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The Philosophy of Physics
The Philosophy of Physics ROBERTO TORRETTI University of Chile PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014, Madrid, Spain © Roberto Torretti 1999 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1999 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Sabon 10.25/13 pt. System QuarkXPress [BTS] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. 0 521 56259 7 hardback 0 521 56571 5 paperback Contents Preface xiii 1 The Transformation of Natural Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century 1 1.1 Mathematics and Experiment 2 1.2 Aristotelian Principles 8 1.3 Modern Matter 13 1.4 Galileo on Motion 20 1.5 Modeling and Measuring 30 1.5.1 Huygens and the Laws of Collision 30 1.5.2 Leibniz and the Conservation of “Force” 33 1.5.3 Rømer and the Speed of Light 36 2 Newton 41 2.1 Mass and Force 42 2.2 Space and Time 50 2.3 Universal Gravitation 57 2.4 Rules of Philosophy 69 2.5 Newtonian Science 75 2.5.1 The Cause of Gravity 75 2.5.2 Central Forces 80 2.5.3 Analytical -
The Origin of Bimaristans (Hospitals) in Islamic Medical History
The Origin of Bimaristans (Hospitals) in Islamic Medical History IMPORTANT NOTICE: Author: Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal Chief Editor: Prof. Mohamed El-Gomati All rights, including copyright, in the content of this document are owned or controlled for these purposes by FSTC Limited. In Deputy Editor: Prof. Mohammed Abattouy accessing these web pages, you agree that you may only download the content for your own personal non-commercial Associate Editor: Dr. Salim Ayduz use. You are not permitted to copy, broadcast, download, store (in any medium), transmit, show or play in public, adapt or Release Date: April 2007 change in any way the content of this document for any other purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of FSTC Publication ID: 682 Limited. Material may not be copied, reproduced, republished, Copyright: © FSTC Limited, 2007 downloaded, posted, broadcast or transmitted in any way except for your own personal non-commercial home use. Any other use requires the prior written permission of FSTC Limited. You agree not to adapt, alter or create a derivative work from any of the material contained in this document or use it for any other purpose other than for your personal non-commercial use. FSTC Limited has taken all reasonable care to ensure that pages published in this document and on the MuslimHeritage.com Web Site were accurate at the time of publication or last modification. Web sites are by nature experimental or constantly changing. Hence information published may be for test purposes only, may be out of date, or may be the personal opinion of the author. -
THE ARABIC COMMENTARIES on the HIPPOCRATIC APHORISMS: ARABIC LEARNED MEDICAL DISCOURSE on WOMEN's BODIES (9Th-15Th Cent.)
THE ARABIC COMMENTARIES ON THE HIPPOCRATIC APHORISMS: ARABIC LEARNED MEDICAL DISCOURSE ON WOMEN'S BODIES (9th-15th cent.) A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2018 ROSALIND M. BATTEN SCHOOL OF ARTS, LANGUAGES AND CULTURES 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 6 Declaration 7 Copyright Statement 8 Abbreviations and Apparatus 9 Acknowledgements 14 The Author 16 Dedication 17 INTRODUCTION 18 0. 1 Preliminaries: The Arabic Commentaries On The Hippocratic Aphorisms 18 0. 2 Literature Review 19 0. 3 The Corpus 28 0. 4 Methodological Framework and Research Questions 37 CHAPTER ONE THE EXEGETICAL DISCOURSE ON APH. 5. 31 40 1. 1 Purpose and Methodology 40 1. 2 The broad social and legal context of the debates on Aph. 5. 31 40 1. 3 Terminology used to denote a pregnancy and failed pregnancy: isqāt (abortion) and ḥaml (burden) 44 1. 4 Acute diseases and pregnancy in the Hippocratic-Galenic tradition 46 1. 5 The exegesis of Aph. 5. 31 in the Arabic tradition 47 1. 5. 1 Galen (tr. Ḥunayn) 47 1. 5. 2 Stephanos of Athens 50 1. 5. 3 Al-Nīlī 52 3 1. 5. 4 Ibn ʾAbī Ṣādiq 54 1. 5. 5 Al-Sinǧārī 60 1. 5. 6 Maimonides 67 1. 5. 7 ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baġdādī 70 1. 5. 8 Ibn al-Nafīs 75 1. 5. 9 Ibn al-Quff 80 1. 5. 10 Al-Sīwāsī 90 1. 5. 11 Al-Ṭabīb’s Commentary on al-Kīšī’s Summary of the Hippocratic ‘Aphorisms’ 93 1. -
6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80279-6 - God and Reason in the Middle Ages Edward Grant Index More information INDEX Page numbers cited directly after a semicolon following a final text subentry refer to relatively minor mentions in the text of the main entry. Abelard, Peter: application of logic to theology, Questions on Generation and Corruption, 186; 57–9; importance of, 48; opposed reason to Questions on the Physics, 186, 187, 190–1; 153, authority, 357; Sic et Non, 60, 62, 79; 26, 46, 170, 275nn, 276nn 50, 51, 62, 63, 64, 73, 100, 144, 333, 337 Albertus Magnus: and the senses, 160; as accidents: lacking a subject, 252; 183 theologian-natural philosopher, 191; few acoustics, 163 mentions of God, 194–5; on God’s absolute Adalberon of Laon, 47 power, 193; on other worlds, 193; on relations Adelard of Bath: as translator, 69; attitude toward between natural philosophy and theology, authority and reason, 69–72; natural 192–5; Commentary on De caelo, 192, 193, 194; philosophy of, 69–72; opposed reason to Commentary on the Physics, 192, 194; 104, 161, authority, 357; Natural Questions, 69, 84; 73, 74 179, 180, 196, 344 Age of Enlightenment: based on seventeenth- Albigenses, 336 century thought, 284 Albucasis, 109 Age of Faith: rather than Age of Reason, 351; 335 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 86 Age of Reason: and Middle Ages, 15, 16, 285; Alexander of Hales, 207, 254nn arrived at religion based on reason, 289; al-Farghani, see Alfraganus began in Middle Ages, 8–9, 289, 290; could Alfraganus, 341 not have occurred without Middle Ages, 292; -
Avicenna-His Life and Times*
AVICENNA-HIS LIFE AND TIMES* BY REUBEN LEVY, LITT.D. Professor ofPersian in the University of Cambridge WILL you allow me to preface what I have to say this evening by acknow- ledging the honour you do me by your invitation to address your Society, and then by warning you that there is very little which is medical about me except what I have acquired by marriage? What I have to say lays no claim to original research, though a knowledge of Arabic has been of help. For scientific literature that language was the lingua franca of the learned world from India to Morocco and Spain once Islam had established itself there, and scholars whose mother-tongue might have been Arabic, Persian, Turk- ish, Spanish or any other used it when writing their books. It was the lan- guageintowhich translations were made-through the intermediaryofSyriac or Hebrew-when the Caliphs wished to delve into the mysteries of Greek philosophy and medicine. Hence, we speak of Arabian science or Arabian medicine, although it was rarely that a native of Arabia concerned himself with such subjects. To turn now to Avicenna, which is a mutilated version of the name Abu 'All ibn Sind. Two years or so ago, the Iranian Government celebrated the thousandth anniversary ofthe birth of this great figure of the Islamic world, where he is known as 'Al-Shaikh, al-Ra'is' (the Shaikh, the Chief), or as 'Al-Mu'allim al-Thani' (the Second Doctor-Aristotle having been the First). According to Western reckoning the celebration was premature, the birth having occurred in A.D. -
Proof of the Necessary of Existence by Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), Various Excerpts (~1020-1037 AD)
Proof of the Necessary of Existence by Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā), various excerpts (~1020-1037 AD) *** The Long Version from Kitab al-Najat (The Book of Salvation), second treatise (~1020 AD) translated by Jon McGinnis and David Reisman (2007) 1. Explaining the Senses of Necessary and Possible The necessarily existent is the existent, which when posited as not existing, an absurdity results. The possibly existent is the one that when posited as either existing or not existing, no absurdity results. The necessarily existent is the existence that must be, whereas the possibly existent is the one that has no “must” about it in any way, whether in terms of its existence or nonexistence. … Next, the necessarily existent may exist through itself or not through itself. What is necessarily existent through itself is that which is owing to itself, not to any other thing … The necessarily existent not through itself is that which becomes necessarily existent if something other than it is set down. For example, four exists necessarily not through itself but only when positing two plus two; and burning exists necessarily not through itself but only when positing contact between the natural active power and the natural passive power, I mean what causes burning and what is burned. 2. The Necessary through Itself Cannot Be Necessary through Another, and the Necessary through Another Is What Is Possible One thing cannot exist simultaneously as necessary through itself and necessary through another. For if the other is removed or its existence not considered, it must be the case that either the necessity of its existence remains unchanged, and so the necessity of its existence is not through another, or the necessity of its existence does not remain, and so the necessity of its existence is not through itself. -
The Metaphysics of Light in the Hexaemeral Literature
The Metaphysics of Light in the Hexaemeral Literature From Philo of Alexandria to Ambrose of Milan I S I D O R O S C H A R A L A M P O S K A T S O S Pembroke College December 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy D e c l a r a t i o n This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Acknowledgements and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Acknowledgements and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Acknowledgements and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit. Isidoros Charalampos Katsos Pembroke College CB2 1RF [email protected] The Metaphysics of Light in the Hexaemeral Literature From Philo of Alexandria to Ambrose of Milan Summary This study investigates the concept of light in the early Jewish-Christian exegesis of the biblical creation narrative (Gen. 1, so-called ‘hexaemeron’). The study argues that the early hexaemeral exegetes theorised light from a dual perspective, both physical and metaphysical. -
The Islamic Revolution of Iran and Migration of Physicians to the United States
7KH,VODPLF5HYROXWLRQDQG0LJUDWLRQRI3K\VLFLDQV Original Article The Islamic Revolution of Iran and Migration of Physicians to the United States +RVVDLQ$5RQDJK\0'03+1,2, Anoshiravan Shajari BS1 Abstract Following the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, the trend of migration of physicians from the country continued. The total number of ,UDQLDQSK\VLFLDQVPLJUDWHGWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV 86 LQFUHDVHGIURPEHIRUHUHYROXWLRQLQWRLQWKLUW\\HDUVSRVWUHY olution. The percentage of medical graduates migrating to the US, in the same period dropped from 15% to 5%. The reasons for this drop were restrictions imposed, along with creation of good postgraduate residency and fellowship programs in Iran. Following the revolution, WKHQXPEHURIPHGLFDOVFKRROVLQFUHDVHGIURPWR'HVSLWHDOOWKHUHVWULFWLRQVDQGLPSHGLPHQWVIRUSRVWUHYROXWLRQPHGLFDOJUDGXDWHV over 500 medical graduates from newly established medical schools found their ways into the healthcare system of the US. In spite of all hardships of eight years of imposed war, and 30 years of the US sanctions, Iran has been able to maintain good progress in its healthcare, education, and research in medicine and other branches of science and technology. Keywords: Iranian physician migration, medical care, medical education Cite the article as: Ronaghy HA, Shajari A. The Islamic Revolution of Iran and Migration of Physicians to the United States. Arch Iran Med. 2013; 16(10): 590 – 593. Introduction The process of modernization in medicine in developing coun- tries and transition from traditional to modernity, and changing he Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979 created a huge fric- Ayurveda-based medical practice WR VFLHQWL¿F EDVHG PHGLFLQH T tion between Iran and Western countries in every respect, LVRIWHQFRPSOH[DQGGLI¿FXOW7KLVtransition may be associated including political, cultural, and educational dimen- with unpredictable and undesirable complications for developing sions. -
A Post-Ghaz2lian Critic of Avicenna: Ibn Ghayl2n Al-Balkhi¯ on the Materia Medica of the Canon of Medicine
Journal of Islamic Studies 24:2 (2013) pp. 135–174 doi:10.1093/jis/ett017 A POST-GHAZ2LIAN CRITIC OF AVICENNA: IBN GHAYL2N AL-BALKHI¯ ON THE MATERIA MEDICA OF THE CANON OF MEDICINE AYMAN SHIHADEH* SOAS, University of London Downloaded from Ibn Ghayl:n al-Balkh; was first brought to attention recently when a work of his was presented as evidence of the spread of Avicennan philosophy, ‘the triumph of Avicennism’, during the sixth/twelfth 1 century. More recently, this figure has been further contextualized and http://jis.oxfordjournals.org/ shown to be of intrinsic interest as evidence and a main representative of a previously-unknown post-Ghaz:lian current that, despite the later obscurity of its exponents, played an immensely vital role in the development of the philosophical and theological traditions by paving the way for the definitive transformation initiated by Fakhr al-D;n al-R:z; later in the century.2 Further light is shed on this current and its wider milieu in Ibn Ghayl:n’s critical gloss on the Book of Simple Drugs in Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, published and examined for the first by Islamic Studies on June 24, 2013 time in the present article. This gloss, as will become clear below, must be one of the most unusual texts in the history of Islamic thought: it shows a philosophically and scientifically learned theologian, inspired by al-Ghaz:l;’s criticism of philosophy, veering away from the usual problems of metaphysics and natural philosophy and instead attacking Avicenna in the field of medicine, his ultimate goals being to demonstrate that Avicenna’s works are unreliable and should not be treated as though * Author’s note: This paper was delivered at the Avicenna Conference, Brigham Young University, June 2010. -
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the Light Recent Researches
İBN SINA (AVICENNA) IN THE LIGHT RECENT RESEARCHES ARSLAN TERZİOĞLU* Born in Afshena near Bukhara in 980, Abû Ali al-Husayn ibn Ab dullah ibn Sînâ was the personal blend of the qualities immanent to a physi- cian, philosopher, chemist, pharmacist, astronomer, poet and a statesman and, as a unique figüre and a renowned man of Islamic culture, he had a remarkable influence upon not only ali the Islamic countries from Türkistan up to Andalusia; but also the whole medicine in Europe six hun- dred years long until the 17th century in as much as not to be shared mor- tally. Know under the Latin form of his name as Avicenna in Europe, he was an exceptional physician overshadowing the deeds of Hippocrates and Galenos, by his masterpiece, al-Kanun jî ’t-Tıbb (Qanun) which was translated into Latin in Toledo a century after his death.1 He had a great fame in the Islamic world. At the beginning of the 14th century in some chapters of Menakib-i Arifin by Ahmed Eflâkî, together with Mevlânâ Celâleddin Rûmî, he was praised and qualified by features becoming nearly to a prophet2. If it had not been very well known that there would have never been a prophet anymore succeeding Hz. Muhammad; and he was com- pared to Mevlânâ Celâleddin Rûmî and Bedreddin-i Tebrizî as an esteem- ed thinker of the Islamic realm .3 Since it is known that he famous muslim physicians, ibn an-Nafis and Hacı Pasha were mentioned as the “Avicen- na”s of their ages, he was apparently regarded as a grand authority of medicine in İslam. -
Appendix 1: Greek and Islamicate Physicians
Appendix 1: Greek and Islamicate Physicians Few of the ancient and medieval physicians and philosophers referred to in this book are household names. As in the underlying works of Galen, the epitomes mention various ancient physicians and philoso- phers by name; Galen, indeed, is our most important source of informa- tion for the doctrines of Hellenistic physicians. The individuals mentioned in connection with the composition of the epitomes are even more obscure. The following are the ancient physicians mentioned in the text of the epitome of On the Sects, including a few names given only in cer- tain manuscripts or mentioned elsewhere in the text. I have also included those mentioned in historical sources in connection with the composition of the epitomes and a few Islamicate physicians (most of whom are actually Christians) who appear in the historical documenta- tion of the epitomes or in the manuscripts. In most cases, I have given references only to standard reference sources, notably Pauly-Wissowa and its recent updates (RE, BNP), The Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (CDSB), Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques (DPA), The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI), and Geschichte des arabischen Schriftums (GAS). Readers needing access to primary sources can easily trace them through these references. Acron of Agrigentum (fifth centuryBCE ). Physician, contemporary and fellow-townsman of Empedocles. Later Empiricists traced the origin of their school to him. He was known to Islamicate physicians through quotations as an authority on dietetics and as the first in the succession of physicians between Parmenides and Plato the Physician. BNP 1:113; DPA 1:50–51; GAS 3:22; RE 1:1199. -
Erich Trapp / Sonja Schönauer (Hg.)
Super alta perennis Studien zur Wirkung der Klassischen Antike Band 4 Herausgegeben von Uwe Baumann, Marc Laureys und Winfried Schmitz Erich Trapp / Sonja Schönauer (Hg.) Lexicologica Byzantina Beiträge zum Kolloquium zur byzantinischen Lexikographie (Bonn, 13.–15. Juli 2007) V&R unipress Bonn University Press Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-89971- 484-5 Veröffentlichungen der Bonn University Press erscheinen im Verlag V&R unipress GmbH. © 2008, V&R unipress in Göttingen / www.vr-unipress.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. Hinweis zu § 52a UrhG: Weder das Werk noch seine Teile dürfen ohne vorherige schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages öffentlich zugänglich gemacht werden. Dies gilt auch bei einer entsprechenden Nutzung für Lehr- und Unterrichtszwecke. Printed in Germany. Titelbild: Photios. In: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:StPhotios.jpg Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Inhalt VORWORT........................................................................................................ 7 PROGRAMM DES KOLLOQUIUMS ZUR BYZANTINISCHEN LEXIKOGRAPHIE........ 9 ABKÜRZUNGEN.............................................................................................