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Air Navigation. Aerospace Education II

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Air Navigation. Aerospace Education II I 4 ... DOCUMENT RESUME ED 111 623 SE 017 460 AUTARR Cox, Rodney V., Jr. TITU Air Navigation. Aerospace Education II. INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office Training Corps. PUB DATE 73 NOTE 135p.; Colored drawings may not reproduce clearly. For the accompanying Instructor Handbook, see SE 017 461. This is a revised text for ED 068 289 EDRS PRICE, MF-$0.76 HC-$6.97 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education;.Aerospace Technology; Aviation Technology; *Instructional Materials; Methods; *Navigation; *Resource Materials; Science Education; Secondary Education; Textbooks IDENTIFIERS *Air Force Junior ROTC ABSTRACT This revised textbook, published for the AirForce ROTC program, contains a discussion of basic and essential understandings about air navigation. The first part ofthe book describes maps, air navigation charts, flight planning,and pilotage preflight. Basic differences between groundmaps and air charts are described and the methods of expressing position, direction, distance, and time are explained. The last threechapters include a .description of different types of navigation instrumentsand aids used in flight. (PS), % cl *********************************************************************** * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * * materials not available from othersources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality . * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makesavailable * * via.the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).EDRS is hot * * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions* * supplied by EDRS are the-best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** I US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION i WELFARE NATIONAL1NSTITUTE OF EDUCATION. THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANI ZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY - ...- / 7., . Re-. -- 1.1.111.1-.....--ft,-. _....,..........,............,............a..., ..-... at.l..... AEROSPACE EDUCATION II Navigation ItODNEY V. COX, Jx, PhD Aerospace Education Course Director AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC AIR UNIVERSITY NtAxwati, Ant roEc:E EASE, ALAWIA 3 . 1973 This publication has been reviewed and approved by competent personnel of the preparing command in accordance with current directives on dodrine, policy, 0 essentiality, propriety, and quality. This book will not be offend for side.Itis for use only in the AFJROTC program. 4 gratefully adutowledge the to and contribu- tions of Mr Harley A. Samford, uction Branch, 125th Academic Services Group, to the development of this and all Aerospace Education texts. Introduction NAVIGATION is the process of directing the movement of a craft from one place to another. The root of the word comes from the Latin word Navis meaning ship. Because of this, many have suggested that the term for flying should. be "avigation" (avis is bird); however, modern air naviga- tion has little to do with the instinct of a bird, and tl?e same princif,les of navigation apply to both ships and air- craft. Thus, Air Navigation has become the accepted terin.`, Air navigation can. be defined as "the process of deter- mining the geographical position and of maintaining the desired direction of an aircraft- relative to the surfate of the earth." ,Any,movement in this universe ultimately in- volves an intention to proceed to a definite point. Whither you are walking, riding in your car,gavelingon shipboard, or flying in an aircraft, navigation is the business of/jai- ceeding in. such a manner as to _arrive at that _point._ To_do_ this safely is an art. Nay.igation is considered both- an art and a science. It is a. scientific art that is at once interesting, fun, exciting, and taking. There is no more satisfying.feel- ingthan..flying cross country to arrive over your destination .,precisely' on time and on course. ?there' is nothing more frightening 'than to be low oit fuel at 8,000 feet andnot . 0;, know wherer are- ,. This should be a challenging and fun part of your Airo-* space Education course. This text is not designedto make you a professipnal Air Force navigator. It is designed ^to give you the rudiments of light aircraft naliigation and familiarization with the aids to besic 4 iii ' CQnte ts INTRODUCTION iii Chapter 17-FROM HERE TO THERE 1' Map Elements 5 Chapter 2FROM HERE TO THERE IN THE AIR . Air Navigation C h a r t s.;/. 10. Flighailanning 17 Pilotage Preflight 19 The Flight 22 Lost!!! . 24 Chapter 3NAVIGA ON ELEMENTS 29 Earth'size and Shape . ., ... 30 Distan 34 Directio .34 Chapter 4"IF IT RE ONLY FLAT" 41 The b l e n i , . ... ..... .42 Projecn Classification 44 Chart projection Characteristics 46 Chapter .17-NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS 58. The ;Clock . t. .. .'. 61--- Airspeed Indicator . 61 AltiMeier 64 'Types. of Altitude. .. .. ..66. Compass 47 Chapter 6DEAD RECKONING . 75 * .,' Wind Triangle .. .... .82 Chaps r 7N-AVIGATION-A1DS ..... ....89. ADF ' 90. :. , VOR, TACAN, and VORTAC .... .91:.:', :.'* 1LS '..--07.. Celestial , :i, - 9D ktade ''i ::100 Loran 101. Doppler 103 /Inertial Navigation Systein 104 V r APPENDIXES Appendix A. .... 109 Appendix B.Tlie Dead Reckoning Computer .117 Slide Rule Face 117 Wind Face . 123 INDEX _ \* - . 129 ,*4 r trititiiirafflaal 10111111121CM w t 1111111111111W ^ 111MMINSIMILI INEMISIMI1111 11111111M111111 Choler 111111111111101421 1101111111111111111111 firraiIIII 11111111111111 Prom Hereto There WOW j n's),ssumn that next Fri ay is the last day of the schoolyear. J_JBare you start your sum er job on Monday,you and several of your friends decide. to sped the weekend at the beach. In our hypothetical situatioyou are located in Montgomery, Alabatha, and you are going tthe beautiful white sands of Fort Waltotc-BacliTf101idif.-Beford proceeding any further, you and your traveling companions dec de to go to the local gas station and obtain a'map, one oe theeV., fiee items left on the market:* The first thing that you0 is to find Montgomery on your map (Fig 1). 'Lott now have rtiall solved the first element of the navigation problem-positi. As tilook at the location'of Mont-Mont - gomery,.you see *a blobf mac% and highways. it is difficult to choose your particnlar 43osition on this, map, and you ,obtaiti Am, NAVIGATION v.. U.) ti"....... 441L. .011 al, - illW.AVILiill ailiP4Viritiklifra.51"11? r ripiii) .1 hp.w r/ : Imam -"A".N x t,inV!!: .4."...31.,9111,r AzT.F"rvo tag'ki41, ':-....021X0' )1110 te t ......... I N... 44.Z. A C 1 4.111 ONX '4F. ."117 4....A, .i SAMerd . D A L A S Y..* . TG014 . F. gI Irma' ty , 7., .. 10 r 4 N D E ". if [:.; */Ell W IILL 3..L.. 'id :- . ML g ..:1-1". "-.4 ....1,11I i . V ...e IF -L- -,_ -- -- .. I,........ 1 i ...... 8,...,0.. ......, ,,..._ ti. -7- foW ..... I S' 14 ,i ; -.. it .r. & Me- I ,1: 1 NY DewSr. j 4 * 14s..Y.1.1 I p Oa ti ,. 4/ . I A,...., 3 I 44., 1 ON AVE OUP,C... i 11,11, lf . -1 2 ^ 1 ..,w 4 E N S IL A W-,-- .3,,111 - t AfritT AlieSr. '17:IP ''../ :" Y I perAiiiiir L . .diA -.No yd. N .t. 1 ,a. 721 ho 'heirear. X Oellon 4./. X II' CIme D 1 / :1),.....0 TA.AAA o MI W EL r..-"4, N .4. 1, CID % r um... Y 4 r, A 4 l' "" G T N rA bre lF a S C A tr a .4 ab FRI ,i . ....1A, c to... aIL .i L ek WA I lire!WS AMEN h Fill f . r EID mast Alti/oCkNYMNFA... .4" IWO Or. raid: IS '17 ti it .... t :4SO til` V..r. ti.' t. CO.,IN .... 0 1972, GENERAL DRAFTING .., re-.1..,4.-..se ... Elb111'1.t,-, Flouts 1. Road Map Settion - Montgomery, Alabama to Fart Walton Beach, Florida. FROM HERE TO Tan . a larger scale city map that gives you more detail (Fig 2). On . this map, you locate an exact position where you can begin your navigation to the beaches. This position is the intersection of Nor- man Bridge ,Road and South Boulevard. YOu now, have solved the first problem in navigationstarting from a known position. From the known position, you must decide in which direcgon you will travel. In traveling, by automobile, you are restricted to the highways, a limitation,not found in flying. You decide that your general. direction will be south. If you were flying, you ,would figure your heading and flyit.In an automobile, you must select a highway pointing in that general direction. You have now, solved the second part of the navigation problem direction. School is out at 3:00 pm. Since you have not made the. trip before, you, must decide whether to leave on Friday or Saturday. CO 1972, GENERAL DRAFTING CO., INC. EOLocetel'EXXON Stations seryin? Interstate and other Superhighways, '1 figure 2. Detailed road map section showiAg Montgomery, Alabama. 4 AIR NAVIGATION On the map, Route 431 and Route 85 appear torun in the right direction .and will take the least ti Fe.. To verify this,you must check the distance. This is the third element of the navigation problem. Distance is also needed to solve time, the fourth ele- ment. To find the distance, you ,could add up all the little mile- ages between towns, a tedious chore at best. On the other hand, you could go to the map scale and find how many miles are depicted by an inch on the map (Fig 3)In our example, you find that ,one inch equals approximately 20 miles. Onthe map, almost seven inches represent the distance fromMontgomery to, Fort Walton Beach. Therefore, it is approximately 140miles. At an average speed Of 50 miles per hour (mph), you will take 2 hours and 50 minutes driving time.
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