DOCSLIB.ORG

Range Resolution Enhancement of WISDOM/Exomars

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Range Resolution Enhancement of WISDOM/Exomars Range resolution enhancement of WISDOM/ExoMars radar soundings by the Bandwidth Extrapolation technique: Validation and application to field campaign measurements Nicolas Oudart, Valérie Ciarletti, Alice Le Gall, Marco Mastrogiuseppe, Yann Herve, Wolf-Stefan Benedix, Dirk Plettemeier, Vivien Tranier, Rafik Hassen-Khodja, Christoph Statz, et al. To cite this version: Nicolas Oudart, Valérie Ciarletti, Alice Le Gall, Marco Mastrogiuseppe, Yann Herve, et al.. Range resolution enhancement of WISDOM/ExoMars radar soundings by the Bandwidth Extrapolation tech- nique: Validation and application to field campaign measurements. Planetary and Space Science, Elsevier, 2021, 197 (March), pp.105173. 10.1016/j.pss.2021.105173. insu-03114236v2 HAL Id: insu-03114236 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03114236v2 Submitted on 28 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Planetary and Space Science 197 (2021) 105173 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Planetary and Space Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pss Range resolution enhancement of WISDOM/ExoMars radar soundings by the Bandwidth Extrapolation technique: Validation and application to field campaign measurements Nicolas Oudart a,*, Valerie Ciarletti a, Alice Le Gall a,b, Marco Mastrogiuseppe a,c, Yann Herve a, Wolf-Stefan Benedix d, Dirk Plettemeier d, Vivien Tranier a,Rafik Hassen-Khodja a, Christoph Statz d, Yun Lu d a LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Universite Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, France b Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France c Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, Italy d Tecnische Universitat€ Dresden, Dresden, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The ExoMars 2022 rover mission has been designed to search for traces of life, past or present, on Mars and more Mars specifically below its hostile surface. This will be the first mission able to collect samples down to 2 m in the ExoMars Martian subsurface, where organic molecules and bio-signatures may be preserved. The images of the subsurface WISDOM (or radargrams) provided by the ground penetrating radar WISDOM onboard the ExoMars rover will be key to Ground penetrating radar select the safest and scientifically most relevant locations for drilling. However, the vertical resolution of WISDOM Bandwidth extrapolation Resolution radargrams is limited (to ~5.5 cm in a typical soil of dielectric constant 4) by the bandwidth of the instrument when applying classical processing techniques. Here we propose to enhance WISDOM radargrams vertical reso- lution by implementing the Bandwidth Extrapolation (BWE) technique. We demonstrate that this technique yields an improvement of WISDOM vertical resolution by a factor of 3 while well preserving the time of arrival and amplitude of the detected echoes. We validate the BWE technique on synthetic data before applying it to experimental observations acquired both in controlled and natural environments. The resulting super-resolved radargrams greatly improve our understanding of the investigated terrains with a better separation of echoes from underground reflectors, and demonstrate the value of implementing the BWE technique in the WISDOM data processing pipeline which will ultimately provide images of the Martian subsurface down to a few meters depth with a vertical resolution of ~2 cm in typical soils. 1. Introduction if not designed as a subsurface sounder, the radar onboard the Cassini spacecraft (NASA/ESA/ASI) (Elachi et al., 2005) has provided insights In the last decades, radar sounders operated from orbit have opened a into Titan’s subsurface and in particular the first bathymetry profile of an third dimension in the exploration of the solar system by revealing the extra-terrestrial (methane-rich) lake (Mastrogiuseppe et al., 2014). These subsurface of a few planetary bodies bringing new clues on their geology radars are all operated from orbit and therefore bring clues on the sub- and history: the Moon with the Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) onboard the surface structure and composition at large scale, with horizontal reso- Kaguya mission (JAXA) (Kobayashi et al., 2012), the nucleus of comet lutions typically ranging from a few tens of meters to a few hundred 67/P with the CONSERT radar onboard the Rosetta mission (ESA) meters, depending on their bandwidth and operating frequencies (Ciar- (Kofman et al., 1998), and Mars which has been scrutinized by two letti, 2016 for a review). sounding radars for many years, namely MARSIS onboard Mars Express Sounding the subsurface at a much smaller scale to understand the (ESA) (Picardi et al., 2005) and SHARAD onboard the Mars Reconnais- local geological context is possible with ground penetrating radars (GPR) sance Orbiter (MRO/NASA) missions (Seu et al., 2004). In addition, even operating from the surface. In 2013, the Chang’E 3 mission carried such a * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Oudart). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2021.105173 Received 30 August 2020; Received in revised form 18 November 2020; Accepted 11 January 2021 0032-0633/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/). N. Oudart et al. Planetary and Space Science 197 (2021) 105173 GPR, the Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) (Fang et al., 2014), which pro- present the BWE technique, and its integration to the WISDOM data bed the shallow lunar subsurface (down to almost 100 m) with a vertical processing chain. The method is eventually applied to WISDOM experi- resolution better than 30 cm (Zhan et al., 2014). This pioneer instrument mental data collected both in controlled, semi-controlled and natural was followed by another LPR onboard Chang’E 4 which investigated the environments. subsurface of the far side of the Moon. Mars will be the next target of on-surface GPRs with two of them launched in 2020 and one to be 2. The WISDOM instrument launched in 2022: the RIMFAX (Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment) radar (Hamran et al., 2014) onboard the Mars 2020 (NASA) 2.1. The WISDOM ground penetrating radar Perseverance rover, the Subsurface Penetrating Radar (Zhou et al., 2016) onboard the Tianwen-1 rover (CNSA), and the WISDOM (Water Ice WISDOM is the ground penetrating radar mounted onboard the rover Subsurface Deposits On Mars) radar (Ciarletti et al, 2011, 2017) onboard of the ExoMars mission (Vago et al., 2017). It is a polarimetric Stepped the ExoMars (ESA/ROSCOSMOS) Rosalind Franklin rover. WISDOM has Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) radar operating in the UHF (Ultra been designed to investigate the subsurface of Oxia Planum down to High Frequency) frequency domain and designed to investigate the first several meters and with a vertical resolution of a few centimetres, while meters (typically 3–10 m below the surface) of the Martian subsurface RIMFAX should be able to probe greater depths (tens of meters) on the with a centimetric vertical resolution. When performing a sounding, Jezero crater region but with a coarser resolution of a few decimetres. WISDOM transmits and receives a series of N ¼ 1001 harmonic signals of The Subsurface Penetrating Radar of the Tianwen-1 mission will perform frequencies νk between νmin ¼ 0.5 and νmax ¼ 3 GHz separated by a soundings with a low-frequency and a high-frequency channels, the constant frequency step of ν ¼ 2.5 MHz. high-frequency being able to sound the Martian subsurface to a depth of a few meters, with a resolution of a few centimetres. This study is dedi- νk ¼ νmin þðk À 1Þν (1) cated to the WISDOM GPR selected for the ExoMars rover mission. Only the real part of the return signal is measured by the instrument, ExoMars is an ESA (European Space Agency)/ROSCOSMOS (Russian and the complex form is derived via Hilbert transform before applying an Space Agency) mission. It will land in 2023 a rover and a surface platform Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to obtain the response of the in Oxia Planum, a geologically old plain of Mars (18.3N 335.4E), to sounded volume. In the time domain, each reflector generates an echo complement the TGO (Trace Gas Orbiter), in orbit since 2016, which was which is characterized by a propagation delay (that can be then con- the first step of the ExoMars program. The main objective of the Rosalind verted in distance with assumption on the velocity of the wave in the Franklin rover is to seek out traces of past or present life on Mars. Mars sounded material) and an amplitude. Since WISDOM antennas are being subject to strong radiation levels and oxidation, if such traces still looking downwards at the surface and, while echoes can sometime be exist, they would likely be in the subsurface (Hassler et al., 2014). To generated by off-track reflectors, the retrieved distances are commonly reach them, the rover is equipped with a drill able to collect 3 cm-long and improperly interpreted as depths. In the following, for the sake of samples down to 2 m in the subsurface (Magnani et al., 2010). These simplification, we represent radargrams in the terms of depth and ver- samples will be then analysed by a suite of analytical instruments in the tical resolution assuming a value of dielectric constant, rather than range rover body (Vago et al., 2017). The selection of safe and scientifically and range resolution. relevant drilling sites requires information on the structure and proper- During operations on Mars in areas of potential interest, WISDOM ties of the Martian subsurface prior to drilling.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Matematikken Viser Vej Til Mars
    S •Matematikken The viser vej til Mars Kim Plauborg © The Terma Group 2016 THE BEGINNING Terma has been in Space since man walked on the Moon! © The Terma Group 2016 FROM ESRO TO EXOMARS Terma powered the first comet landing ever! BREAKING NEWS The mission ends today when the Rosetta satellite will set down on the surface In 2014 the Rosetta satellite deployed the small lander Philae, which landed on the cometof 67P morethe than 10 comet years after Rosetta was launched. © The Terma Group 2016 FROM ESRO TO EXOMARS Rosetta Mars Express Technology Venus Express evolution and Galileo enhancement Small GEO BepiColombo ExoMars © The Terma Group 2016 Why go Mars? Getting to and landing on Mars is difficult ! © The Terma Group 2016 THE EXOMARS PROGRAMME Two ESA missions to Mars in cooperation with Roscosmos with the main objective to search for evidence of life 2016 Mission Trace Gas Orbiter Schiaparelli 2020 Mission Rover Surface platform © The Terma Group 2016 EXOMARS 2016 14th March 2016 Launched from Baikonur cosmodrome, Kazakhstan © The Terma Group 2016 EXOMARS 2016 16th October 2016 Separation of Schiaparelli from the orbiter © The Terma Group 2016 SCHIAPARELLI Schiaparelli (EDM) - an entry, descent and landing demonstrator module © The Terma Group 2016 EXOMARS 2016 19th October 2016 Landing of Schiaparelli the surface of Mars © The Terma Group 2016 EXOMARS 2016 19th October 2016 Landing of Schiaparelli the surface of Mars © The Terma Group 2016 EXOMARS 2020 © The Terma Group 2016 TERMA AND EXOMARS Terma deliveries to the ExoMars 2016 mission • Remote Terminal Power Unit for Schiaparelli • Mission Control System • Spacecraft Simulator • Support for the Launch and Early Orbit Phase © The Terma Group 2016 ExoMars RTPU The RTPU is a central unit in the Schiaparelli lander.
    [Show full text]
  • JUICE Red Book
    ESA/SRE(2014)1 September 2014 JUICE JUpiter ICy moons Explorer Exploring the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Definition Study Report European Space Agency 1 This page left intentionally blank 2 Mission Description Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Key science goals The emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Characterise Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats Explore the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants Payload Ten instruments Laser Altimeter Radio Science Experiment Ice Penetrating Radar Visible-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Imaging System Magnetometer Particle Package Submillimetre Wave Instrument Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument Overall mission profile 06/2022 - Launch by Ariane-5 ECA + EVEE Cruise 01/2030 - Jupiter orbit insertion Jupiter tour Transfer to Callisto (11 months) Europa phase: 2 Europa and 3 Callisto flybys (1 month) Jupiter High Latitude Phase: 9 Callisto flybys (9 months) Transfer to Ganymede (11 months) 09/2032 – Ganymede orbit insertion Ganymede tour Elliptical and high altitude circular phases (5 months) Low altitude (500 km) circular orbit (4 months) 06/2033 – End of nominal mission Spacecraft 3-axis stabilised Power: solar panels: ~900 W HGA: ~3 m, body fixed X and Ka bands Downlink ≥ 1.4 Gbit/day High Δv capability (2700 m/s) Radiation tolerance: 50 krad at equipment level Dry mass: ~1800 kg Ground TM stations ESTRAC network Key mission drivers Radiation tolerance and technology Power budget and solar arrays challenges Mass budget Responsibilities ESA: manufacturing, launch, operations of the spacecraft and data archiving PI Teams: science payload provision, operations, and data analysis 3 Foreword The JUICE (JUpiter ICy moon Explorer) mission, selected by ESA in May 2012 to be the first large mission within the Cosmic Vision Program 2015–2025, will provide the most comprehensive exploration to date of the Jovian system in all its complexity, with particular emphasis on Ganymede as a planetary body and potential habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • How a Cartoon Series Helped the Public Care About Rosetta and Philae 13 How a Cartoon Series Helped the Public Care About Rosetta and Philae
    How a Cartoon Series Helped the Public Care about Best Practice Rosetta and Philae Claudia Mignone Anne-Mareike Homfeld Sebastian Marcu Vitrociset Belgium for European Space ATG Europe for European Space Design & Data GmbH Agency (ESA) Agency (ESA) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Carlo Palazzari Emily Baldwin Markus Bauer Design & Data GmbH EJR-Quartz for European Space Agency (ESA) European Space Agency (ESA) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Keywords Karen S. O’Flaherty Mark McCaughrean Outreach, space science, public engagement, EJR-Quartz for European Space Agency (ESA) European Space Agency (ESA) visual storytelling, fairy-tale, cartoon, animation, [email protected] [email protected] anthropomorphising Once upon a time... is a series of short cartoons1 that have been developed as part of the European Space Agency’s communication campaign to raise awareness about the Rosetta mission. The series features two anthropomorphic characters depicting the Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander, introducing the mission story, goals and milestones with a fairy- tale flair. This article explores the development of the cartoon series and the level of engagement it generated, as well as presenting various issues that were encountered using this approach. We also examine how different audiences responded to our decision to anthropomorphise the spacecraft. Introduction internet before the spacecraft came out of exciting highlights to come, using the fairy- hibernation (Bauer et al., 2016). The four tale narrative as a base. The hope was that In late 2013, the European Space Agency’s short videos were commissioned from the video would help to build a degree of (ESA) team of science communicators the cross-media company Design & Data human empathy between the public and devised a number of outreach activ- GmbH (D&D).
    [Show full text]
  • DLR Developments and Application Ideas for Interplanetary Cubesats
    DLR developments and application ideas for interplanetary cubesats iCubeSat, Milano 2019 Jens Biele1, Michael Maibaum1, Caroline Lange2, Thimo Grundmann2, Stephan Ulamec1, Marcus Thomas Knopp3, Frank-Cyrus Roshani3 1DLR German Aerospace Center, RB-MUSC, Cologne, Germany 2DLR German Aerospace Center, Bremen, Germany 3DLR German Aerospace Center, GSOC, Munich, Germany www.DLR.de • Chart 3 > Lecture > Author • Document > Date SKAD-Study [FRANK, MARCUS] • Orbiter as relais station for Mars-Rover • ………. Designs flown or studied (DLR) Hopper(10-25 kg) MASCOT (30, 70 kg) Philae (100 kg) Leonard MASCOT (10 kg) Folie 4 > Vortrag > Autor Folie 5 > Vortrag > Autor Study Flow of MASCOT („how to shrink a lander..“) • December 2008 – September 2009: feasibility study, with CNES, in context of Marco Polo and Hayabusa-2, with common requirements: • 3 iterations of different mass (95kg, 35kg & 10kg) and P/L • Settled on 10 kg lander package including 3 kg of P/L • Ho, T.-M., et al. (2016). "MASCOT—The Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout Onboard the Hayabusa2 Mission." Space Science Reviews 208(1-4): 339– 374. • ➔ Design of MASCOT 10 kg: a nanosat (30x30*20 cm³) . Could be a 18 U cubesat! Large ~ 95 kg, Philae hertitage Middle ~ 35 kg, Xtra Small ~ 10 kg, No post-landing Up-righting + mobility mobility MASCOT Payload (25% of total mass!) Instrument Science Goals Heritage Institute; PI/IM Mass [kg] MAG magnetization of the NEA MAG of ROMAP on Rosetta TU Braunschweig Lander (Philae), ESA VEX, 0,15 → formation history Themis K.H. Glassmeier / U. Auster mineralogical composition ESA ExoMars, Russia and characterize grains Phobos GRUNT, ESA size and structure of Rosetta, ESA ExoMars IAS Paris µOmega surface soil samples at μ- rover 2018, Rosetta / Philae J.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Argops) Solution to the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference Student Competition
    AAS 17-621 THE ASTRODYNAMICS RESEARCH GROUP OF PENN STATE (ARGOPS) SOLUTION TO THE 2017 ASTRODYNAMICS SPECIALIST CONFERENCE STUDENT COMPETITION Jason A. Reiter,* Davide Conte,1 Andrew M. Goodyear,* Ghanghoon Paik,* Guanwei. He,* Peter C. Scarcella,* Mollik Nayyar,* Matthew J. Shaw* We present the methods and results of the Astrodynamics Research Group of Penn State (ARGoPS) team in the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference Student Competition. A mission (named Minerva) was designed to investigate Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3 in order to determine its mass and volume and to map and characterize its surface. This data would prove useful in determining the necessity and usefulness of future missions to the asteroid. The mission was designed such that a balance between cost and maximizing objectives was found. INTRODUCTION Asteroid (469219) 2016 HO3 was discovered recently and has yet to be explored. It lies in a quasi-orbit about the Earth such that it will follow the Earth around the Sun for at least the next several hundred years providing many opportunities for relatively low-cost missions to the body. Not much is known about 2016 HO3 except a general size range, but its close proximity to Earth makes a scientific mission more feasible than other near-Earth objects. A Request For Proposal (RFP) was provided to university teams searching for cost-efficient mission design solutions to assist in the characterization of the asteroid and the assessment of its potential for future, more in-depth missions and possible resource utilization. The RFP provides constraints on launch mass, bus size as well as other mission architecture decisions, and sets goals for scientific mapping and characterization.
    [Show full text]
  • SWIFTS and SWIFTS-LA: Two Concepts for High Spectral Resolution Static Micro-Imaging Spectrometers
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 9, EPSC2014-439-1, 2014 European Planetary Science Congress 2014 EEuropeaPn PlanetarSy Science CCongress c Author(s) 2014 SWIFTS and SWIFTS-LA: two concepts for high spectral resolution static micro-imaging spectrometers E. Le Coarer(1), B. Schmitt(1), N. Guerineau (2), G. Martin (1) S. Rommeluere (2), Y. Ferrec (2) F. Simon (1) F. Thomas (1) (1) Univ. UGA ,CNRS, Lab. IPAG, Grenoble, France. (2) ONERA/DOTA Palaiseau France ([email protected] grenoble.fr). Abstract All these instruments use either optical gratings, Fourier transform or AOTF spectrometers. The two SWIFTS (Stationary-Wave Integrated Fourier first types need moving mirrors to scan spectrally Transform Spectrometer) represents a family of very thus adding complexity and failure risk in space. The compact spectrometers based on detection of interesting solution of AOTF, without moving part standing waves for which detectors play itself a role (only piezo) is however limited in resolution to a few in the interferential detection mechanism. The aim of cm-1 due to limitation in monocrystal size (fragile). this paper is to illustrate how these spectrometers can Strong limitations of these instruments in terms of be used to build efficient imaging spectrometers for performances (spectral & spatial resolution and range, planetary exploration inside dm3 instrumental volume. S/N ratio) come from their already large mass, The first mode (SWIFTS) is devoted to high spectral volume, and power consumption. Further increasing resolving power imaging (R~10000-50000) for one of these characteristics will be at the cost of even 40x40 pixels field of view. The second mode bigger instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • 7'Tie;T;E ~;&H ~ T,#T1tmftllsieotog
    7'tie;T;e ~;&H ~ t,#t1tMftllSieotOg, UCLA VOLUME 3 1986 EDITORIAL BOARD Mark E. Forry Anne Rasmussen Daniel Atesh Sonneborn Jane Sugarman Elizabeth Tolbert The Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology is an annual publication of the UCLA Ethnomusicology Students Association and is funded in part by the UCLA Graduate Student Association. Single issues are available for $6.00 (individuals) or $8.00 (institutions). Please address correspondence to: Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology Department of Music Schoenberg Hall University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA Standing orders and agencies receive a 20% discount. Subscribers residing outside the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico, please add $2.00 per order. Orders are payable in US dollars. Copyright © 1986 by the Regents of the University of California VOLUME 3 1986 CONTENTS Articles Ethnomusicologists Vis-a-Vis the Fallacies of Contemporary Musical Life ........................................ Stephen Blum 1 Responses to Blum................. ....................................... 20 The Construction, Technique, and Image of the Central Javanese Rebab in Relation to its Role in the Gamelan ... ................... Colin Quigley 42 Research Models in Ethnomusicology Applied to the RadifPhenomenon in Iranian Classical Music........................ Hafez Modir 63 New Theory for Traditional Music in Banyumas, West Central Java ......... R. Anderson Sutton 79 An Ethnomusicological Index to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Part Two ............ Kenneth Culley 102 Review Irene V. Jackson. More Than Drumming: Essays on African and Afro-Latin American Music and Musicians ....................... Norman Weinstein 126 Briefly Noted Echology ..................................................................... 129 Contributors to this Issue From the Editors The third issue of the Pacific Review of Ethnomusicology continues the tradition of representing the diversity inherent in our field.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Infrastructure for the OSIRIS-Rex Sample Return Mission March 23, 2016
    Spatial Infrastructure for the OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Mission March 23, 2016 Dani DellaGiustina O.S. Barnouin, M.C. Nolan, C.A. Johnson, L. Le Corre, and D.S. Lauretta Lunar & Planetary Sciences Conference The Woodlands, Texas OSIRIS-REX DEFINED • Origins . Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid regolith • Spectral Interpretation . Provide ground truth for telescopic data of the entire asteroid population • Resource Identification . Map the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive carbonaceous asteroid • Security . Measure the Yarkovsky effect on a potentially hazardous asteroid • Regolith Explorer . Document the regolith at the sampling site at scales down to the sub-cm 1 OUR PAYLOAD PERFORMS EXTENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION AT GLOBAL AND SAMPLE-SITE-SPECIFIC SCALES SamCam images the sample site, documents sample OCAMS (UA) acquisition, and images TAGSAM to evaluate sampling success MapCam performs filter photometry, maps the surface, and images the sample site PolyCam acquires Bennu from >500K-km range, performs star- field OpNav, and performs high-resolution imaging of the surface OLA (CSA) provides ranging data out to 7 km and maps the asteroid shape and surface topography 2 OUR PAYLOAD PERFORMS EXTENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION AT GLOBAL AND SAMPLE-SITE-SPECIFIC SCALES OVIRS (GSFC) maps the reflectance albedo and spectral properties from 0.4 – 4.3 µm OTES (ASU) maps the thermal flux and spectral properties from 5 – 50 µm REXIS (MIT) trains the next generation of scientists and engineers and maps the elemental abundances
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of Mars by the European Space Agency 1
    Exploration of Mars by the European Space Agency Alejandro Cardesín ESA Science Operations Mars Express, ExoMars 2016 IAC Winter School, November 20161 Credit: MEX/HRSC History of Missions to Mars Mars Exploration nowadays… 2000‐2010 2011 2013/14 2016 2018 2020 future … Mars Express MAVEN (ESA) TGO Future ESA (ESA- Studies… RUSSIA) Odyssey MRO Mars Phobos- Sample Grunt Return? (RUSSIA) MOM Schiaparelli ExoMars 2020 Phoenix (ESA-RUSSIA) Opportunity MSL Curiosity Mars Insight 2020 Spirit The data/information contained herein has been reviewed and approved for release by JPL Export Administration on the basis that this document contains no export‐controlled information. Mars Express 2003-2016 … First European Mission to orbit another Planet! First mission of the “Rosetta family” Up and running since 2003 Credit: MEX/HRSC First European Mission to orbit another Planet First European attempt to land on another Planet Original mission concept Credit: MEX/HRSC December 2003: Mars Express Lander Release and Orbit Insertion Collission trajectory Bye bye Beagle 2! Last picture Lander after release, release taken by VMC camera Insertion 19/12/2003 8:33 trajectory Credit: MEX/HRSC Beagle 2 was found in January 2015 ! Only 6km away from landing site OK Open petals indicate soft landing OK Antenna remained covered Lessons learned: comms at all time! Credit: MEX/HRSC Mars Express: so many missions at once Mars Mission Phobos Mission Relay Mission Credit: MEX/HRSC Mars Express science investigations Martian Moons: Phobos & Deimos: Ionosphere, surface,
    [Show full text]
  • Estimated Attenuation Rates Using GPR and TDR in Volcanic Depos
    PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets RESEARCH ARTICLE Electromagnetic signal penetration in a planetary soil 10.1002/2016JE005192 simulant: Estimated attenuation rates using GPR Key Points: and TDR in volcanic deposits on Mount Etna • GPR methodologies for evaluating the loss tangent of volcanic sediments S. E. Lauro1 , E. Mattei1 , B. Cosciotti1 , F. Di Paolo1 , S. A. Arcone2, M. Viccaro3,4 , • Characterization of electrical 1 properties of a planetary soil simulant and E. Pettinelli • Comparison between GPR and TDR 1 2 measurements Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma TRE, Rome, Italy, US Army ERDC-CRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, 3Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche Geologiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy, 4Osservatorio Etneo, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Catania, Italy Correspondence to: S. E. Lauro, Abstract Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a well-established geophysical terrestrial exploration method [email protected] and has recently become one of the most promising for planetary subsurface exploration. Several future landing vehicles like EXOMARS, 2020 NASA ROVER, and Chang’e-4, to mention a few, will host GPR. A GPR Citation: survey has been conducted on volcanic deposits on Mount Etna (Italy), considered a good analogue for Lauro, S. E., E. Mattei, B. Cosciotti, F. Di Paolo, S. A. Arcone, M. Viccaro, and Martian and Lunar volcanic terrains, to test a novel methodology for subsoil dielectric properties estimation. E. Pettinelli (2017), Electromagnetic The stratigraphy of the volcanic deposits was investigated using 500 MHz and 1 GHz antennas in two different signal penetration in a planetary soil configurations: transverse electric and transverse magnetic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pancam Instrument for the Exomars Rover
    ASTROBIOLOGY ExoMars Rover Mission Volume 17, Numbers 6 and 7, 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1548 The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover A.J. Coates,1,2 R. Jaumann,3 A.D. Griffiths,1,2 C.E. Leff,1,2 N. Schmitz,3 J.-L. Josset,4 G. Paar,5 M. Gunn,6 E. Hauber,3 C.R. Cousins,7 R.E. Cross,6 P. Grindrod,2,8 J.C. Bridges,9 M. Balme,10 S. Gupta,11 I.A. Crawford,2,8 P. Irwin,12 R. Stabbins,1,2 D. Tirsch,3 J.L. Vago,13 T. Theodorou,1,2 M. Caballo-Perucha,5 G.R. Osinski,14 and the PanCam Team Abstract The scientific objectives of the ExoMars rover are designed to answer several key questions in the search for life on Mars. In particular, the unique subsurface drill will address some of these, such as the possible existence and stability of subsurface organics. PanCam will establish the surface geological and morphological context for the mission, working in collaboration with other context instruments. Here, we describe the PanCam scientific objectives in geology, atmospheric science, and 3-D vision. We discuss the design of PanCam, which includes a stereo pair of Wide Angle Cameras (WACs), each of which has an 11-position filter wheel and a High Resolution Camera (HRC) for high-resolution investigations of rock texture at a distance. The cameras and electronics are housed in an optical bench that provides the mechanical interface to the rover mast and a planetary protection barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • March 21–25, 2016
    FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk,
    [Show full text]