sign in sign up
<<
Home , Candlewick, Cordwainer (ward), Eastcheap, Langbourn, Portsoken, Queenhithe

THE ALDERMEN OF , c.1200—80: ALFRED BEAVEN REVISITED

John McEwan

SUMMARY lists, historians cannot conduct a reliable survey. Historians now have an excellent Alfred Beaven’s list of aldermen is a standard ref- list of the mayors and sheriffs,2 but for the erence work for historians of London, particularly aldermen, who formed the bulk of the those interested in civic politics and local government. group, historians continue to rely on the list This paper will demonstrate that Beaven’s listing compiled by Alfred Beaven at the beginning of the 13th-century aldermen can be substantially of the 20th century.3 When he published improved. The evidence for this study is drawn from his list, Beaven acknowledged that it had a prosopographical dataset compiled by the author, limitations.4 Nonetheless, his list has never devoted to 12th- and 13th-century London, that been revised. If Beaven’s list of the 13th- enables scholars to systematically investigate the history century aldermen can be improved, then of individual people in the City. The dataset reveals historians can deepen their understanding previously overlooked aldermen and the periods when of the group of men who served in the civic they were active. The author presents a revised listing government. The purpose of this paper is to of the aldermen and considers its implications for our update the list of aldermen based on a fresh understanding of the office of alderman. survey of the evidence. Beaven completed his list in the early years INTRODUCTION of the 20th century; it was presented as part of an ambitious two-volume book that was Alfred Beaven’s list of aldermen is a standard published before the First World War.5 When reference work for historians of London, Beaven died in 1924 at the age of 77, the particularly those interested in civic politics event was noted in the Bulletin of the Institute and local government.1 The leading officers of Historical Research. He was described as in 13th-century London’s civic government having made a ‘considerable’ contribution were the mayor, the two sheriffs, and the alder- to research, and his book on the aldermen of men of London’s 24 wards. The member- London was presented as his most important ship of this group offers historians crucial achievement.6 The book surveys London’s evidence for the distribution of power in the aldermen from c.1230 to 1912, and the City in this period. Historians have prepared section dealing with the mid-13th-century biographies of the officers to establish their aldermen is only a small part of the work. That affiliations, then traced, through the fortunes Beaven includes any information on the mid- of their members, the shifting importance of 13th-century aldermen is a testament to his political factions, economic interests, and remarkable dedication and determination. social and familial networks. The foundation He could have argued that the appropriate of this type of analysis is the lists of office place to begin his list of aldermen was holders. Without complete and accurate c.1280, as this is the period from which the

177 178 John McEwan sequence of office holders can be securely ‘we may be tolerably confident that the wards reconstructed.7 Beaven’s material on the mid- grew up in the 11th century, although their 13th-century aldermen is presented at the remote origin may be older’.10 The earliest beginning of his chronological list of office known reference to an alderman is in a holders in a tabular format without citations. document dated 1111.11 The 12th-century In his introduction, however, he offers an sources are limited, but they show that indication of his sources, he gathers together aldermen were playing an official role in the some scattered information about aldermen witnessing of agreements involving land.12 of the 12th and early 13th centuries, and he The comparatively richer 13th-century discusses a few problematic cases from the sources reveal that by c.1200 aldermen mid-13th century. were assuming an important role in the ad- The evidence for this study is drawn ministration of justice; they can be found from a prosopographical dataset compiled presiding in the Husting and weighing the by the author, devoted to 12th- and 13th- seriousness of violent crimes, to determine if century London, that enables scholars to the case should be heard in the King’s court systematically investigate the history of or in that of the sheriffs.13 A document, that individuals as well as social, economic and dates from the reign of John, describes the political groupings in the City.8 Until the provisions made by the Londoners for the revolution in information technology at defence of the City; aldermen were expected the end of the 20th century, the amount to review the men under their jurisdiction, of labour required to reproduce Beaven’s to ensure that they were appropriately research inhibited attempts to revise and armed and that as many as possible had extend his work on the London aldermen.9 horses.14 Aldermen also maintained stocks The quantity of evidence that needs to be of firefighting equipment.15 The aldermen processed, as will be discussed in more were leading officers with a wide range detail below, is prohibitive when the work of responsibilities, but if records of their is done by hand. The advent of electronic appointment were kept in this period, then data management systems, however, has they have been lost.16 In the early to mid- made it possible for even a single researcher 13th century, therefore, it is difficult to to analyse vast datasets efficiently. Thus it is establish precisely when an alderman was possible, for the first time, to revisit Beaven’s appointed, but historians can identify who listing. Based on the new prospographical the office holders were and the approximate dataset, a revised list of aldermen has been period when they were active by gathering prepared and is presented in the appendix. incidental references to them from a variety The new list is intended to serve a different of sources. purpose from Beaven’s. He attempted to Any document that identifies an alderman produce a full list of the aldermen, together by name is helpful, but the most useful with their dates of office. As the evidence is sources are those that place these men in fragmentary, however, Beaven speculated in a geographic and temporal context.17 For some cases to compensate for gaps in the the period c.1200—80, which is the focus of historical record, as will be discussed in more this paper, the single most valuable source detail below. Unfortunately, Beaven does of evidence is deeds.18 When a property was not provide references so it is often difficult exchanged in London, the alderman of the to identify places where he is speculating. ward where the land was located normally The revised listing is intended to clearly acted as a witness, and this was recorded in the summarise the evidence, to ensure that deed. By collecting references to an alderman scholars have a secure basis for investigating acting as a witness, historians can determine London’s civic leadership. when and in which ward (or wards) he was active during his career. Deeds of this period SOURCES are difficult to work with because they rarely include the date when they were composed.19 From an early date, London was divided into However, scholars can use a variety of wards that were overseen by aldermen (Fig techniques, such as examining the history of 1). Christopher Brooke has commented that the property, the composition of the witness The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 179 Ü 23 24 22 23 19 19 20 16 21 15 14 16 18 11 17 11 12 13 7 9 4 8 4 10 1 5 6 3 3 1 2 s s eter Metres T h a m e 1 00 5 0 M R i v e r 25 0 d n e r ry tsoken rnhill r rdwainer we rringdon albrook nt oleman Street Co Po Vi W To Fa Co 1 2 Castle Baynar 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 C 12 Dowgat 13 14 15 16 Langbour 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Fig 1. Map showing the 24 London wards 180 John McEwan list, or the style of writing, to establish the with some caution. Historians use original approximate date of an undated deed.20 A deeds when they are available, but if they few thousand deeds of the period c.1200—80 have been lost or damaged, a cartulary survive from London.21 The precise number copy can provide the best alternative. For of deeds is unknown, because they have this study, the most important group of never been systematically counted.22 Deeds cartularies are those that were prepared in survive in two forms: originals and copies. institutions based in London and its suburbs. An original is a deed that was prepared at The cartulary of St Bartholomew’s Hospital the time of the exchange as a record of the is an especially rich source.27 Historians can event. The most important collections of also consult the cartularies of Holy Trinity original London deeds are in the National Aldgate, St Mary Clerkenwell, the hospital of Archives, the Guildhall Library, and the St Giles, the priory of St John of Jerusalem archive of St Bartholomew’s Hospital. At (Knights Hospitaller), Westminster Abbey, the National Archives, London deeds can be St Paul’s Cathedral, and the found in a number of series. The E40 series House.28 Many religious houses located is an exceptionally rich source of material; outside London also owned some land in 90% of the references to aldermen gathered the City, and thus deeds relating to London from deeds at the National Archives were property found their way into their records. from documents in this group.23 Additional Additional references to London alder- material was obtained from four other men were found in cartularies prepared for series: C146, DL25, E326, and LR14. The the abbeys of St Augustine’s Canterbury, next most important collection is the deeds Chertsey, Cirencester, Colchester, Missen- of St Paul’s Cathedral, which are currently don, Thame, and Waltham.29 In total, the held by the Guildhall Library.24 The deeds cartularies provide a further 339 references of St Bartholomew’s Hospital, which are in to aldermen, or 21% of the evidence gathered the hospital’s archive, are another valuable for this study. resource. Together, the original deeds in the The final group of sources is made up of collections of these three institutions pro- judicial, administrative and narrative mat- vide 927 references to aldermen. London erials. References to aldermen can appear deeds also survive in a number of other re- in many types of records that relate to the positories. A further 126 references were governance of the City. A few records, found in deeds preserved in the British however, are especially valuable for ident- Library, the London Metropolitan Archive, ifying aldermen. The King’s justices rarely and the archives of Westminster Abbey and came into the City, but they did hold periodic Canterbury Cathedral. 1,053 references to visitations, known as eyres, to address a aldermen, or 64% of the total collected for number of issues, including reviewing local this study, were taken from original deeds. administration.30 The documents known as Many additional deeds have been preserved the Hundred Rolls record the proceedings in the form of copies. For the purposes of of a pair of inquests, conducted in 1274—75 this study, the most useful types of copies and 1279—80, in which the Crown asked are those in cartularies.25 During the Middle ward juries questions about royal rights and Ages, institutions that accumulated large the conduct of the King’s officers.31 These collections of deeds often transcribed them are a particularly valuable source, as they into a register, known as a cartulary.26 Like mention all the wards and identify most of the surviving original deeds, deeds recorded their aldermen. The pipe roll of 12 Henry III in cartularies are often undated, but they preserves a list of aldermen.32 The earliest pose a further challenge: the scribes who Husting Rolls (Common Pleas) have also copied the deeds into the cartularies might been included, as they contain references to omit sections of the texts. Scribes often the appointment of aldermen from 1274, as truncated witness lists, for example, where have the first two volumes of the Letter-Books, the names of the participating aldermen were which contain entries relating to the 1270s.33 recorded. As a result, the copies of deeds Narrative sources offer another method preserved in cartularies are not as reliable of identifying aldermen. The chronicle of as the originals, and must be approached the Grey Friars includes a transcription of The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 181 a deed.34 Another chronicle, known as the provide a body of information that favours ‘Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs of certain districts. The solution is to conduct London’, was composed in the City in the a survey of as many different collections as mid-13th century, probably by Arnold son of possible. A greater number of collections Thedmar, who was himself an alderman.35 were consulted for this study than were His detailed description of events in the used by Beaven and therefore the evidence City’s political history mentions several cases is geographically more evenly distributed when aldermen were appointed or deposed. than in Beaven’s sample.39 Also affecting From these records, a further 249 references the reliability of the sample is the temporal to aldermen, or 15% of the total collected distribution of the sources. Because more for this paper, have been collected. material survives from the second half of the The amount of information available for 13th century than from the first, any sample this study significantly exceeds the amount of 13th-century London deeds will be biased used by Beaven. He indicates that his re- to the later decades. A very large number of search included a detailed study of the documents needs to be collected to ensure E40 deeds in the National Archives, and he that sufficient early material is included probably looked at deeds in other parts of the in the sample. A quarter of the references collection. He surveyed the deeds of St Paul’s to aldermen collected for this study are in Cathedral, but he does not appear to have sources dated 1229 or earlier. As a result consulted the collection in St Bartholomew’s of this additional evidence, it has proved Hospital or the smaller collections of London possible to extend the list beyond Beaven’s deeds in other archives, such as Canterbury start date of 1230, to c.1200. Cathedral. He examined a transcription of the cartulary of Holy Trinity Aldgate, the THE REVISED LIST lists of aldermen in the Pipe Rolls and the Hundred Roll of 1274—75, the Letter-Books There are a number of differences between and Arnold son of Thedmar’s chronicle.36 the format of Beaven’s list and the one In short his research, while extensive, was prepared for this paper.40 Perhaps the most not comprehensive. The sources that he immediately obvious is the treatment of dates. used account for 55% of the references Beaven dates the terms of office of aldermen gathered for this study. A comparison of in a number of ways and in more than half the the number of references in the sample of cases, he offers a circa date.41 He characterises evidence compiled for this paper and that his circa dates as ‘tentative approximations’ available to Beaven is a useful but crude that ‘in most cases … represent the earliest method of evaluating the quality of his year in which, or immediately preceding sample of evidence, because the geographic that in which, there is more or less clear distribution of the references is as important evidence that the person named was acting as the quantity. as an Alderman’.42 The list compiled for this London had 24 wards and some wards paper consistently provides the dates of the are better documented than others. The earliest and latest known appearances of an major collections of surviving deeds, such alderman as these offer secure evidence of a as the deeds of St Paul’s Cathedral or St man’s period of activity. The table included Bartholomew’s Hospital, were each assembled in the appendix to this paper provides these to record the land holdings of a particular dates in its second and third columns; for institution.37 These institutions held a comparative purposes, Beaven’s dates for the limited number of properties which were aldermen are offered in its fourth column.43 generally concentrated in one or more areas For convenience, service as a sheriff is noted of the City. The St Paul’s deeds, for example, in the fifth column, and service as mayor in offer considerable information about the the sixth column.44 area surrounding the cathedral, whereas the An important difference between the list deeds of St Bartholomew’s Hospital mostly of aldermen prepared for this paper, and concern properties in the City’s western that offered by Beaven, is the definition of suburbs.38 Studying one institution’s deeds, the office of alderman. The case of Osbert de even if they are numerous, will therefore Hadstock illustrates the distinction clearly. In 182 John McEwan a deed dated 1258—59, concerning land in the and Bartholomew de St Martin, who are parish of St Botolph Billingsgate (Billingsgate described as acting ‘in the place’ of an ward), Osbert de Hadstock is described in alderman, the only other man included in the witness list as acting ‘in loco aldermanni’.45 this list whose aldermanic status is perhaps This phrase does appear elsewhere in the questionable is John Hanin. He was closely historical record: Bartholomew de St Martin associated with Richard son of Renger in is described as acting ‘in loco aldermanni’ the administration of Bridge ward in the in Farringdon ward in several deeds dated early to mid-13th century. Richard was a key c.1220.46 What is exceptional about Osbert’s figure in civic politics: he is first recorded case is that there is some evidence to explain acting as an alderman in 1217—18;50 he was how he came to be acting ‘in the place of’ the sheriff 1220—22, and mayor 1222—27 and alderman of Billingsgate. In February 1258, then again in 1237—39.51 In 1229, however, because of a corruption scandal, a number he was included in a list of men described of aldermen were deposed, including Arnold as royal justices, which demonstrates that he son of Thedmar, who was then the alderman was drawn into the service of the Crown.52 of Billingsgate.47 Arnold then languished in He was also involved in overseas trade and political limbo for a period during which held land outside London, including a time his ward ‘remained in the hands of the manor in Dorset.53 For Richard, therefore, Mayor’.48 There is little evidence that the the office of alderman was just one of a mayor, William son of Richard, assumed the number of responsibilities. Perhaps for duties and responsibilities that were involved this reason, he felt it necessary to delegate in being the alderman of Billingsgate; some of his duties. In the period that he is instead it appears that Osbert was delegated known to have been active in royal service, to perform the office. Politically, he was he is recorded as sharing his aldermanic probably a conservative choice. A number responsibilities with John Hanin. John was of men with the surname ‘Hadstock’ took one of the City’s wealthiest men; although he charge of waterfront wards in this period: may not have been as politically influential as Richard de Hadstock (c.1232—58 in Castle Richard, he was still a distinguished member Baynard), Simon de Hadstock (c.1269—81 of civic society.54 Initially John may have in Queenhithe), and William de Hadstock acted as Richard’s deputy; in 1230, there is (c.1270—89 in ). As ‘Hadstock’ is a reference to Richard acting as alderman an uncommon surname in 13th-century in the company of John, who is described as London, Osbert was probably related to these ‘subalderman’.55 Soon, however, John was aldermen.49 If so, he would have come from regarded as a colleague. A deed of c.1230 a distinguished social background. When places Richard and John together at the top Arnold son of Thedmar was readmitted to of the witness list (with Richard first and civic politics in November 1259, he recovered John second), and both men are described his aldermanry and Osbert appears to have as aldermen.56 John is also called alderman stepped aside. Osbert was a temporary in a number of witness lists of this period officer holder, and Beaven acknowledges his where he appears without Richard. Richard existence in his introduction but omits him may have continued to act as alderman for from his list of office holders. By contrast, Bridge ward on occasion, but he is difficult the list of aldermen appended to this to locate in the office after 1231, by which paper includes him, together with all other date it appears that he had handed over men known to have performed the office his responsibilities to John Hanin. Richard, of alderman regardless of whether or not nonetheless, remained an important and they were permanent or temporary office influential man in London, and returned holders. to the office of mayor in 1237. The case Only a handful of men are described of Richard son of Renger and John Hanin in the sources in terms that suggest that elegantly illustrates that two men could co- their aldermanic status was temporary, so operate to discharge the office of alderman adopting a broader definition of alderman in a ward; clearly both men must be included has a minimal impact on the composition in the list of aldermen. The addition of men of the list. Apart from Osbert de Hadstock such as Osbert de Hadstock and John Hanin The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 183 clarifies the sequence of office holders and century, for historians safely to assume that adds insights into how local government the men who served as mayors were also worked. aldermen. Consequently this list of aldermen inc- The evidence for the relationship between ludes only men who are actually recorded aldermen and their wards raises yet another as performing that office. Applying this crit- set of issues. Historians are confident that erion has resulted in the removal of a number London had 24 wards c.1200.63 The deeds of men that Beaven includes. Scholars gen- indicate where an alderman performed his erally accept that the priors of Holy Trinity office, which in turn offers an indication of the Aldgate were in control of the ward of ward (or wards) with which he was associated. throughout the 13th century.57 However, when property transactions were Beaven’s list therefore includes Richard de recorded, scribes normally identified not the Temple, prior of Holy Trinity from 1222, and ward, but the parish in which the land was his successors. Unfortunately, the earliest located.64 The system of parishes had grown known reference to a prior of Holy Trinity up alongside the wards and the two sets of acting as an alderman is in a source dated boundaries often do not correspond; some 1281—82. Since no evidence has yet come to parishes fall entirely within the boundaries of light that demonstrates that the early and mid- a single ward, while others might be shared 13th-century priors discharged the duties of between two or more wards.65 The process of aldermen, they have been removed from the assigning an alderman to a ward, therefore, list.58 Again by assuming that later practices involves surveying the deeds to determine applied to this period, Beaven also includes a the parishes in which he was active, and then number of men who held the office of mayor. comparing the boundaries of those parishes By the 14th century, only men who had first with the ward boundaries. Richard son of served as alderman and sheriff were eligible Renger, for example, is described as alderman for the office of mayor.59 When that rule in relation to the parishes of St Margaret became established is difficult to determine, Bridge Street, St Magnus the Martyr, St but Beaven argues that in the 13th century Leonard , St Michael Candlewick the office of alderman was already a stepping- Street, and St Benet Gracechurch.66 If stone to the mayoralty: ‘it may be assumed’, only references to St Leonard Eastcheap he asserts, ‘that the successive Mayors were had survived, it would have been difficult Aldermen at the dates of election’.60 This to determine which ward was Richard’s reasoning may explain his inclusion of responsibility, because that parish was shared William Joiner and Gerald Bat in his list of between three wards. Bridge ward, however, aldermen from the year c.1232; they shared intersected all these parishes, so the fact that the office of sheriff in 1232, and both later Richard was active in all of them indicates assumed the office of mayor.61 Rather than that he was an alderman of Bridge ward. In demonstrating a firm connection between the list of aldermen appended to this paper, the office of alderman and the office of the ward(s) in which he was active are given mayor in the early 13th century, however, only when the evidence clearly places an the material collected for this study points to alderman in a ward. the opposite conclusion. If only two mayors Associating an alderman with a ward in the were missing from the list of aldermen, then absence of conclusive evidence is perilous. their omission could perhaps be dismissed The identity of the wards of Walter le Potter as a lacuna in the evidence. However, in and Ralph Le Fevre in 1274—75, for example, addition to William Joiner and Gerald Bat, is problematic.67 Both men were certainly three other mayors active in the first half of aldermen at that date, because they are the 13th century are missing from the list of recorded acting as aldermen at the 1274— aldermen: Serlo le Mercer (mayor 1214—15, 75 Hundred Roll inquest.68 This inquest 1217—22), William Hardel (mayor 1215—16), was national in scope, and commissioners and Solomon de Basing (mayor 1217).62 The were sent throughout . The precise connection between the personnel who held date when they were in London has yet to the offices of mayor and alderman was not be established, but it was probably between sufficiently close, in the early to mid-13th November 1274 and March 1275.69 At the 184 John McEwan inquest, each ward provided a jury of men always clearly indicate which ward belonged to answer the questions set by the Crown, to which alderman. By contrast, there is and their responses were recorded.70 In the a massive amount of deeds evidence, but surviving documents, the returns of some deeds can normally only be dated to within wards are identified by the name of their one year and place an alderman in a parish alderman, others by a topographical name, rather than a ward. When the only available and still others by both. All the returns can evidence for an alderman’s ward is a handful be assigned to a ward with the exception of references in deeds, it can be difficult of Cornhill and Limestreet. Their returns to identify him with a ward with certainty. must be those listed as the wards of Walter The information provided in the appendix le Potter and Ralph Le Fevre but which ward regarding each alderman’s ward is therefore belonged to which alderman at the time of based on a conservative assessment of the the inquest? Beaven had some deed evidence evidence. that suggested that Walter was in Cornhill Throughout the 13th century, the London- in the 1270s, so he argued that Ralph ers aspired to ensure that each ward had must therefore have been the alderman of one alderman and that vacant posts were Limestreet.71 However, this type of reasoning filled promptly with new men. Lists of ald- does not take into account the limitations of ermen, such as those presented in the pipe the deed evidence or the speed with which roll of 12 Henry III and the Hundred Roll one man could succeed another as alderman inquests, identify one alderman with one for a given ward. ward. The impression that each ward was The Husting Rolls (Common Pleas) est- closely identified with a single office holder ablishes the identity of the aldermen of is reinforced by the fact that wards were Cornhill ward in the months immediately commonly known by the name of their prior to the inquest. In January 1274, alderman until the end of the 13th century, Stephen Ashwy was presented as alderman when they acquired fixed topographical of Cornhill.72 Stephen, however, did not names.74 Moreover, the earliest recorded remain as alderman of Cornhill for very aldermanic election demonstrates that vacant long. In June 1274, the men of the ward of posts could be filled swiftly. In 1248—49 the Cornhill returned to the Husting to present alderman Simon son of Mary was deposed Ralph Le Fevre as their alderman. There is by his colleagues. In his account of these a strong possibility that Walter le Potter may events, Arnold son of Thedmar emphasises also have performed the office of alderman the speed with which Simon’s successor, in Cornhill in the 1270s, because he is Alexander le Ferrun, was appointed.75 This recorded acting as alderman in parishes in evidence raises the expectation that each that vicinity in 1270—77, but it is difficult ward always had only one alderman, that to determine his precise location in the periods of transition left only small gaps sequence of office holders.73 As cases can in the sequence of office holders, and that be made for associating both Walter and the total number of men that could hold Ralph with Cornhill ward, the identity of its aldermanic office at any moment in time was alderman at the time of the Hundred Roll equal to the number of wards (24). If this inquest of 1274—75 remains uncertain. This were the case, then historians could with example is instructive because it involves some confidence reconstruct the sequence evidence from three different types of sources of office holders from the fragmentary (court rolls, inquests, deeds) and highlights evidence. The extensive body of evidence their contrasting strengths and weaknesses. collected for this paper, however, challenges References to the presentment of aldermen this set of assumptions about the aldermanic in the Husting are exceedingly useful, as they office. can be precisely dated and place an alderman In the early to mid-13th century, although in a specific ward, but they are also rare. The the Londoners aspired to maintain an inquest evidence offers an overview of the orderly sequence of office holders in all composition of the aldermanic group at a the wards, this was not always possible. particular moment in time, but again these Aldermen had important responsibilities events were rare and the evidence does not and local government could not function The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 185 without them; yet an alderman could need been the Portsoken, which was located on or want to absent himself from his office the eastern edge of the City, but must have for an extended period, and circumstances been one of the western wards adjacent to could make it difficult to appoint a new the Cathedral, most probably Bread Street, alderman to a vacant post. When either of because Thomas is recorded on a number these events occurred, the Londoners made of occasions acting as alderman in parishes a variety of ad hoc arrangements to ensure associated with Bread Street ward between that a ward had leadership. The cases of 1257 and 1261. It is clear that, contrary to Osbert de Hadstock, who took charge of our expecations, Thomas performed the Billingsgate when Arnold son of Thedmar office of alderman in two wards in the same was implicated in a corruption scandal, period, although in the Portsoken he was and John Hanin, who began performing acting on behalf of the prior of Holy Trinity the office of alderman of Bridge ward when Aldgate.79 Richard son of Renger became involved in When there was a problem in the succession the service of the Crown, have already been in a ward, the mayor or an alderman from discussed. The final section of this paper another ward might be asked to perform the will examine other types of responses to office until the issue was resolved. One such situations in which a ward was left without problem arose in Farringdon ward, which an acting alderman in order to show how the was located on the western edge of the City, revised list of aldermen helps to reveal the in the period 1277—78. , who had complex pattern of relationships between access to some sources that have since been the aldermen and the wards. lost, reports that: ‘Thomas de Arderne, Some of the wards were regarded as a form sonne and heyre to Sir Ralph Arderne of possession, and sometimes the man who knight, granted to Ralph le Feure Cittizen was entitled to act as alderman wanted to of London, one of the sheriffes in the yeare retain the office but did not want to perform 1277, all the Aldermanry … [that] Anketinus it in person. The best example is provided de Auerne held during his life’.80 Stow by the Portsoken, which was located on the goes on to relate that later ‘Iohn le Feure, eastern side of the City, just beyond the city son and heire to the saide Ralph le Feure, wall. In the 11th century the Portsoken was granted to William Farendon, Cittizen and an area of privileged jurisdiction owned Goldsmith of London, & to his heires the by a group called the Cnihtengild, whose said Aldermanry … in the yeare of Christ, members were leading Londoners.76 In the 1279’. The evidence of the deeds helps to early 12th century they transferred their clarify the events that John Stow describes. privileges to the priory of Holy Trinity Ralph Arden and Thomas Arden are not Aldgate. In the 13th century, however, the recorded acting as aldermen in the surviving Portsoken came to be regarded as one of sources, which suggests that neither of them the City’s wards. The prior of Holy Trinity performed the duties of alderman in person. Aldgate remained entitled to administer the Instead, the deeds indicate that Anketine de Portsoken, but there is little evidence that he Auvergne acted as alderman 1268—77 and discharged his duties in person, and he may William de Faringdon 1278—92.81 In between normally have delegated them. In the third their terms of office, however, there was a gap quarter of the 13th century, for example, of a few months and in the interval, Ralph Le Thomas Wimburne was acting for the prior. Fevre and Gregory de Rokesle performed the In 1256—57 he was described as alderman of office. Ralph intended to serve as the ward’s the ward, but on occasion he was also called permanent alderman and he is recorded on the sokereeve or warden.77 Moreover, Thomas a number of occasions acting as the ward’s also served as the alderman of another ward. alderman.82 However he died shortly after In June 1263, when John de Brittany was becoming alderman of Farringdon and his attacked and killed near St Paul’s churchyard, will was enrolled in March 1278.83 Gregory the incident was investigated by royal justices, de Rokesle, because he was mayor in that who attempted to ‘examine the men of the period and he could hold an aldermanry on ward of Thomas de Wymborn, where the an interim basis, may have become involved incident occurred’.78 The ward cannot have to smooth the transition from one office 186 John McEwan holder to the next. Although he is better the term ‘junior’ and who makes a fleeting known as the alderman of , he may appearance as an alderman in the vicinity have temporarily taken over Farringdon of Bread Street c.1230.89 John Viel (junior), following Ralph’s death to ensure that the therefore, probably served as alderman ward was not left without an alderman while of Bread Street during his father’s term of Ralph’s heir transferred his privileges to office.90 Another example is provided by the William de Faringdon. case of Robert Hardel who was alderman of Historians have argued that by the end of Bridge ward c.1244 to 1257—58; in 1251—52, the 13th century Farringdon and Portsoken however, William Hardel, who may have wards were exceptional and that in the other been Robert’s brother, is on one occasion wards aldermen were selected by a form of recorded acting as alderman of that ward.91 election involving the men of the wards. Both John Viel (junior) and William Hardel Barron suggests that ‘the hereditary or are described in the sources as ‘aldermen’. proprietary view of aldermanic office gave They have the appropriate title and they are way … to a concept of elective office’.84 The recorded performing the office of alderman, precise timing of this transition is debatable so they must be regarded as office holders. since the means whereby the wards were However, the sequence of aldermen suggests passed from one office holder to the next in that these men were temporary office this period are poorly documented. There holders. Therefore, when the terms of office are, however, cases in the early to mid-13th of several related men overlap or follow in century where aldermen were succeeded by a quick succession, it does not necessarily son or brother.85 John Sperling, for example, indicate that a ward was suffering a crisis was active as alderman of Billingsgate from in leadership. Some wards were probably at least 1202 to 1216. He was followed by regarded as under the patronage of a family, his brother Ralph, who was still in office in which enabled the sitting alderman to 1253.86 William de Haverhill appears as the temporarily transfer his responsibilities to a alderman of Cripplegate ward in 1202—3. His relation. son Thomas appears in 1212—14 as alderman 87 of the same ward. He was then succeeded CONCLUSION by Andrew Bukerel, who was probably not a direct descendent. Andrew was then Since its publication, Beaven’s list of the 13th- succeeded by Stephen Bukerel, who may century aldermen has been fundamental to have been his brother, and Stephen was our understanding of the development of followed by his son, Stephen son of Stephen, civic government in 13th-century London. who was still active as alderman in 1261.88 If Beaven prepared the first systematic listing the method whereby aldermen were selected of 13th-century London aldermen. While changed during the 13th century, then it his work was of a very high standard, he did did not stop sons following their fathers into not incorporate the evidence from c.1200— office. Indeed, there is no reason to assume 29 and he overlooked many important that even if the men of the wards became documents. Since Beaven has not had any more involved in the process of selecting followers to continue his work on the early their own aldermen that this would inhibit aldermen, his list has endured.92 Although the creation of aldermanic dynasties. What some scholars have expressed reservations is certain is that the existence of dynasties about its methods and conclusions, others in many wards is evidence of a strong and have based their arguments on his data – persistent connection between political most notably Gwyn Williams.93 His study of and familial networks in early to mid-13th- the civic leadership of 13th-century London century London. – the most ambitious to date – concluded The importance of family networks in that during the early to mid-13th century the civic politics helps to explain the brief City was governed by a ‘tightly-knit cluster appearances of certain men as aldermen. For of aldermanic dynasties’.94 This assertion example, John Viel was active as alderman depends on his contention, grounded in of Bread Street c.1227—46. He had a son of Beaven’s list, that ‘three quarters of the ninety- the same name, who was distinguished by five aldermen and sheriffs known to have The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 187 held office between’ 1191 and 1263 ‘came APPENDIX: MEN RECORDED ACTING from a small interlocking group of sixteen AS ALDERMEN, c.1200—1280 families’. However, this paper joins other recent studies in revealing that the number Office holders are organised chronologically, of men involved in civic government during and dates are offered as a guide to the period 96 this period was significantly larger. Caroline when they were active. As the majority of the sources are undated documents, the dates are Barron’s list of mayors and sheriffs identifies 97 124 individual office holders in the period not definitive. Whenever possible, reference is made to published editions whose editors offer 1191—1263.95 When those office holders are an explanation for a date. For unpublished integrated with the aldermen of this period documents, the dates normally depend on identified in the revised listing presented in references to civic officials, such as mayors and this study the total number of men is 179 – sheriffs.98 In 13th-century London, a man’s substantially more than the number known personal name was fixed throughout his life, but to Williams. Gwyn Williams, who is the scholar he could use as his surname a variety of different whose views have proved most important types of descriptors, including trade names, in shaping our understanding of 13th- toponymics, patronymics and matronymics, century London’s governing men, founded concurrently and sequentially. In the listing the his theories on a sample of the available name form normally used by the office holder is evidence, and it remains to be seen whether presented and modernised in accordance with his sample was representative. The new data standard conventions.99 No attempt has been presented in this improved list of London made to identify all the variant name forms that aldermen will enable historians to revisit an office holder used during the course of his their interpretations of the development of life, but where important variants have come to the aldermanic group. These reassessments light they are provided in the notes. Men who will in turn set the scene for a broader re- shared the same name are distinguished by a examination of the nature of the entire civic letter in brackets. In some cases, one or more leadership. wards is suggested for an alderman based on the areas of the City where he is known to have [email protected] been active; all ward attributions, like dates, are provisional (See Appendix Table pp. 188—96). 188 John McEwan 1193—1212 Mayor c. 1189—90 1208—09 1189—90; 1190—91 1189—90; 1192—93 Sheriff 1196—97 Ward Street Broad or Aldgate Tower Farringdon Tower Billingsgate Cripplegate Street Broad Vintry Date assigned by Beaven n.d. 1206—07 Last Occurrence 1207—08 1216—17 1232—33 1216—17 1246 1190 1190—1212 1200 First Occurrence 1177—78 c. 1170—97 1170—97 1190—97 1196—97 c. 1200 c. 1180—1201 1201—02 1201—02 1201—02 1201—02 1202—03 1202—03 1202—03 1206—07 103

101 107 106 114 110 102 104 100 108 116 105 109 113 111 115 112 117 Name Henry son of Ailwin Master Henry Lafaite Bartholomew Blund Sperling son of Jordan Jordan Theobald son of Ivo William Fulbert Henry son of Rayner John son of Herlizun Ralph son of Simon Matthew Blund Thomas son of John Robert Blund Peter Blund John Sperling William de Haverhill James Blund Roger Duke [A] Alan Burser The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 189 Mayor 1212—14 1237—39 1222—27; 1211—12 1200—01 1215—16 1197—98 1203—04 1192—93 1231—32 1213—14 1220—22 Sheriff 1210—11 Ward Farringdon Queenhithe Bridge Street Bread Vintry Cripplegate Castle Baynard Bishopesgate Aldersgate Castle Baynard Vintry Bridge Date assigned by Beaven n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1241 1222—23 1216—17 1240—41 1223—24 1231—37 Last Occurrence 1227—28 1190—1211 1200—12 1215 1199—1217 First Occurrence 1207—08 1200—16 c. 1197—1221 c. 1212—13 1212—14 1212—14 1212—14 1212—14 1213—14 1212—14 c. c. 1216—17 1217—18 1217—18 1217—18 1219 126 135 136 132 127 123 121 129 134 128 118 133 124 125 122 131 120 130 119 Name Joyce son of Peter Jukell Alan de Balon Henry de St Helena William Wilekin William son of Alice Alan son of Peter Nevelon Andrew Constantine son of Alulf Thomas de Haverhill Roger son of Alan Robert son of Alice Adam Witeby de Lisle Walter Michael de St Helena William de Bosco Martin son of Alice son of Renger Richard William son of Rayner 190 John McEwan Mayor 1231—37 1210—11 1223—25 Sheriff 1209—10; 1216—17 1215—16; 1223—25 Ward Tower Farringdon Langbourn Cheapside Candlewick Billingsgate Aldgate Queenhithe Aldersgate Bassishaw Vintry and Portsoken Cripplegate Date assigned by Beaven n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1227—28 1229—30 1236 1231—32 1233—34 Last Occurrence 1227—28 1231—32 1227—28 1253 1210—20 1220 1220 1210—22 1211—23 1216—23 1225 First Occurrence c. 1216—20 c. c. 1221 1220—21 1197—21 1214—22 1221—22 c. 1221—22 c. c. 1217—23 c. 1225—26 1225—27 1225—27 139 148 142 147 149 140 138 144 154 153 151 146 137 152 143 141 150 145 Name William Blund Ralph Steperanc Bartholomew de St Martin John de Cornhill John Travers William son of Benedict John de Solio Ralph Ashwy[A] son of Maurice de Richard Russey Ralph Sperling Gilbert son of Fulk son of LambertLawrence Robert de Woburn Hugh Tabur Robert de Solio William Duke Stephen le Gras Bukerel Andrew The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 191 Mayor 1227—31 1229—30; 1242—43 1225—27 1219—20 1233—34; 1246—47 Sheriff 1218—20 1233—34 1241—42 1220—21 1227—29; 1236—37 Ward Breadstreet Walbrook Castle Baynard Bishopesgate Candlewick Castle Baynard Bridge Vintry Walbrook 1233 1233 1237—49 1230 Date assigned by Beaven n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. c. 1230 c. c. c. 1241—42 1234—35 1244—45 1258 1248—49 Last Occurrence 1246—47 1236 1230 1230 1232—33 First Occurrence 1225—27 1225—27 1226—27 1227—28 1227—28 1227—28 1227—28 1227—28 1227—28 1227—28 c. c. 1231—32 1231—32 1231—32 c. 1234—35 1227—37 1231—37 157 166 162 171 155 169 164 173 160 168 172 158 159 156 165 161 163 167 170 Name Thomas son of Richard John Viel [A] Bartholomew de Cornhill Ace le Mariner John Waleran Peter son of Roger Roger Burser son of Nicholas Warren Roger Blund Robert son of John John Viel [B] son of Benedict Richard Joyce Juvene Roger Duke [B] de Hadstock Richard John Hanin de WimbledonRichard Henry Cocham Simon son of Mary 192 John McEwan Mayor 1252—53 1253—54 1240— 41 1254—58(1 Feb.) 1241—44 1261—65 Sheriff 1227—29 1241—42 1230—31 1237—38; 1249—50 1246 (Jan. 22)— 1246; 1258—59; 1269 (May 3/6)— 1270 (July 6/18) 1244—45 (Dec 14); 1247—48; 1251—52 1239—40 1249—50 1246—47; 1251—52 1234—35; 1239—40 1235—36 1257—1258(1 Feb.); 1258(13 Feb.)— 1258(Sep.) 1238—39 1229—30 Ward Cripplegate Langbourn Aldgate Candlewick Cornhill Bishopesgate Farringdon Cheapside Bridge Queenhithe and Cheapside Aldersgate 1241 1237 1238 1240 1237 1248—65 1246 1247—58 1241 1245 1240 Date assigned by Beaven 1237 c. c. 1249 before to 1258 c. c. 1240 before c. c. c. c. c. c. c. 1253 1253 1241—42 1258 1268—69 1243—44 1255—56 1246 1264—65 Last Occurrence 1258 1254—58 1257—58 First Occurrence 1237—38 1237—38 1238—39 1238—39 1239—40 1240—41 1241—42 1241—42 1241—42 1243—44 1244 1243—44 1246 1246 1246 185 176 188 182 174 175 178 180 183 186 177 184 187 181 179 Name [A] Stephen Bukerel Thomas de Durham son of Walter Richard John de Tolosan Robert de Cornhill Nicholas Bat Rayner de Bungay Ralph Hardel de Frowick Lawrence Ralph Ashwy [B] Robert Hardel Thomas son of John son of Alan John Coudres de Winchester Walter The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 193 Mayor 1249—50 1244—1246 (11 or 12 Jan.); 1247—49 1250—51 1251—52 1270(6—18 July)— 1271 1258 (13 Feb)— 1258; 1259—61 1246 (Jan 11 or 12)—1246; 1258—59 Sheriff 1254—1255 (Feb); 1256—57 1240—41; 1258 (Feb. 1—13) 1234—35 1247—48 1243—44 1258 (Feb 1 to 13); 1258—59; 1265— 1266 65(28 Nov.); 11)—1268 (2 (Nov. or 7 Apr) 1255—56 1248—49 1237—38 (6 1266 1250—51; Nov.) (11 —1266 May) 1240—41; 1245(Dec.)—1246 (11 or 12 Jan.) Ward Cornhill Coleman Street and Tower Farringdon Cordwainer Street Bread Cheapside Bassishaw and Walbrook Walbrook Aldersgate Street Broad Aldgate and/or Tower Tower Vintry Bridge 1260 c. 1248— 1244 1243 1246 (?) 1248 1248—58 1243 (?) Date assigned by Beaven 1249 before c. c. c. c. 1247 c. (?)1285 1249 c. 1249 before to 1258 1249 before 1249 before c. 1258 1261 1276—77 1253—54 1258 1255 1268—69 Last Occurrence 1258 1264—65 1262—63 1253 1258 1269 1249 First Occurrence 1246 1246 1246 1246 1247—48 1247—48 1247—48 1249 c. 1249 1249—50 1249—50 1250—51 1251—52 200 199 198 196 189 195 194 202 190 197 192 191 193 201 Name Roger son of William Ashwy Michael Tovy John Norman William Viel Adam de Basing John Adrian [A] Alexander le Ferrun John le Minur Nicholas son of Joyce Gervase le Cordwainer William son of Richard John Gisors William Hardel 194 John McEwan Mayor 1246—47 1248—49 1255—56 1256—57 1252—53 1258 (13 Feb.)— 1258 (Sep.) 1253—54; 1260—61 1261—62 Sheriff 1259—60 1261—62; 1270 (July 6 or 18)—1271 Ward Langbourn Cripplegate Farringdon Portsoken and Street Bread Billingsgate Castle Baynard Coleman Street Aldersgate Billingsgate Aldgate Coleman Street Bishopesgate 1272 1260 1287 1266 1264 c. c. c. c. c. 1258 (?) 1256— 1258— 1255—75 1250(?)— 1259 1258(?)— 1281 1260— 1260— 1260— 1256 Date assigned by Beaven c. c. c. 1250 (?) c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. 1264 before to 1292 1263—64 1270—71 1262—63 1271—72 1273—74 1261—62 1280 1286 1267—68 Last Occurrence 1261—62 1261 1291—92 First Occurrence 1253—54 1256—57 1256—57 1256—57 1256—57 1257—58 1258 1258 1258 1258—59 1258—59 1259 1258—59 1253—61 1261—62 1262 210 203 207 216 217 215 213 209 212 204 206 211 218 208 214 205 Name Geoffrey de Winchester Matthew Bukerel Stephen son of Bukerel de Ewell Richard Thomas de Wimborne John Juvene William Grapefige Arnold son of Thedmar Adam Bruning Peter son of Alan John de Blackthorn John Blund Osbert de Hadstock John de Northampton de Walbrook Richard Philip le Tailor The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 195 Mayor 1273—74; 1281—84; 1298 (Apr)—1299 1271—72 (11 or 18 Nov.) 1252—53; 1268 (2 or 7 Apr)—1269 (May 3 or 6) 1270 (6 or 18 July)—1270 (Sep.); 1272—73 1273—1273(30 Nov.) 1270—71 Sheriff 1264—65 1264—65 1265—1265 (28 Nov.); 1268 (2 or 7 Apr.)— 1269 (3 or 6 May) Ward Farringdon Cripplegate and/or Bassishaw Queenhithe Street Bread Candlewick Coleman Street Tower Cordwainer Cheapside Castle Baynard and Portsoken 1272 1288 1280 1289 1271 1282 c. c. c. c. c. c. 1269—77 1260— 1267— 1263—83 1269— 1270—1282 1269— 1269—94 1258(?)— 1276 1266— 1269— 1265—74 Date assigned by Beaven c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. 1277 1270—71 1281 1283 1277—78 1281—82 1289 1294 Last Occurrence 1274—75 1280 1273 First Occurrence 1262—63 1262—63 1267—68 1269 1267—68 1268—69 1269 1269—70 1269—70 1269—70 1269—70 1269—70 1270—71 1270—71 223 228 221 229 219 225 224 230 226 227 222 220 231 232 Name Thomas de Puleston Peter Aungier Anketine de Auverne Blund Edward Bartholomew de Castello Simon de Hadstock William de Durham le Potter Walter Thomas Basing Robert de Meldenburn William de Hadstock Henry le Waleys HerviWalter John Juvenal 196 John McEwan 18 c. Mayor 1274—81; 1284— 85 (29 June) 1272 (11 to Nov)—1273 30 c. 30 Nov.)— c. 1263—64; 1270—71 1274—75 1259—60; 1273 ( Nov.)—1274 1273 ( 1274; 1280-81 1280—81 Sheriff 1272—73; 1275—76 1275—76; 1291—92 1276—77 1277—78 1284—85 1277—78 1279—80 Ward Bridge Bassishaw Dowgate and Farringdon Cripplegate Cornhill and Cheapside Cornhill and Farringdon Billingsgate Castle Baynard Vintry Langbourn Farringdon Limestreet Street Broad Cornhill 1281 1282 1295 c. c. c. 1281 c. 1265—91 1272—86 1272—80 1263— 1272—93 1276—78 1272— 1271— 1272—78 1294 Date assigned by Beaven c. c. c. c. 1274—98 c. 1275—93 c. c. c. c. 1278—93 1277(?)— c. 1278— 1291 1281—82 1291—92 1278—79 1280—81 1291 1278 1292 Last Occurrence 1281—82 1293 1296 1277—78 1284 1292 First Occurrence 1271 1270—71 1273—74 1274 1274 1274 1274 1275 1274—75 1274—75 1276—77 1277—78 1279 1279 1280—81 1280 242 244 240 235 241 246 248 245 239 236 247 243 237 238 234 233 John Adrian [B] Robert de Rokesle l’Englais Walter Ralph de la Moor Name John Horn Ralph Blund Gregory de Rokesle Henry de Frowic Stephen Ashwy Ralph le Fevre de Essex Wolmar Peter de Edmonton Henry de Coventry Nicholas de Winchester William Bukerel William de Faringdon The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 197

NOTES tool. Reynolds did, however, gather together 1 Beaven 1908—13. material in the fourth volume of the index on 2 Barron 2004, 308—74. the men who held the office of alderman in the 3 Beaven 1908—13, i, 371—9. Some of his notes period c.1100—1220. survive and they shed light on his research 10 Brooke & Keir 1975, 170. Throughout this methods: LMA COL/CA/09/03/007/1-3 (MISC paper, the wards will be referred to by the names MSS 145.1). used by Brooke & Keir. 4 He comments that for the period c.1230—70 his 11 GL MS 25121/521. list of aldermen ‘cannot be regarded as certainly 12 For a detailed discussion of the 12th- and 13th- exhaustive, and in several cases it is impossible century evidence for the role of the aldermen, to assign Wards to individual Aldermen, and in see Thomas 1943, pp xxxvi—xxxix; Reynolds others such allocation is only tentative’ (Beaven 1972, 339. 1980, i, 370). 13 Bateson 1902, 493. 5 Beaven 1908—13, i, 371—9. After completing a 14 Bateson 1902, 726—8. BA at Oxford in 1866, Beaven proceeded to take 15 Bateson 1902, 508—9. the Indian Civil Service examination in 1868. 16 The earliest known reference to an aldermanic He then embarked on a career in teaching, election is in a chronicle source and concerns securing a post as an assistant master of Bruton the appointment of Alexander le Ferrun in 1249 grammar school in 1871, master of Worcester (Riley 1863, 16—17). From 1274, the appointment Cathedral school in 1872, and headmaster of of aldermen was sometimes noted in the rolls of Preston grammar school from 1874 to 1898. He the Husting court (Weinbaum 1933, ii, 245). also had a position in the Anglican Church and 17 In this paper and in the appendix 13th-century was ordained a deacon in 1875 and a priest in names are translated and modernised following 1876; in 1900 he was licensed to preach in the standard conventions. All Christian names, diocese of Worcester: Crockford’s Clerical Directory nicknames and occupational surnames that have for 1924, 100. a modern form have been modernised, so ‘Rich- 6 Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research ard’ for ‘Ricardus’ and ‘Tailor’ for ‘Cissore’. 1924, vol 2 no. 4, 21. Place names in toponymic surnames that can be 7 From c.1280, administrative records produced identified have been modernised as per Ekwall by London’s civic government begin to survive 1960. The term ‘filius’ in patronymic surnames in significant numbers, and they provide a large is translated as ‘son of’ rather than ‘fitz’. The number of references to aldermen (Beaven only departure from the modernisation rule is 1908—13, i, 362). that no attempt has been made to translate or 8 At the time of writing, the dataset, which is in- modernise articles and prepositions forming tended to facilitate prosopographical research, part of names. For guidelines on modernising incorporated approximately 47,000 separate names, see Hunnisett 1972, ch 4, especially 44— references to Londoners active in the period 51. Translating and modernising the names in c.1150—1300. The dataset complements the an accurate and consistent fashion is critical to pioneering work conducted by a number of maintaining the integrity of the historiography. scholars, most notably Derek Keene, on the For a careful listing of many of the variant spell- history of property ownership (Keene & Harding ings that have been introduced into the histor- 1985). It is hoped that in due course the dataset iography for the names of the men that served as can be made available to the public. mayors and sheriffs, see Barron 2004, 301—24. 9 Susan Reynolds’ index of Londoners of the 18 On the recording of property exchanges in 12th and early 13th centuries offers a good the 13th century, see Kaye 2009, especially 1— example of an attempt, before the advent of 27. electronic database management systems, to com- 19 Kaye 2009, 11—12. pile information about London’s population. 20 On the problems of dating charters, see The index, based on a card catalogue and held Gervers 2000, 14—18. in the Guildhall Library, contains a great deal of 21 For a detailed guide to the sources relating useful information on topics including property to landholding in London, including deeds, see holding, family networks, and civic office Keene & Harding 1985. holders. The entries are organised by individual 22 At the time of writing, the dataset from which and the index is designed to be searched only by the evidence for this paper is drawn contained name, which curtails its potential as a research information regarding more than 4,000 deeds. 198 John McEwan

23 A convenient point of entry into the series is Archives: COL/CS/01/001/01. For a discussion of provided by a printed calendar: CAD 1890—1915. the evidence for the manuscript’s authorship, Note that the compilers of the calendar routinely see Gransden 1974, 509—11. truncated the witness lists. 36 Beaven 1908—13, i, 235—7, 362. 24 They are collectively known as the MS 25121 37 The E40 series in the National Archives is series. For the deeds of St Paul’s Cathedral, see not an exception because, although it includes RCHM 1883—84, pt 1, 1—59. deeds from all parts of the kingdom, the major 25 From 1252, records of the deeds enrolled by contributor of London material was the priory Londoners in the Husting court survive (Martin of Holy Trinity Aldgate. 1971, 151—73). At first glance these would seem 38 For a description of St Paul’s London lands, to be a promising source. Unfortunately, when see Keene 2004, 29. the deeds were copied into the rolls, the scribes 39 There remain gaps in the sample collected routinely omitted the witness lists of the deeds, for this study. Only a handful of references to where the names of the aldermen were recorded. aldermen active in the ward of Dowgate, for Consequently the deeds have not been included example, have been located. in this study. 40 Based on the research conducted for this 26 For a guide to the surviving cartularies, see paper, little light can be shed on one obscure Davis 2010. feature of Beaven’s list: the ‘vice-aldermen’. 27 Kerling 1973. Beaven associates many of his aldermen with a 28 Hodgett 1971; Hassall 1949; BL Harley MS ‘vice-alderman’. They are typically experienced 4015; BL Cotton Nero E VI; Mason 1988; WAM and senior men, who had previously held the Muniment Book 11; Gibbs 1939; LMA CLA/007/ office of alderman. Ralph Hardel, for example, EM/04/003 (Bridge House, Small Register); is described as alderman of Aldersgate c.1241 LMA CLA/007/EM/04/001 (Bridge House, Large and as vice-alderman of the same ward c.1258. Register). Indeed every man that he describes as a vice- 29 Turner & Salter 1915—24; Giuseppi et al 1915— alderman in this period is also listed as an 63; Ross 1964; Moore 1897; Jenkins 1962; Salter alderman. This pattern suggests that Beaven may 1947; Ransford 1989. have introduced the category of ‘vice-alderman’ 30 Chew & Weinbaum 1970; Weinbaum 1976. into his list to accommodate cases where he 31 TNA SC 5/London/Chapter/1 and 2; TNA believed that two men temporarily shared the SC5/London/Tower; Rot Hund 1812—18, i, 403— office, perhaps in periods of transition. This can 33; Weinbaum 1933, ii, 142—54; Cam 1930, 41; only be offered as a suggestion because Beaven Raban 2004, 162—3. does not offer a full explanation for this term or 32 TNA E372/72. The list, preserved in the his method of identifying the 13th-century ‘vice- London and section of the roll, aldermen’. As no evidence has come to light that relates to the tallage of 1226—27. The names of demonstrates that the men Beaven identifies as the aldermen were recorded in the pipe roll vice-aldermen either styled themselves or were because they were responsible for ensuring that referred to as ‘vice-alderman’, it has proved the taxes were collected from the men of their necessary to set aside this feature of his list. wards. None of the aldermen immediately paid 41 22 men, at the very beginning of his listing, the full amounts that had been assessed on their are not assigned a specific date but are described wards, so the debts continued to be recorded as: ‘named as aldermen in the Great Roll of 1230 on subsequent pipe rolls: Robinson 1927, xix, (14 Henry III)’. This reference is potentially 108—9; Mitchell 1914, 173. Note that Beaven misleading as Beaven should have explained erroneously substitutes Peter son of Alulf for that the pipe roll of 14 Henry III preserves a list John de Solio in his transcription of the list of of aldermen that was first drawn up for the pipe aldermen from pipe roll 12 Henry III: Beaven roll of 12 Henry III then copied into subsequent 1908—13, i, 366. pipe rolls; see above, note 32. The pipe roll of 33 LMA CLA/023/CP/01/001-8; Sharpe 1899; 14 Henry III, therefore, indicates the aldermen Sharpe 1900. that were in office in 12 Henry III: Robinson 34 Kingsford 1915, 146. 1927, xix, 108—9; Mitchell 1914, 173. 35 An English translation of the chronicle can be 42 Beaven 1908—13, i, 372. found in Riley 1863. The Latin text is available 43 If only one datable reference is available, it is in Stapleton 1846. The original manuscript presented in the second column. No attempt has is preserved in the London Metropolitan been made to systematically track the careers of The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 199 men beyond 1280, although where information and the later alderman of the same name are is available a reference has been included. different men. 44 Dates for the terms of office of mayors and 63 Brooke & Keir 1975, 169. sheriffs are taken from Barron 2004, 308—74. 64 For maps of wards and parishes, see Hyde 45 TNA E326/2024. Note that in the printed 1999; Lobel 1989. entry for E326/2024 in the Calendar of Ancient 65 For a more detailed discussion of the relation- Deeds (vol 2, p 256), the phrase is omitted. ship between the boundaries of the wards and 46 Hassall 1949, no. 299; Kerling 1973, nos 541—3. parishes, see Beaven 1908—13, i, xiii—xv. The phrase ‘in place of the alderman’ is omitted 66 TNA E40/1643, E40/1691, E40/1893; GL MS from Kerling’s edition of the St Bartholomew’s 25121/1480; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/A/074. Note Hospital (SBH) Cartulary, fols 234—35. that these citations are a sample of the references 47 On Arnold son of Thedmar’s political career to Richard son of Renger as alderman. and his social network, see Huffman 1998, 189— 67 For a brief biography of Ralph, see Ekwall 95. On p 190, note 122 Huffman suggests that 1947, 125—6. Arnold’s term of office as alderman began c.1243, 68 Rot Hund 1812—18, i, 423. but this appears to be based on the misdating of 69 Cam 1930, 40. a document. The deed that he cites as evidence 70 For the articles, see Cam 1930, 248—57. can be securely dated to 1261—65 based on the 71 Beaven 1908—13, i, 370. presence of Thomas son of Thomas as mayor in 72 Weinbaum 1933, ii, 247. the witness list. 73 TNA E326/2110; GL MS 25121/370. 48 This phrase signifies that the mayor took 74 Barron 2001, 219. custody of the office: Riley 1863, 39; Beaven 75 Riley 1863, 16—17. 1908—13, i, 368. 76 The documents relating to the Cnihtengild 49 Richard, Simon, William and Osbert Hadstock can be found in Harmer 1989, 231—5; Douglas may have been brothers: Ekwall 1947, 122. Note & Greenaway 1984, nos 273—7. See also Brooke that Ekwall regards Osbert as an alderman of & Keir 1975, 96—9, 168, 315; Tait 1936, 120—3; Billingsgate ward. Stenton 1960, 189—90; Unwin 1938, 23—7. 50 TNA E40/7376. 77 TNA E40/1512; Hodgett 1971, no. 912. 51 A further indication of his commitment to 78 Weinbaum 1976, no. 146. the civic community is that he was an executor 79 A number of other men are known to have for the estate of his colleague, Roger Duke, who acted as representatives of the prior in Port- served as mayor 1227—31 (Hodgett 1971, no. soken during the 13th century. Stephen le Gras 606). may have performed this role in the mid-13th 52 CCR 1902, 241; Brown 1986, no. 965; Wein- century, serving as alderman for Portsoken and baum 1970, no. 75. Vintry. John Juvenal was the alderman of Castle 53 Williams 1963, 329—30; TNA E40/11002. Baynard and was appointed in 1273 as the 54 In 1226 the Crown imposed a tax on the City ‘sokereeve’ of the prior of Holy Trinity Aldgate: of London, see above, note 32. The pipe roll GL MS 25121/1418, MS 25121/1422; BL Harley of 1227—28 (12 Henry III) preserves a record MS 4015, fol 51b-51a; LMA CLA/023/CP/01/001, of some of the individual assessments (TNA m.2; Weinbaum 1933, ii, 245. E372/72, rot. 6). Hanin owed 35 marks – an 80 Kingsford 1908, i, 311. exceptionally high amount that exceeds the 81 The last known reference to Anketine de amounts assessed on the majority of the men Auvergne places him in office in February serving in aldermanic office in this period. 1277 (Sharpe 1899, 11). The earliest reference 55 Hodgett 1971, no. 304. to William de Faringdon as alderman is in a 56 TNA E40/2219. document that Kerling dates to 1277—78 based 57 Hodgett 1971, xvii—xviii. on the presence of the sheriffs John Adrian 58 TNA E40/1950. [B] and Nicholas of Winchester in the witness 59 Barron 2001, 147. list (Kerling 1973, no. 140). The sheriffs were 60 Beaven 1908—13, i, 237; Williams 1963, 27. appointed the Monday before Michaelmas, so 61 Beaven offers references to documents William must have been appointed at some date where Gerard Bat and William Joiner appear as between September 1277 and September 1278. witnesses, but none where they are described as He probably assumed the office early in 1278, aldermen: Beaven 1908—13, i, 367. following the death of Ralph Le Fevre (Sharpe 62 Note that William Hardel, mayor 1215—16, 1889—90, i, 33). 200 John McEwan

82 GL MS 25121/1666, MS 25121/1500. Two 90 John Viel (junior) served as sheriff in 1241— additional references to Ralph as alderman of 42 and married a daughter of Richard son Farringdon are in Sharpe 1900, 278—9. of Renger, but it was his brother William who 83 Sharpe 1889—90, i, 33. ultimately succeeded their father as alderman of 84 Barron 2004, 136—7. Bread Street (GL MS 25121/1070; Hassall 1949, 85 The transition from a father to his son could no. 353). be very smooth. Indeed when both men shared 91 Canterbury Cathedral Archive DCc-ChAnt/ the same name it can be difficult to determine L/3. The property was in the parish of St Margaret when power shifted from one generation to the Bridge Street, which was shared between Bridge next. A good example is provided by the case of ward and Billingsgate. The deed states that the John Adrian [A] and [B]. A man called ‘John boundaries of the property included a house Adrian’ was active as alderman between 1248 called ‘Tyhtting Wowes’, which lay in the parish and 1284. For one man to serve that length of St Leonard Eastcheap: Harben 1918, 596. of time would have been highly exceptional. This suggests that the property fell in the Bridge However, John Adrian [A] was probably the ward portion of St Margaret Bridge Street. father of John Adrian [B] who served as sheriff 92 Susan Reynolds and Eilert Ekwall are in 1277—78. John Adrian [B] is called ‘John important exceptions, although the focus of Adrian son of John Adrian’ on one occasion their work is on the 12th and early 13th centuries: (TNA E40/ 2709). Names in this period were Reynolds 1972, 345—7; Ekwall 1947, 100—2. flexible and men were given additional 93 For a critical comment, see Weinbaum 1976, descriptors when there was danger of confusion. xxxii. That John Adrian [B] was routinely known 94 Williams 1961, 82. In his subsequent book, simply as ‘John Adrian’ during his tenure as he offers a more detailed exposition of his sheriff, therefore, is a strong indication that he argument, although he reports that his analysis was the only man of that name involved in civic was based on the same sample of evidence: government at this date. The implication is that Williams 1963, especially 320. by 1277 John Adrian [A] was probably dead 95 Barron 2004, 308—74. or had withdrawn from public office. In April 96 This table is based on more than 1,600 1285 the will of a ‘John Adrian’ was enrolled references to aldermen collected from a wide in the Husting (Sharpe 1889—90, i, 70). He range of sources. Due to the constraints of was probably a younger man because he had space, only a selection of key references have five children who needed to be provided for, been included for each alderman. including a son called ‘John Adrian’ [C]. As 97 For convenience, the dates supplied by Beaven the last date when a ‘John Adrian’ is known are provided in the fourth column. Where he to have acted as alderman is 1284, the ‘John includes a man in his listing but does not offer Adrian’ then serving as alderman is likely to be a date, it is noted as ‘n.d.’ (no date given). If a the man whose will was enrolled. On balance, man served as sheriff or mayor the date of his therefore, it seems likely that John Adrian [B] term(s) of office, taken from Barron 2004, are not only served as sheriff, but was also the son provided in the fifth and sixth columns. of John Adrian [A] and an alderman. In the 98 Barron 2004, 308—74. appendix, 1277—78 is assumed to be the period 99 Hunnisett 1972. when John Adrian [A] passed his aldermanry 100 TNA E40/7295. to John Adrian [B], but the transition may have 101 TNA E40/7826. occurred prior to this date. 102 TNA E40/1905. 86 GL MS 25121/159; Ransford 1989, lxxviii; 103 Hodgett 1971, no. 241. Ekwall 1947, 62—3. 104 Hodgett 1971, no. 152. 87 Hassall 1949, no. 244. 105 TNA E40/5915. 88 Kerling 1973, no. 687; Sharpe 1889—90, 49. 106 BL Harley MS 4015, fol 106a. 89 Kerling 1973, no. 716. John Viel (junior) 107 Mason 1988, no. 381. appears in the parish of St Nicholas Cole Abbey, 108 Mason 1988, no. 375. which is problematic because the parish is shared 109 GL MS 25121/1304; Mason 1988, no. 367. between Bread Street and Queenhithe wards. 110 Kerling 1973, nos 116, 319. Due to his father’s and brother’s connection 111 BL Harley MS 4015, fol 35b; TNA E40/1476. with Bread Street it is probable that John Viel He is also known as ‘Robert son of Bartholomew’: was acting as alderman of Bread Street. TNA E40/2507; TNA E40/7822. The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 201

112 TNA E40/1936; Moore 1897, 588—90. 156 TNA E40/1675; GL MS 25121/1818. He is also 113 TNA E40/1936; GL MS 25121/159. known as ‘John Viel, senior’: GL MS 25121/542. 114 TNA E40/2502. 157 Weinbaum 1970, no. 45. 115 GL MS 25121/1574; Weinbaum 1970, no. 158 TNA E372/72, rot 6. 417. 159 TNA E372/72, rot 6. 116 TNA E40/2493. 160 Kerling 1973, no. 868. 117 BL Harley MS 4015, fols 80b—81a. 161 TNA E372/72, rot 6. 118 Mason 1988, no. 366; Jenkins 1962, no. 744. 162 TNA E372/72, rot 6; GL MS 25121/1716. 119 GL MS 25121/270. 163 TNA E372/72, rot 6; Weinbaum 1970, no. 120 Kerling 1973, no. 683. For the date of this 108. document, see Hassall 1949, nos 246, 251. 164 Kerling 1973, no. 585; GL MS 25121/688. 121 TNA E40/1663. 165 Kerling 1973, no. 716. He is also known as 122 LMA CLA/007/EM/02/B/095. ‘John Viel, junior’: GL MS 25121/240. 123 Kerling 1973, no. 694; TNA E40/1631. 166 Kerling 1973, no. 1010. 124 TNA E40/1499. 167 TNA E40/1955. 125 TNA E40/1499. He is also known as ‘Andrew 168 TNA E40/1955. son of Peter’: GL MS 25121/290; Kerling 1973, 169 BL Lansdown Charter 652; Riley 1863, 39. no. 774. 170 LMA CLA/007/EM/02/A/018. 126 TNA E40/1499. 171 TNA E40/1791. 127 TNA E40/1499. 172 Hassall 1949, no. 339. 128 Kerling 1973, no. 867. 173 TNA E40/7843; GL MS 25121/501; Riley 1863, 129 TNA E40/1499; Hassall 1949, no. 288. 16—17. 130 Kerling 1973, no. 345. 174 GL MS 25121/ 301; BL Harley MS 4015, fol 131 Mason 1988, no. 376; TNA E372/72, rot 6. 112a. 132 Kerling 1973, no. 623; WAM, deed 13420. 175 LMA CLA/007/EM/04/001, fol 566, no. 575; 133 GL MS 25121/476. TNA E40/1912. 134 TNA E40/7376; Kerling 1973, no. 842. 176 TNA E40/2447; TNA E40/7824. 135 TNA E40/7376; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/B/015. 177 BL Harley Charter 46 A 22; Riley 1863, 35, He is also known as ‘Richard son of William 39. Renger’ and ‘Richard son of William’: TNA 178 TNA E40/2017; TNA E40/7305. E40/1954, TNA E40/9849. 179 Kerling 1973, no. 1014; Riley 1863, 35. 136 Kerling 1973, no. 896. 180 TNA E40/7824; Weinbaum 1970, no. 161. 137 Hassall 1949, no. 223. 181 TNA E40/7824; BL Harley MS 4015, fol 28b. 138 Turner & Salter 1915—24, ii, 517; TNA 182 GL MS 25121/475; GL MS 25121/231. E372/72, rot 6. 183 Kerling 1973, no. 815; TNA E40/1646. 139 Kerling 1973, no. 541. 184 Weinbaum 1970, no. 240; GL MS 25121/678. 140 TNA E40/1930. 185 Jenkins 1962, no. 733; TNA E40/1673. 141 TNA E40/6080; TNA E372/72, rot 6. 186 Weinbaum 1970, no. 401. 142 TNA E40/2022; BL Harley Ch. 55 B 11. 187 Kerling 1973, no. 384. 143 TNA E40/1819; TNA E40/1955. 188 BL Harley Charter 50 A 13. 144 BL Harley Ch. 43 A 56. 189 Weinbaum 1970, no. 425; LMA CLA/007/ 145 TNA E40/7579; TNA E372/72, rot 6. EM/02/B/085. 146 Hassall 1949, no. 262; TNA E40/1912. 190 TNA E40/1987; BL Harley MS 4015, fols 147 TNA E40/2113; TNA E40/1716. 98b—99a. He is also known as ‘William Ashwy, 148 Hassall 1949, no. 270. draper’: GL MS 25121/1679. 149 Hassall 1949, no. 226. 191 Weinbaum 1970, no. 466; TNA E40/7829. 150 GL MS 25121/195. 192 Weinbaum 1970, no. 452; Kerling 1973, no. 151 Kerling 1973, no. 973. He may also have 834. been known as ‘Robert Blund de Solio’, see seal 193 Kerling 1973, no. 710; GL MS 25121/263. appended to St Bartholomew’s Hospital deed 194 GL MS 25121/102; Kerling 1973, no. 828. 1235 (Kerling 1973, no. 1009). 195 GL MS 25121/102; BL Harley MS 4015, fols 152 Kingsford 1915, 146. 54b—55a. He is also known as ‘John Adrian, 153 BL Harley Charter 53 B 7; TNA E40/1955. draper’: TNA E326/2104. 154 TNA E40/1881; WAM deed 13376. 196 Riley 1863, 16—17; Hodgett 1971, no. 467. 155 TNA E40/1881; TNA E40/7824. 197 Kerling 1973, no. 370; Riley 1863, 35, 39. 202 John McEwan

198 Kerling 1973, no. 1038; Riley 1863, 35, 39. 239 LMA CLA/023/CP/01/002, m.2; Weinbaum 199 TNA E40/1653; Hodgett 1971, no. 90. He is 1933, ii, 247; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/F/019. also known as ‘Gervase Baron’: TNA E40/2082; 240 GL MS 25121/356; GL MS 25121/355. Ekwall 1947, 137—8. 241 Rot Hund 1812—18, i, 424, 430—1; TNA 200 TNA E40/2407; TNA E40/7305. E40/2487. 201 TNA E40/2226; Kerling 1973, no. 846. 242 Rot Hund 1812—18, i, 424, 429; Sharpe 1899, 202 Canterbury Cathedral Archive, DC-CHAnt/ 123. L/37. 243 TNA E40/1612; Sharpe 1899, 18. 203 GL MS 25121/1482; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/ 244 Kerling 1973, no. 140; Sharpe 1899, 180. A/22. 245 Sharpe 1899, 157, 205. 204 Hodgett 1971, no. 1021; TNA E40/1800. 246 Sharpe 1899, 180, 205—6. 205 Kerling 1973, no. 770; BL Harley Charter, 49 247 TNA E40/2261. He is also known as ‘Walter I 56. Cornwaleys’, see TNA E40/2709. 206 GL MS 25121/238; Kerling 1973, no. 289. 248 LMA CLA/023/CP/01/008, m.1. 207 Hodgett 1971, no. 912; TNA E40/1512. 208 Kerling 1973, no. 182. He is also known as BIBLIOGRAPHY ‘John Juvene, capmaker’. 209 GL MS 25121/1233. BARRON (2001), C Barron ‘Lay solidarities: the 210 Riley 1863, 37; GL MS 25121/989. wards of medieval London’ in P Stafford, J L 211 GL MS 25121/700; GL MS 25121/694. Nelson & J Martindale (eds) Law, Laity and 212 TNA E326/ 2104; TNA E40/1901. Solidarities: Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds, 213 TNA E40/1493; TNA E326/2306. He is also 218—33 known as ‘John de Blackthorn, goldsmith’. BARRON (2004), C Barron London in the Later Middle Ages 214 TNA E40/2498. 215 BATESON (1902), M Bateson (ed) ‘A London TNA E326/2024. municipal collection of the reign of John’ 216 TNA E40/1668; Sharpe 1899, 163. English Historical Review 17, 480—511, 707—30 217 WAM Muniment Book 11, fol 482a; TNA BEAVEN (1908—13), A B Beaven The Aldermen of E40/2043. the 218 Kerling 1973, nos 1016, 1020. BROOKE & KEIR (1975), C N L Brooke & G 219 Weinbaum 1976, no. 129. Keir London 800—1216: The Shaping of a City 220 TNA E40/2394; Rot Hund 1812—18, i, 424—5. BROWN (1986), P Brown (ed) Sibton Abbey 221 BL Harley MS 4015, fol 118b; Sharpe 1899, 11. Cartularies and Charters 222 TNA E40/7305. CAD (1890—1915), Descriptive Calendar of Ancient 223 TNA E40/2043; TNA E40/11864. Deeds in the Public Record Office 224 GL MS 25121/1557; Sharpe 1900, 1. CAM (1930), H M Cam The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls 225 WAM Muniment Book 11, 481a; LMA CCR (1902), Calendar of Close Rolls of the Reign CLA/007/EM/02/F/49. of Henry III Preserved in the Public Record Office, 226 TNA E326/2110; GL MS 25121/370. A.D. 1227—1231 227 GL MS 25121/592; GL MS 25121/285. CHEW & WEINBAUM (1970), H M Chew & M 228 WAM Deed 63966; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/ Weinbaum (eds) The London Eyre of 1244 F/49. DAVIS (2010), G R C Davis (rev C Breay et al) 229 TNA E40/1776; Sharpe 1899, 117. Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain and Ire- 230 TNA C146/1172; Sharpe 1899, 224—5. land 231 WAM Deed 13986. DOUGLAS & GREENAWAY (1984), D C Douglas 232 GL MS 25121/1319; LMA CLA/023/CP/01/001, & G W Greenaway (eds) English Historical m.2. Documents: 1042—1189 (2nd edn) 233 LMA CLA/007/EM/02/F/045; TNA E326/2064. EKWALL (1947), E Ekwall Early London Personal 234 TNA C146/3612; TNA C146/1040. Names EKWALL (1960), E Ekwall The Concise Oxford 235 TNA E40/1709; Sharpe 1899, 191. 236 Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th edn) LMA CLA/023/CP/01/002, m.2; Weinbaum GERVERS (2000), M Gervers ‘The deeds project 1933, ii, 247; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/F/1. and the development of a computerised 237 LMA CLA/023/CP/01/002, m.1, 2; Weinbaum methodology for dating undated English 1933, ii, 247; WAM deed 13992. private charters of the twelfth and thirteenth 238 LMA CLA/023/CP/01/002, m.9; Weinbaum centuries’ in M Gervers (ed) Dating Undated 1933, ii, 247; LMA CLA/007/EM/02/B/037. Medieval Charters, 13—35 The Aldermen of London, c.1200—80: Alfred Beaven Revisited 203

GIBBS (1939), M Gibbs (ed) Early Charters of the RANSFORD (1989), R Ransford (ed) The Early Cathedral Church of St Paul, London Charters of the Augustinian Canons of Waltham GIUSEPPI et al (1915—63), M S Giuseppi et al Abbey, Essex, 1062—1230 (eds) Chertsey Abbey Cartularies 2 vols in 5 parts RCHM (1883—84), Royal Commission on Historical GRANSDEN (1974), A Gransden Historical Manuscripts: Ninth Report Writing in England, c.550 to c.1307 REYNOLDS (no date), S Reynolds ‘Early med- HARBEN (1918), H A Harben Dictionary of ieval Londoners’, 7 vols (Guildhall Library, London unpublished typescript) HARMER (1989), F E Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs REYNOLDS (1972), S Reynolds ‘The rulers of (2nd edn) London in the twelfth century’ History 57, HASSALL (1949), W O Hassall (ed) Cartulary of 337—57 St Mary Clerkenwell RILEY (1863), H T Riley (ed and trans) Chronicles HODGETT (1971), G A J Hodgett (ed) The of the Mayors and Sheriffs of London Cartulary of Holy Trinity Aldgate ROBINSON (1927), C Robinson (ed) The Great HUFFMAN (1998), J Huffman Family, Commerce Roll of the Pipe for the Fourteenth Year of the Reign and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo- of King Henry the Third German Emigrants c.1000—c.1300 ROSS (1964), C D Ross (ed) The Cartulary of HUNNISETT (1972), R F Hunnisett Indexing for Cirencester Abbey Editors ROT HUND (1812—18), W Illingworth (ed) HYDE (1999), R Hyde Ward Maps of the City of Rotuli Hundredorum temp. Henry III et Edward I London SALTER (1947), H E Salter (ed) The Thame JENKINS (1962), J G Jenkins (ed) The Cartulary Cartulary of Missenden Abbey SHARPE (1889—90), R R Sharpe (ed) Calendar of KAYE (2009), J M Kaye Medieval English Convey- Wills Proved and Enrolled in the Court of Husting ances SHARPE (1899), Calendar of Letter Books of the KEENE (2004), D Keene ‘From conquest to City of London: Letter-Book A capital: St Paul’s c.1100—1300’ in D Keene et al SHARPE (1900), Calendar of Letter Books of the (eds) St Paul’s: The Cathedral Church of London, City of London: Letter-Book B 604—2004, 17—32 STAPLETON (1846), T Stapleton (ed) Liber de KEENE & HARDING (1985), D Keene & V Antiquis Legibus seu Chronica Maiorum et Vicecom- Harding A Survey of Documentary Sources for itum Londoniarum Property Holding in London before the Great Fire STENTON (1960), F M Stenton ‘Norman KERLING (1973), N Kerling (ed) Cartulary of St London’ in G Barraclaugh (ed) Social Life in Bartholomew’s Hospital Early England KINGSFORD (1908), C L Kingsford (ed) John TAIT (1936), J Tait The Medieval English Borough Stow: A Survey of London THOMAS (1943), A H Thomas Calendar of Plea KINGSFORD (1915), C L Kingsford, The Grey and Memoranda Rolls: A.D. 1413—1437 Friars of London: their History with the Register of TURNER & SALTER (1915—24), G J Turner & their Convent and an Appendix of Documents H E Salter (eds) Register of St Augustine’s Abbey LOBEL (1989), M D Lobel (ed) Historic Town Canterbury Commonly Called the Black Book Atlas: The City of London from Prehistoric Times UNWIN (1938), G Unwin The Gilds and Companies to c.1520 of London (3rd edn) MARTIN (1971), G H Martin ‘The registration WEINBAUM (1933), M Weinbaum London Unter of deeds of title in the medieval borough’ in Eduard I und II D A Bullough & R L Storey (eds) The Study WEINBAUM (1970), M Weibaum (ed) The Lon- of Medieval Records: Essays in Honour of Kathleen don Eyre of 1244 Major, 151—73 WEINBAUM (1976), M Weinbaum (ed) The Lon- MASON (1988), E Mason (ed) Westminster Abbey don Eyre of 1276 Charters WILLIAMS (1961), G A Williams ‘London and MITCHELL (1914), S K Mitchell Studies in Edward I’ Transactions of the Royal Historical Taxation under John and Henry III Society, 5th ser vol 2, 81—99 MOORE (1897), S A Moore (ed) Cartularium WILLIAMS (1963), G A Williams Medieval Lon- Monasterii Sancti Johannis Baptiste de Colecestria don: From Commune to Capital RABAN (2004), S Raban A Second Domesday? The Hundred Rolls of 1279—80 204