Index

Abd al-Qadir al-JiIani, 134 Älund, A., 11 Abd Turki, Ali, 96 AMGT (A vrupa Milli Görüs Abdullah, M. S., 31, 247, 256 Teskilatlari), 247, 248, 252, 255, Adams, C., 104 256,258 Afghanistan, from, 17, 19 Amiraux, V., 29, 157,248 African countries, Swedish Anastassiadou, M., 63 immigrants from, 180, 182, Andrews, A. Y., 29 186-7 animal rights, and ritual slaughter, Ahmadiya, 98 26,113 Ahmed, A. S., 105 Antes, P., 25, 34, 39 Ahsan, M. M., 123 anti-discrimination laws, 35-6 Ajeeb, Councillor (later Mayor of anti-Islamic views, 4-5, 272 Bradford), 111, 112, 117 Appignanesi, L., 6, 118 Akhtar, Shabbir, 120, 121 Arab Caliphate, 267 Al Ghamdi, Mughram, 122 Arab countries Al Rasheed, M., 20 and Polish Muslims, 91, 96-7 AI-Abudi, Mohammed Naser, 97 Swedish immigrants from, 181 Alavi, H., 133, 134, 135-6, 137 Arab/Islamic civilisation, 12 Albania art, Islamic, and the IBF in the Islamic population, 13, 14 Netherlands, 242 in the post-Communist period, Asad, T., 6 63-4 Asiatic countries, Swedish refugees from, 20 immigrants from, 180, 183 Albanian Muslims assimilation, 264 in former Yugoslavia, 67, 68, in Germany, 256-7 70 associations see organisations, in Italy, 215 Islamic Algar, H., 163 Augsburg, history of in, 156, Algeria 157-60 and beurs in France 151, 153-4 Austria FIS (Algerian Front islamique du Islamic population in, 13, 14 salut), 29, 54,151, 153, 154, recognition of Islam, 31-2 271 Aydinli, A., 82 French immigrants from, 9,15-18, Azam, Sher, 108, 112, 116, 119, 122, 20 123, 124, 125 Muslims from, 16, 17 Aziz, Khurshid, 134 Tablighi in, 130 Alibhai-Brown, Y., 38, 40 Baimbridge, M., 251 Allievi, S., 23, 211,212,219,220 Balibar, Etienne, 4

273 274 Index

Balkan Muslims (post-Communist), and the Muslim Parents' 59-71 Association (MPA), 112-13 Albania, 63-4 and the Muslim population in Bulgaria, 64-6 Bradford, 105-8 Greece, 59, 62-3 and the Rushdie (Satanie Verses) Hungary, 59, 60-1 affair, 108, 116, 117-26 Romania, 61-2 and the Society of Muslim Yugoslavia (former), 66-70 Scholars, 119 Ballard, R. and R., 106 Britain Bangladeshi Muslims, 16, 17 anti-discrimination laws, 35-6 in Britain, 19, 105, 107 anti-Islamic politics, 4-5 Islam, and Tablighi, 133, Bangladeshi immigrants, 19; in 134-6,144 Bradford, 105, 107; Barton, S. W., 105 male-female ratios, 21, 22 Bastenier, A., 132 blasphemy law, 7, 36, 120 Bayrou, Fran~ois, 7 citizenship, 34 Belgium Conservative government, 53 Islamic Cultural Centre, 29 Council of Mosques UK and Eire, Muslim population, 14, 17 122 recognition of Islam, 32 halal food provision, 25-6 Tablighi in, 130 Iranians and Iraqis in, 20 Benhadi, Ali, 54 Islamic organisations, 29 Benningsen, A, 13 LabourParty, 35,53 beurs 18, 147-54 Leicester' s Federation of Muslim and neo-communalism, 152-4 Organisations, 30 Blaschke, J., 157 mosques, 24, 25 blasphemy law in Britain, 7,36, 120 'Muslim Parliament' (self• bombings,3 proclaimed), 38, 53, 103 Bose, Mihir, 103-4 Muslim population, 14, 15, 17, Bosnia-Herzegovina, 3, 20, 21, 66-7, 18-19; in Bradford, 105-8 68-70 Pakistani immigrants, 17, 19, 105, refugees in Poland, 91 106; male-female ratios, 22 Bosnian Muslims, 5, 20, 59 recognition of Islam, 32 in Italy, 215 refugees in, 20 Bosnian war, 271 relations with Muslim Bradford Council of Mosques, 29, communities, 269, 270 30, 103-27 Tablighi Jamaat, 129-44 constitution, 109-10 UK Action Committee on Islamic and the CRC (Community Affairs (UKACIA), 122-5 Relations Council), 111-12, voting rights, 34-5 113,115,116,121-2 and the wearing of headscarves, 8 and education, 110-17 see also Bradford Council of 'Fair Laws for All' conference, Mosques; Rushdie Affair 125-6 Brown, c., 18 and halal meat, 111, 112, 113-14 Bulgaria and the Honeyford affair, 111, 112, Muslim population, 14 114-17 Pomaci,64 Index 275

in the post-Communist period, Czeehoslovakia (former), and 64-6 Tablighi, 130 'Republie of Razgrad' , 66 Turkish Muslim refugees from, 20 Dahya, B., 105, 106 Turks in, 65, 66 Dassetto, F., 37-8, 130, 132, 211, burials,26 220 and Polish Muslims, 98 Davies, M. W., 3, 6 Bush, George, 151 Davies, N., 92 Dazi, F., 149, 151 Catholie Chureh, and the Italian Demirel, Süleyman, 64 media, 220-1 demographie structure of Muslim Chamberlain, H. S., 266 communities, 21-2 Charlton, R., 26 Denmark ehildren, eustody of, 27, 150 anti-Islamic politics, 5 Choueiri, Y. M., 185 Muslim population, 14 Christianity Islam, and Tablighi Jamaat and the European nation state, in Britain, 129-30, 133-7, 138, 265-6 144 and Islam, 1, 12,20; in Greeee, 79 dietary rules, see halal food Churehill, Winston (grandson of \fer, N., 163, 165-6 Prime Minister), 4-5 discourse of 'community', 10-11 citizenship DITIB (Diyanet Isleri Türk Islam in Britain, 34 Birligi), 159,247-8,252,256, and Turkish Muslims in Germany, 258 34,245-58 divorce, 27,150 Claes, Willy, 4 Diyanet, see DITIB Clarke, C., 18 DIugosz, Jan, 92 Clayer, N., 64 DMC (Dutch Muslim Council), 243 Collins, S., 18 Dogan, A., 66 Commission for Racial Equality Doomemik, 1., 22 (CRE), 6, 7 Drury, B., 10 Communism, eollapse of, and Islam Dwyer, c., 22, 23, 27 as the 'new enemy' , 272 eommunity Eade, J., 25 eoneept of 'Muslim eommunity' , East Germany (former), 143 immigrants from, 251-2 diseourse of, 10-11 and Tablighi, 130 and soeiety, 50-1; and Muslims in eastem Europe, Muslims from, 14, 15 Germany, 161-2, 168-72 economic crisis, 48 umma (worldwide Muslim education, 26-7 eommunity), 40-1, 271 and beurs in France, 149 CRE (Commission for Racial and the Bradford Council of Equality), 6, 7, 35 Mosques, 1l0-17 and the blasphemy law, 36 Muslims in Bradford, 106 eultural definition of Muslim, 184-5 Muslims in Germany, 162,256-7 eustody of ehildren, 27, 150 Eickeiman, D. F., 38 Cyprus, 19, 20 EII-Solh, C. F., 19 276 Index

'end of history' , 263 foulards (headsearves) affair, 6, 7, Esposito, 1.,3, 185 50,51,53-4,149,150,152, Ethiopian Muslims, in Sweden, 187 153,269 ethnie mobilisation, 10-11,22 Islamic organisations, 29 ethnie Muslims Muslim identity, 9 definition of, 184 Muslim population, 14, 15-18 in Sweden, 185-9 reeognition of Islam, 32-3 ethnic origin, of Pomaks in Greece, relations with Muslim 81,82 eommunities, 269, 270-1 Etienne, B., 15, 18, 148 and ritual slaughter, 26 European citizenship, and Turkish Tablighi in, 130 Islamic associations in Turkish population, 15 Germany, 245-58 West African Muslims, 18 European Community (Union), Frangopoulos, Y., 13 270-1 fundamentalism Muslim population in, 14, 15 and Sunni Muslims in Germany , European nation state, 265-6 156, 160 exclusion of Muslim population, 5 and Tablighi Jamaat in Britain, 142-3 Faikoglou, A., 86 families Gaboriau, M., 138 beurs in France, 149-50 Garaudy, Roger, 12 in a Greek Pomak village, 79 Gates, Henry Louis, 5 family law, 27 Geertz, Clifford, 38-9, 159 family reunion, 49 Gellner, E., 162 Fijalkowski, J., 253 Gerholm, T., 22 Finland, Islamic population, 13, 14 Germany, first-generation mi grants, 39-40 anti-Is1amie politics, 5 FIS (Algerian Front islamique du converts to Islam, 20 salut), 29, 54, 151, 153, 154, immigration policies, 269 271 Islamie organisations, 29-30 FOMON (Federation of Muslim mosques, 24-5 Organisations in the Muslim organizations, 30-1 Netherlands),226-7 Muslim population, 14, 15-20 Foteas, P., 82 refugees in, 20 foulards (headscarves) affair, 6, 7-8, relations with Muslim 50,51,53-4,149,150,152, eommunities, 269 153,269 Sunni Muslims, political culture, Fox, Mareus, 114, 117 156-74 Franee, Turkish nationals, 19, 20, 270; and Algerians in, 9, 15,20; Harkis, German citizenship, 34, 15-18 245-58; male-female ratio, 21 anti-Islamie politics, 5 and the wearing of headscarves, 8 beurs, 18, 147-54; and neo• girls eommunalism,152-4 beurs in France, 153 bombings linked with Muslim education of Muslim, 26 extremists, 3 see also young women Index 277

Glebe, G., 19, 148 Howard, Michael, 32 Görmez, 1., 227, 229 Hungary, 'grass-roots' organisations, 28-9 Islamic population in, 13, 14 Greece in the post-Communist period, 59, Islamic identity in, 79, 81-4, 88-9 60-1 Islamic population, 13, 14,20,59, and Tablighi, 130 62-3 Huntington, S. P., 3 Muslim Turks, 20, 62 Husbands, C., 7, 9 New Democracy (ND) party, 86 Hussain, Asif, 125 politics, 62-3, 73-4, 76-7, 82-3, Hussein, Saddam, 29, 151, 153 85-8 Pomaks, 13,62,73-89 IBF (Islamic Broadcasting refugees from, 20 Foundation, Netherlands), relations with Turkey, 76-7 224-44 urban social change, 84-5 board, 231-4 Grey Wolves movement, 157, 159, programmes, 234-41 232 Ibrahim, Anwar, 41 Gujerati Muslims, in Britain Ibrahim, 1., 5 in Bradford, 106, 107 identity and Deobandi Islam, 136-7 beurs in France, 147-9 GulfWar in a Greek Pomak village, 79, and beurs in France, 149, 151, 152, 81-4,88-9 153 Polish Muslim, 99 and the IBF in the Netherlands, problems of, 49-52 239-40,241 and Tablighi, 139 and the Italian media, 218-20 IFB (Islamic Federation of Berlin), Gür, M., 162 247,248,252 Gypsy Muslims, 65, 67, 68 ijtihad,4O IKZ (Islamische Kultur Zentren), halal food, 25-6 248,255,258 and the Bradford Council of Ilyas, , 129, 138-9, Mosques, 111,112,113-14 140-1, 143-3 Halliday, F., 9-10,18,19,22 imams Halstead, M., 115, 116 in Greece, 77-9, 80, 81, 86-7 Haq, M., 130, 139, 140 in Poland, 94, 98 harassment, anti-Muslim, 28 immigration Harkis, 15-18 Germany, 250-1 headscarves, see foulards Italy, 212 (headscarves) affair labour immigration, 21,48,264 Hidiroglou, P., 82 Muslims in Bradford, 105-8 hijackings, 3 Muslims in western Europe, Hiro, D., 111 14-20,21,48 Hizb-ut-Tahrir, 38 India, Islamic revivalist movements, Hocas, 78,80-1,158,164 267 Honeyford affair, 111, 112, 114-17 Indian Muslims, 16, 17 Horton, J., 35 in Britain, 17, 19 housing associations, 27, 28 and the Deobandi movement, 134 278 Index

Indian Muslims - continued Karpat, K., 82 in Gennany, 19 Kaye, R, 26 and Tablighi, 131-2 Kepel, G., 7, 10,25, 130, 139, 141, , Muslims from, 17 148, 152 International Convention on Civil Kettani, M. A., 80, 91 and Political Rights, 36 Khaled, Hasan, 96 Iranian Muslims, 17, 19 Khalidi, Omar, 39 refugees, 20 Khan, C. M., 112, 114, 115, 116 in Sweden, 197 Khan, Sheikh Ahmad Raza, 134 Iranian Revolution, 3 Khan, V. S., 105 Iraq, and the GulfWar, 151 Khan-Cheema, Akram, 125 Iraqi Muslims, in Sweden, 197 Khokher, Sadja, 40 Irwin, Z. T., 13 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 6, 53, 120, Islam, Yusef, 125 123-4 Islamic organisations see Kidwai, A. R, 123 organisations, Islamic King, J., 29, 216 Ismailis,8 Kissling, H. J., 162 Italy, 211-23 Knott, Kim, 40 image of Islam in the media, Konopacki, M., 91, 99 218-23 Kryczynski, Stanislaw, 95 immigration to, 212 Kureishi, H., 114 Islamic Cultural Center of Italy, Kurdish immigrants in Gennany, 19 217 morphology of Islam in, 214, labour immigration, 21, 48, 264 215-18 Labour Party (Britain), 35, 53 mosques, 212-13,215-16 Landman, N., 23, 226 Muslim Brotherhood, 216 law, 27 Muslim population, 14 and Tablighi, 133, 144 Sufi orders, 216 Le Lohe, M., 110 Union of Communities and Islamic Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 5 Organisations in Italy Lebanese civil war, 20, 271 (UCOII),217 Lebanese immigrants in Sweden, Union of Muslim Students in Italy 187 (USMI), 212, 216, 217, 221-2 Leca, J., 253 Izebegovic, Alija, 69 Lee, S., 121 Leggewie, Claus, 12 Jamaat, Tablighi, 29 Leveau, R, 7, 9,147, 149, 151, 152, Jamaat-i-Islami,29 245 Javanese Muslims, 240 Lewis, P., 6, 29, 30, 35 John Sobieski, King of Poland, 93, Lithman, Y. G., 22 95 Lithuania, Tatars in, 92, 93, 94-5 Joly, D., 26, 110 Little, K. S., 18

Kacar, Kemal, 169 Maastricht Treaty (1991), 245, 246, Kakarinko, Krystyna, 97 270 Kaplan, c., 159, 160, 165, 166-7, Macedonian Muslims, 68, 70 171,172,173 Madden, Max, 120, 121 Index 279

Maghrebi Muslims, 16, 17, 18 Mortimer, E., 134 beurs, 18, 148-54 mosques in Italy, 215 Bradford see Bradford Council of and Tablighi, 130, 141 Mosques see also Algeria; Moroccan in a Greek Pomak village, 80-1 Muslims Italy, 212-13, 215-16 Mahmud, Hamid Karim, 99 provision of, 24-5 Maitland, S., 6,118 visiting, in Sweden, 199-201, Mandel, R., 8 204-6,210 marriage, 27, 150 Muhammad, Prophet, 267 Masud, Muhammad Khalid, 37 multiculturalism, 9 Maulana Muhammad Qasim in Bradford, 110-11 Nanautawi, 135-6 and the Rushdie affair, 53 Mazrui, A., 4 Murphy, D., 115 , pilgrimage to, and Tablighi, Muslim, definition of, 8-9, 183-5 137,138 Muslim Brotherhood, in Italy, 216, media 221 IBF (Islamic Broadcasting Mussolini, Benito, 211-12 Foundation), in the mysticism, and Muslims in Germany, Netherlands, 22~ 162, 163-7 and Islamic organisations, 29 and the 'Islamic Threat' , 3, 4 Nasif, Dr Abdulah Omar, 97 Italian image of Islam, 218-23 nation state, European, 265-6 and the Rushdie affair, 120-1 National Sight movement, in Mehmet, Mustafa, 61 Germany, 159, 170-2 Metcalf, B., 134, 135, 140 neo-communalism, and beurs in Metwali, D., 94 France, 152-4 Meyer, A., 22, 23, 27 Netherlands, Middle Eastern Muslims, in Britain, allocation of broadcasting time, 19 224-6 migrant workers, 48, 49 DMC (Dutch Muslim Council), Mihl~lyazgan, U., 157 243 Miles, S., 97 FOMON (Federation of Muslim Milli Görüs movement, in Germany, Organisations in the 157,159,164-5,172-3 Netherlands),226-7 Mission de Reflexion, 15, 18, 148 Islamic Broadcasting Foundation Mitterrand, Fran~ois, 151, 152 (IBF), 22~ Mochorski, Stefan, 94 Muslim population, 14, 17 Modood, T., 6, 23, 28, 32, 35, 53, recognition of Islam, 32 105 Tablighi in, 130 Moroccan Muslims, 16, 17, 18 Turkish-Islamic Cultural and the IBF in the Netherlands, Federation, 226, 227-9, 231, 227,229,230-1,233,237, 232-3 238 Union of Moroccan Muslim in Italy, 215, 216 Organisations (UMMON), in Sweden, 190 227,230-1,233,240 and Tablighi in Britain, 131 Niblock, T., 99 280 Index

Nielsen, J., 7, 11, 13, 15, 18,20,22, Islamic population, 13, 14,91-2 23,24,27,28,29,30,31,39, and Muslim identity, 99 148 Muslim Tatars, 13,91,92-6,97, on Sweden, 181 99 on Tablighi, 130, 133 occupations of Muslims, 99 Noiriel, Gerard, 147 political culture North African Muslims see Maghrebi beurs in France, 149-54 Muslims Sunni Muslims in Germany, Norway, Muslim population in, 14 156-74 Nurcu movement, in Germany, 157, political definition of Muslim, 185 159,162,163,165,170,172 political power, and Islam, 266-8 Nursi, Said, 162-3 politics of difference/recognition, 10 O'Brien, Peter, 31 Greece, 62-3; Pomak village, Oklahoma City bombing, 4 73-4,76-7,82-3,85-8 organisations, Islamic, 6, 28-34, 50 Pomaks in Germany, and European Bulgaria, 64 citizenship, 245-58 Greece, 13, 73-89 in Poland, 96, 98-9 Popovieh, A., 13, 59, 67 Ottoman Empire, 13,267-8 population, Muslims in Europe, Owen, D., 19 13-21 Özcan, E., 248 Portugal, Muslim population, 14 Potszatski, Marza Tareq, 94 Pachevi, Pasha, 93 prayer facilities, establishment of Pakistan Islamic,25 Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, public/private life, in a Greek Pomak 118 village, 74, 76 and Tablighi Jamaat, 142 Pakistani Muslims, 16, 17 Qadiriyya Sufi order, 134-5 in Britain, 17, 19,22, 105, 106 Qureshi, Iftikhar, 113 in Germany, 19 Palestine and Lebanon Relief Fund, Rabbae, M., 233 29 Rabbani, Maulana, 125 Palestinian Hamas movement, 29 Rabita (World Muslim League), Parekh, B., 6, 41, 121 217 Parker-Jenkins, M., 26 racism,4-5 Parsons, T., 253-4 Ramet, P., 13,91 Pasqua, Charles, 32-3 Rath, J. K., 22, 32 Patten, John, 124 recognition ofIslam, 31-4 Peach,C., 14,18, 19, 148 refugees, Muslims, 15,20-1 Pickies, M. E., 38, 40, 41 religious activity, 37-8 Pir Maroof, 107, 108, 109, 1l7, 122 religious Muslims Podhorodecki, L., 93, 94 definition of, 185, 188-9 Poland, 91-9 in Sweden, 188-207; number of, Arab immigrants, 91 189-201; Ramadan study, Bosnian refugees, 91 190,202-7 Islamic organisations, 96, 98-9 Remy, J., 75 Index 281 resources, accessto, 27-8 second-generation immigrants, 22 Rex, J., 10, 22 in Sweden, 187-8 Richardson, c., 110 Sefertzis, G., 78, 84 Riesebrodt, M., 156, 160 self-consciousness, and Muslim Ritter, H., 163, 167 identity,38-40 ritual slaughter (dbabh), 26, 113 Senegalese, in Italy, 216 Robinson, F., 106, 133-4 separatism, Muslim, and beurs in Rogers, A., 10 France, 153 Romania Serbia,67 Islamic population, 13, 14 ~eriat, 159-60 in the post-Communist period, settlement process, 49 61-2 Shadid, W. A. R., 4, 7, 23, 24, 27, 28, Rose, E., 105 31,32,33 Rosenberg, Alfred, 266 Shahid, Riaz, 110 Rushdie Affair, 6, 7, 41,50,51,53, Siddiqui, Kalim, 38, 123 270 Siddiqui, Pir Wahhab, 125 and Barelvi Islam, 135 Singh, Kushwant, 118 and Bradford Council of Mosques, social problems, and the IBF in the 108, 116, 117-26 Netherlands, 239 and the IBF in the Netherlands, social service provision, 27-8 239 socialist, in a Greek Pomak village, Russia, 87,88 Christianisation of, 265 society, establishment of Muslim and community, 50-1; and communities, 264 Muslims in Germany, 161-2, nationalism, 266 168-72 and the Tatars, 94, 95 'sociological' Muslims, 218 Rutherford, J., 10 sociology of Islam, 9-10 Ruthven, M., 6, 118, 121 Soviet Union, 13, 266 Spain Sadik, A., 86 Comisi6n islamica de Espafia, Said, Edward, 3, 142 33-4 Samad, Y., 6 infiuence of Islam in, 11, 12 Sander, A., 9, 184, 187, 188, 189,215 Muslim population, 14 Sardar, Z., 3, 6, 7,8,41 Tablighi in, 130 Satanic Verses see Rushdie affair spatial signification, in a Greek , Pomak village, 75-6 and Muslims in Italy, 217 Spuler, U., 163, 165, 170 and the Rushdie affair, 123, 124 Stanford, P., 121 Scarman, Lord, 111 stereotypes of Islam, 8 Schapper, D., 147 Sufi Islam Schierup, c., 11 and Barelvi, 135 Schiffauer, W., 29,170,247,248 and Tabligh, 129, 134-5, 139, Schmuck, P., 19 140-1 Schonhuber,Franz,5 Italy, 163,213,216 schools see education Germany,156-74 282 Index

SüleymancI movement, in Germany, Tunali, Süleyman Hilmi, 162-3 157, 158-9, 162-3, 165-7, Tunisian Muslims, 16, 17, 18 169-70,172,173 see also beurs Sunni Muslims, Germany, 156-74 Turkey Surinamese Muslims, and the IBF in and Muslims in Albania, 64 the Netherlands, 231, 237, 238 relations with Greece, 76-7 Sweden, 179-207 Republic of, and Muslims in and definitions of Muslim, 183-5 Germany, 160, 163, 173 mosque visiting, 199-201,204-6, Turkish Muslims, 16, 17 210 in Bulgaria, 65, 66 Muslim identity, 9 in former Yugoslavia, 67, 68 Muslim population, 14, 180-3 in Germany, 19,270: and German numbers of ethnic Muslims in, citizenship, 34, 245-58; male• 185-8 female ratios, 21 religious homogeneity in, 179-80 in Greece, 20, 84 religious Muslims in, 189-207; and the IBF in the Netherlands, number of, 189-201; 226,227-9,231,232-3, Ramadan study, 190,202-7 237 state and free churches, 202-3 in Sweden, 186, 190, 197 Switzerland, Muslim population, 14, Turkish-Islamic Cultural Federation 17 (Netherlands), 226, 227-9, 231, Szajkowksi, B., 13,99 232-3 Szynewicz,Jakub,95 UCOII (Union of Communities and Tablighi Jamaat in Britain, 129-44 Islamic Organisations in Italy), and Barelvi Islam, 134-6, 144 217 and Deobandi Islam, 129-30, UK Action Committee on Islamic 133-7, 138, 144 Affairs (UKACIA), 122-5 and fundamentalism, 142-3 Ulan, Adam, 93 and Islamic law, 133, 144 , 109, 125; see also Deobardi preaching missions, 130-2 Islam Tablighi Jamaat in Italy, 216 umma (worldwide Muslim Tariq, Omar, 221-2 community), 40-1,271 Tatars, in Poland, 13,91,92-6,97, UMMON (Union of Moroccan 99 Muslim Organisations in the Taylor, c., 10 Netherlands), 227, 230-1, 233, Teblig (Annunciation) Movement, 240 159,164,172,173 UN Convention on the Elimination of Teheri, A., 13 All Forms of Racial Tehranian, Majid, 139-40 Discrimination,37 Thatcher, Margaret, 53, 114 unemployment, 48, 49 Tokarczyk, A., 91, 93 Uni ted Kingdom see Britain Tönnies, F., 51 USMI (Union of Muslim Students in transitional settlement, 49, 50 Italy), 212, 216, 217, 221-2 Trimingham, J. S., 162 USMIE (Union of the Iranian Muslim Troeltsch, E., 156, 160 Students in Europe), 222 Index 283 van Bommel, Ao, 226 women in Islam van Koningsveld, Po So, 4, 7, 23, 24, and the IBF in the Netherlands, 238 27,28,31,32,33 and Muslim identity, 40 van Oijen, Ho, 8 women's groups, 27, 40 Vemier, Bo, 74 World Islamic Mission (WIM), 231 Vertovec, So, 9, 10, 11,22,28,35 World Muslim League, 217 voting rights beurs in France, 151 young Muslims Britain, 34-5 in the Balkans, 71 beurs in France, 149-54 Waardenburg, 1., 28, 33 in a Greek Pomak village, 79 Waddiga, Lukasz, 92 and identity, 52 WaU, Pat, 120 youngwomen Warminska, K., 99 and the foulards (headscarves) Warraich, Umar, 109, 110, 116 affair, 6, 7-8, 50, 51, 53-4 Watt, Wo Montgomery, 12 South Asian Muslims in Britain, Weber, Mo, 51,156,163,168,172 40 West African Muslims, in France, see also girls 18 youth groups, Hizb-ut-Tahrir, 38 West, c., 10 Yugoslavia (former), 66-70 western Europe, Muslim immigrants Islamic population, 13, 14 to, 14-21 Muslims from, 16, 17, 19 Westphalia, Peace of (1648),266 refugees from, 15,20-1 Wilpert, Czarina, 250-1 Swedish immigrants from, 181 Wimbush, So Eo, 13 Witold, Grand Duke of Lithuania, zikr, practice of, 141 92 Zuk, Imam Mahmud, 98