators of equipment)
Building宅地部隊 land force Coordination連携
建築物部隊 Staff地方公共団体職員 of local public entities Buildings force
Network of roads and river embankments Activities -Investigation of damage -Quick repairing -Prediction of degree of damage risk
-Planning of control Drainage pumping vehicle measures -High-level technical guidance -Assistance in reconstruction Inundation of Route 34 during a Disaster control helicopter flood in July 1990 Image of road-embankment connection Adaptation measures 3.Adaptation6. Japan's measuresresponse to for climateclimate changechange with emphasis on Preparedness
Share preliminary information concerning the degree of flood risk
Water洪水ハザードマップの作成イメージ levels in built-up areas in the past floods are indicated on the hazard map.
Information dissemination Flood hazard map of xx City channel Locations and names of shelters
Points of contact -Administrative organizations -Medical institutions -Lifeline systems management organizations
Underground space
Toyooka City, Hyogo Prefecture Flood Embankment Shelter (building)
Potential inundation Image of a flood hazard map Hints on escape and areas and depths of necessities inundation Easily recognizable signs Adaptation measures 3.Adaptation6. Japan's measuresresponse to for climateclimate changechange with emphasis on Preparedness Share real-time information
・ Provision of rainfall amounts and water levels real-time via cellular phone, the Internet or local disaster prevention radio ・ Flood forecasting through real-time simulation
Rainfall measurement station Radar observation station
Rainfall measurement station Radar precipitation prediction
Relay station
Delivery of an image to a TV screen Gauging station Information provision via cellular phone or personal Gauging computer station
Flood alarm Surveillance office camera
Flood (water level) River office prediction system
Meteorological observatory
Floodwater prediction through real-time simulation Adaptation measures by Advanced Technology 3.Adaptation measures for climate change Utilization of Aerial Laser Survey Aerial Laser Survey is a surveying technology of three-dimensional digital terrain data. For GPS surveying, laser pulse are radiated from Satellite aviation, and analysis of reflected laser pulse from ground surface. Laser GPS Digital image Ground Station Terrain data such as figure of cross section of flood prone area can be obtained by this survey. Advantage point Preciseness Elaboration of inundation analysis ⇒More elaborate inundation area can be obtained Specification by detailed terrain data such as roads, railways and embankments. Accuracy ⇒Identification of effective countermeasures about Standard Deviation 25cm inundation, such as prevention inflow to underground arcade by accuracy inundation height (Optec 3100DC, AGL2000m) Swiftness ※Depend on Equipment, height Quick investigation on natural disaster damage 3.Adaptation measures Adaptation measures by Advanced Technology for climate change Aerial Laser Survey Utilization for Adaptation measures Improvement of inundation analysis by using Aerial Laser Survey Data Utilization of various adaptation measures
Evaluation of disaster risks which is increasing by climate change
Regulation of land-use and Building restrictions
Improvement of Water bar and Storage facility
Formulation of crisis management plan
e.t.c
three-dimensional digital terrain data Consequence of （without building and woods） Inundation analysis (C.f.) Earthquake damage investigation by using Aerial Laser Survey
Landslide dams Lake were built in several places by the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake in 2008. Aerial Laser Survey Data was used for consideration on finding appropriate countermeasures. Aerial Laser Survey can be useful in the case of difficult situation to approach the damage area. ◎ Understanding of landslide dams lake ◎ Measuring deformation volume compared by three-dimensional digital terrain data with before-and-after on earthquake
Change of height (m)
Level (m)
2006 measured 2008 measured Conclusion
①Prioritized investment to disaster prevention 9Investment prioritize areas related to disaster prevention for limitation of available capacity ②Clarification of priority and Planning of road map 9Drawing up short-term, middle-term, long-term policy by [selection and concentration] as meaning of clarification of prioritized policy. 9Planning the road map by assessment of disaster risk every term. ③Adoption adaptive approach 【Adaptive Approach】
9Adopting adaptive approach of revising road map in Revising adaptation measures by analysis of ：気象変動Prediction by climate change response to future observation and cumulative water-related disaster risks with improvement of の予測値 flood prediction by monitoring changes of climate ：適応策Reductionに risks change and social condition. よってby adaptation低減 knowledge されるリスク
モニタリングMonitoring Monitoring モニタリング Monitoring モニタリングMonitoring ④New technical development and 水 予測のRange of範囲 モニタリング prediction Flood Risk 災 contribution to the world Accuracy enhancement 9Contributing to the world by transferring of new 害 精度の向上 Range of technology and Japanese expertise, policy, リ prediction予測の範囲 ス 精度の向上 Range予測の of範囲 technology 適応策策定Drawing up prediction ク Adaptation measures ⑤Participatory approach Revising Revising Revising 9Participatory approach is necessity. Informing to be Adaptation適応策見直 し 適応策見直Adaptation し Adaptation measures measures 適応策見直measures し understood easily to citizens. Past過去 Now現在 Future 未来