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Geology of San Nicolas Island California

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Geology of San Nicolas Island California Geology of San Nicolas Island California GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 369 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. ^ Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Oblique aerial photograph of San Nicolas Island viewed from the southeast. Geology of San Nicolas Island California By J. G. VEDDER and ROBERT M. NORRIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 369 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library catalog card for this publication appears after index. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Stratigraphy Continued Page Abstract.... _______________________________________ 1 Quaternary system Continued Introduction _______________________________________ 1 Pleistocene and Recent series, undifferentiated__ 30 Purpose and scope of report...___-__--_--_-______ 1 Windblown sand______---------____-__ 30 Location and accessibility____----_-____________ 1 Caliche deposits._______--_-_-_--___---_ 32 Fieldwork and methods___-_-__--__-_--__-__-__ 2 Recent series.-_-______----_---------_-----_ 32 Acknowledgments__ _ __________________________ 2 Beach deposits and alluvium _____________ 32 History and culture__-_-_____--_--_-__-_________ 3 Offshore shelf and slope deposits._________ 33 Climate, vegetation, and wildlife________________ 4 Structure ______-___--_--__------------------------_ 34 Regional structure and stratigraphy___________________ 5 Faults .------------.------------------------ 34 Geomorphology__ _ --_-____-_-_-___-_-____________ 7 Folds -------_--_---_----------------------- 35 Geomorphic setting of the island platform.____i___ 7 Offshore structure observed by divers _____________ 35 General features of the island ____________________ Paleontology.___ ___________________-_-_-__--___---_ 36 Terraces.-_ ____-_-__-____-_--_-_-_____--_-_____ Eocene Foraminifera_______-____-_-_-----_-_--_- 36 Drainage ______________________________________ 11 Eocene megafossils_______________-____---___-_-_ 36 Dunes_ ______________________________________ 11 Fossils from marine terrace deposits....___________ 37 Landslides ____-__-___----____----__-__.______-_ 11 Annotated checklist.-_________-__-_--_____-_ 38 Paleoecologic inferences __________________ 38 Beaches.___-__--___---__-__-_-______--._______ 12 Habitat _________________---_---____-__ 38 Stratigraphy _______________________________________ 12 Anomalous occurrence of restricted-depth Concealed rocks._______________________________ 12 forms ___________-_-----------_--_--_ 38 General features of the exposed rocks____________ 13 Relative surface water paleotemperatures.. 39 Tertiary system._______________________________ 13 Causes and effects of surface water tempera­ Eocene series_____________________________ 13 ture variation off southern California and General features of the Eocene rocks. _____ 13 northwestern Baja California_________._ 51 Description of mapped units _____________ 15 Inadequacies of paleoecologic comparisons Laboratory analyses of Eocene sandstone of terrace faunas____-__--_-_-_---___-_ 51 Age and faunal correlation.._____________ 52 samples____________________________ 22 Kitchen middens-_____---_------------------------_ 54 Source rocks of the Eocene sandstones__ _ 25 Economic geology_________________________________ 57 Correlation ____________________________ 25 Petroleum possibilities_________________________ 57 Igneous rocks ______________________________ 27 Water resources.___________-_____-__----_-_____ 57 Quaternary system____________________________ 29 Supplementary data--__------__------------ ______ 58 Pleistocene series.__________________________ 29 References cited._____________________-_-----___---- 59 Terrace deposits._______________________ 29 Index.________________-_____----_--__-_----__-__-_ 63 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are In pocket] FRONTISPIECE. Oblique aerial photograph of San Nicolas Island viewed from the southeast. PLATE 1. Index map of part of the continental borderland and coastal area of southern California. 2. Pleistocene fossil localities and traces of inferred inner margins of the terrace platforms. 3. Geologic map and sections of San Nicolas Island. 4. Bathymetry and geologic observations on the sea floor west of San Nicolas Island. 5. Stratigraphic sections of the Eocene strata exposed on San Nicolas Island. VI CONTENTS Page FIGURE 1. Reconnaissance geologic map of the sea floor off southern California__-_.--_------__-------------____________ 6 2. Conglomeratic mudstone of unit 2 exposed in a sea cliff near the west end of the island_______________________ 15 3. Lenticular beds of conglomerate, breccia, and sandstone in unit 4 near the west end of the island._____________ 16 4. Clastic fragments of siltstone and mudstone embedded in a matrix of sandstone contained in unit 4____________ 16 5. Slope-forming siltstone beds of unit 6 overlain by cliff-forming sandstone beds of unit 7 along the east wall of Sand Dune Canyon_____________________________________________________________________________________ 17 6. Thick-bedded sandstone typical of the lower part of unit 7 exposed in a sea cliff about one-third of a mile southeast of the mouth of Sand Dune Canyon_____________________________-_----_-____--_--------------_------_ 18 7. Honeycomb weathering exhibited on the windward surfaces of sandstone beds in unit 7 near Dutch Harbor_____ 18 8. Interbedded sandstone and siltstone in unit 8 exposed in a deep ravine southwest of Jackson Hill____________ __ 19 9. Well-bedded siltstone and fine-grained sandstone in the lower part of unit 20 exposed in a sea cliff at the east end of the island._____________________________________________________-__________-__-----_----------__ 22 10. Histograms showing grain size in samples of Eocene sandstone_ ____________-_________-----_-_-----_-----__ 24 11. Correlation chart of Eocene formations in central and southern California.____________________--__-_-----.__ 26 12. Narrow igneous dike cutting a sandstone bed about three-quarters of a mile east of Dutch Harbor_____________ 27 13. Generalized block diagram showing the relation of the terrace deposits to the terrace platform.._______________ 28 14. Well-preserved mollusks in a marine terrace deposit at an altitude of 725 feet near fossil locality SN-2_________ 29 15. A view southeast along the old sea cliff of the well-developed 100-foot terrace near Coast Guard Beach. _ _______ 30 16. Quaternary dune deposits and caliche at an altitude of about 825 feet on the western upland surface of the island. 32 17. A westward view of a normal fault exposed near the east end of the island._______________-_______-------___ 34 18. Map showing distribution of selected fossil localities in terrace deposits of southern California and northwestern Baja California-________________________________________________________--__-_-------_-----------__ 54 19. Kitchen midden deposits and burial in partly cemented dune sand near Seal Beach _ __ ______________________ 56 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Designation, altitude, fossil localities, and description of terraces on San Nicolas Island_ __ _ _______-__-___--____ 9 2. Mineral composition, porosity, and permeability of Eocene sandstone outcrop samples from San Nicolas Island_ 23 3. Checklist of Eocene mollusks from San Nicolas Island^__________----__-_____-_-_---------------_--------_- 37 4. Checklist of fossils from terrace deposits of Pleistocene age on San Nicolas Island-____________________________ 40 5. Mollusks from selected low, intermediate, and high terrace deposits on San Nicolas Island that are known in the living faunas only as extralimital and near limital, or that are not known to be living______________--__---___ 50 6. List of invertebrates observed in kitchen middens________________________________________________________ 55 7. Observations by diving teams on operational dives__--________-___---____---------_--_-------------_---_-_ 58 8. Eocene mollusk fossil locality descriptions_______________-_--__-______-_-_-_-_____---__-_--------------_ 58 9. Pleistocene fossil locality descriptions____-____________--_-_-__----_--_-_-_---__--__---_----------_-----_- 59 GEOLOGY OF SAN NICOLAS ISLAND, CALIFORNIA By J. G. VEDDER and ROBERT M. NORRIS ABSTRACT San Nicolas Island lies approximately 65 miles seaward higher emergent terraces may represent wave-abraded plat­ from the nearest part of the southern California mainland and forms that were eroded during eustatic changes of sea level is the outermost of the Channel Island group. The island has combined with tectonic uplift. The lowest emergent terrace an area of about 32 square miles and a maximum relief of and the submerged terraces may have been cut during eustatic 907 feet. sea-level changes followed by very slight regional seaward The exposed Tertiary section on San Nicolas Island consists warping that did not appreciably affect any of the platforms of nearly 3,500 feet of alternating marine sandstone and silt- on the island. Presumably all the terrace platforms on San stone beds that contain minor amounts of interbedded Nicolas Island were cut later than the middle Pleistocene conglomerate and pebbly mudstone. This sedimentary rock diastrophism recognized elsewhere in southern California. sequence has been
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