DOCSLIB.ORG

Geographic Distribution, Molecular Variability, and Landscape Epidemiology of Ehrlichia Chaffeensis from White-Tailed Deer in the Southeastern United States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geographic Distribution, Molecular Variability, and Landscape Epidemiology of Ehrlichia Chaffeensis from White-Tailed Deer in the Southeastern United States GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, MOLECULAR VARIABILITY, AND LANDSCAPE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS FROM WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES by MICHAEL JOHN YABSLEY (Under the Direction of William R. Davidson) ABSTRACT The major objective of this research was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, both emerging zoonotic pathogens vectored by the lone star tick (LST; Amblyomma americanum). The natural history of E. chaffeensis includes the LST as a vector and white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) as both a natural reservoir for E. chaffeensis and a major host of LST. Ehrlichia ewingii is also vectored by the LST and natural infections have been reported from dogs and humans, but a reservoir has not been confirmed. To delineate the geographic distribution of E. chaffeensis, a prototype surveillance system using WTD as natural sentinels was developed. To accomplish this goal, WTD from 563 counties from 18 states were tested for E. chaffeensis by serology, PCR, and culture. This sentinel system met critical criteria including diagnostic accuracy, adequacy of sample sizes and sampling intensity, key epidemiologic associations with the LST vector, and ability to detect spread of E. chaffeensis. To predict the distribution of E. chaffeensis, geostatistical (kriging) and logistic regression were conducted. Both analyses accurately predicted the distribution of E. chaffeensis and logistic regression detected climatic and land cover variables significantly associated with E. chaffeensis occurrence. The predicted E. chaffeensis distribution had good concordance with human case data. These comparisons are evidence that utilization of WTD as sentinels is an efficient alternative to human surveillance for predicting E. chaffeensis distribution and disease risk. Molecular characterization of two antigen genes (VLPT and 120-kDa) of E. chaffeensis from 102 WTD showed that multiple genetic types were present. Genetic types were not geographically clustered and co-infection of single deer and populations of deer was common. Because E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii are closely related and transmitted by the LST, deer were hypothesized to be susceptible to infection with E. ewingii. To test for E. ewingii infection, polymerase chain reaction and inoculation of fawns with whole blood from wild deer were conducted. Natural infections of WTD were detected and captive fawns were successfully infected. These data suggest that white-tailed deer may be an important reservoir for E. ewingii. INDEX WORDS: Ehrlichia chaffeensis, white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, surveillance system, sentinels, epidemiology, molecular characterization, geographic information system, Ehrlichia ewingii GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, MOLECULAR VARIABILITY, AND LANDSCAPE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS FROM WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES by MICHAEL JOHN YABSLEY BS, Clemson University, 1997 MS, Clemson University, 2000 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2004 © 2004 Michael John Yabsley All Rights Reserved GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, MOLECULAR VARIABILITY, AND LANDSCAPE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS FROM WHITE-TAILED DEER IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES by MICHAEL JOHN YABSLEY Major Professor: William R. Davidson Committee: David E. Stallknecht Susan E. Little Elizabeth W. Howerth Ray M. Kaplan Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members for their guidance and help during my studies. Particularly, I would like to thank Randy who constantly serves as a source of inspiration. He juggles more than most professors I’ve ever met but still manages to find the time to offer help and is never to busy to step out of his office to see someone’s new interesting finding (just be careful of the “thumbing”!). I would also like to thank Randy for allowing me the freedom to follow my interests and pursue outside research projects. I would like to thank Susan for the PCR training and guidance and Dave for his never ending enthusiasm about my project. I also thank Buffy and Ray for their support throughout my project. The work of Jackie Dawson and Mitch Lockhart added greatly to the completion of this project. I thank them for their excellent pioneering studies into the natural history of E. chaffeensis. Most of all I thank my mom Elaine Yabsley for supporting me all of these years and trusting that I would one day be finished with school. And to Sam…while it is impossible to express on paper how much I appreciate all the help, love, and support that she have given me during these past three years, I do thank her from the bottom of my heart. A countless number of individuals have provided help for this project by collecting for and adding to the SCWDS serum bank which provided many samples for this project. I would like to thank David Stallknecht, Britta Hanson, and others before them, for their hard work to provide such a valuable resource. Sarah Cross, Scott Danskin, iv and Mike Wimberly provided wonderful help with GIS and without their help, it may never have gotten done. Within the lab, I thank Danny for PCR guidance and Page Luttrell for help and support in the endless fight against the evil trypanosomes. I especially thank Andrea for bumbling through the past several years with me and providing a wonderful sounding board for any and all lab issues, which unfortunately involved a mysterious extra PCR band far too often. Andrew Allison, Dana Ambrose, Janaenne Brewton, Joe Corn, Caroline Duffy, Vivien Dugan, Robbie Edalgo, John Fisher, Joe Gaydos, Rick Gerhold, Nicole Gottdenker, Colin Hurd, Darryl Kavanaugh, Kali King, Cindy McElwee, Nate Mechlin, Gus Moore, Molly Murphy, Liz Nance, Rob Olsen, David Peterson, Cynthia Tate, Tracy Townsend, Marsha Ward, Lynn Lewis- Weis, Donna Wood, and Anna Yellin have all helped in various ways either with my research or as a friend, and I thank them. I especially thank Jennifer Smith for always having a smile and making the lab a happier place to work. Numerous people helped in the collection of samples including people from Alabama (Chris Cook, David Smith, Kevin McKinstry), Florida (H.W. Harter, III, Neil Eicholz, John Morgan, Steve Glass, Don Coyner, Nancy Dwyer), Georgia (Mike Dzimianski, Bill Cooper, Greg Waters, Doug Hoffman, George Steele, Wes Abler, Don McGowan, Nic Nicholson, Terry Kyle, Vic Vansant, Kent Kammermeyer), Kansas (Lloyd Fox, Greg Harris, Randy Whiteaker, Marc Gray, Carolyn Sutton, Todd Pesch), Kentucky (Jon Gassett, Karen Alexi, Mike Henshaw, David Yancey, Tony Black, Wayne Tamminga, Hope Carlton, Keith Parker, Lee Cope, Charlie Logsdon, Scott Busen, Eric Williams, Jonathan Day), Maryland (Jonathan Shaw, Kent Adams), Missouri (Jeff Berringer, John Freihaut), New Jersey (Douglas Roscoe), North Carolina (Evin v Stanford, Ken Knight, Mike Tipton, George Strader, David Rowe, David Sawyer, Robbie Norville, Jr., Thomas Padgett), Oklahoma (A. Alan Kocan), South Carolina (Katie Bruce, Paul Johns, Sidney Haskey, Charles Ruth, Jr., Jeff Witt, Mark Bara, Bob Warren, Billy Freeman, Sam Stokes, Jr.), Tennessee (Ben Layton), Texas (John Morrill, Ken Waldrup, Mary Humphrey), Louisiana (Tom Bourland, David Moreland, R. Robert Rackley), Virginia (Phil West, Todd Engelmeyer, Ronald Hughes, Brad Howard, Mac Walls, Cale Godfrey, Jimmy Conner, Jennifer Cromwell, W. Matt Knox, Bob Duncan, Dan Lovelace, Jay Jeffreys, David Allaben), West Virginia (Jim Crum), and others at state wildlife agencies and USDA-APHIS. Work was supported primarily by the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (5 R01 AI044235-02). Further support was provided by the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act (50 Stat. 917) and through sponsorship from fish and wildlife agencies in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 Literature Cited............................................................................................ 5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................. 12 Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis (HME)............................................... 12 Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis (HME) Surveillance .......................... 16 Description and Phylogeny of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Related Organisms ................................................................................... 20 Vertebrate Hosts of Ehrlichia chaffeensis ................................................. 22 Tick Vectors of Ehrlichia chaffeensis......................................................... 32 Molecular Characterization of Ehrlichia chaffeensis.................................. 37 Landscape
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proteus Vulgaris
    48 Monte Carlo Crescent Kyalami Business Park Kyalami, Johannesburg, 1684, RSA Tel: +27 (0)11 463 3260 Fax: + 27 (0)86 557 2232 Email: [email protected] www.thistle.co.za Please read this section first The HPCSA and the Med Tech Society have confirmed that this clinical case study, plus your routine review of your EQA reports from Thistle QA, should be documented as a “Journal Club” activity. This means that you must record those attending for CEU purposes. Thistle will not issue a certificate to cover these activities, nor send out “correct” answers to the CEU questions at the end of this case study. The Thistle QA CEU No is: MT- 16/009 Each attendee should claim THREE CEU points for completing this Quality Control Journal Club exercise, and retain a copy of the relevant Thistle QA Participation Certificate as proof of registration on a Thistle QA EQA. MICROBIOLOGY LEGEND CYCLE 41 ORGANISM 3 Proteus Vulgaris Proteus Vulgaris is a rod shaped Gram-Negative chemoheterotrophic bacterium. The size of the individual cells varies from 0.4 to 0.6 micrometers by 1.2 to 2.5 micrometers. P. vulgaris possesses peritrichous flagella, making it actively motile. It inhabits the soil, polluted water, raw meat, gastrointestinal tracts of animals and dust. In humans, Proteus species most frequently cause urinary tract infections, but can also produce severe abscesses and is widely associated with nosocomial infections. Isolation of Organism With basic microbiological technique, samples believed to contain P. vulgaris are first incubated on nutrient agar to form colonies. To test the Gram-Negative and oxidase-negative characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae, Gram stains and oxidase tests are performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Tick-Borne Diseases in China Xian-Bo Wu1, Ren-Hua Na2, Shan-Shan Wei2, Jin-Song Zhu3 and Hong-Juan Peng2*
    Wu et al. Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:119 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/119 REVIEW Open Access Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China Xian-Bo Wu1, Ren-Hua Na2, Shan-Shan Wei2, Jin-Song Zhu3 and Hong-Juan Peng2* Abstract As an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in China, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. The most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in China include Lyme borreliosis (known as Lyme disease in China), tick-borne encephalitis (known as Forest encephalitis in China), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (known as Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in China), Q-fever, tularemia and North-Asia tick-borne spotted fever. In recent years, some emerging tick-borne diseases, such as human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and a novel bunyavirus infection, have been reported frequently in China. Other tick-borne diseases that are not as frequently reported in China include Colorado fever, oriental spotted fever and piroplasmosis. Detailed information regarding the history, characteristics, and current epidemic status of these human tick-borne diseases in China will be reviewed in this paper. It is clear that greater efforts in government management and research are required for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of tick-borne diseases, as well as for the control of ticks, in order to decrease the tick-borne disease burden in China. Keywords: Ticks, Tick-borne diseases, Epidemic, China Review (Table 1) [2,4]. Continuous reports of emerging tick-borne Ticks can carry and transmit viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, disease cases in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Anhui, and spirochetes, protozoans, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma,Bartonia other provinces demonstrate the rise of these diseases bodies, and nematodes [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Q Fever in Small Ruminants and Its Public Health Importance
    Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 2573-2196 Review Article Dairy and Vet Sci J Volume 9 Issue 1 - January 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Tolera Tagesu Tucho DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2019.09.555752 Q Fever in Small Ruminants and its Public Health Importance Tolera Tagesu* School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Ethiopia Submission: December 01, 2018; Published: January 11, 2019 *Corresponding author: Tolera Tagesu Tucho, School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma Oromia, Ethiopia Abstract Query fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, it’s a worldwide zoonotic infectious disease where domestic small ruminants are the main reservoirs for human infections. Coxiella burnetii, is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium, adapted to thrive within the phagolysosome of the phagocyte. Humans become infected primarily by inhaling aerosols that are contaminated with C. burnetii. Ingestion (particularly drinking raw milk) and person-to-person transmission are minor routes. Animals shed the bacterium in urine and feces, and in very high concentrations in birth by-products. The bacterium persists in the environment in a resistant spore-like form which may become airborne and transported long distances by the wind. It is considered primarily as occupational disease of workers in close contact with farm animals or processing their be commenced immediately whenever Q fever is suspected. To prevent both the introduction and spread of Q fever infection, preventive measures shouldproducts, be however,implemented it may including occur also immunization in persons without with currently direct contact. available Doxycycline vaccines drugof domestic is the first small line ruminant of treatment animals for Q and fever.
    [Show full text]
  • Coxiella Burnetii
    SENTINEL LEVEL CLINICAL LABORATORY GUIDELINES FOR SUSPECTED AGENTS OF BIOTERRORISM AND EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES Coxiella burnetii American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Revised March 2016 For latest revision, see web site below: https://www.asm.org/Articles/Policy/Laboratory-Response-Network-LRN-Sentinel-Level-C ASM Subject Matter Expert: David Welch, Ph.D. Medical Microbiology Consulting Dallas, TX [email protected] ASM Sentinel Laboratory Protocol Working Group APHL Advisory Committee Vickie Baselski, Ph.D. Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Ph.D. Patricia Blevins, MPH University of Tennessee at Department of Clinical San Antonio Metro Health Memphis Pathology District Laboratory Memphis, TN Beaumont Health System [email protected] [email protected] Royal Oak, MI BRobinson- Erin Bowles David Craft, Ph.D. [email protected] Wisconsin State Laboratory of Penn State Milton S. Hershey Hygiene Medical Center Michael A. Saubolle, Ph.D. [email protected] Hershey, PA Banner Health System [email protected] Phoenix, AZ Christopher Chadwick, MS [email protected] Association of Public Health Peter H. Gilligan, Ph.D. m Laboratories University of North Carolina [email protected] Hospitals/ Susan L. Shiflett Clinical Microbiology and Michigan Department of Mary DeMartino, BS, Immunology Labs Community Health MT(ASCP)SM Chapel Hill, NC Lansing, MI State Hygienic Laboratory at the [email protected] [email protected] University of Iowa [email protected] Larry Gray, Ph.D. Alice Weissfeld, Ph.D. TriHealth Laboratories and Microbiology Specialists Inc. Harvey Holmes, PhD University of Cincinnati College Houston, TX Centers for Disease Control and of Medicine [email protected] Prevention Cincinnati, OH om [email protected] [email protected] David Welch, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
    Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients
    Published online: 2020-03-06 THIEME Review Article 89 Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients Manoj Kumar Sahu1 Netto George2 Neha Rastogi2 Chalatti Bipin1 Sarvesh Pal Singh1 1Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CN Centre, All Address for correspondence Manoj K Sahu, MD, DNB, Department India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CTVS office, 7th floor, CN 2Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India (e-mail: [email protected]). J Card Crit Care 2020;3:89–96 Abstract Bacterial infections are common causes of sepsis in the intensive care units. However, usually a finite number of Gram-negative bacteria cause sepsis (mostly according to the hospital flora). Some organisms such as Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus are relatively common. Others such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Shewanella putrefaciens, Ralstonia pickettii, Providencia, Morganella species, Nocardia, Elizabethkingia, Proteus, and Burkholderia are rare but of immense importance to public health, in view of the high mortality rates these are associated with. Being aware of these organisms, as the cause of hospital-acquired infections, helps in the prevention, Keywords treatment, and control of sepsis in the high-risk cardiac surgical patients including in ► uncommon pathogens heart transplants. Therefore, a basic understanding of when to suspect these organ- ► hospital-acquired isms is important for clinical diagnosis and initiating therapeutic options. This review infection discusses some rarely appearing pathogens in our intensive care unit with respect to ► cardiac surgical the spectrum of infections, and various antibiotics that were effective in managing intensive care unit these bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartonella Henselae and Coxiella Burnetii Infection and the Kawasaki Disease
    GALLEY PROOF J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 2004 JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 Available Online at All rights reserved http:// www.bioline.org.br/ja Vol. 8 (1) 11 - 12 Bartonella henselae and Coxiella burnetii Infection and the Kawasaki Disease KEI NUMAZAKI, M D Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S.1 W.16 Chuo-ku Sapporo, 060-8543 Japan Phone: +81-611-2111 X3413 Fax: +81-611-0352 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: It was reported that Bartonella henselae, B. quintana and Coxiella burnetii was not strongly associated with coronary artery disease but on the basis of geometric mean titer, C. burnetii infection might have a modest association with coronary artery disease. Serum antibodies to B. henselae from 14 patients with acute phase of Kawasaki disease were determined by the indirect fluorescence antibody assay . Serum antibodies to C. burnetii were also tried to detect. However, no positive results were obtained. I also examined 10 children and 10 pregnant women who had serum IgG antibody to B. henselae or to C. burnetii. No one showed abnormal findings of coronary artery. @JASEM Several Bartonella species cause illness and associated with several infections, including asymptotic infection in humans. B. henselae has Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, been associated with an increasing spectrum of Helicobacter pylori and other intercellular bacteria clinical syndromes including cat scratch disease. (Danesh et al., 1997). Previous studies supported Although the clinical spectrum has not been the possibility of certain populations having an completely clarified, B. quintana may cause association of infections and coronary artery disease blood-culture negative endocarditis in children Kawasaki disease (KD).
    [Show full text]
  • Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives”
    INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, July 1988, p. 321-325 Vol. 38, No. 3 0020-7713/88/03032 1-05$02.OOtO Copyright 0 1988, International Union of Microbiological Societies Proteobacteria classis nov. a Name for the Phylogenetic Taxon That Includes the “Purple Bacteria and Their Relatives” E. STACKEBRANDT,l R. G. E. MURRAY,2* AND H. G. TRUPER3 Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Biologiezentrum, Christian-Albrechts Universitat, 2300 Kid, Federal Republic of Germany’; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C12; and Institut fur Mikrobiulogie, Universitat Bonn, 5300 Bonn I, Federal Republic of Germany3 Proteobacteria classis nov. is suggested as the name for a new higher taxon to circumscribe the a, p, y, and 6 groups that are included among the phylogenetic relatives of the purple photosynthetic bacteria and as a suitable collective name for reference to that group. The group names (alpha, etc.) remain as vernacular terms at the level of subclass pending further studies and nomenclatural proposals. Phylogenetic interpretations derived from the study of the interim while the phylogenetic data are being integrated ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequences and oligonu- into formal bacterial taxonomy. It does not appear to be cleotide catalogs provide an important factual base for inappropriate or confusing to use the protean prefix because arrangements of higher taxa of bacteria (25, 26). A recent of the genus Proteus among the Proteobacteria; the reasons workshop organized by the International Committee on for use are clear enough. Systematic Bacteriology recognized that a particularly di- This new class is so far only definable in phylogenetic verse but related group of gram-negative bacteria, including terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article COMPARISON of MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, and BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR
    European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 7 (2017) 1, pp. 15–36 Original article DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00037 COMPARISON OF MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, AND BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR FOR THE SELECTIVE GROWTH OF BURKHOLDERIA SPP. Carola Edler1, Henri Derschum2, Mirko Köhler3, Heinrich Neubauer4, Hagen Frickmann5,6,*, Ralf Matthias Hagen7 1 Department of Dermatology, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 2 CBRN Defence, Safety and Environmental Protection School, Science Division 3 Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany 4 Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany 5 Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 6 Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany 7 Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany Received: November 18, 2016; Accepted: December 5, 2016 Reliable identification of pathogenic Burkholderia spp. like Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical samples is desirable. Three different selective media were assessed for reliability and selectivity with various Burkholderia spp. and non- target organisms. Mast Burkholderia cepacia agar, Ashdown + gentamicin agar, and B. pseudomallei selective agar were compared. A panel of 116 reference strains and well-characterized clinical isolates, comprising 30 B. pseudomallei, 20 B. mallei, 18 other Burkholderia spp., and 48 nontarget organisms, was used for this assessment. While all B. pseudomallei strains grew on all three tested selective agars, the other Burkholderia spp. showed a diverse growth pattern. Nontarget organisms, i.e., nonfermentative rod-shaped bacteria, other species, and yeasts, grew on all selective agars.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Antibiotic Guidelines†
    CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES† ACYCLOVIR IV*/PO *RESTRICTED TO ANTIBIOTIC FORM Predictable activity: Unpredictable activity: No activity: Herpes Simplex Cytomegalovirus Epstein Barr Virus Herpes Zoster Indicated: IV: 1. Therapy for suspected or documented Herpes simplex encephalitis 2. Therapy for suspected or documented Herpes simplex infection of a newborn or immunocompromised patient 3. Therapy for primary varicella infection in immunocompromised patients 4. Therapy for severe or disseminated varicella-zoster infections in immunocompromised or immunocompetent patient 5. Therapy for primary genital herpes with neurologic complications Oral: 1. Therapy for primary Herpes simplex infections (oral/genital) 2. Suppressive (preventative) therapy for recurrent (³ 6 episodes/year) severe Herpes simplex infections (oral/genital) 3. Episodic therapy for recurrent (³ 6 episodes/year) Herpes simplex genital infections (initiate within 24 hours of prodrome onset) 4. Prophylaxis for HSV in bone marrow transplants where patient is seropositive 5. Therapy and suppressive therapy for Eczema Herpeticum 6. Therapy for varicella-zoster infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients (if not severe) 7. Therapy for primary varicella infections in pregnancy 8. Therapy for varicella in immunocompetent patients > 13 years old (initiate within 24 hours of rash onset) 9. Therapy for varicella in patients < 13 years old (initiate within 24 hours of rash onset) if there is a chronic cutaneous or pulmonary disorder, long term salicylate therapy, or short, intermittent or aerosolized corticosteroid use Not Indicated: 1. Therapy for acute Epstein-Barr infections (acute mononucleosis) 2. Therapy for documented CMV infections CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES† AMIKACIN RESTRICTED TO ANTIBIOTIC FORM Predictable activity: Unpredictable activity: No activity: Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spp Pseudomonas spp Enterococcus spp some Mycobacterium spp Alcaligenes spp Anaerobes Indicated: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Francisella in Ixodes Ricinus Ticks in Pomerania (Poland)
    pathogens Article Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens of the Genera Rickettsia, Anaplasma and Francisella in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Pomerania (Poland) Lucyna Kirczuk 1 , Mariusz Piotrowski 2 and Anna Rymaszewska 2,* 1 Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c Street, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c Street, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Tick-borne pathogens are an important medical and veterinary issue worldwide. Environ- mental monitoring in relation to not only climate change but also globalization is currently essential. The present study aimed to detect tick-borne pathogens of the genera Anaplasma, Rickettsia and Francisella in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from the natural environment, i.e., recreational areas and pastures used for livestock grazing. A total of 1619 specimens of I. ricinus were collected, including ticks of all life stages (adults, nymphs and larvae). The study was performed using the PCR technique. Diagnostic gene fragments msp2 for Anaplasma, gltA for Rickettsia and tul4 for Francisella were ampli- fied. No Francisella spp. DNA was detected in I. ricinus. DNA of A. phagocytophilum was detected in 0.54% of ticks and Rickettsia spp. in 3.69%. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that only one species of Rickettsia, R. helvetica, was present in the studied tick population. The present results are a Citation: Kirczuk, L.; Piotrowski, M.; part of a large-scale analysis aimed at monitoring the level of tick infestation in Northwest Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Tick-Borne Disease Working Group 2020 Report to Congress
    2nd Report Supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health Tick-Borne Disease Working Group 2020 Report to Congress Information and opinions in this report do not necessarily reflect the opinions of each member of the Working Group, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or any other component of the Federal government. Table of Contents Executive Summary . .1 Chapter 4: Clinical Manifestations, Appendices . 114 Diagnosis, and Diagnostics . 28 Chapter 1: Background . 4 Appendix A. Tick-Borne Disease Congressional Action ................. 8 Chapter 5: Causes, Pathogenesis, Working Group .....................114 and Pathophysiology . 44 The Tick-Borne Disease Working Group . 8 Appendix B. Tick-Borne Disease Working Chapter 6: Treatment . 51 Group Subcommittees ...............117 Second Report: Focus and Structure . 8 Chapter 7: Clinician and Public Appendix C. Acronyms and Abbreviations 126 Chapter 2: Methods of the Education, Patient Access Working Group . .10 to Care . 59 Appendix D. 21st Century Cures Act ...128 Topic Development Briefs ............ 10 Chapter 8: Epidemiology and Appendix E. Working Group Charter. .131 Surveillance . 84 Subcommittees ..................... 10 Chapter 9: Federal Inventory . 93 Appendix F. Federal Inventory Survey . 136 Federal Inventory ....................11 Chapter 10: Public Input . 98 Appendix G. References .............149 Minority Responses ................. 13 Chapter 11: Looking Forward . .103 Chapter 3: Tick Biology, Conclusion . 112 Ecology, and Control . .14 Contributions U.S. Department of Health and Human Services James J. Berger, MS, MT(ASCP), SBB B. Kaye Hayes, MPA Working Group Members David Hughes Walker, MD (Co-Chair) Adalbeto Pérez de León, DVM, MS, PhD Leigh Ann Soltysiak, MS (Co-Chair) Kevin R.
    [Show full text]