Size Perception PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 22 Size Constancy
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
PREDICTIVE PROCESSING in the RETINA THROUGH EVALUATION of the OMITTED-STIMULUS RESPONSE by SAMANTHA I. FRADKIN a Thesis to Be Su
PREDICTIVE PROCESSING IN THE RETINA THROUGH EVALUATION OF THE OMITTED-STIMULUS RESPONSE By SAMANTHA I. FRADKIN A thesis to be submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Psychology Written under the direction of Steven M. Silverstein And approved by ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Predictive Processing in the Retina Through Evaluation of the Omitted-Stimulus Response By SAMANTHA I. FRADKIN Thesis Director: Dr. Steven M. Silverstein While previous studies have demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate predictive coding abnormalities in high-level vision, it is unclear whether impairments exist in low-level predictive processing within the disorder. Evaluation of the omitted-stimulus response (OSR), i.e., activity following the omission of a light flash subsequent to a repetitive stimulus, has been examined previously to assess prediction within retinal activity. Given that little research has focused on the OSR in humans, the present study investigated if predictive processing could be detected at the retinal level within a healthy human sample, and whether this activity was associated with high-level predictive processing. Flash electroretinography (fERG) was recorded while eighteen healthy control participants viewed a series of consecutive light flashes within a 1.96 Hz single-flash condition with a flash luminance of 85 Td · s, as well as a 28.3 Hz flicker condition with a flash luminance of 16 Td · s. Participants also completed the Ebbinghaus ii task, a context sensitivity task that assesses high-level predictive processing, and the Audio-Visual Abnormalities Questionnaire (AVAQ), which measures frequency of self- reported auditory and visual sensory distortions. -
The Moon Illusion and Size–Distance Scaling—Evidence for Shared Neural Patterns
The Moon Illusion and Size–Distance Scaling—Evidence for Shared Neural Patterns Ralph Weidner1*, Thorsten Plewan1,2*, Qi Chen1, Axel Buchner3, Peter H. Weiss1,4, and Gereon R. Fink1,4 Abstract ■ A moon near to the horizon is perceived larger than a moon pathway areas including the lingual and fusiform gyri. The func- at the zenith, although—obviously—the moon does not change tional role of these areas was further explored in a second ex- its size. In this study, the neural mechanisms underlying the periment. Left V3v was found to be involved in integrating “moon illusion” were investigated using a virtual 3-D environ- retinal size and distance information, thus indicating that the ment and fMRI. Illusory perception of an increased moon size brain regions that dynamically integrate retinal size and distance was associated with increased neural activity in ventral visual play a key role in generating the moon illusion. ■ INTRODUCTION psia; Sperandio, Kaderali, Chouinard, Frey, & Goodale, Although the moon does not change its size, the moon 2013; Enright, 1989; Roscoe, 1989). near to the horizon is perceived as relatively larger com- One concept of size constancy scaling implies that the pared with when it is located at the zenith. This phenome- retinal image size and the estimated distance of an object non is called the “moon illusion” and is one of the oldest are conjointly considered, thereby enabling constant size visual illusions known (Ross & Plug, 2002). Despite exten- perception of objects at different distances (Kaufman & sive research, no consensus has been reached regarding Kaufman, 2000). With respect to the moon illusion, appar- the underlying perceptual and neural correlates (Ross & ent distance theories, for example, propose that “the per- Plug, 2002; Hershenson, 1989). -
Vision Science and Psychology Approach to Adaptation Processes Lied in Base of Visual Illusions
1st Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference, AIIC 2013, 24-26 April, Azores, Portugal - Proceedings- VISION SCIENCE AND PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH TO ADAPTATION PROCESSES LIED IN BASE OF VISUAL ILLUSIONS Prof. Maris Ozolinsh Mag. Didzis Lauva Olga Danilenko University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Abstract: We have experimentally studied visual adaptation processes and compared results in various visual perception tasks. Adaptation stimuli were demonstrated on computer screen and differed each from other by their luminance, colour, duration and dynamics related to the excited retinal and consequently the cortex neural cells and corresponding visual areas. Depth and characteristic times of adaptation processes depend on visual perception task. The slowest characteristic times (in range up to 10 sec and more) from studied processes are for adaptation to size of moving targets exciting retinal cells by equiluminant and isochrome stimuli, that are processed along parvocellular and magnocellular visual pathways. We assume that neural cell physiology lays on the base of this kind of size adaptation. Another kind of size adaptation where retinal cell excitation is static realizes in Ebbinghaus illusion. Here parallel to ongoing adaptation process brain uses also previously acquired knowledge to make shift in decision about stimuli size, and physiological effects dominate over psychological effects in perception of such stimuli. Over- or underestimating sizes in Ebbinghaus illusion with non-moving stimuli realizes much faster, and the degree of perception errors practically does not depend whether margnocellular or parvocellular visual pathway are activated – contrary to adaptation to dynamic moving targets. Key Words: Perceptive fields, visual illusions, magnocellular, parvocellurar pathways, processing of colour signals Introduction: Human brain processes inputs from our senses in very smart manner including modifications of deduction according to feedbacks in the sense pathways or to our previous experience. -
Saccadic Eye Movements and Perceptual Judgments Reveal a Shared Visual Representation That Is Increasingly Accurate Over Time ⇑ Wieske Van Zoest A, , Amelia R
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Vision Research 51 (2011) 111–119 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Saccadic eye movements and perceptual judgments reveal a shared visual representation that is increasingly accurate over time ⇑ Wieske van Zoest a, , Amelia R. Hunt b a Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands b School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2UB, UK article info abstract Article history: Although there is evidence to suggest visual illusions affect perceptual judgments more than actions, Received 7 July 2010 many studies have failed to detect task-dependant dissociations. In two experiments we attempt to Received in revised form 22 September 2010 resolve the contradiction by exploring the time-course of visual illusion effects on both saccadic eye movements and perceptual judgments, using the Judd illusion. The results showed that, regardless of whether a saccadic response or a perceptual judgement was made, the illusory bias was larger when Keywords: responses were based on less information, that is, when saccadic latencies were short, or display duration Perception and action was brief. The time-course of the effect was similar for both the saccadic responses and perceptual judge- Visual illusions ments, suggesting that both modes may be driven by a shared visual representation. Changes in the Saccadic eye movements Time-course of processing strength of the illusion over time also highlight the importance of controlling for the latency of different response systems when evaluating possible dissociations between them. -
Visual Context Processing in Schizophrenia
Empirical Article Clinical Psychological Science 1(1) 5 –15 Visual Context Processing in Schizophrenia © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/2167702612464618 http://cpx.sagepub.com Eunice Yang1,2, Duje Tadin3,4, Davis M. Glasser3, Sang Wook Hong1,5, Randolph Blake1,2, and Sohee Park1 1Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University; 2Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea; 3Center for Visual Science and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester; 4Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester; and 5Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University Abstract Abnormal perceptual experiences are central to schizophrenia, but the nature of these anomalies remains undetermined. We investigated contextual processing abnormalities across a comprehensive set of visual tasks. For perception of luminance, size, contrast, orientation, and motion, we quantified the degree to which the surrounding visual context altered a center stimulus’s appearance. Healthy participants showed robust contextual effects across all tasks, as evidenced by pronounced misperceptions of center stimuli. Schizophrenia patients exhibited intact contextual modulations of luminance and size but showed weakened contextual modulations of contrast, performing more accurately than controls. Strong motion and orientation context effects correlated with worse symptoms and social functioning. Importantly, the overall strength of contextual -
The Final Publication Is Available at Pms.Sagepub.Com
1 The final publication is available at pms.sagepub.com http://pms.sagepub.com/content/122/1/88.full.pdf Sherman JA, and Chouinard PA (2016) Attractive contours of the Ebbinghaus illusion. Perceptual and Motor Skills 122: 88–95. Title: Attractive contours of the Ebbinghaus illusion. Joshua A. Sherman School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. E: [email protected] Philippe A. Chouinard * School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia. E: [email protected] Running Head: Contours and Ebbinghaus Illusion Keywords: Size perception, Ebbinghaus illusion, biphasic contour interaction theory. * Corresponding author. Summary: There is debate as to whether or not the Ebbinghaus illusion is driven by high-level cognitive size contrast mechanisms as opposed to low-level biphasic contour interactions. In this study, we examine the variability in effects that are shared between this illusion and a different illusion that cannot be explained logically by a size contrast account. This comparison revealed that nearly one quarter of the variability for one illusion is shared with the other – demonstrating how a size-contrast account cannot be the sole explanation for the Ebbinghaus illusion. 2 Introduction What processes occur along the progression from retinal input to an illusory perceptual experience of the Ebbinghaus illusion? The display causing the illusion consists of an inner circle surrounded by a ring of contextual circles that are physically either larger or smaller than the inner circle. The surrounding contextual elements leads the viewer to perceive the inner circle to appear smaller or larger than it actually is (Fig. -
A Neuro-Mathematical Model for Size and Context Related Illusions
A neuro-mathematical model for size and context related illusions. B. Franceschiello, A. Sarti, G. Citti March 2019 Abstract We provide here a mathematical model of size/context illusions, inspired by the functional architecture of the visual cortex. We first recall previous models of scale and orientation, in particular [46], and simplify it, only considering the feature of scale. Then we recall the deformation model of illusion, introduced by [16] to describe orientation related GOIs, and adapt it to size illusion. We finally apply the model to the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions, validating the results by comparing with experimental data from [34] and [44]. 1 Introduction Geometrical-optical illusions (GOIs) are a class of phenomena first discovered by German physicists and physiologists in the late XIX century, among them Oppel and Hering ([39], [22]), and can be defined as situations where a perceptual mismatch between the visual stimulus and its geometrical properties arise [53]. Those illusions are typically analyzed according to the main geometrical features of the stimulus, whether it is contours orientation, contrast, context influence, size or a combination of the above mentioned ones ([53, 38, 11]). arXiv:1908.10162v1 [q-bio.NC] 27 Aug 2019 Figure 1: The Ebbinghaus illusion (left) and the Delboeuf illusion (right) In this work we are mainly interested in size and context related phenomena, a class of stimuli where the size of the surroundings elements induces a misperception of the central target width. In figure 1, two famous effects are presented, the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions: the presence of circular inducers (figure 1, left) and of an annulus (figure 1, right) varies the perceived sizes of the central targets. -
Low-Spatial-Frequency Bias in Context-Dependent Visual Size Perception
Journal of Vision (2018) 18(8):2, 1–9 1 Low-spatial-frequency bias in context-dependent visual size perception Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Lihong Chen Dalian, People’s Republic of China $ Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Congying Qiao Dalian, People’s Republic of China $ State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yi Jiang Beijing, People’s Republic of China $ Spatial frequency (SF) information is essential for visual However, rather than in isolation, objects appear in a perception. By combining a sensitization procedure and spatiotemporal context. Converging evidence suggests the Ebbinghaus illusion, we investigated the effect of SF that human visual size perception is highly context- bias in context-dependent visual size perception. During dependent. For instance, an object appears larger when the sensitization phase, participants were repeatedly surrounded by small items than when the same object is presented with low- or high-pass filtered faces or surrounded by large items (the Ebbinghaus illusion). gratings and were asked to discriminate the gender or Many studies have found that human visual size the orientation of them, respectively. Immediately perception is modulated by threatening information following the sensitization phase, the Ebbinghaus illusion (Shiban et al., 2016; Stefanucci & Proffitt, 2009; van strength was measured. The results showed that the Ulzen, Semin, Oudejans, & Beek, 2008; Vasey et al., illusion strength was significantly larger when the prior sensitized images were low-pass filtered relative to 2012; Whitaker, McGraw, & Pearson, 1999), even when when they were high-pass filtered. -
234 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION Introduction the Broad Themes of This Thesis Have Ranged from Crossmodal Plasticity to Automat
234 CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION Introduction The broad themes of this thesis have ranged from crossmodal plasticity to automaticity (behavioral and neural), and rehabilitation of the blind population. Crossmodal plasticity is critical to the learning of any sensory substitution encoding, as sensory substitution inherently bridges across two modalities: the sense that receives the information, and that which interprets it. The automaticity of sensory substitution was studied both behaviorally (Chapter 3) and with neural imaging (Chapter 4). Automaticity of SS is critical to improving blind rehabilitation with sensory substitution, and the studies in this thesis will aid in the development of better training techniques and device encodings. Finally, blind rehabilitation has recurred as a theme throughout all of the thesis chapters, and is an important end application of this research. Discussion Crossmodal Plasticity Crossmodal plasticity is the foundation of all sensory substitution learning. Through crossmodal interactions and then plastic changes of those interactions, sensory substitution stimuli are interpreted visually, and action is generated. The type of plasticity, whether strengthening or weakening of existing neural connections or the generation of new neural connections, likely depends on the task, duration of training, and visual deprivation of the participant (i.e., blind or sighted). 235 The experiments in this thesis all rely on plastic changes across the senses to generate improved performance at sensory substitution tasks. The results of these plastic changes are measured behaviorally in Chapters 2 and 3, and with neural imaging (fMRI) in Chapters 4 and 5. In Chapter 2, the constancy processing of SS stimuli (after training) is likely mediated by visual neural regions that are activated by crossmodal plastic changes. -
The Ponzo Illusion with Auditory Substitution of Vision in Sighted and Early-Blind Subjects
Perception, 2005, volume 34, pages 857 ^ 867 DOI:10.1068/p5219 The Ponzo illusion with auditory substitution of vision in sighted and early-blind subjects L Renier, C Laloyauxô, O Collignon, D Tranduy, A Vanlierde, R Bruyer½, A G De Volder# Neural Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Universite¨ Catholique de Louvain, 54 Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium; ô Cognitive Science Research Unit, Universite¨ Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F D Roosevelt, Brussels B-1050, Belgium; ½ Cognitive Neurosciences Unit, Universite¨ Catholique de Louvain, 10 Place du Cardinal Mercier, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium; e-mail: [email protected] Received 12 February 2004, in revised form 22 November 2004; published online 6 July 2005 Abstract. We tested the effects of using a prosthesis for substitution of vision with audition (PSVA) on sensitivity to the Ponzo illusion. The effects of visual experience on the susceptibility to this illusion were also assessed. In one experiment, both early-blind and blindfolded sighted volunteers used the PSVA to explore several variants of the Ponzo illusion as well as control stimuli. No effects of the illusion were observed. The results indicate that subjects focused their attention on the two central horizontal bars of the stimuli, without processing the contextual cues that convey perspective in the Ponzo figure. In a second experiment, we required subjects to use the PSVA to consider the two converging oblique lines of the stimuli before comparing the length of the two horizontal bars. Here we were able to observe susceptibility to the Ponzo illusion in the sighted group, but to a lesser extent than in a sighted non-PSVA control group. -
EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION in TOUCH AS EVIDENCE for the TWO STREAM PERCEPTION-ACTION HYPOTHESIS Erin R
Northern Michigan University NMU Commons All NMU Master's Theses Student Works 8-2014 EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION IN TOUCH AS EVIDENCE FOR THE TWO STREAM PERCEPTION-ACTION HYPOTHESIS Erin R. Smith Northern Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.nmu.edu/theses Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Erin R., "EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION IN TOUCH AS EVIDENCE FOR THE TWO STREAM PERCEPTION-ACTION HYPOTHESIS" (2014). All NMU Master's Theses. 31. https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/31 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at NMU Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All NMU Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of NMU Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION IN TOUCH AS EVIDENCE FOR THE TWO STREAM PERCEPTION-ACTION HYPOTHESIS By Erin Smith THESIS Submitted To Northern Michigan University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements For the degree Of MASTER OF SCIENCE Office of Graduate Education and Research 2014 SIGNATURE APPROVAL FORM Title of Thesis: Ebbinghaus Illusion in Touch as Evidence for the Two-Stream Perception-Action Hypothesis This thesis by Erin R. Smith is recommended for approval by the student’s Thesis Committee and Department Head in the Department of Psychology and by the Assistant Provost of Graduate Education and Research. ____________________________________________________________ Committee Chair: Date ____________________________________________________________ -
Dynamic Effects of the Ebbinghaus Illusion in Grasping: Support for a Planning/Control Model of Action
Perception & Psychophysics 2002, 64 (2), 266-278 Dynamic effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion in grasping: Support for a planning/control model of action SCOTT GLOVER and PETER DIXON University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada A distinction between planning and control can be used to explain the effects of context-induced il- lusions on actions. The present study tested the effects of the Ebbinghaus illusion on the planning and control of the grip aperture in grasping a disk. In two experiments, the illusion had an effect on grip aperture that decreased as the hand approached the target, whether or not visual feedback was avail- able. These results are taken as evidence in favor of a planning/control model, in which planning is sus- ceptible to context-induced illusions, whereas control is not. It is argued that many dissociations be- tween perception and action may better be explained as dissociations between perception and on-line control. The distinctionbetween the premovement planningof an Since Woodworth’s(1899) seminal study,much research actionand its on-linecontrolhas a long history(e.g., Jean- has gone into characterizingthese two stages of action (e.g., nerod, 1988; Keele & Posner, 1968; Woodworth, 1899). Abrams & Pratt, 1993;Elliot,Binsted,& Heath, 1999;Flash Here, we demonstrate that the earlier portions of a grasp- & Henis, 1991; Keele & Posner, 1968; Khan, Franks, & ing movement are more affected by the Ebbinghaus illu- Goodman, 1998; Meyer, Abrams, Kornblum, Wright, & sion than are the latter portions. These results provide fur- Smith, 1988; Pratt & Abrams, 1996), and some distinctions ther support for a planning/control model (Glover, 2001; between the two stages have been elucidated.For example, Glover & Dixon, 2001a,2001b, 2001d)in which planning planning appears to be a relatively slow and deliberate is more susceptible to illusions than control.