DOCSLIB.ORG

Proteus Vulgaris

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proteus Vulgaris 48 Monte Carlo Crescent Kyalami Business Park Kyalami, Johannesburg, 1684, RSA Tel: +27 (0)11 463 3260 Fax: + 27 (0)86 557 2232 Email: [email protected] www.thistle.co.za Please read this section first The HPCSA and the Med Tech Society have confirmed that this clinical case study, plus your routine review of your EQA reports from Thistle QA, should be documented as a “Journal Club” activity. This means that you must record those attending for CEU purposes. Thistle will not issue a certificate to cover these activities, nor send out “correct” answers to the CEU questions at the end of this case study. The Thistle QA CEU No is: MT- 16/009 Each attendee should claim THREE CEU points for completing this Quality Control Journal Club exercise, and retain a copy of the relevant Thistle QA Participation Certificate as proof of registration on a Thistle QA EQA. MICROBIOLOGY LEGEND CYCLE 41 ORGANISM 3 Proteus Vulgaris Proteus Vulgaris is a rod shaped Gram-Negative chemoheterotrophic bacterium. The size of the individual cells varies from 0.4 to 0.6 micrometers by 1.2 to 2.5 micrometers. P. vulgaris possesses peritrichous flagella, making it actively motile. It inhabits the soil, polluted water, raw meat, gastrointestinal tracts of animals and dust. In humans, Proteus species most frequently cause urinary tract infections, but can also produce severe abscesses and is widely associated with nosocomial infections. Isolation of Organism With basic microbiological technique, samples believed to contain P. vulgaris are first incubated on nutrient agar to form colonies. To test the Gram-Negative and oxidase-negative characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae, Gram stains and oxidase tests are performed. The colonies of interest are then inoculated onto a selective culture medium, MacConkey agar. Bile salts in the medium, as a normal part of the intestinal flora, suppress organisms that are not normally part of the home environment of Proteus vulgaris. MacConkey agar contains lactose, which Proteus organisms do not ferment, allowing differentiation of organisms with different fermentation. Proteus being an anaerobe can be further differentiated by incubating the culture under anaerobic conditions. Genome Structure Rts 1 is a large conjugative plasmid isolated from Proteus vulgaris. The nucleotide sequencing of Rts 1 was completed at Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan. The genome has 217 182 base pairs and contains 300 open reading frames. The products of 141 of these showed significant sequence similarity to known proteins and among these, 99 were homologous to proteins whose functions are known or predicted. There is also a presence of tus-like genes that could be involved in replication termination. Cell Structure and metabolism P. vulgaris have an extra cytoplasmic outer membrane. The outer membrane contains a lipid bilayer, lipoproteins, polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides. No spores or capsules are formed. They obtain their energy and electrons from organic molecules. It ferments glucose, sucrose, galactose, glycerol and occasionally maltose with gas production but never lactose. It liquefies gelatin, casein, and blood serum, curdling milk with acid production. It is not limited to any specific temperature range, but good growth occurs at 20 and 30 degrees Celsius, while growth is poor at 37 degrees Celsius. P. vulgaris have two interesting features. The cells are highly motile and swarm across the surface of the agar plates, forming a very thin film of bacteria. When the cells stop and undergo a cycle of growth and division, the swarming periods are interspersed with periods and the colony has a distinct zonation. The other feature is that P. vulgaris can produce urease and degrade urea to ammonia. By alkalinizing the urine, P. vulgaris makes the environment more suitable for its survival. Page 1 of 3 48 Monte Carlo Crescent Kyalami Business Park Kyalami, Johannesburg, 1684, RSA Tel: +27 (0)11 463 3260 Fax: + 27 (0)86 557 2232 Email: [email protected] www.thistle.co.za 24 hour culture of P. vulgaris Gram Negative rods of P. vulgaris Ecology P. vulgaris is said to be present in all sewage, a constant source of contamination, which is a favorable medium for growth. These organisms are more prone to cause nosocomial infections. To prevent transmission of nosocomial pathogens within hospitals, the persistence of nosocomial pathogens on surfaces was assessed. The longer a nosocomial pathogen remains on a surface, the longer it may be a source of transmission and thus there is a higher chance of getting exposed to a susceptible patient or hospital personnel. The result showed that P. vulgaris survived for 1-2 days. To reduce the risk of transmission of nosocomial pathogens from inanimate surfaces to susceptible patients, disinfection of surfaces in specific patient care areas is recommended. Pathology P. vulgaris is a common species of Proteus associated with human infection. One of the virulence factors identified is that they contain fimbriae. Specific chemicals on the tip of the pili enable the organism to attach to a selected site. Due to the presence of the peritrichouse flagella, this organism is very motile. The most common infections caused by P. vulgaris are Urinary tract infections and wound infections. P. vulgaris is abundant in urease production. Urease splits urea into Carbon dioxide and ammonia. Ammonia will cause the urine to become very alkaline and may cause the formation of renal stones. Some of the symptoms of P. vulgaris infections include flank pain, hematuria and persistent alkaline urine. Antibiotic Therapy P. vulgaris species are highly resistant to antibiotics, so infections can be difficult to cure. Their plasmids are responsible for spreading antibiotics resistance genes in a microbial population. Many Proteus species have varied multi drug resistant markers that are encoded on transferable plasmids. These resistant plasmids can be transferred from donor cells. Therefore the antibiotics-resistant plasmid markers can be easily transferred by coagulation. However most of the plasmid markers are not transferable, reflecting the characteristics of antibiotic resistance. P. vulgaris is least resistant to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime but when it is introduced to these drugs, higher doses than normal should be used. They are also sensitive to netilmicin, meropenem, piperacillin, ampicillin and sulbactam. Page 2 of 3 48 Monte Carlo Crescent Kyalami Business Park Kyalami, Johannesburg, 1684, RSA Tel: +27 (0)11 463 3260 Fax: + 27 (0)86 557 2232 Email: [email protected] www.thistle.co.za References 1. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Proteus_vulguris&oldid=100832147 Questions 1. Name the two agars used to isolate Proteus vulgaris. 2. What is the temperature range that is best for growth for Proteus vulgaris? 3. What are the two interesting features that Proteus vulgaris has? 4. Which antibiotics are Proteus vulgaris least resistant to? Page 3 of 3 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transposon Mutagenesis in Proteus Mirabilist
    JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, OCt. 1991, p. 6289-6293 Vol. 173, No. 19 0021-9193/91/196289-05$02.00/0 Copyright © 1991, American Society for Microbiology NOTES Transposon Mutagenesis in Proteus mirabilist ROBERT BELAS,1,2* DEBORAH ERSKINE,1 ANID DAVID FLAHERTY1 Center of Marine Biotechnology, The University of Maryland, 600 East Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202,1* and Department ofBiological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 212282 Received 21 June 1991/Accepted 24 July 1991 A technique of transposon mutagenesis involving the use of TnS on a suicide plasmid was developed for Proteus mirabilis. Analysis of the resulting exconjugants indicated that TnS transposed in P. mirabilis at a frequency of ca. 4.5 x 10-6 per recipient cell. The resulting mutants were stable and retained the transposon-encoded antibiotic resistance when incubated for several generations under nonselective conditions. The frequency of auxotrophic mutants in the population, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization to transposon sequences, confirmed that the insertion of the transposon was random and the Proteus chromosome did not contain significant insertional hot spots of transposition. Approximately 35% of the mutants analyzed possessed plasmid-acquired ampicillin resistance, although no extrachromosomal plasmid DNA was found. In these mutants, insertion of the Tn5 element and a part or all of the plasmid had occurred. Application of this technique to the study of swarmer cell differentiation in P. mirabilis is discussed. Proteus mirabilis is a motile gram-negative bacterium with Media and growth conditions. Escherichia coli and P. the unique ability to move over agar surfaces by a locomo- mirabilis strains were grown in L broth (10 g of tryptone, 5 tive process referred to as swarming motility (12).
    [Show full text]
  • Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients
    Published online: 2020-03-06 THIEME Review Article 89 Uncommon Pathogens Causing Hospital-Acquired Infections in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients Manoj Kumar Sahu1 Netto George2 Neha Rastogi2 Chalatti Bipin1 Sarvesh Pal Singh1 1Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CN Centre, All Address for correspondence Manoj K Sahu, MD, DNB, Department India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, CTVS office, 7th floor, CN 2Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India India (e-mail: [email protected]). J Card Crit Care 2020;3:89–96 Abstract Bacterial infections are common causes of sepsis in the intensive care units. However, usually a finite number of Gram-negative bacteria cause sepsis (mostly according to the hospital flora). Some organisms such as Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus are relatively common. Others such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Shewanella putrefaciens, Ralstonia pickettii, Providencia, Morganella species, Nocardia, Elizabethkingia, Proteus, and Burkholderia are rare but of immense importance to public health, in view of the high mortality rates these are associated with. Being aware of these organisms, as the cause of hospital-acquired infections, helps in the prevention, Keywords treatment, and control of sepsis in the high-risk cardiac surgical patients including in ► uncommon pathogens heart transplants. Therefore, a basic understanding of when to suspect these organ- ► hospital-acquired isms is important for clinical diagnosis and initiating therapeutic options. This review infection discusses some rarely appearing pathogens in our intensive care unit with respect to ► cardiac surgical the spectrum of infections, and various antibiotics that were effective in managing intensive care unit these bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article COMPARISON of MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, and BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR
    European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 7 (2017) 1, pp. 15–36 Original article DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00037 COMPARISON OF MAST BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA, ASHDOWN + GENTAMICIN, AND BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI SELECTIVE AGAR FOR THE SELECTIVE GROWTH OF BURKHOLDERIA SPP. Carola Edler1, Henri Derschum2, Mirko Köhler3, Heinrich Neubauer4, Hagen Frickmann5,6,*, Ralf Matthias Hagen7 1 Department of Dermatology, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 2 CBRN Defence, Safety and Environmental Protection School, Science Division 3 Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany 4 Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany 5 Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 6 Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany 7 Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy, Munich, Germany Received: November 18, 2016; Accepted: December 5, 2016 Reliable identification of pathogenic Burkholderia spp. like Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical samples is desirable. Three different selective media were assessed for reliability and selectivity with various Burkholderia spp. and non- target organisms. Mast Burkholderia cepacia agar, Ashdown + gentamicin agar, and B. pseudomallei selective agar were compared. A panel of 116 reference strains and well-characterized clinical isolates, comprising 30 B. pseudomallei, 20 B. mallei, 18 other Burkholderia spp., and 48 nontarget organisms, was used for this assessment. While all B. pseudomallei strains grew on all three tested selective agars, the other Burkholderia spp. showed a diverse growth pattern. Nontarget organisms, i.e., nonfermentative rod-shaped bacteria, other species, and yeasts, grew on all selective agars.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Antibiotic Guidelines†
    CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES† ACYCLOVIR IV*/PO *RESTRICTED TO ANTIBIOTIC FORM Predictable activity: Unpredictable activity: No activity: Herpes Simplex Cytomegalovirus Epstein Barr Virus Herpes Zoster Indicated: IV: 1. Therapy for suspected or documented Herpes simplex encephalitis 2. Therapy for suspected or documented Herpes simplex infection of a newborn or immunocompromised patient 3. Therapy for primary varicella infection in immunocompromised patients 4. Therapy for severe or disseminated varicella-zoster infections in immunocompromised or immunocompetent patient 5. Therapy for primary genital herpes with neurologic complications Oral: 1. Therapy for primary Herpes simplex infections (oral/genital) 2. Suppressive (preventative) therapy for recurrent (³ 6 episodes/year) severe Herpes simplex infections (oral/genital) 3. Episodic therapy for recurrent (³ 6 episodes/year) Herpes simplex genital infections (initiate within 24 hours of prodrome onset) 4. Prophylaxis for HSV in bone marrow transplants where patient is seropositive 5. Therapy and suppressive therapy for Eczema Herpeticum 6. Therapy for varicella-zoster infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients (if not severe) 7. Therapy for primary varicella infections in pregnancy 8. Therapy for varicella in immunocompetent patients > 13 years old (initiate within 24 hours of rash onset) 9. Therapy for varicella in patients < 13 years old (initiate within 24 hours of rash onset) if there is a chronic cutaneous or pulmonary disorder, long term salicylate therapy, or short, intermittent or aerosolized corticosteroid use Not Indicated: 1. Therapy for acute Epstein-Barr infections (acute mononucleosis) 2. Therapy for documented CMV infections CLINICAL ANTIBIOTIC GUIDELINES† AMIKACIN RESTRICTED TO ANTIBIOTIC FORM Predictable activity: Unpredictable activity: No activity: Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spp Pseudomonas spp Enterococcus spp some Mycobacterium spp Alcaligenes spp Anaerobes Indicated: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Enterotube System in the Identification of Enterohacteriaceae and Yersinia
    13 February 1974 S.A. MEDICAL JOURNAL 257 (Supplement-South African Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine) LCM 9 The Enterotube System in the Identification of Enterohacteriaceae and Yersinia M. H. FINLAYSON, B. GIBBS SUMMARY Dulcitol agar for detection of acid production, absent in Proteus sp., most Enterobacters sp., Hafnia and Serratia, A trial of the Enterotube system for the identification of A rizona and Edwardsiella. Enterobacteriaceae and a comparison with the methods Urea agar for detection of urea cleavage, absent in at present in use in the Tygerberg Hospital Microbiology Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Laboratory, were carried out. One hunded cultures be­ Hafnia, Salmonella, A rizona and Edwardsiella. longing to the family Enterobacteriaceae including Phenylalanine agar for detection of phenylalanine Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, deaminase by production of a green colouration after Proteus morgani, Proteus rettgeri, Providencia, Edward­ addition of ferric chloride solution. This reaction is posi­ siella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratis, Sal­ tive only in the Proteus and Pro\'idencia groups. monella, Citrobacter and Arizona were tested with con­ ventional procedures and also with the Enterotube. The Hydrogen sulphide and indole agar for detection of conventional procedures, designed to identify the hydrogen sulphide and indole, the latter being detected organisms within 24 hours after isolation, were used. Three after the addition of Kovac's reagent to the compartment. of the cultures examined were not identified by the Hydrogen sulphide is produced by some Proteus strains Enterotube technique when their identity was established and by Salmonella, Citrobacter, Arizona and Edwardsie/la by routine conventional methods. These were non­ while indole is produced by Escherichia, .some Proteus urease-producing non-motile organisms which may have strains, Providencia and Edwardsiella.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 355.26 K
    Beni-Suef BS. VET. MED. J. JULY 2010 VOL.20 NO.2 P.16-24 Veterinary Medical Journal An approach towards bacterial pathogens of zoonotic importance harbored by commensal rodents prevalent in Beni- Suef Governorate W. H. Hassan1, A. E. Abdel-Ghany2 1Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, and 2 Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt This study was conducted in the period July 2009 through June 2010 to determine the role of commensal rodents in transmitting bacterial pathogens to man in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. A total of 50 rats of various species were selected from both urban and rural areas at different localities. In the laboratory, rodent species were identified and bacteriological examination was performed. Seven types of samples were cultured from external and internal body parts of each rat. The identified rodent spp. included Rattus norvegicus (16%), Rattus rattus rattus (42%) and Rattus rattus frugivorus (42%). The results demonstrated that S. aureus, S. lentus, S. sciuri and S. xylosus were isolated from the examined rats at percentages of 8, 2, 6 and 6 %, respectively. Moreover, E. durans (2%), E. faecalis (12%), E. faecium (24%), E. gallinarum (4%), Aerococcus viridans (12%) and S. porcinus (2%) in addition to Lc. lactis lactis (4%), Leuconostoc sp. (2%) and Corynebacterium kutscheri (8%) were also harbored by the screened rodents. On the other hand, S. arizonae, E. coli, E. cloacae and E. sakazakii were isolated from the examined rats at percentages of 4, 8, 4 and 6 %, respectively. Besides, Proteus mirabilis (6%), Proteus vulgaris (2%), Providencia rettgeri (6%), P.
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Links Between Proteus Mirabilis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
    al of Arth rn ri u ti o s J Journal of Arthritis Wilson et al., J Arthritis 2015, 4:1 10.4172/2167-7921.1000142 ISSN: 2167-7921 DOI: Review Open access Worldwide Links between Proteus mirabilis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Clyde Wilson1*, Taha Rashid2 and Alan Ebringer2 1Department of Pathology, King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Paget DV 07, Bermuda 2Analytical Sciences Group, King’s College London, Stamford Road, London SE1 9NN, UK *Corresponding author: Dr. Clyde Wilson, Department of Pathology, King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Paget DV 07, Bermuda, USA, Tel: +1-4412391011; Fax: +1-4412392193; Email: [email protected] Rec date: November 26, 2014; Acc date: January 9, 2015; Pub date: January 15, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Wilson C, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and arthritic autoimmune disease affecting millions of people throughout the world. During the last 4 decades extensive data indicate that subclinical urinary tract infection by Proteus mirabilis has a role in the aetiopathogenesis of RA based on cross-reactivity or molecular mimicry between Proteus haemolysin and RA-associated HLA-DRB1 alleles as well as between Proteus urease and type XI collagen. Studies from 15 countries have shown that antibodies against Proteus microbes were elevated significantly in patients with active RA in comparison to healthy and non-RA disease controls. Proteus microbes could also be isolated more frequently in the urine of patients with RA than in controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Confirmation of Presumptive Salmonella Colonies Contaminated
    medigraphic Artemisaen línea MICROBIOLOGÍA ORIGINAL ARTICLE cana de i noamer i sta Lat Confirmation of presumptive Salmonella colonies i Rev Vol. 49, Nos. 1-2 contaminated with Proteus swarming using the January - March. 2007 April - June. 2007 pp. 19 - 24 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method Rosalba Gutiérrez Rojo,* Edith Torres Chavolla* ABSTRACT. In México, zero tolerance regulation is practiced re- RESUMEN. En México las regulaciones sanitarias exigen tolerancia garding Salmonella in food products, the presence of which is ver- cero para Salmonella en productos alimenticios y la presencia de ified by the procedure described in NOM 114-SSA-1994. During Salmonella es verificada de acuerdo con el procedimiento descrito en the period between August 2002 and March 2003, 245 food sam- la NOM 114-SSA-1994. Durante el periodo comprendido entre ag- ples were tested using this procedure in the Central Laboratories of osto del 2002 y marzo del 2003, fueron obtenidas 245 muestras de the Department of Health for the State of Jalisco (CEESLAB). Of alimento y analizadas utilizando este procedimiento en el Centro Es- these 245 samples, 35 showed presumptive colonies contaminated tatal de Laboratorios (CEESLAB) de la Secretaría de Salud. De las with Proteus swarm cells even after selective isolation. These swarm 245 muestras, 35 presentaron colonias sospechosas de Salmonella cells make Salmonella recovery and biochemical identification dif- contaminadas con swarming de Proteus en la etapa de aislamiento ficult due to the occurance of atypical biochemical profiles which selectivo. Este fenómeno dificulta tanto la recuperación como la generally correspond to that of Proteus. Out of the 35 samples con- identificación bioquímica de Salmonella, produciendo un perfil bio- taminated with Proteus, 65 presumptive colonies were isolated.
    [Show full text]
  • Anaerobic Choline Metabolism in Microcompartments Promotes Growth and Swarming of Proteus Mirabilis
    Original citation: Jameson, Eleanor, Fu, Tiantian, Brown, I. R., Paszkiewicz, K., Purdy, K. J., Frank, S. and Chen, Yin. (2015) Anaerobic choline metabolism in microcompartments promotes growth and swarming of Proteus mirabilis. Environmental Microbiology. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13059 Permanent WRAP url: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72391 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license and may be reused according to the conditions of the license. For more details see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ A note on versions: The version presented in WRAP is the published version, or, version of record, and may be cited as it appears here. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/ bs_bs_banner Environmental Microbiology (2015) doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13059 Anaerobic choline metabolism in microcompartments promotes growth and swarming of Proteus mirabilis Eleanor Jameson,1† Tiantian Fu,1† Ian R. Brown,2 Introduction Konrad Paszkiewicz,3 Kevin J. Purdy,1 Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria are the Stefanie Frank2* and Yin Chen1** dominant microbes in bacterial communities of the human 1School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, gut, with the former two accounting for > 90% of microbial Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. biomass in a healthy gut (Arumugam et al., 2011; 2School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Yatsunenko et al., 2012). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteus Mirabilis Fimbriae- and Urease-Dependent Clusters Assemble in an Extracellular Niche to Initiate Bladder Stone Formation
    Proteus mirabilis fimbriae- and urease-dependent clusters assemble in an extracellular niche to initiate bladder stone formation Jessica N. Schaffera,1, Allison N. Norsworthya,1, Tung-Tien Sunb,c,d,e, and Melanie M. Pearsona,e,2 aDepartment of Microbiology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016; bDepartment of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016; cDepartment of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016; dDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016; and eDepartment of Urology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 Edited by Scott J. Hultgren, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, and approved March 8, 2016 (received for review February 3, 2016) The catheter-associated uropathogen Proteus mirabilis frequently and form organized groups of tightly packed bacteria known as causes urinary stones, but little has been known about the initial intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) (14). These IBCs may stages of bladder colonization and stone formation. We found that completely fill the umbrella cell before the cell either ruptures or is P. mirabilis rapidly invades the bladder urothelium, but generally fails exfoliated, causing a rapid increase in umbrella cell turnover (14– 16). In addition to intracellular replication, UPEC can multiply to establish an intracellular niche. Instead, it forms extracellular clus- 7 ters in the bladder lumen, which form foci of mineral deposition extracellularly in the bladder lumen, reaching up to 10 colony forming units (cfu)/mL (17, 18). consistent with development of urinary stones. These clusters elicit P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutational Robustness of 16S Ribosomal RNA, Shown by Experimental Horizontal Gene Transfer in Escherichia Coli
    Mutational robustness of 16S ribosomal RNA, shown by experimental horizontal gene transfer in Escherichia coli Kei Kitaharaa, Yoshiaki Yasutakea, and Kentaro Miyazakia,b,1 aBioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan; and bDepartment of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved October 4, 2012 (received for review August 6, 2012) The bacterial ribosome consists of three rRNA molecules and 57 Recently, using experimental horizontal gene transfer (i.e., the proteins and plays a crucial role in translating mRNA-encoded in- interspecies exchange of E. coli 16S rRNA genes with a foreign formation into proteins. Because of the ribosome’s structural and counterpart), we have also shown that the active hybrid ribosome mechanistic complexity, it is believed that each ribosomal compo- could be reconstituted in vivo by using E. coli Δ7, a null mutant nent coevolves to maintain its function. Unlike 5S rRNA, 16S and 23S of the ribosomal RNA (rrn) operon, as a host (14). Surprisingly, rRNAs appear to lack mutational robustness, because they form the the 16S rRNA from not only the Gammaproteobacteria species structural core of the ribosome. However, using Escherichia coli Δ7 Serratia ficaria (94.6% identity) but also from the evolutionarily (null mutant of operons) as a host, we have recently shown that distant Betaproteobacteria species Ralstonia pickettii (81.6% an active hybrid ribosome whose 16S rRNA has been specifically identity) have been found to form ribosomes active enough to substituted with that from non–E.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrimp Quality and Safety Management Along the Supply Chain in Benin
    Shrimp quality and safety management along the supply chain in Benin D. Sylvain Dabadé Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr M.H. Zwietering Professor of Food Microbiology Wageningen University Prof. Dr D.J. Hounhouigan Professor of Food Science and Technology University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin Co-promotor Dr H.M.W. den Besten Assistant professor, Laboratory of Food Microbiology Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr J.A.J. Verreth, Wageningen University Prof. Dr P. Dalgaard, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Prof. Dr F. van Knapen, Utrecht University Dr E. Franz, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG (Advanced studies in Food Technology, Agrobiotechnology, Nutrition and Health Sciences) Shrimp quality and safety management along the supply chain in Benin D. Sylvain Dabadé Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Tuesday 25 August 2015 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. D. Sylvain Dabadé Shrimp quality and safety management along the supply chain in Benin, 158 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2015) With references, with summary in English ISBN 978-94-6257-420-5 Contents Abstract 7 Chapter 1 Introduction and outline of the thesis 9 Chapter 2 Quality perceptions of stakeholders in Beninese
    [Show full text]