Structure and Function of Mitochondrial Small Heat Shock Protein 22 in Drosophila Melanogaster

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Structure and Function of Mitochondrial Small Heat Shock Protein 22 in Drosophila Melanogaster Structure and function of mitochondrial small heat shock protein 22 in Drosophila melanogaster Thèse Afrooz Dabbaghizadeh Doctorat en biologie cellulaire et moléculaire Philosophiae Doctor (Ph. D.) Québec, Canada © Afrooz Dabbaghizadeh, 2018 Structure and function of mitochondrial small heat shock protein 22 in Drosophila melanogaster Thèse Afrooz Dabbaghizadeh Sous la direction de : Robert M. Tanguay, directeur de recherche Résumé Les petites protéines de choc thermique (sHsps) ont été découvertes initialement chez Drosophila. Les membres de cette famille sont des chaperons moléculaires sont présents dans la plupart des organismes eucaryotes et procaryotes et certains virus. En plus d’être induites en réponse à la plupart des stresseurs dont un choc thermique, elles sont également exprimés en absence de stress. Les sHsps forment des structures dynamiques s'assemblant en oligomères et elles sont essentielles durant les conditions de stress en empêchant l'agrégation des protéines dénaturées et en favorisant leur repliement par des chaperons moléculaires dépendants de l'ATP. Le génome de Drosophila melanogaster code pour 12 sHsp, qui ont des profils d'expression développementaux, des localisations intracellulaires diverses et des spécificités de substrats distincts. DmHsp22 est jusqu'à présent la seule sHsp localisée dans les mitochondries avant et après un choc thermique. Elle est préférentiellement régulée lors du vieillissement et en réponse à la chaleur et aux stress oxydants. La surexpression de DmHsp22 augmente la durée de vie et la résistance au stress et sa régulation négative est préjudiciable. C'est un chaperon efficace, qui pourrait être impliqué dans la réponse mitochondriale au dépliement protéique (UPRMT). Cependant, le mécanisme exact de son action est mal compris. Structurellement, DmHsp22 forme une population d'oligomères semblable aux nombreux sHsps de métazoaires et différente de DmHsp27. L'alignement des séquences de la région ACD de DmHsp22 avec des sHsp de drosophile et d'autres organismes a démontré la présence de trois résidus d'arginine hautement conservés dans ce domaine. Une forte conservation de ces résidus suggère leur implication possible dans la structure et la fonction de DmHsp22. La substitution des résidus d'arginine hautement conservés dans les sHsps de mammifères est associée à certaines pathogenèses et déclenche des changements de conformation des protéines ainsi que l'agrégation des protéines intracellulaires. La mutation de l'arginine en glycine au niveau de trois résidus hautement conservés d'ACD dans DmHsp22 (R105, R109, R110) résulte en une population oligomérique qui, dans le cas de R110G, perturbe la structure et provoque la formation de petits oligomères. III Bien que DmHsp22 ainsi que les mutants aient été caractérisés comme des chaperons efficaces in vitro, les mécanismes d'action exacts dans les mitochondries et l'information sur le comportement protecteur nécessitent la détermination du réseau d’interaction in vivo. Nous avons utilisé la technique capture d’immunoaffinité (CIA) pour récupérer 60 protéines qui interagissent spécifiquement avec DmHsp22 in vivo pendant le traitement normal et thermique, dans le surnageant des cellules de mammifères exprimant la DmHsp22. L’CIA effectuée sur la fraction mitochondriale a permis d’identifies 39 protéines qui interagissent spécifiquement avec DmHsp22. La combinaison de l’IAC avec l'analyse par spectroscopie de masse de mitochondries de cellules HeLa transfectées avec DmHsp22 a conduit à l'identification de partenaires de liaison à DmHsp22 dans des conditions de normales et de choc thermique. L'interaction entre DmHsp22 et deux autres chaperons mitochondriaux a été validée par immunobuvardage. Notre approche a montré que les cellules HeLa exprimant DmHsp22 augmentent la consommation d'oxygène mitochondrial et les teneurs en ATP, ce qui confère un nouveau rôle à DmHsp22 dans les mitochondries. En outre, l'activité d’une luciférase exogène a légèrement augmenté dans les cellules HeLa exprimant DmHsp22 après que l'activité enzymatique ait été réduite à la suite de l'exposition à la chaleur. En résumé, ce projet a permis de caractériser la structure oligomérique de DmHsp22 et un certain nombre de mutants dans le domaine alpha cristallin tout en fournissant un rôle potentiel mécanistique dans l’homéostase mitochondriale. La détermination du réseau mitochondrial de DmHsp22 suggère son importance dans cette organelle non seulement en tant que chaperon moléculaire, mais aussi en tant que protéine impliquée dans plusieurs fonctions cellulaires significatives. IV Abstract The small heat shock proteins (sHsps) were first discovered in Drosophila. Members of this family are molecular chaperones and are present in most eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Although, they are induced in response to most of the stressors including heat shock, they are also expressed in absence of stress. SHsps form dynamic structures that assemble into oligomers which are essential during stress conditions by preventing aggregation of denatured proteins and promoting their folding by ATP dependent molecular chaperones. Drosophila melanogaster genome encodes 12 sHsps, that have developmental expression patterns, diverse intracellular localizations and distinct substrate specificities. DmHsp22 is up to now the only sHsp localized in mitochondria before and after heat shock. It is preferentially regulated during ageing and in response to heat and oxidative stresses. Over-expression of DmHsp22 increases lifespan and resistance to stress and its down- regulation is detrimental. It is an efficient chaperone and could be involved in the mitochondrial unfolding protein response (UPRMT). However, the exact mechanism of its action is poorly understood. Structurally, DmHsp22 forms one population of oligomers similar to the many metazoan sHsps but DmHsp27. Sequence alignment of DmHsp22 with sHsps in Drosophila and other organisms at the alpha crystalline domain (ACD) region demonstrated the presence of three highly conserved arginine residues in this domain. Strong conservation of these residues suggest their possible involvement in structure and function of DmHsp22. Substitution of highly conserved arginine residues in mammalian sHsps is associated with some pathogenesis and triggers protein conformational changes as well as intracellular protein aggregation. Mutation of arginine to glycine at three highly conserved residues of ACD in DmHsp22 (R105, R109, R110) results in one oligomeric population as well which in the case of R110G disrupts the structure and causes formation of smaller oligomers. V Although DmHsp22 as well as mutants have been characterized as effective in vitro chaperones, the exact mechanism(s) of action in mitochondria and information about protective behavior requires defining of in vivo protein interacting network. We have used immunoaffinity conjugation (IAC) technique to recover 60 proteins that specifically interact with DmHsp22 in vivo during normal and heat treatment using cell extract of mammalian cells expressing DmHsp22. The IAC performed on mitochondrial fraction identified 39 proteins that specifically interact with DmHsp22. Combination of IAC with mass spectroscopy analysis of mitochondria of HeLa cells transfected with DmHsp22 resulted in identification of DmHsp22-binding partners under normal and under heat shock conditions. Interaction between DmHsp22 and two other mitochondrial chaperones was validated by immunoblotting. Our approach showed that HeLa cells expressing DmHsp22 increase maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP contents which provides a new mechanistic role for DmHsp22 in mitochondria. Furthermore, exogenous luciferase activity slightly increased in HeLa cells expressing DmHsp22 after the enzyme activity reduced as a result of exposure to heat. In summary, this project has characterized the oligomeric structure of DmHsp22 and a number of mutants in the alpha crystalline domain while providing a potential mechanistic role in mitochondrial homeostasis. Determining mitochondrial network of DmHsp22 suggest its importance in this organelle not only as a molecular chaperone but also as a protein involved in several significant cellular functions. VI Table of Contents Résumé .......................................................................................................................... III Abstract .......................................................................................................................... V Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ VII List of tables ............................................................................................................... XIV List of figures .............................................................................................................. XV List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................... XVIII Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. XXII Foreword ................................................................................................................. XXIV 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Heat shock proteins ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Heat shock as cellular stressor
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