WORKPAPERS IN INDONESIAN LINGUISTICS

Volume I

Edited by Marit Kana

' f .- ~ ...... ' " \ '0 . . ".. ""

PROYEK KERJASAMA UNCEN-SIL Universitas Cenderawasih in cooperation with .. The Summer Institute of Linguistics 1982

Percetakan Universitas Cenderawasih Irian Jaya, Indonesia 3

PREFAcE

This volume is the first of a new series entitled Workpapers in Indonesian Linguistics, published jointly by the Cenderawasl1l University and the Summer Institute of Linguistics, Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. At the time of this writing the Summer Institute of Linguistics in cooperation with the Department of Education and Culture is carrying out linguistic and anthropological research in 20 languages in Irian Jaya and 3 in Central Sulawesi. The focus of these workpapers, then, will be the languages of Irian Jaya, with occasional contributions on Sulawesi languages and those from other areas of Indonesia. The articles will be mostly descriptive in nature, offering the reader sufficient data from which to draw material for his own individual research. Most of the five papers presented in this initial volume were produced during two UNCEN-SIL linguistics workshops in 1980 and 1981, at Danau Bira, Irian Jaya. Dr. Kenneth Gregerson was the main consultant for each of those workshops. Notice that we are calling these IIworkpapersll, with the realization that, in many cases, some conclusions will be quite tentative and further investigation might yield different results. Still, rather than hold on to these manuscripts until they are in some sort of IIcompleteness ll , we are publishing them as they are, with sincere hopes that this and ensuing volumes of Workpapers in Indonesian Linguistics will significantly contribute to our scarce, but growing, body of knowledge on the languages of this large and incredibly diverse nation of Indonesia . . Marit Kana Jayapura, June 1982 4

FOREWORD Publikasi lnl yang diprakarsai oleh Dr. Kenneth Gregerson dan Miss Marit Kana adalah hasil daripada dua buah Lokakarya Linguistika yang diselenggarakan dalam rangka kerjasama antara The Summer Institute of Linguistics dengan Universitas Cenderawasih.

Diharapkan bahw~ publikasi ini yang memuat keterangan pertama mengenai bahasa-bahasa daerah Iau, Ketengban dan Mairasi akan diikuti oleh edisi-edisi berikutnya untuk bahasa-bahasa lainnya di Irian Jaya. Semoga usaha-usaha pengungkapan informasi mengenai bahasa-bahasa daerah yang masih kurang dikenal di pedalaman Irian Jaya serta di I ndones i a pada umumnya ke 1ak akan bermanfaat bag i pengembangan dan pembangunan daerah-daerah tersebut.

Rudy Tarumingkeng Rektor, Universitas Cenderawasih -' 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface 3 Foreword by Dr. Rudy Tarumingkeng 4 Table of Contents 5 Kepentingan Lingguistik Diakronis Bagi Penelitian Sinkronis Dalam Bahasa Ambai di Irian Jaya by Peter J. Silzer 6 Connectives in Bauzi Discourse by Dave Briley 14 The Topic-Comment Construction in Iau by Janet Bateman 28

Ketengban Phonology by Andrew and Anne Sims 50 Mairasi Verb Morphology by Lloyd Peckham 75

• KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY Andrew and Anne Sims O. Introduct i on This paper is a report on the initial phonological research of the Ketengban 1 language as spoken in the area of Omban. Omban is a village of approximately 350 people in the eastern highlands of Irian Jaya, Kabupaten Jayawijaya. The Ketengban language has at least two distinct dialect areas. One, the area to the east near Okbap, has been reported on by G. and J. Fowler and M. and J. Rule based on data collected by the Fowlers over the period of 1970-1972 and by the Rules during the months of July and August, 1972. 2 A second report was made in the area of Bime, a village to the west, by J. and S. DeVries, Summer Institute of Linguistics, based on their work in the area in 1976. 3 Omban is located at 140°25 ' East, 4°26 ' South and is fairly central geographically in the language group and represents a slightly different dialect of the language. Ketengban is a member of the Mek family in the Trans-New Guinea Phylum. 4

1. Phonological Word The phonological word (PW) in Ketengban is the domain of one stress. The stressed syllable is frequently, but not always, accompanied by higher pitch than the non-stressed syllables. The majority of PWs consist of one to three syllables although words of up to five syllables are known to occur. 1.1 Stress Stress is phonemic, as evidenced by the following contrasts: Between nouns: I'bumel [' burnt"] 'horsefly' /bu'me/ [bu'mt:] I short' / 'kalum/ ['kalum] 'charcoal' /ka '1 um/ [ka'lum] 'tapioca type' Between noun and verb: I 'banal --L'bana] 'to walk I /ba'na/ [ba'na] 'jaw'

/'galuna/ ['galuna] I veget ab 1e type I /ga'luna/ ega '1 una] 'to wear net bag with base on head ' KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 51 Between verbs: J'kouna/ ['koUnaJ Ito bundle up' /kou'nal [koU'naJ 'to pl ant' I '130n a/ [ll3onaJ Ito squeeze l /l3o ' na/ [l3o'naJ Ito hit, kill I 1.2 Shape of the Phonological Word PWs exhibit the following syllable and stress patterns: One-syllable words: 'S I 'l3a/ [ll3aJ Ibamboo type I I'bol [I bo J I leaf I I' kau/ [ 'kaU] Ibark basket I I' lye/ [I lYE.] Igrass skirt I Two-syll ab le words: 'SS I'gile/ ['gl.l£J 'rock I I '~emna/ [I t~mna] Ito snap, break I I'kamil/ ['kamt.l] Itaro type I l I'lue/ [ I 1u~] 'flower stem, plant runner S'S Imun'du/ [mun'duJ Istomach I /melsa/ [m(lsa] Isago I Ike'kol/ [kE 'kol] I armpit I Iga'wal/ [ga'wal] 'portion of work still left' Three-syllable words: ISSS I' gamkona/ [ Igamkona] Ito live ' I 10r-tara/ [IOr'tara] lover there ' / Ikimyam~e/ [I k imyamo£] 'bird type I I'yasisiml [ Iyas i s im] 'bird type I S'SS Ikal'kemna/ [kal'ktmna] Ito know, study' la'suru/ [alsuru] Ieye I Ide 'tina/ [df Irina] Ito give, putl Ite'lilJa/ [tE ' li9a] Itaro type I SS'S 1\ /gusu9Ina/ [g~su~ Ina] Ito blow nose l li¥i Ina/ [lri 'na] Ito hold in arms, to sit on eggs l Iki¥i 'kal [kt..~; 'kaJ I earwax I I auto I na/ [aUtolnaJ Ito laugh' 52 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY

Four-syllable words: '$$$$ I'lukta"konel [ 'luktapkonE] , I'll pu 11 it down' I' gu'fte¥en al [ 'gurtf,-J" rfna ] 'to smell' l'we~d09onal [ 'w£~d09onaJ 'to enter' I' burataral [ 'burataraJ 'outside' S'SSS Ide'do9onal [dE'do~ona] 'to jump' I"e '1 awinal ["f '1 awinaJ 'several people carry' Idur'yakanal [dur'ya§ana] 'to fall on X' le'remdonal [t. 'tfmdona] 'to 1ift' SS'SS Igo~om'danal [gorom'dana] 'to bump into' I co 1ok ' "en al [t~olok',,£.naJ ' Ad am's app 1e ' Isikan 'kanyal [s i kan 'kanya] 'jaw' Itomor'tonal [tomor 'ton a] 'to turn around' SSS'S Idinikma'rel [dinikma'tf.] 'it's full' Five-syllable words: S'SSSS Ika'lemdorJonal [ka'lfmdol)ona] 'to cook in a pit'

SS'SSS v N Idoko'terbenel [do~o't£rb(nf] 'I'm going to put it in'

2. Phonological Syllable The phonological syllable consists of a vowel peak with a single mora of timing, preceded optionally by a consonant onset and followed optionally by a consonant coda. The vowel peak may be a simple or complex filler. This may be manifested by the formula: S = (C) V (V) (C)5 2.1 SYllable Types Syllable types found in the language are: v, VC, VV, VVC, CV, evv, evc, and CVVC. Each syllable type may occur as a mono-syllabic word except for VV and VVC. KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 53

~ 2.2 Syllable Distribution The following are examples of the various syllable distributions within the PW: One-syllable words: V I'ul [' u] 'nose' ve I'aml [' am] 'taro' ev I'mal [ 'rna] 'bird' evv I' k aul [lkaU~ 'bark basket' eve I'boll ['bol 'skin' evve I'mouml [ 'moUrn] 'milk, breast' Two-syllable words: v.ev I'imel [' im£] 'sky' v.eve lu'ruf31 [u'rup] 'top' ve.ev le~'nal [E~ Ina] 'ripe' ve.eve Ie 'mokl [( 'mok] 'sweet potato type' vve.ev I'oumnal ['oUmna ] 'to place on top' ev.v Idu' al [du'a] 'cloud, fog' eV.ev I'gilel ['gll(] 'rock' eV.evv l'bulJail ['bulJa'j 'bird type' eV.eve Ike'koll [kl.'kOl 'armpit ' evv.ev I'kaitel 'ka~t£] 'flower' evv.eve /'neitaml ['ne'tam] 'in the middle' eve.ev Imun'dul [mun 'du J. 'stomach' eve.evv /kwa~'nai/ [kWa~'na'] 'fork in river, branches' eve.eve /ben' tal I [b!n ~tal] 'mud' evve. CV I '9aimnal [' ~a 'mna] 'to shout' evv.v /'doue/ [IQOU(] 'drought' vv.ve lai '0131 [a' ~opJ 'taro type' evV.ve /tai '09/ [ta"ol)] 'vefetab 1e ype' Three-syllable words: V.tV.tV /i'kine/ [i Ik i n€] Iheavy' v.eve.ev /0' 1af3ne/ [0' 1apn€ ] 'slippery' ve.ev.cv /arma'sel [arma's£,] 'lemon grass! vv.ev.ev /auto 'nal [aUto'na] 'to laugh' ev.cv.CV /tele'na/ [U1E.'na] 'to cut in 1\ half' eV.ev.evv / 'mekenai/ ['mf.kena i] 'bathing ., pl ace I CV.CV.CVC Igolu'maml [golu~mamJ 'taro type' CV.CVV.V 19a9a i 'al [9a9a' 'a] 'taro type' eV.evv.ev I'kedounal [ 'kEdOUnaj 'to borrow' CV.CVC.CV Ibofum 'nal [bo~um'na 'to bump into' 54 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY eV.eve.evv /1 ell i mn a i / [1£11 imna; j Ito cover I eV.eve.evc /dikin'mut/ [dikin'mut 'taro type' CV.CVVC.CV /ga'~oumna/ _ [gal~oUmna] 'to gnaw l evv.cv.ev /'kainer)e/ [ 'kQ.'nfO£] Ivery ripe' evv.evc.cv /1 e ill i mn a/ [ 1e' I 1i mn a] Icurtai n I CVC.CV.CV /'gamkona/ [ 'gamkol')at 'to 1ive' evc.cvv.CVC /kul)'deine~/ [kul) Ide' n! r] Itaro type' evc.cvc.CV /kal 'kemna/ [kal'kE.mna] 'to study' evvc.cv.CV /'bounkona/ [ 'boUnkona] 'to be weak' Four-syllable words: v.evc.cv.CV /0 I 1af3don a/ [011 apdona] Ito s 1 i P , ev.cv.CV.CV /fje I 1awi n a/ [fj f I 1aw ina] I severa 1 people carry' eV.cv.ev.evc /kono'meryen/ [kono'mE9f.n] Isweet pot ato type I eV.cvc.cvc.ev /sikan 'kanya/ [sikan 'kanya] Ijawl eV.cvc.ev.cv /ko '~amdona/ [ko'tamdona] 'to avoid I evv.cv.cv.ev /'meisisisa/ ['me'sisisa] 'taro type I eve.cv.cv.CV /'fjofjmanere/ [I fjopmanfh:] I it hit me' evc.evc.cv.CV /'luktafjkone/ [ 'luktapkonE] 11'11 put it down' Five-syllable words: cV.tVt.CV.tV.CV /ka'lemd090na/ [k a I If.mdo!}on a] Ito cook in a pitl ...J eV.cv.evc.cv.CV /doko'terbene/ [do§o I t£ rbt n~] '11m going to put I

3. Phonemic Segments

Ketengban, as spoken in Omban, has 20 consonant phonemes /fj, t, k, kW, b, d, g, gW, m, n, nY, n, nW, s, c, 1, lY, r, y, w/ and five vowel phonemes Ii, e, a, u, 0/. The consonant phonemes contrast in point of articulation as to lingual and non-lingual, front and non-front, for voiced and voiceless stops and spirant, nasal, liquid, and semi-vowel continuants. The stops and nasals contrast for the added feature of labialization and the spirants, nasals, and liquids contrast for the added feature of palatalization. The vowels contrast as to front and non-front tongue position and high, medium, and low tongue height. KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 55

"- 3.1 Distinctinve Features Chart 1 shows the Ketengban phonemes and their distinctive e features. +L ingual -L ingual +Front -Front -Pal. +Pal. -Lab. +Lab. t k kW -Vd. Stop d g gW b +Vd. v s c J3 Spirants -Syl. n nY ?w m Nasals ? Cont. lY "r Liquids y W Semi - vowels

u High e o Mid +Syl. a Low Chart 1: Phonemes and their features 3.2 Consonant Description Front Linguals: It! Voiceless front lingual stop [t] Voiceless alveolar stop; occurs word initial, medial, and final in both onset and coda of syllables. /'tu/ [ 'tu] 'dirt' /'touna/ [ 'toUna] 'to shave' /man'to/ [manIto] 'almost' /J3u'to/ [J3U'to] 'strong, ,steam' / 'gat/ [ , gat] 'hard' /dikin'mut/ [d i kin' mut] 'taro type' 56 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY /d/ Voiced front lingual stop [d] Voiced alveolar stop; occurs word initial and medial in onset of syllables. /'diryna/ [' di 9na ] Ito pinch I / 'doman/ [ ' doman] Itaro type' /a'duke/ [a 'duk£] 'what Is stored in a net bag I /kwen'don/ [kW£n'don] 'sweet potato type I lsI Non-palatalized front lingual spirant continuant [sJ Voiceless alveolar grooved ; occurs word initial and medial in onset of syllables. /sa'bel [sa'sEJ 'clam shell' /Ise!}na/ ['s£9na J 'to dig' /ya'sisal [ya' s i saJ 'stone axe' /'bisame/ [ 'bisameJ 'pig' [zJ Voiced alveolar grooved fricative; occurs as onset of syllables in free variation with [sJ intervocalically in some words. This relationship may be expressed by the rule:

lsi -4 [sJIOJ[zJ/V V [sJ/elsewhere

la'surul [a's~ruJ""'[a'z~ruJ 'eye' I'meisel [ 'me' s r.J,.... [ 'me' zt:J 'tree type I la'sol [a' so J..... [a' zo J 'forehead I Inl Non-palatalized front lingual nasal continuant [nJ Voiced alveolar nasal; occurs as onset or coda of syllables word initial, medial, and final. Ino'mel [no'mE.J 'moss type' I'nel [ 'n£J ' I ' Ima 'nal [rna ' naJ 'to sleep' I'bental/ ['b£ntalJ 'mud' I' kanl [ 'kan J 'you (sg.)' /kiki'man/ [k iki 'manJ 'together' III Non-palatalized front lingual liquid continuant [lJ Voiced alveolar lateral; occurs as onset or coda of syllables, word initial, medial, and final. : Ilo'gel [10 ' 9£J 'sweet potato type' 1'1 ulJn al ['lu!)naJ 'to throw to side, omit' Iga' 1al [ga'laJ 'taro type I I'melmanl ['mElman] 'waterside' Ikal 'kemnal [k a1 'ktmn a J 'to know~ study' I'yall ['yalJ 'flower stem' KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 57 ItI Palatalized front lingual spirant continua;nt [t~] Voiceless alveopalatal affricate; occurs as onset of syllables word initial and medial.

I '~ol [ 't~o] 'wood' I'temnal [ 't~fmna] 'to snap, break' I 'me~a~1 [ 'm£t~ap] 'forest animal type' I 'te~anal [ 't(.tsana] 'to carry net bag over shoulder' InYI Palatalized front lingual nasal continuant [nY] Voiced palatalized alveolar nasal; occurs as onset of syllables, word initial an~ medial.

l'nYokle~1 [ 'nYoklt;p] 'bird type' I 'nYa~el ['nYa~£] 'boy' ·/morom'nYal [mor:om' nYa] 'bird type' Ikuma 'nYal [kuma' nYa] 'breeze' 11YI Palatalized front lingual liquid continuant elY] Voiced palatalized alveolar lateral; occurs as onset of syllables, word initial and medial. l'lYuml 'mushroom' l'lYel , gr as s sk i rt ' Iga'lYel 'pl ant type ' Ikwa'lYel 'earthworm' /y/ Front lingual semi-vowel continuant [y] Vo iced palatal semi-vowel; occurs as onset of syllables, word initial, except before front vowels, and medially.

I'yall riyal] 'flower stem' Iya~'yel [yap ' y€] 'blood' Isi~'yall [sip'yal] 'mouth' /~um' yal [~um 'ya] 'sn ake type' /te'yaul [t£'yaU ] 'carved cassowary bone' Iwa' yuml [wa' yumJ 'rodent type 58 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY .., [dzJ Voiced alveopalatal affricate; occurs as onset of syllables, word initially before front vowels. This relationship between [yJ and [d~J may be expressed as follows: ., Iyl.-, [dzJ/# front vowels [y J I eT'Sewhere

lye 'na/ [dl~'naJ 'rodent' Iye'ne/ [d~l'nfJ 'food' /'yel'kone/ ['dzlpkon£] 'I'm going to eat' Non-front Linguals /k/ Voiceless non - labialized non-front lingual stop [kJ Voiceless velar stop; occurs as onset of syllables word initial and following a consonant, as coda of syllables word medial and word final and in free fluctuation with [gJ and [kJ intervocalically_ • Ikai 'le/ [ka~'l£] 'thigh' /ka~e'ne/ [kar£' n£] 'far' /ba' kef [ba'k£J 'veget ab 1e type' /'nYoklel'/ [ , nYok ' 1£ p] 'bird type' /ek'mok/ [tk'mokJ 'sweet potato type' /'yuk/ [ 'yuk J , alon e, another' Voiced velar spirant; occurs as onset of syllables intervocalically in pre-stressed syllables where V is the mid /0/, and in fr ee fluctuation with [kJ and [~J intervocalically in st ressed syllables where both Vs are mid or low back vowels .

[~ J Voiceless backed velar stop; occurs word initial preceding /a/ in the speech of some individual speakers and in free fluctuation with [§J and [kJ intervocalically in stressed syllables where both Vs are mid or low back vowels. These relationships may be seen in the rule:

/k/~ [kJ/# a (in some speakers) [kJ"'liJ/V [~J/V I_V, where both vowels are mid or low back [§J/V V', where both vowels are mid or low back [kJ/eT'Sewhere KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY .59

/mo 'kon/ [mo 'konJ.· ...{mo '§onJ,..., [mo '~on] , 1ake, pond' /to'ka/ [to'ka]~[to'§a]~[to'~a] 'edible

. V N leaf' /bakom'kor/ [ba§om'kor] 'taro · type' /g/ Voiced non-labialized non-front lingual stop [g] Voiced velar stop; occurs as onset of syllables word in it i ally. The OR ly med i a 1 occurrences in the d.ata are in onomatopoetic words and in reduplicated forms. /goulna/ [goUlnaJ Ito wade I /'galYam/ [ 'ga1 Yam] 'taro type' /gete anal [gftf.lnaJ Ito bundle ' Non-labialized non-front lingual nasal continuant [9J Voiced velar nasal; occurs as onset and coda of syllables word initial, medial and final.

/ryo 110/ [~o 'lqJ Ied i b1 e plan t type' 1 /ryagai I a/ [lJa~a I aJ 'taro type I /ellJe/ [E. '!Jf] 'ripe ' / am I rye/ [amlry£] 'tai l' I 'kwani II f'kWani~] 'sweet potato' /bo 1109 bo I lo~ Isweet potato type' /t/ Non-front lingual liquid continuant [r] Voiced alveolar flap; occurs in syllable onset, intervocalically.

lur-a'sin/ [u¥a'sin] 'face I /'mitinYe/ [ 'mltinYf] 'b 1ack I rrJ Voiced alveolar trill; occurs in syllable coda word medial and final. This relationship may be seen in the rule:

/r / --) [:]1-t~l [r]/elsewhere /ba'ka¥/ [ba 'karJ 'sweet potato type' /o¥'bol [o'r'boJ 'footprint' / IafJu'fye/ [' afJury£] 'banana type' 60 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY

IkWI Voiceless labialized non-front lingual stop Ii [kW] Voiceless labialized velar stop; occurs as onset of syllables word initial and medial. IkWir'yel 'star' IkWal'yel 'earthworm' Ibu'kwell , Iwood type' ItukWe'nal 'to notch wood' IgWI Voiced labialized non-front lingual stop [gW] Voiced labialized velar stop; occurs as onset of syllables word initial. l'gWeil [lgWe i ] Isugar cane' l'gWatenal [lgWatcna] 'to roll up I l'gWelemal [ IgW£lfma] 'vegetable type I Labialized non-front lingual nasal continuant [9W] Voiced labialized velar nasal; occurs as onset of syllables word initial. 'to scream I 'pig noise ' Non-linguals /b/ Voiced non-lingual stop [b] Voiced bilabial stop; occurs as onset of syllables word initial and word medial if preceded by another C. I Ibo 1I [ Ibo 1] , sk in, bark' l'butinYel ['butinYt] 'two' I IS amb an I [ , s amb an ] Ih air tie t Iket'bulal [k!t'bula] Iwood chips'

[~] Voiced bilabial fricative ; occurs intervocalically.

I i I bel [i '~l] 'mosquito' I Iatebal [ I at!ea] 'this one I

I~I Non-lingual spirant continuant [~] Voiceless bilabial fricative ; occurs as onset of syllables word initial and medial.

I'~oil Isn ake type I I~o'tol) I 'hair, fur' I I im~el 'taro type I Iba I lS~e/ 'gourd I lefjo'ral 'banana type' KET'ENGBAN PHONOLOGY 61 [p] Voiceless bilabial stop; occurs as syllable c;:oda word medial and fi~al.

Isi~'yal/ [sip'yal] 'mouth' /'i~na/ [ , i pna] 'morning' /'nYokle~/ [' nYok l(p] 'bird type' /a'~u~/ [a'~up] 'in a little while' The relationship between [b] and [a] can be seen in the rule:

/b/~[I3]/V V [b ]/eTSewhere

The relationship between [~] and [p] can be seen in the rule:

/~/ -::, [p ]/-~1

[~]/elsewhere Iml Non-lingual nasal continuant [m] Voiced bilabial nasal occurs as onset and coda of syllables word initial, medial, and final. /molte/ [molt!] Isongl /'mi/ [ 'mi] Ich il d I /'bame/ [ Ibamf] Ipee 1 I /ek'mok/ [£k'mok] Isweet potato type I /bum'lae/ [bum)'!] Isnake type I Ita I ami [ta'ram] 'trunk (tree, body) , Iw/ Non-lingual semi-vowel continuant [w] Voiced labial semi-vowel; occurs as onset of syllables, word initial and medial.

/wi I na/ [wi ~ na] Ito sew, weave' /wei'ke/ [we 1 'k£.] 'a lot, big' /ka'wai/ [ka'wai] 'shady pl ace I /tawa InYe/ [tawa InYc] 'banana type I 3.2.1 Consonant Sequences All consonant sequences in Ketengban occur across · syllable boundaries. There are no unambiguous consonant clusters within a the syllable and therefore no ceve, eevve, eev, eevv, cevee, eevvee, evee, or evvee patterns. The complex non-syllabics (palatalized front linguals and labialized non-front linguals) ~ pattern as single complex units. Those consonant clusters which occur across syllable boundaries are summarized in the following chart. As can be seen from the 62 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY chart only simple nasals, liquids, and /k/ and /fJ/ may be the first C of a cluster. first C/second C t d s n c nY lY Y k 9 9 "r kW gW ~w b fJ m w t

d KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 63 3.2.2 Contrastive Sets of Consonants The following contrastive sets are presented with pairs contrasting word initially, medially and finally if occurring in these post ions. Voiced versus voiceless stops: It I and Idl /'tu/ 'dirt' /'du/ 'seed, egg, fruit' /'douna/ 'to throw' /'touna/ 'to shave' /a'duke/ 'what's stored in a net bag' /ka'tume/ 'chee~' /k/ and /9/ /'gimna/ 'to bundle' /'kimna/ 'to wear'

/'ko~ol'ye/ 'rodent type' /'go¥ol'ye/ 'they moved' /k w/ and /gW /

/'kWa~ona/ 'to free by untying' /'gWatena/ 'to roll up' /kwene'na/ 'to weed' /'gWelema/ 'veget ab 1e type' Stops versus continuants: /t/ and /s/ ' /'tul)ku1/ 'thorn' /'sulJku1/ 'arrowhead' /me'ta/ 'fat' / 'mesal 'sago' /bu'te/ 'ashes' /bu'se/ 'bird type' /t/ and /r/

/'buta/ 'surface dirt I /'bura/ louts ide I 64 KETENGBAN PHO'NOLOGY Idl and Irl ~ la'dukel 'what's stored in a net bag' la'rumel 'roof' " Iwa'donl 'sweet potato type' l'kWafo~1 'tree with edible leaves and fruit' Ibl and IfJI I'bol 'leaf' l'fJol 'an imal' Iba' nal 'to walk' IfJa' nal 'to make fire' Ibl and Iwl I'baml 'peel' I 'wal 'garden'

Ibe'~el 'he's going' Iwe'f'yel 'bird type' Idl and III l' du 9nal 'to vomit' l'lu9nal 'to throw to side, omit' I'duel 'seed, egg, fruit' I ' 1uel 'flower stem' Iwa'dunl 'sweet pot ato type' Ika' 1uml 'manioc type' It I and 11 I I'tuel 'dirt' 1'1 uel 'flower stem' I'mutel 'song' I'bulel 'cold' I' s itl 'bee type' I'sill 'bee type' ~

of KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 65

P~latalized versus non-palatalized: Icl and 7s7 I Icemnal Ito snap, break I ~ I I selJn al Ito dig I

I Imeta~1 'forest animal I Ilmesal Isago I InYI and Inl

IlnYa~el 'boy' I'naninl 'mother '

l'nYo k le~1 'bird type I l'no9mel Isweet I Imotom ' nYal 'bird type I Imoromlnal'" Itaro type I f lY I and III I '1Yuml 'mushrooms ' /'l uge l Isweet potato type I t. I amu I lYel Isma 11 bean type I la'mulel lear I Labialized versus non-labialized: Ik wI and Ikl Ikwa'lil Itree type I Ika'lol Isweet potato type I Ikwene'nal Ito weed I Ikete ' nal Ito sh arpen I IgWI and Igl

IgWi 'ni~nal Ito fold ' I Igi~il)nal Ito scratch I I IgWelemal Iveget ab 1e type I Igelnemnal Ito walk across perpendicularly' IryWI and IrJ I IfJ wak I!3en al 'bird noise' ~ I' gaDI 'side of neck' 66 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY Front versus non-front: In and 711 ~ /ma '1e/ 'arrow ' /ba'le/ ' snake ' /0 't-a/ 'okay' /bo 'le/ I sk in I

Inl and /~/ /'bon/ 'hole ' /'no~/ 'body' /a'lin/ 'net bag ' /a ' li9/ 'bird type I / nY/ and /9/ l 'nYafje/ 'boy' IQari'e/ 'bird type' 3.3 Vowel Description ':

/ il High [i] High close front unrounded vocoid; occurs word initially, medially, and finally.

/'mi/ 'chil d I / i I kWa/ 'chayote vine ' I d i'l a/ 'scar' /kini ' na / 'to close I /te ' li9na/ 'taro type I /do'kil 'edible plant ' [L] High open front unrounded vocoid; occurs before /r/ and /1/.7

/'sil/ ['s(.lJ 'bee type I /kili ' na/ [klli'naJ 'to wipe body' /i~i ' na / [t.ri 'naJ 'to hold in arms I I' k i~ikal [ Ikt.,rika] I earwax' / I g i r i I)n a/ [ I g (. ~ i I)n a] 'to scratch I The relationship between [i] and [L] can be seen in the following rule:

Ii / -+ [c.]! ~, 1 ['1 ]leTsewnere KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 67 /e/ Mid front vowel [(J Mid open front unrounded vocoid; occurs word initially, medially and finally. [LJ High open front unrounded vocoid freely varies with [(] in some environments (See Note 7).

/I me / [ 1 m!] Iwater I /ekllu/ [t: k I 1u J Iplant type I / de I 1a/ [d£1 1a] I wa 111 /allen/ [all£nJ Inet bag I l /e I na/ [t. Ina] Ito look ·for /lkeJ3ke/ [ Ikt:.pk f.] Ihe wore I /u/ High back vowel [uJ High back rounded vocoid (which in Ketengban has a pronunciation which is slightly lowered); occurs in the initial, medial, and final positions of words. /ltU/ [I tuJ Idirtl /Iul/ [ lul] Isaliva l Illutlnal [ I 1uona] Ito throw to side, omitl /kulme/ [ku ImE.J Ineck I /Ikalum/ [I kal urn] Icharcoal l Imunldu/ [munlduJ Istomach I /0/ Mid back vowel [0 ] Mid back'rounded vocoid (which in Keten9ban has a pronunciation which is slightly lowered); occurs in the initial, medial, and final positions of the word. Ilbo/ [Ibo] Ipeel l Ilboll [I bo 1J Iskin I IJ30 l nal [l1o l na] Ito hitl lo~lelnal [orlf Ina] Ito weed I /teJ3 lnYol [Up InYo] lupper arm I 11 ill 09/ [lill0I)J Isaliva l /a/ Low back vocoid [a] Low close central unrounded vocoid; occurs word initial, medial, and final. Il wa / [ Iwa] Igardenl I I ami [I am] Itaro I lamboltumnYel [amboltumnYE] Itomorrow I Ide 11 a/ [dt l 1a] I wa 111 Ibe Ilaml [bt.llam] Itaro type I lal~a~1 [all)a~] Inaughtyl 68 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 3.3.1 Vowel Sequences Two types of vowel sequences occur in Ketengban . The first are phonetic glides, interpreted as sequences of vQwel phonemes within one syllable. (For discussion of this see Note 5.) The second type occurs across syllable boundaries with each filling the peak slot of a syllable. The following chart summarizes the vowe l sequences found in Ketengban, with X representing vowel glides and * representing vowel clusters occurring across syllable bound ar i es. first V/second V

e a 0 u * * * e X * a X * X

0 X X u * * * Chart 3: Vowel sequences 3.3.2 Contrastive Sets of Vowels Iii and lei I'mil Ichil d I I'mel Iwater I I i In al Ito d am a poo 1 I lelnal Ito look fori I d ill al Iscar I Ide'lal Iwa 11 1 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 69 lu/ and 101 Ilyul Itaro type I Ilyol 'bone ' IIf3ul 'pai n I 11f301 'animal I

I I lYomel - 'long' 1'1Yumel 'mushroom '

I I 1u9 nal Ito throw to side, omit I III ol)n al Ito shake ' I'bulel 'cold ' I'bolel 'skin, bark I 101 and lal Iitomnal Ito carryl I I tamnal Ito let go, free '

110 I nal 'peel, untie ' 11 a I n al Ito open (eyes) I 11f301 Ianimal I I I f3al Iplant type I lf30 lnal Ito hit I IfJa I nal Ito rub to make a fire ' lei and lal Ilmel Iwater I Ilmal 'bird ' I'benel 111m going' I'banel Ivall ey I 4.0 Orthography Suggestions The following chart summarizes the phonemes of the Omban dialect of Ketengban, their variants, a strictly phonemic orthography and a suggested orthography taking into consideration such factors as the national language, orthographies presently in use and dialect differences. 70 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY

Phoneme Variants Phon. Orthog. ~. Orthog. t t t

d d d s s s s z n n n 1 "c "c c nY nY ny lY lY ly k k k k ~ ~

9 9 9 IJ 9 ng v "r ,..,r "r r r kW kW kw gW gW gw w 9 9w ngw b b b b e

~ p p

m m m W W W ., Y y., Y Y dz ~

----~~ Notes 1 Research for this paper was carried out under the auspices of the Universitas Cenderawasih-Summer Institute of Linguistics Project. We would like to express our appreciation to Elias Basinye and Piyus Kulka for their help as we gathered material for and prepared this paper and also to Marit Kana and Dr. Ken ~ Gregerson for the valuable insights and suggestions which they gave. 2 Fowler, G. and J., Rule, M. and J., Alphabet and Grammar of the Ketengban Language. Unpublished paper, 'Unevangelized Fields Mission, 1972. 3 DeVries, J. and S., Ketengban Phonology. Unpublished paper, UNCEN-SIL, 1977. 4 Heeschen, V., The Mek Languages of Irian Jaya with Special Reference to the Eipo Language. Irtan Vol. VII, No.2, 1978.

5, Five vocoiq glides have been observed. These glides are: [ai, e', aU, oU, o'J. At least three possible solutions present themselves as to the interpretation of these glides. The first is to consider them as phonemic vowel glides (phonetically complex unit phonemes), because they receive only one mora of timing and therefore fill the peak of one syllable. This interpretation would yield a situation in the vowel phonemes parallel to that of the complex consonant phonemes. There would be no particular pressure to use special orthographic symbols other than their individual etic members (a'~ai) and no new syllable types would be added to our inventory. The obvious disadvantage to this interpretation is that an additional five vowel phonemes are posited, increasing the total by one hundred percent (from five to ten). 72 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY A second alternative would be to interpret these vowel sequences wi~h one mora of timing as vowel plus semi-vowel; that is, [a']-+/ay/. This would, however, give final consonant clusters in syllables for which there are no unambiguous patterns in the language. For example: [Iourona] Ilowmnal [ Ina'mna] I I naymnal The third. description, chosen by the writers, is to consider these sequences of one morals timing as complex nuclei within a single syllable. Although four new syllable patterns (with a VV syllable peak) are introduced for the inventory of syllable types, these new patterns are easily recognized and distinguished from sequences of two syllable nuclei by the following criteria: 1) Timing: The complex nucleus receives but one mora of timing, whereas two simple nuclei receive two moras. 2) Stress: Where the complex nuclei receive stress, only the first member may be the stressed peak, whereas in a sequence of two nuclei, either member may potentially carry stress. 3) Internal membership: The first member of a complex nucleus will never be a high vowel and its second member will always be either Iii or lui. • 4) Direction of glide: A complex nucleus never glides down and always glides up to a high vowel in one of two basic directions: either up and back (ub) or up and front (uf).

The direction of movement in a sequence of two simple nuclei may be in one of seven directions: up and front (uf), down and front (df), up and back (ub), down and back (db), straight front ( f), back (b), or down (d). (uf)

(f) ~---3t~-1 (b) (df) (db)

(d) KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY 73 In only one case is the second member a high vowel (ui) and in this case the movement is not up, but rather forward only (similar to that of leol which phonetically is 1L0J, a movement back only). This description seemed the most economical in terms of the complexity of the phonemic system. The discussion is patterned after that presented by K.A. McElhanon for the Selepet language in Selepet Vocoid Clusters, Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 12, 1967.

6 There are a few examples in the data where [f:jJ seems to be in free variation with [sJ. Some speakers tend towards more voicing than others in these words. The status of these is still unclear, but the following examples illustrate the problem: [asL kin a]f"V [af:jL kin a J 'fireplace poles ' [b( ISf 9tLtLna] tv [bf If:jf.r)tt. tl na] Ito glance ' [disu'nYaJ [dif:ju'nYa] 'eyebrow' [gasulna] [gaf:julna] Irooster crowl 7 At present the analysis is not completely settled in regard to the front vowels. We have some evidence to date which leads us to believe that [L] may be phonemic. There are words in which [t] or ! [t] are con s i stent 1y pronounced wi thout var i at i on and others in which they vary. Because of the range of pronunciation of [i] these differences are difficult to pin down at this point and we have not been able to state phonological rules for these differences. Our data for Omban do not support the conclusions reached for this phonetic value in the material from either Okbap or Bime. A related problem for semi-literates in Omban is that orthographies presently in use in the area present only two alternatives for front vowels. We have observed some confusion by those attempting to write wh"en the phonetic value of the high open front vocoid [~] was involved. We hope to be able to clear up the analyti'cal problems involved here with continued investigation and testing. Examples of free variation:

[ I k t. 1] '" [ I k£ 1] 'bird type I [ I mL t Lk ]..v [ I m£ t£k ] ' sma l1 I [ I klmlla] rv [ I kvnna] Ito wear I 74 KETENGBAN PHONOLOGY Data which illustrate possible contrast:

[1~L.naJ 'clearing land' [13( Ina] 'to speak' ['biJ 'red' ['bd 'bird type' [1~lJ 'sap'