Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument (List Entry Number: 1007943), Windsor & Maidenhead Archaeological Impact Assessment

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Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument (List entry Number: 1007943), Windsor & Maidenhead Archaeological Impact Assessment

AOC Project Number: 23858 June 2017

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Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument Archaeological Impact Assessment

On Behalf of: National Trust

London and South East Saunderton Hub The Clare Charity Centre Saunderton High Wycombe Buckinghamshire HP14 4B4

National Grid Reference (NGR): NGR 500400 172600 (centred)

AOC Project No: 23858

OASIS ID: aocarcha1‐287870

Prepared by: Vicky Oleksy

Illustration by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Report: 20th June 2017

This document has been prepared in accordance with AOC standard operating procedures.

Author: Vicky Oleksy Date: May 2017

Approved by: Lynne Roy Date: May 2017

Draft/Final Report Stage: Final Date: June 2017

Enquiries to: AOC Archaeology Group Edgefield Industrial Estate Edgefield Road Loanhead EH20 9SY

Tel. 0131 440 3593 Fax. 0131 440 3422 e‐mail. [email protected]

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Contents Page List of Figures ...... 4 List of Plates ...... 4 List of appendices ...... 5 1 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 6 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 6 2.1 Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument ...... 6 2.2 Topographical & Geological Conditions ...... 6 2.3 Landscape Management proposal ...... 7 2.4 Legislations and Government and local planning policies and guidance ...... 8 2.5 Limitations of Scope ...... 8 3 OBJECTIVES ...... 9 4 METHODOLOGY ...... 9 4.1. Standards ...... 9 4.2 Data sources ...... 9 4.3 Report structure ...... 10 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ...... 11 5.1 Prehistoric (8000BC- AD 43) ...... 11 5.2 Roman (8000 BC-AD 410) ...... 12 5.3 Early Historic (AD 410-1066)...... 12 5.4 Medieval (AD 1066-1600) ...... 12 5.5 Post-medieval (AD 1600-1900) ...... 14 5.6 Modern (AD post 1900) ...... 15 5.7 Undated evidence ...... 16 5.8 Aerial Photograph & LiDAR evidence ...... 16 5.9 Previous archaeological fieldwork ...... 17 5.10 Walkover Survey ...... 18 6 CONCLUSION ...... 22 6.1 Sensitivity of Remains ...... 22 6.2 Potential impacts ...... 24 6.3 Mitigation ...... 29 7 REFERENCES ...... 32 7.1 Bibliographic References ...... 32 7.2 Cartographic References ...... 33 7.3 Archive References ...... 34 7.4 Aerial Photographic References ...... 35

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List of Figures Figure 1: Site location map Figure 2: Heritage Assets Recorded by HERs and NHRE Figure 3: Features identified from map regression, aerial photographs and LiDAR Figure 4: Features identified from walkover survey Figure 5: Wraysbury enclosure map, 1800 Figure 6: Extract from Ordnance Survey drawing, 1811 Figure 7: Wraysbury Tithe Map, 1840 Figure 8: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1897 Figure 9: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1899 Figure 10: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1933 Figure 11: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1944 Figure 12: RCHME 1992 Earthwork Survey Figure 13: 2006 Geophysical Survey Figure 14: All Heritage Assets at Ankerwycke Figure 15: Areas of Archaeological Sensitivity

List of Plates

Plate 1: Upstanding priory remains from northeast Plate 2: Upstanding priory remains from north Plate 3: Upstanding priory remains from southwest Plate 4: Ankerwycke Yew, from south Plate 5: Ridge and furrow in Ankerwycke Mead, from northwest Plate 6: Ridge and furrow in Ankerwycke Mead, from north Plate 7: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) from south Plate 8: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) looking east from western corner of dog leg Plate 9: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) looking north from western corner of dog leg Plate 10: View towards building platform, from west Plate 11: Northern fish pond, from northwest Plate 12: Western fish pond, from northwest Plate 13: Area of slipway/former location of boat house, from northeast Plate 14: Large concrete stairs (Site R) possibly associated with the 20th century swimming pool, from north Plate 15: Concrete and brick footing (Site S), from north Plate 16: Concrete steps (Site J) possibly associated with the Picnic House, from east Plate 17: Curvilinear brick feature (Site T) possibly associated with the Picnic House, from east Plate 18: Circular concrete man hole like feature (Site U) from northwest Plate 19: Square man hole like feature (Site V) from northeast Plate 20: Large depressed area in southern wood, from northwest Plate 21: Former landing stage (Site W), from east Plate 22: Rubble block associated with from landing stage (Site W), from north Plate 23: Wood cladding and concrete post revetting at Site W, from east Plate 24: Footbridge, steps and walled path at Site L, from south :Plate 25 Picture of walled path (Site L) showing rebuilt and earlier sections Plate 26: Footbridge, steps and walled path (Site L), from north Plate 27: Footbridge on eastern edge of Scheduled area (Site BB), from north Plate 28: Fragment of brick walling (Site X), from east Plate 29: Walling to east of Ankerwycke Mead (Site Y), from west Plate 30: Wrought iron gate post (Site AA), from north (c) AOC Archaeology 2017 | 4 | www.aocarchaeology.com

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Plate 31: Portion of wrought iron gate/fencing near the gate post at Site AA Plate 32: Loose fragment of Marston Bricks (Site Z) to the south of the upstanding priory remains Plate 33: View across the Thames to the Scheduled Monument, including the upstanding priory remains, from west Plate 34: View across the Thames to the Scheduled Monument, including the upstanding priory remains, from west‐southwest

List of appendices Appendix 1: Site Gazetteer Appendix 2: National Trust Historic Landscape Survey Recording forms Appendix 3: Photo Register Appendix 4: Criteria for Establishing Significance of Heritage Assets

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1 NON‐TECHNICAL SUMMARY 1.1 AOC Archaeology Group was commissioned by the National Trust to undertake an Archaeological Impact Assessment of Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument. The assessment is required with regard to proposals to improve access to and interpretation of the Ankerwycke site in line with the Runnymede & Ankerwycke Landscape Masterplan. The assessment provides a comprehensive and up‐to‐date understanding of the Ankerwycke site, its significances, sensitivities and vulnerabilities. The assessment will serve to inform the development of the design proposals and will be used to inform any applications for Scheduled Monument Consent.

1.2 The Scheduled Monument includes the site of Ankerwycke Priory, a Benedictine nunnery situated on the north bank of the River Thames. The remains consist of a portion of a Grade II Listed ruined 13th century building, moat, fishponds and an extensive area of earthworks. This assessment considers each feature that makes up the Scheduled Monument individually. The assessment also considers other features of archaeological interest within the Scheduled area as identified from previous archaeological investigation and assessment, archive research, map regression, examination of aerial photographs and LiDAR data and a detailed walkover survey. The assessment also assesses the potential for effects resulting from the proposed access and interpretation improvements on individual features within the Scheduled area. Any of these impacts may have an effect upon the overall significance of the Scheduled Monument and where appropriate this will also be considered. Both general and specific mitigation proposals are set out here and will aim to avoid, minimise or offset potential impacts.

2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument 2.1.1 The National Trust owns land at Ankerwycke and Runnymede on either side of the River Thames. The landownership extends beyond the Scheduled Monument which is located on the north bank of the River. The Scheduled Monument occupies an area of 7.6 hectares of open pasture and mixed woodland centred on RNG 500400 172600. The Scheduled Monument consists of the upstanding remains of the Benedictine Priory, the Ankerwycke Yew and a number of earthwork features related to the use of the surrounding landscape by the occupants of the priory, including fishponds, a building platform and ditches likely related to water management. Later remains associated with the Tudor Mansion and finally both upstanding and buried remains associated with the 19th century pleasure grounds are also included within the Scheduling.

2.2 Topographical & Geological Conditions 2.2.1 The Scheduled area of Ankerwycke Priory occupies a relatively level area of ground to the northeast of the River Thames and is largely located on its flood plain. It is occupied by areas of meadow and woodland and is cut in places by small water courses. The Scheduled Monument is also bound by water courses/ditches to the north and east and these likely formed the bounds of the priory. 2.2.2 The underlying solid geology of Ankerwycke is the London Clay Formation, which consists of clay, silt and sand, and is sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 34 to 56 million years ago in the Palaeogene Period. Superficial Quaternary deposits consisting of alluvium (clay, silt, sand and gravel) are present beneath most of the site. To the north of the River Thames, the Shepperton Gravel Member has been worked extensively, forming large areas of gravel lakes to the east of Wraysbury (Cookson and Tickner 2015). 2.2.3 The BGS records a borehole taken from within Ankerwycke Mead, just to the south of the ridge and furrow, at NGR 500280 172690. This recorded made ground to be one foot thick and overlying 26 feet of river drift (including sand and gravel and Thames gravel) (http://scans.bgs.ac.uk/sobi_scans/boreholes/574744/images/12192460.html)

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2.3 Landscape Management proposal 2.3.1 In 2013 a Landscape Masterplan for Runnymede and Ankerwycke was put forward to set out options for the enhancement of the two sites including the improvement of access and interpretation. No definitive plans have been made for the sites but the Landscape Masterplan sets out a number of development options.

2.3.2 With specific regard to the Scheduled area of Ankerwycke, the Landscape Masterplan proposed the following:

 Ankerwycke Ferry Landing Stage, which would comprise: o A landing stage; o Interpretive Seating; o A basic shelter; and o Interpretive artworks and signage  Ankerwycke Riverside Woods (this is primarily proposed for the woodland to the northeast of Scheduled area but the trails would potentially begin in the southern most part of the Scheduled Monument); this may comprise the following works within the Scheduled area: o New trails or trail improvements; and o Interpretive way markers  Ankerwycke Priory and Pleasure Gardens; improvements would comprise: o Improved access and interpretation to the pleasure gardens; o Improved presentation and interpretation of the priory remains; o New access and interpretation to the fish ponds (including possible provision of pond dipping); and o Community archaeological investigations.  Ankerwycke Yew; enhancement works may comprise: o Installation of circular boardwalk (and integrated interpretive seating) around the Yew with access boardwalks connection to the main path between the ferry landing point and Ankerwycke Farm); o Installation of a boardwalk bridge over adjacent ditch to link meadow walks to the Yew Focal Point; o Selective scrub clearance to increase visibility eof th yew in approaches along the boardwalks; and o Enhanced signage and interpretation provision.

2.3.3 In addition to those proposals set in the Landscape Masterplan and outlined above the National Trust has requested that this assessment also consider the potential impacts of the following:  De‐silting of the watercourse/ditches (Site CC) that bound the Scheduled Monument;  The possibility of formalising the temporary ferry crossing used during the Magna Carta 800th Anniversary Celebrations in 2015;  The possibility of re‐using former ferry crossings (Sites J & R), identified as part of this assessment, as ferry landing points; and  The possibility of using the area around the former Picnic House (Site G) for shelter/interpretation/seating.

2.3.4 The potential impacts of each of these proposals on the overall Scheduled Monument and elements thereof will be considered in this assessment.

2.3.5 It is acknowledged that the proposals set out in the Landscape Management plan are indicative and as such the conclusions will also identify areas of the Scheduled Monument which may be of particular sensitivity as well as those areas which are less sensitive. This will be done by mapping and evaluating the archaeological significance and archaeological potential of different areas as appropriate (Figure 15).

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2.4 Legislations and Government and local planning policies and guidance 2.4.1 Heritage Legislation A Scheduled Monument is an historic building or site that is included in the Schedule of Monuments kept by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The regime is set out in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

2.4.2 Once a monument is Scheduled any works to it, and flooding and tipping operations that might affect it, with few exceptions require Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC) from the Secretary of State. Historic England manages the process of SMC on behalf of the Secretary of State.

2.4.3 Works which require SMC, as per the 1979 ,Act include:

a) any works resulting in the demolition or destruction of or any damage to a scheduled monument ; (b) any works for the purpose of removing or repairing a scheduled monument or any part of it or of making any alterations or additions thereto ; and (c) any flooding or tipping operations on land in, on or under which there is a scheduled monument.

2.4.4 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) (DCLG 2012) sets out 12 Core Planning Principles of which the conservation of the historic environment is one. One of the NPPF’s core principles is that ‘planning should conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations’ (DCLG 2012, Para 17).

2.4.5 Where designated assets are concerned great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation and loss of significance should require ‘clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and grade II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens should be wholly exceptional’ (DCLG 2012, Para 132).

2.4.6 Planning Practice Guidance (PPG) 2014 The DCLG published Planning Practice Guidance online in 2014, to expand upon the NPPF. ‘18a: Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment’ was published in April 2014. The Guidance notes that ‘conservation is an active process of maintenance and managing change. It requires a flexible and thoughtful approach to get the best out of assets as diverse as listed buildings to as yet undiscovered, undesignated buried remains of archaeological interest’.

2.4.7 The setting of heritage assets can contribute to their significance. Historic England has produced guidance on assessing impacts upon setting (HE 2015). This guidance will be used in this assessment to establish the potential for impacts of the proposals upon the setting of Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument.

2.5 Limitations of Scope 2.5.1 This assessment is based upon data obtained from publicly accessible archives as described in the Data Sources in Section 4.2 and a detailed walkover survey. Heritage assets within 500m of Ankerwycke Scheduled area were identified. Data from the Berkshire Historic Environment Record, Surrey Historic Environment Record and the Historic England Archives was obtained in May 2017. The information presented in the gazetteer, in Appendix 1, regarding known heritage assets is current to this date.

2.5.2 It should be noted that this report has been prepared under the express instructions and solely for the use of National Trust. All the work carried out in this report is based upon AOC Archaeology Group’s professional knowledge and understanding of current (May 2017) and relevant United Kingdom standards and codes, technology and legislation.

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2.5.3 Changes in these areas may occur in the future and cause changes to the conclusions, advice or recommendations given. AOC Archaeology Group does not accept responsibility for advising the National Trust or associated parties of the facts or implications of any such changes in the future.

3 OBJECTIVES 3.1 The main objective of this assessment is to identify the cultural heritage value of the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke and to assess the potential for impacts upon the asset as a result of potential works associated with enhancing and improving access and interpretation of the site to the public. The assessment will provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date understanding of the site, its significances, sensitivities and vulnerability. This will serve to inform the development of the design proposals and form a part of any applications for Scheduled Monument Consent.

3.2 The evidence presented and the conclusions offered will provide a comprehensive basis for further discussion and decisions regarding heritage constraints on the future development within the Ankerwycke Scheduled area and for the formulation of a further mitigation strategy, should this be required.

4 METHODOLOGY 4.1. Standards 4.1.1 The scope of this assessment meets the requirements of project brief set out by the National Trust and adheres to best practice in assessing the historic environment,; taking cognisance of Planning Policy Guidance (2014); National Planning Policy Framework (March 2012) the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979; and relevant guidance.

4.1.2 The assessment has been carried out in accordance with the following Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance documents for Historic Environment Desk‐Based Assessment (CIfA 1990, rev. 2008, 2011, 2013 & 2014a); Commissioning Work or Providing Consultancy Advice on the Historic Environment (CIfA 2014b) and the Standard and Guidance for the Archaeological Investigation and Recording of Standing Buildings or Structures (CIfA 2014c).

4.1.3 AOC Archaeology Group is a Registered Archaeological Organisation of the CIfA. This status ensures that there is regular monitoring and approval by external peers of our internal systems, standards and skills development.

4.1.4 AOC is ISO 9001:2008 accredited, in recognition of the Company’s Quality Management System.

4.2 Data sources 4.2.1 The following data sources were consulted during preparation of this archaeological impact assessment:

 Berkshire Historic Environment Record: For Historic Environment Record data;

 Surrey Historic Environment : For Historic Environment Record data;

 Historic England Archives; For National Record of Historic Environment data and vertical and oblique aerial photographs;

 National Heritage List for England;

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For designated Heritage Asset data;

 National Trust: For previous archaeological assessment reports;

 Berkshire Record Office (Reading): For historic maps and documents relating to Ankerwycke;

 The Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies (Aylesbury): For historic maps, photographs and documents relating to Ankerwycke;

 The Environment Agency: For LiDAR data depicting Ankerwycke;

 The British Library online: For historic pre‐Ordnance Survey mapping

 National Map Library (National Library of Scotland, Causewayside, Edinburgh): For old Ordnance Survey maps (1st & 2nd Edition, small‐ and large‐scale) and pre‐Ordnance Survey historical maps.

 British Geological Survey Online: For borehole scans and data

4.3 Report structure 4.3.1 Each heritage asset recorded on existing historic environment data bases (Surrey HER, Berkshire HER & NRHE) referred to in the text is listed in the Gazetteer in Appendix 1. Each has been assigned a 'Site No.' unique to this assessment, and the Gazetteer includes information regarding the type, period, grid reference, HER number, protective designation, and other descriptive information, as derived from the consulted sources.

4.3.2 National Trust Landscape Survey Recording Forms were completed for all features identified during the walkover survey of the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke. These are reproduced in Appendix 2 of this report.

4.3.3 Appendix 3 presents the photo register for the walkover survey and all photographs will be provided to the National Trust digitally with submission of the this report. Appendix 4 outlines the criteria for establishing the significance of a heritage asset.

4.3.4 Each heritage asset identified in Appendix 1 and referred to in the text is plotted on the HER map (Figure 2) at the end of the report, using the assigned Site Nos. Ankerwycke Scheduled area is shown outlined in red. Assets identified during the desk‐based assessment (i.e. from historical mapping, LiDAR and aerial photographs) are depicted on Figure 3; while site identified during the walkover survey are depicted on Figure 4. Reproductions of relevant historical maps are presented in Figures 5 to 11.

4.3.5 All sources consulted during the assessment, including publications, archived records, photographic and cartographic evidence, are listed amongst the References in Section 7.

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5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE 5.1 Prehistoric (8000BC‐ AD 43) 5.1.1 Evidence for prehistoric occupation of the area around Ankerwycke primarily comprises findspots from which prehistoric artefacts have been recovered and artefacts which have been recovered during archaeological works. The majority of these finds are dateable and are discussed by period below. Undated prehistoric pottery was recovered during a watching brief eat th southern extent of the Ankerwycke Scheduled area (Site 11). The watching brief indicated alluvial deposits sealing estuarine clay. The prehistoric pottery was recovered from a palaeochannel below the upper level of alluvium.

Palaeolithic

5.1.2 Evidence of occupation of the area during the Palaeolithic period is limited to a Lower Palaeolithic roughout (an unfinished stone tool) found in the River at Magna Carta Island (Site 23) to the northeast of Ankerwycke Scheduled area. A primary flake resembling a hand‐axe, also found at Magna Carta Island (Site 7) may also be Palaeolithic in date, though the HER notes that dit coul be ‘post Palaeolithic’.

Mesolithic

5.1.3 A Mesolithic tranchet axehead is recorded as having been recovered from the River Thames at Runnymede (Site 25), though the grid reference given by the HER indicates that it may have come from the Ankerwycke side of the river and places it on the southwest boundary of the Scheduled area. However it should be noted that the spatial information is limited to a three digit grid reference and so may only be accurate to within 1000m.

Neolithic

5.1.4 Neolithic finds, including a polished stone axe and a greenstone axe, were dredged from the River Thames (Site 14) in the early and mid 20th century respectively. While the descriptions of these artefacts make clear that they were recovered from the river the spatial data provided with the HER locate them in meadows of Runnymede. Again the gird reference recorded for these findspots may only be accurate to within 1000m.

Bronze Age

5.1.5 A number of Bronze Age artefacts have been recovered from the River Thames in the vicinity of Ankerwycke and Runnymede. These include a spearhead (Site 9) which was recovered from the Thames between Old Windsor and Runnymede. An early Bronze Age dagger with rivet (Site 16) was dredged from the river prior to 1909. Also recorded as having been recovered from the same site (though at different dates), are a Late Bronze age leaf‐ shaped sword fragment, a broken double‐looped spearhead, and a bronze sword.

5.1.6 Beyond the study area, the site of Runneymede Bridge was excavated, initially in advance of the construction of the M25. The site was later subject to research excavations by the British Museum. The site had been occupied in the Neolithic and finds including pottery and stone tools as well as human and animal bones were recovered from the site. However, the site is particularly important as a Late Bronze Age settlement comprising a complex array of structures and artefacts, including a pile driven waterfront structure, much of which had survived in situ. The site is a Scheduled Monument and the List Entry indicates that:

‘Excavation has shown that the site includes a large number of post holes and a wattle and daub spread including a double row of in‐situ pile driven timber uprights forming a river frontage. The finds recovered include part of a spearhead and socketed axe fragment, pins, ‘buttons’, rings, possible pommel, two pairs of tweezers, amber beads, spindle whorls, a loom weight dan worked bone objects. This bronze assemblage was dated to the 9th‐8th century BC’ (https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the‐list/list‐entry/1003807)

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5.1.7 The excavation indicated that the indigenous metalworking was being undertaken at the site and presence of bronze work from the continent was indicative of the settlement’s important location for trade (ibid).

Iron Age

5.1.7 Remains of an Iron Age date recovered from the study area include spearhead recovered from the River Thames near Runnymede (Site 8). An Iron Age enamelled bronze terret (Site 17) for guiding reins over a horse’s back was amongst the finds dredged prior to 1909.

5.2 Roman (8000 BC‐AD 410) 5.2.1 No finds or features of Roman date are recorded within the Ankerwycke Scheduled area or within the 500m study area surrounding it. However, Staines was well established by the 2nd century AD and the river was used to transport goods to Silchester (Cookson and Tickner 2015, 24) and Roman pottery dating the 3rd or 4th centuries AD has been recorded within the wider area (SCCHER MSE3828).

5.3 Early Historic (AD 410‐1066) 5.3.1 Finds dating to the Saxon period include a spearhead, dredged from the River Thames prior to 1909, and an 8th century iron Saxon sword, dredged from the Thames in August 1934. Both of these sites are recorded at Site 18 which the HER places in them in the meadows of Runnymede to the southeast of the Ankerwycke Scheduled area, though as with previous finds, discussed above, the grid reference given may only be accurate to within 1000m. A probable Late Saxon sprearhead (Site 6) was recovered to the north of the Ankerywycke Scheduled area, having been dredged from the river below Magna Carta Island. An 8th or 10th century axe was also recovered from near Wraysbury (Site 5).

5.3.2 The place name Ankerwycke may have originated in the Saxon period and be derived from ‘anchorite’ and ‘wycke’ meaning a place of quiet contemplation and/or clearing in the woods with spiritual connotations (Cookson and Tickner 2015, 24).

5.4 Medieval (AD 1066‐1600)

5.4.1 The Scheduled remains at Ankerwycke Priory date to the medieval period and are of National Importance and will be discussed in detail below following a brief discussion number of other assets of medieval date recorded within the study area.

5.4.2 Evidence of medieval occupation of the wider study area, beyond the Scheduled area, includes a large area of ridge and furrow to the northeast of Ankerwykce (Site 1). This is visible both on aerial photographs and on LiDAR survey data.

5.4.3 Buildings within the study area which have their origins in the late medieval period include the Grade II Listed Old Vicarage (Site 27) to the northeast of the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke. The house is a timber framed house dating to the 14th or 15th century with post‐medieval and modern alterations and extensions.

5.4.4 The location of the signing of the Magna Carta, which took place in 1215, is also known to have been in the study area although the exact location has been subject to some debate. The sources consulted include at three possible locations for the signing within the study area: Runnymede (Site 15), Magna Carta Island (Site 24) and the Ankerwyce Yew (Site 26).

Ankerwycke Priory

5.4.5 The Scheduled Monument of Ankerwycke Priory comprises the remains of a Bendictine nunnery founded by the Knight Gilbert Montfitchet around AD 1160 (Burgess 2006, 6). The building on the site was a wooden church but

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this was subsequently expanded and replaced by priory buildings constructed primarily of chalk blocks. The priory was dedicated to St Mary Magdalene and throughout its existence was always small, never housing more than 10 nuns.

5.4.6 Known medieval remains which are located within the Scheduled area include fragmentary upstanding remains of a priory building (Site 2) of 13th century date, two fishponds (Site 3), ridge and furrow (Site A), earthwork remains (Sites B and 4) and the watercourse/ditches that bound the Scheduled Monument (Site CC). The earthwork remains comprise the remains of a building platform (Site B) and a ditch feature (Site 4). The ditch feature (Site 4) represents the remains of a probable water feature. The Scheduling description describes this as a moat and it has been suggested that this was part of a water management system to defend the priory against flooding (National Heritage List Entry https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the‐list/list‐entry/1007943).

5.4.7 Geophysical survey has indicated the probable presence of foundations associated with further medieval buildings (Site C) extending to the north of the upstanding remains between them and the Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) (See Section 5.9 below for further details of the survey results). Excavations in the vicinity of the upstanding priory walls (Site 10) encountered walls built of chalk (and refaced with brick—probably in the 19th century) as well as in situ tile floors. Medieval and post‐medieval pottery sherds were amongst the artefacts recovered. Re‐ interpretation of the 1993 excavations by Oxford Archaeology in 2007, as part of their Historic Building Investigation, suggested that as the tile floor was the first surface to be encountered in situ it was likely related to the Smith mansion rather than the priory. The size of the tiles was noted to support this hypothesis as the Oxford Archaeology report notes that they were c. 0.25 m square or larger and that tiles of such a size were uncommon in the medieval period but known from the 15th and 16th centuries. The report also notes that the tiles were encountered c. 1m below datum and as they survived in situ, similarly undisturbed medieval priory remains may survive beneath them (Oxford Archaeology 2007, 11).

5.4.8 The Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) is also located within the Scheduled area. The Yew is located to the north of the upstanding priory remains and may be 2000 years old. It has been speculated that it may have been the location of the signing of the Magna Carta and that it was also the meeting place of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn in the 1530s (Tree Ring Services 2005).

5.4.9 Following the dissolution of monasteries Ankerwycke Priory was leased as a farm and passed through several owners until 1551 when it was leased to Sir Thomas Smith who built Ankerwycke House (Site D). This was largely located on the building platform (Site B) described above and subsumed some of the priory buildings (Burgess 2006, 6). Smith also made landscape improvements including the planting of hedgerows and establishment of a formal garden in the immediate house grounds. It has been hypothesised that the ditch feature (Site 4) discussed above may have been used as a water feature or canal at this time.

5.4.10 To the southeast of the upstanding priory remains a number of finds dating to the late medieval period were discovered (Site 13). These were recovered in 1990 within the root hole of a fallen tree and included roof tile fragments, oyster shell, bone, burnt daub, mortar and pottery sherds. The pottery sherds were primarily Surrey Whiteware of probable 13th or 14th century date, but part of a medieval thumbed sandy ware base was also recovered. A section of displaced walling was also visible in the tree pit. Surface finds have also been recovered from the ground near the Ankerwycke Yew where animal burrows have churned up material. Finds have included medieval pottery fragments, a glass vessel, roof and floor tiles, brick, bone, oyster shell and chalk rubble.

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5.5 Post‐medieval (AD 1600‐1900)

5.5.1 Post‐medieval heritage assets, as previously recorded by the Surrey and Berkshire HERs and the Historic England Archives, located in the area surrounding the Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument are limited to a findspot for a 17th century dagger (Site 19) recovered from near Runnymede during the dredging of the Thames prior to 1909.

Ankerwycke

5.5.2 Early 16th and 17th century mapping of the area around Ankerwykce gives little definitive detail about landuse in the area. Saxton’s map of 1579 (not shown) for example indicates the locations of the River Thames and its tributaries and also shows Stanes [Staines], Old Windsor and Wraysbury but does not indicate any settlement at Ankerwycke. The 1604 Purnish Possessions map (not shown) depicts Ankerwycke House within woodland. However, particular details of land management are not included.

5.5.3 The Wraysbury Enclosure map of 1800 (Figure 5) shows the Smith mansion orientated with its main elevation facing south. Georeferencing of this map, although not completely accurate due to discrepancies between the historic and modern mapping, indicates that the upstanding priory remains may have formed the northeast corner of the Smith Mansion and that the brick wall to the north of the chalk walls may have formed part of the eastern most of the projections depicted extending from the rear (north) elevation of the house. The enclosure map also indicates two small separate outbuildings (Site E) to the east and northeast of the main house and given the margin for error in the georeferencing the upstanding remains could also relate to these. No indication is given on the enclosure map of the function of these buildings. The land surrounding these two outbuildings is annotated number ‘37’ which in the enclosure award is described as shrubbery as is land to the south of these buildings, annotated number ‘38’. Land to the south of the mansion house is number ‘36’, and is described as a ‘grass plat[f]’ presumably indicating a grass platform. The land immediately north of mansion house, number ‘35’, is also described as an area of shrubbery while to the northeast number ‘34’ is described as an area of garden. Two buildings (Site F) are located at the northern edge eof th garden area and are aligned roughly east to west. The area to the north of the buildings, number ‘33’ is described as yards. To the east of these land parcels and up to the river’s edge is number ‘39’, the ‘Long or Ankerwycke Mead’ which is described as meadow. On the banks of the Thames, and within the Ankerwycke Meadow, a further building is depicted. This is not annotated however it is located in the approximate location of the picnic house (Site G) and appears to be enclosed on its three landward sides. To the south of Ankerwycke Mead a pond (Site H) is depicted and the land surrounding this pond, number ‘42’ is also described as shrubbery.

5.5.4 In 1803 John Balgrove purchased the estate from the Harcourt family (who had inherited the estate from John Lee who had purchased in c. 1650) (Burgess 2006, 6; Crookson & Tickner 2015,75). Balgrove pulled down the majority of the Smith mansion, leaving fragmentary walls (particularly medieval chalk walls) as a folly for the pleasure grounds he was to establish. A new Ankerwycke House was constructed to the north of the Scheduled area at this time.

5.5.5 An 1811 Ordnance Survey plan of Uxbridge, Windsor (Figure 6) shows the estate at Ankerwycke. The scale is such that the details which can be discerned are limited. However, the new Ankerwycke House is depicted to the north of the Scheduled area. The fish ponds are also shown as is a pond in the south of the Scheduled area (corroborating that shown on the enclosure map). Features done in red ink, towards the north of the Scheduled area, are consistent with the garden area and the buildings shown on the enclosure map and may indicate that the garden (Site I) was walled. The picnic house is also shown.

5.5.6 The Wraysbury tithe map of 1840 (Figure 7) depicts the new Ankerwycke House to the north of the Scheduled area. The upstanding priory remains are shown and largely indicate that all that was left following the demolition of the Smith mansion is what is seen on site today. The tithe map also shows the picnic house along the banks of the Thames and indicates that this was enclosed by trees. The fishponds are depicted to the south and southeast of the priory remains and appear to have still been in use as ponds at this time. An avenue of

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trees is shown to lead from the new Ankerwycke house to the wooded area around the fish ponds and at the very south of the Scheduled area where the paths have been established. The area around the fish ponds is numbered ‘115’ on tithe map and the apportionment indicates that this was a pleasure ground of wood and grass. The land in the south of the Scheduled area, is also shown to be traversed by paths and is numbered ‘113’. The apportionment names this as a wood making up part of Ankerwycke Meadow. Ankerwycke Mead, numbered ‘116’ and ‘116a’ is shown largely unchanged from its depiction on the enclosure map. However the map annotates a field boundary as a ‘former fence line’ which roughly correlates to the water feature (Site 4) though does not appear to have been mapped particularly accurately. In the north of the Scheduled area the garden and the buildings have been removed, though the area described as yards on the enclosure map is number ‘115a’ on the tithe map and described as gardens. A grass meadow, number ‘114’ has also been established to the south of the fish ponds and north of the woods. This area was not annotated on the enclosure map though it was presumably then considered part of Ankerwycke Mead.

5.5.7 The 1872 and 1881 Ordnance Survey maps (not shown) are at 1:10560 scale and the detail does not reproduce well. There appear to be no changes between this map and the 1:2500 1897 Ordnance Survey map (which was surveyed in 1895). As such this later map is reproduced here as Figure 8. The 1897 Ordnance Survey map depicts a building in the location of the picnic house though this appears on a different orientation than that shown on earlier maps and is annotated ‘boat house’. The change in depicted orientation may indicate that the building was changed or replaced. The map also indicates steps (Site J) to the south of the picnic house, leading down to the river. A single boat house (Site K) is shown to the north of the picnic house. The boat house is shown along the bank of the Thames and below a minor water course draining into the Thames. The paths through the pleasure grounds are largely consistent with those depicted on the tithe map, though this Ordnance Survey map indicates that steps had been constructed to the southeast of the southern fish pond and that part of the path here was also walled.

5.5.8 The 1899 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 9), surveyed in 1898, shows little change within the Scheduled area beyond the addition of two boat houses and a landing stage (Sites M & N) along the Thames in the enorth of th site. The paths through the woodland in the east and the south of the Scheduled area are not shown on this edition, with the exception of the stairs and the walled path (Site L) to the southeast of the southern fish pond.

5.6 Modern (AD post 1900) 5.6.1 Modern heritage assets recorded by the HERs and NHRE within the wider study area include the Anti‐Aircraft Ditches at Runnymede (Site 20) which are visible on aerial photographs between 1942 and 1948. The Magna Carta Monument (Site 22), a Grade II Listed Building, was erected by Edward Maufe in 1957 to commemorate the signing of document.

Ankerwycke

5.6.2 The 1914 Ordnance Survey map (not shown) indicates no changes to the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke. However by the time the 1933 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 10) was surveyed in 1932, the original boat house in the northwest corner (Site eK), th one located at the end of the water course following into the Thames, had been removed. The other two, later, boathouses (Sites M & N) remained. Two new buildings (Site O) had been constructed along the field boundary to the northwest of the priory remains and paths around the woods are again depicted and largely mirror the paths indicated on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 8). No paths are shown in the southern wood and the southern meadow is depicted as devoid of trees.

5.6.3 In 1937 the estate was purchased by Buckingham County Council to protect it from future development, under the Council the land was leased and managed as a farm. The 1944 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 11), surveyed in 1938, indicates two new structures (part of Site P) in the west of the Scheduled area, near the banks of the Thames and between the boat houses and picnic house. These buildings are also shown on aerial photographs from 1942 (HLA/490.IPRU.15.4.42.F14, Frame 15). However the aerial photograph indicates roughly L‐shaped

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buildings in the location of the buildings shown on Ordnance Survey mapping. A swimming pool (also part of Site P) is also shown between and slightly to the west of these buildings, between them and the river. Burgess reports that the buildings were changing rooms for the swimming pool and were likely associated with Santa Monica Night Club which was run out of new Ankerwycke House in the 1930s (2006, 58). An aerial photograph from 1946 (CPE/UK.1860.26.Nov.46, frame 5086) also shows the swimming pool layout and indicates that the area of the swimming pool was surrounded by walls and that a wall also ran between the swimming pool complex and the boat houses to the north. The 1960 Ordnance Survey map (not shown) reflects the layout of the buildings and swimming pool shown on the 1940s aerial photographs. The map does not depict the structures (Site O) to the northwest of the priory remains, as shown on the 1933 OS map.

5.6.4 The 1971 Ordnance Survey map (not shown) indicates that all the boat houses, the swimming pool and changing rooms and the picnic house had been removed. The two structures (Site O) along the field boundary to the northwest of the priory remains are shown on this map despite their absence from the 1960 OS map. In 1974 the estate was acquired by Berkshire County Council following the reorganisation of unitary authorities (Burgess 2006, 61) and the National Trust acquired the property in 1998 (ibid, 62). During the National Trust’s ownership land management associated with the estate and the Scheduled area has been light in touch and has included path and fence maintenance, vegetation clearing and insertion of some benches and signage.

5.7 Undated evidence 5.7.1 The only undated heritage asset recorded by the HERs and NRHE is the pit at Runneymede (Site 21). The HER notes that this was probably a withy soaking pit, used for soaking willows shoots used for wicker work; however no date is given.

5.8 Aerial Photograph & LiDAR evidence 5.8.1 As part of this assessment both vertical and oblique aerial photographs, held by the Historic England Archives, were examined. These dated from the 1920s to the 2000s. In addition LiDAR data downloaded from the Environment Agency was examined. The majority of the features visible on aerial photographs are recorded by the Royal Commission of Historic Monument England 1992 earthwork survey (see Section 5.9 below). However, examination of aerial photographs has allowed for identification of land use changes in the modern period (see Section 5.6 above). In addition, while the ridge and furrow recorded within Ankerwycke Mead, in the north of the Scheduled area, is not readily visible on most aerial photographs examined; it appears clearly on a vertical aerial photograph from 1985 (OS/85225). The extent shown on this aerial photograph is consistent with the RCHME survey.

5.8.2 LiDAR data is also consistent with the RCHME earthwork survey and all features north of the east to west aligned drain in the south of the Scheduled area are recorded on the LiDAR data. The RCHME survey did not extend south of this drain however the LiDAR images indicate that the southern meadow also contained east to west aligned ridge and furrow (Site Q).

5.8.3 Interestingly the LiDAR data corroborates the RCHME survey and indicates that the ridge and furrow (Site A) overlies and cuts the water feature/ditch at Site 4 at its northern extent. This indicates perhaps that at least the northern portion of the ditch was out of use in the later medieval period or indeed that the ridge and furrow is later in date than suspected. The latter may have to be taken into consideration as it is interesting that the ridge and furrow cuts the ditch rather than stops at it. It is also of note that the ridge and furrow is still visible in the area of post‐medieval garden (Site I), which may have been walled, and that if the ridge and furrow is earlier than the garden it was not extensively damaged by it.

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5.9 Previous archaeological fieldwork 5.9.1 The HERs and Historic England Archive provided information on previous archaeological work which was undertaken, not only within the Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument, but within the 500m study area. However, given the exentisve amount of work that has been undertaken within the Scheduled area and the fact that these are of most relevance, only works within the Scheduled area will be discussed here. 5.9.2 In 1992 the Royal Commission for Historic Monuments of England undertook an earthwork survey of the majority of the Scheduled area at Ankerwykce (Figure 12); the southern field was excluded from this survey. The survey recorded the ridge and furrow in Ankerwycke Mead (Site A), the building platform surrounding the priory remains (Site B), the north to south aligned ditch (Site 4), which has been interpreted as a water feature, the fish ponds (Site 3) and a number of earthworks in the north of the Scheduled area whiche ar largely aligned north to south. The last are described as terracing by Oxford Archaeology (OAU 1994, 4) and are in the location of the graden (Site I) recorded on the 1800 enclosure map (Figure 5) and the 1811 Ordnance Survey drawing by Boyce (Figure 6). However, as noted above in paragraph 5.8.3, the LiDAR data seems to inidcate that these features are cut by the east to west aligned ridge and furrow (Site A). 5.9.3 In the few years following this initial earthwork survey, a number intrusive evaluations were undertaken within the Scheduled Monument. These included an auger survey and trial trenching in 1993 by Oxford Archaeology supported by detailed documentary research. Archaeological evaulations were also undertaken by Thames Valley Archaeology Services in 1993 and St Blaise Ltd undertook some excavation in 1994. 5.9.4 The OAU work included 35 augers and five trenches. The augers and trenching revealed evidence of prehistoric, medieval and post‐medieval activity. Prehistoric evidence was limited and consisted of a small quantity of Bronze Age and probable Iron Age pottery and two pieces of burnt flint. The OAU report notes that these were all recovered from Trench 5 which was located along the southern edge of the southern fish pond. They note that the finds were recovered from redeposited contexts and so the interpretation potential is limited (OAU 1994, 21). Evidence for the medieval use of the site was found to lie significantly below current ground surface. The top of the bank within Trench 1 which straddled the west bank of the stream to the east of the upstanding priory remains was found at a depth of 15.13m AOD and the the medieval level was found to be at or below 15.51m AOD on the platform to the south of the upstanding remains, based on material recoverd from Auger 28 (ibid, 21) indicating a build up of deposits of c. 1m to 1.5m since the medieval period. The fish ponds were investigated and were considered by OAU to be medieval features. The report notes that the redeposition of clay, sand and gravel in Trench 5 provides evidence of the construction of the ponds and notes that the upper surface of these deposits appear to represent medieval ground level (ibid, 22). The linear earthwork interpreted as a water feature was also investigated by OAU, though apparently only through auger sampling (Augers 6‐7 & 28). No organic material was notede in th deposits and on this basis OAU conclude that it cannot be considered a relict water course. The only other observation they offer is that the course of the earthwork follows the field boundaries as shown on the 1800 enclosure map (Figure 5). If a farm track lay on the west side of this field boundary, this could account for the hollowing out of the earthwork (ibid, 22). 5.9.5 The OAU report indicates that modern ground level, at between 16m and 16.53 m AOD, was likely the result of two phases of deposition. The first they hypothesise took place shortly after Dissolution and was restricted in extent, and only encountered in Trench 1 to the east of the upstanding priory remains. The second phase of deposition occurred in the 19th century and resulted from the destruction of old Ankerwycke House and the landscaping of the grounds. The deposits primarily consisted of building rubble including brick, tile, stone and chalk and the OAU report indicates this likely came not only from the old Ankerwycke House and priory but also from other post‐medieval buildings as indicated on the enclsoure map (Figure 5). Evidence for Victorian landscaping was present in all of the OAU trenches indicating the artificial raising of ground level (ibid, 24). 5.9.6 Three trenches were excavated by Thames Valley Archaeology Service in 1993 in the immediate vicinity of the upstanding priory remains. The brief was to excavate deposits of overburden and tumble. The trenches uncovered walls surviving to a height of c. 2m;the walls were primarily of chalk construction but had largely been refaced with brick. In Trench C, located along the west side of the north to south aligned upstanding priory remains, evidence of a separate small brick and chalk mortared structure was also encountered though not thoroughly investigated (TVS 1993).

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5.9.7 In March and April of 1994 St Blaise Ltd carried out an excavation of the material believed to have collapsed around the upstanding priory remains since 1936. The excavation uncovered a number of walls of chalk and lime/gravel construction with 16th century brickwork. Stonework which could have formed parts of surrounds or openings were set aside and drawn (SBL 1994). 5.9.8 In 2005 dendrochronological analysis of the Ankerwycke Yew was undertaken by Tree Ring Service. The coring was taken from a branch that the broken away from the yew c. 10 years previously. The analysis indicated that the branch likely started grown in the 1670s, though the ring sequence could only be precisely confirmed between 1747 and 1989 (TRS 2005, 1). The tree itself is believed to be c. 2000 years old. 5.9.9 Geophysical survey of the area around the upstanding priory remains was undertaken in 2006 (Figure 13). The survey revealed features consistent with Smith’s mansion as depicted on the 1800 enclosure map. The area described as a grass platform in the enclosure award was also surveyed and the results appear to indicate a formal garden with perpendicular paths crossing at the centre of the square. Possible foundations of earlier buildings, likely associated with the medieval priory were revealed by the survey to the north of the upstanding priory remains (see interpretation in Cookson & Tickner 2015, 80). These buildings have been interpreted as the east and north ranges of the cloister, thought to have been demolished in 1537 (ibid) and as such may represent medieval remains of the priory which were not altered or incorporated into the Smith Mansion. 5.9.10 In 2007 Oxford Archaeology undertook building recording of the upstanding priory remains and also reviewed previous archaeological work (OA 2007) and in 2012 Cliveden undertook a conditions report and made conservation recommendations for the upstanding remains (Cliveden 2012). 5.9.11 The general and detailed history of Ankerwycke has been described by Steve Burgess, a former National Trust Warden for the site, in 2006 and by Cookson and Tickner in their Runnymede and Ankerwycke Conservation Plan in 2015. These sources have informed this assessment. 5.9.12 While not technically archaeological investigations, the recent digging of post holes and small slots for benches and interpretation panels in the vicinity of the upstanding priory remains and the Ankerwycke Yew have revealed demolition rubble including tiles, brick and chalk. The insertion of benches near the former location of the picnic house has revealed traces of charcoal (Jamie Preston, National Trust Head Ranger pers comm). AOC also understand that an auger survey has recently been undertaken, however the results of this survey were not available at the time of writing (ibid).

5.10 Walkover Survey 5.10.1 A detailed walkover survey of the Scheduled area was undertaken on the 17th and 18th of May 2017. Weather on the 17th ranged from overcast but bright to heavy rain though visibility remained good. Weather on the 18th was bright, sunny and clear. Features recorded previously and identified during the desk‐based assessment, e.g. primarily those features shown on historical maps and the earthwork features depicted upon the 1992 RCHME earthwork survey were visited to establish their condition and whether there were any visible changes from their recorded descriptions. A record was made of any features encountered that had not previously been recorded in the field, though most of these features can be related to features shown on historic mapping. All features identified in the field were recorded using the National Trust’s Historic Landscape Survey Field Recording Forms. Completed versions of these forms are presented in Appendix 2. Spatial information was recorded using ArcGis Collector to create shapefiles in the field. Features were also recorded using digital photography, and the photographic record is presented in Appendix 3. Where relevant, photographic plates support this section of the assessment. A copy of all digital photographs will be supplied to the National Trust..

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Previously Recorded Features

5.10.2 Previously recorded features are defined in this report as features that had been recorded either in the historic environment databases (HERs and NRHE) or those that had been recorded by the previous archaeological field work detailed above. These features were examined in the field to establish if their recorded descriptions were accurate and to assess their condition. These features included:

 The upstanding priory remains (Site 4) (Plates 1‐3);  The Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) (Plate 4);  Earthworks, including: o Ridge and furrow in the northern extent of the Scheduled area (Site A) (Plates ;5‐6) o The water feature (Site 4) (Plates 7‐9); and o The building platform (Site B) (Plate 10)  The Fishponds (Site 3) (Plates 11‐12);  Boundary watercourses/ditches (Site CC) (see Plate 27).

5.10.3 All of these features are shown on Figure 2 and were found to be as previously described and as such are not discussed further here. National Trust Historic Landscape Recording Forms have been produced for each of these features them and these are presented In Appendix 2. The potential for impacts upon them as a result of the works proposed in the Landscape Masterplan are considered in Section 6 below.

Newly Recorded Features

5.10.4 Newly recorded features are defined here as those features which are not noted on historic environment databases (HERS and NHRE) and which were not specifically recorded by previous archaeological work on site (though some have been noted in reference to historic maps in previous archaeological work). However, the majority of these features relate to features recorded on historical mapping of the site and/or are visible on aerial photographs and are late post‐medieval or modern in date. Details of each of these features is given on the National Trusts Historic Landscape Survey Field Recording Forms presented in Appendix 2, however summary descriptions of the features are given here and they are related where possible to features on historic mapping.

5.10.5 An area of possible slipway (Site N) (Plate 13) was recorded along the bank of the Thames in the northwest corner of the Scheduled area. This corresponds to boat house with landing stage shown on the 1899 Ordnance Survey map. The feature was overgrown with thick vegetation at the time of the survey and a small tree had fallen across the area. This limited the ability to measure accurately and to investigate the nature of any building materials that may be present. However, the feature was found to measure 2.5m wide by 3m long.

5.10.6 A large set of concrete stairs (Site R) are located along the banks of the river between the former location of the boat houses and the former location of the picnic house (Plate 14) These were found to measure 5.75m southeast to northwest along the bank and are 2.9 m wide. They measured c. 0.55m high at the back of the stairs. The stairs are not recorded on any historical mapping and are not visible on any aerial photographs. However, they are located in the area of the mid 20th century swimming pool which existed on site and are located at the eastern end of ferry crossing marked on the 1944 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 11). They are partially overgrown and the northern side of the steps are in poor condition, breaking away from the banks of the river and beginning to slump into the water.

5.10.7 A concrete and brick footing (Site S) (Plate 15) was encountered in the general vicinity of the former picnic house. This was aligned east to west (with a brick fragment visible at the western extent of the exposed feature). The feature measured c. 3m east to west and was 25cm wide and was likely related to the picnic house. Two other features related to the picnic house were identified during the survey. These included a small set of concrete steps (Site J) (Plate 16) measuring 1.5m (N to S) by c. 1.7m (extending intoe th river). These steps or a predecessor of them, were recorded on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 8). These steps are largely (c) AOC Archaeology 2017 | 19 | www.aocarchaeology.com

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overgrown with ivy and are slumping forward into the river. A curvilinear brick feature (Site T) was also recorded immediately north of these steps (Plate 17). The feature was visible at ground level and measured c. 2m in length and the ‘wall’ was 50cm thick. The interior of the feature appeared to have been lined with a thin layer of concrete.

5.10.8 Two manhole like features were recorded in the middle of Ankerwycke Mead. These do not correspond to any features identified on historical mapping or aerial photographs. Their function is unknown but they are presumed to be modern in date. The first is a semicircular concrete feature (Site U) (Plate 18) measuring c. 1.2m in diameter. It is largely overgrown and filled in with nettles and leaves. To the east of this is a square feature (Site V) composed of concrete and rubble mix (Plate 19). The visible portions of this feature measured 70cm (N to S) by 65cm (E to W) with a void in the centre and the ‘wall’ measuring 45cm in thickness.

5.10.9 A large depressed area is evident at the southern extent of Scheduled area (Plate 20). This largely corresponds to the field shape and paths shown on historical mapping (Figures 8‐11). However a pond (Site H) is shown in this location on the 1800 enclosure map (Figure 5) and the 1872 Ordnance Survey map (not shown) depicts the area as marshy. It is not clear whether the depression is natural or whether it has been modified as part of the Victorian pleasure grounds.

5.10.10 What appears to be a former landing stage (Site W) (Plate 21) was recorded at the very southern extent of the Scheduled area along the banks of the river. The feature comprises a concrete and rubble block (Plate 22) measuring 95cm by 95cm. A number of concrete posts were also visible in the river. To the northwest of the block, along the banks of the river were further concrete posts and wooden cladding perhaps used as revetting (Plate 23).

5.10.11 A footbridge, steps and a walled section of path (Site L) (Plates )24 & 26 are located to the east of the southern fishpond. These are largely of brick. The feature is recorded on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 8) (it does not appear on the 1872 Ordnance Survey map (not shown)). The western extent of the wall, nearest the steps, appears to have been rebuilt recently (Plate 25). A further footbridge (Site BB) (Plate 27) lies to the east of the northern fishpond and formerly crossed the watercourse that marks the eastern boundary of the Scheduled area. The footbridge is comprised of a single large flat stone for the crossing; though smaller cut stone blocks were present at either bank and some stone work revetting was visible to the south of the foot bridge on the eastern side of the stream. No measurements of this feature were made due to it largely lying within the stream.

5.10.12 In the northeastern corner of Scheduled area a small fragment of brick walling (Site X) (Plate 28) measuring 94cm by 50cm by 33cm high was located. This appears to have been previously clad with concrete. This is in keeping with the road bridge and wall along the avenue to the immediate north and just outside the Scheduled area. A further section of walling (Site Y) is located to the west along the field boundary with Ankerwycke Mead (Plate 29). Vegetation made this wall difficult to access but it measures roughly c. 3m by 90cm high (at its highest) by c. 30 cm. Along the path to the south of the small bit of walling is a wrought iron gate post (Site AA) (Plate 30); leant against the tree behind this is a further wrought iron item (Plate 31).

5.10.13 To the south of upstanding priory remains, in the wood, a fragment of walling comprising four mortared bricks was encountered (Site Z) (Plate 32). This fragment did not appear to be in situ and no associated features were located in the vicinity. The bricks were stamped ‘MARSTON’. Marston bricks came from the Marston Valley Brick Company and were largely produced in the early 20th century. The London Brick Company bought out Marston in the early 1970s.

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Important Views of the Scheduled Monument

5.10.14 The majority of views of the Scheduled Monument occur from within it. This is due to the presence of mature vegetation within it, particularly the wooded areas to the east and south and the mature trees along the western edge of the Scheduled area where it meets the river bank and limits views into and out from the Scheduled Monument. It is largely this enclosed and isolated setting which contributes to an understanding and appreciation of the site as a medieval priory and its use as a Victorian pleasure ground. There are some views into Ankerwycke Mead, which include the upstanding priory remains from the southern bank of the Thames. These are primarily glimpses through trees from the Thames Path within Runnymede and from the Windsor Road (A308). At the time of the site visit the upstanding priory remains were starkly visible against the verdant backdrop as a result of their white chalk construction (Plates 33 & 34). These views also contribute to the character of the Scheduled area as separate and isolated from the surrounding landscape.

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6 CONCLUSION 6.1 Sensitivity of Remains 6.1.1 Table 1 below summaries the distinct features identified within the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke. In addition to identifying each of the assets an assessment of their significance, and therefore sensitivity, is given. The corresponding Figure Nos. upon which they can be seen is also noted. Significance is classified as National, Regional, Local, Negligible or no importance and the criteria for each of these categories is presented in Appendix 4.

Table 1: Summary of features identified within the Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument and their significance Site Identifier Site Name/Description Shown on (Figure Nos.) Significance Ankerwycke Priory Site 2 Figures 2 & 3 National (upstanding remains)

Site 3 Ankerwycke Priory; fish Figure 2 National ponds Site 4 Ankerwycke Priory, water Figure 2 & 12 National feature/ ditch Ankerwycke Priory (buried Site 10 remains identified during Figure 2 National excavation Palaeochannel and prehistoric pottery‐Black Site 11 Walnut Field, Ankerwycke Figure 2 Local Priory, Wraysbury, Berkshire Finds recovered from the Site 13 grounds of Ankerwycke Figure 2 Regional Priory (Scheduled Monument) Site 26 Ankerwycke Yew Figure 2 National Ankerwycke Mead, Ridge Site A Figure 2 & 12 National and Furrow Ankerwycke Building Site B Figure 2 & 12 National Platform Ankerywycke Priory (buried remains identified Site C Figure 2 National through geophysical survey) Ankerwycke House (Smith Site D Figures 3 & 5 National Mansion) Outbuildings to Smith Site E Figures 3 & 5 Regional Mansion Garden Building Site F Associated with Smith Figures 3 & 5 Regional Mansion Site G Picnic House Figures 3 & 5‐11 Regional

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Site H Pond Figures 3, 5 &6 Local/Regional Site I Possible Walled Garden Figures 3 & 6 Regional Steps associated with Site J Figures 3, 4 & 8 Local Picnic House Site K Boat House Figures 3 & 8‐9 Local Steps and walling near Site L Figure 3, 4, 8 & 9 Local/Regional fishponds Site M Boat House Figure 3 & 9 Local Boat House with Landing Site N Figures 3, 4 & 9‐11 Local stage Modern buildings north of Site O Figure 3 & 10 Negligible/Local priory remains on 1933 OS Swimming Pool and Site P Figures 3 & 10‐11 Local Changing Rooms Ridge and Furrow Site Q Figure 3 National (southern meadow) Stairs associated with Site R Ferry Crossing/Swimming Figure 4 Local Pool Concrete and Brick footing Site S possibly associated with Figure 4 Local former Picnic House Curvilinear Brick Feature, Site T possibly associated with Figure 4 Local/Regional the Picnic House Site U Possible circular manhole Figure 4 Negligible Site V Possible square manhole Figure 4 Negligible Site W Former Landing Stage Figure 4 Negligible Site X Wall Figure 4 Local Site Y Wall Figure 4 Local Site Z Displaced section of brick Figure 4 Negligible Site AA Wrought Iron gate post Figure 4 Local Site BB Stone footbridge Figure 4 Local Boundary Site CC Figure 2 National/Regional Watercourses/ditches

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6.1.2 Given the significance of each of the features identified with the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke as per the above it is clear that the Scheduled Monument is more sensitive to direct impacts in the north of the Scheduled area (See Figure 15 for a plan showing areas of high sensitivity). This includes the upstanding and buried priory remains, the earthwork features associated with the priory and the Smith Mansion. Areas which only contain denuded agricultural remains or evidence for the later development of the estate as pleasure grounds have been considered to be of medium sensitivity, as while they have some local or even regional significance they would not meet the criteria for scheduling on their own. This includes the southern meadow and woods, which contains ridge and furrow and a later pond and paths associated with the pleasure grounds indicating that this area was perhaps more peripheral in terms of settlement and intensive landscape development. However, it should be noted that there remains the potential for significant hitherto unknown buried remains to survive in this southern location. This includes the potential for prehistoric remains as indicated by the finds recovered from the palaeochannel. While the swimming pool (Site P) itself is considered to be of some local importance the area in which it is located is judged to have low archaeological sensitivity, as the construction of the swimming pool likely disturbed any earlier remains. 6.2 Potential impacts General Impact Assessment

6.2.1 Potential impacts on known or unknown buried archaeological remains which survive within the Scheduled area relate to the possibility of disturbing, removing or destroying in situ remains and artefacts during groundbreaking works (including excavation, construction and other works) associated with the implementation of the proposals set out in the Landscape Masterplan. As per the National Trust Brief this section considers the potential impacts generally but also considers more specific impacts that may result from the proposals made within the Landscape Masterplan as set out in Section 2.3 of this assessment.

6.2.2 The NT brief indicates that proposals set out in the Landscape Masterplan are only indicative and that there may be the potential for development across the Scheduled area. Indeed the National Trust have indicated some further options for assessment (See Paragraph 2.3.3) and these are assessed here. Given the intensive use of the Ankerwycke landscape from at least the medieval through to the modern period there is a high potential for any ground breaking works to encounter buried archaeological remains. The magnitude of any such impact will be dependent upon enhancements to be carried out. For example the insertion of interpretive signage, which may at most involve the excavation of post‐holes, is likely to have a smaller physical impact than the ground breaking works that may be required to construct a new ferry landing stage or interpretive seating.

6.2.3 Section 6.1 above sets out the significance of individual features identified within the Scheduled Monument. Those assets of greater importance will be more sensitive to change than those of lesser importance and any potential impacts should take these significance classifications into account.

Ankerwycke Ferry Landing Stage

6.2.4 This proposal could require the construction of a landing stage, interpretive seating, a basic shelter and interpretive works of art and signage. All of these proposals are likely to require ground breaking works. Such works could vary in degree from post‐holes for erection of signage to excavation of larger areas for the construction of shelters or seating. Any ground breaking works would require Scheduled Monument Consent and the potential of impacts would vary depending upon the final location of each of these new features. The potential for encountering buried archaeological remains throughout the Scheduled area is considered to be high. Specific impacts are considered here based upon the Figure 9.7 of the Landscape Masterplan which sets out indicative locations for each of the features proposed as part of the landing stage.

6.2.5 As per Figure 9.7 all of the proposed features are located in the southern meadow. The only archaeological feature to be identified here is an area of rig and furrow visible on LiDAR survey data. As such any ground breaking works in this area are less likely to impact upon remains of built structures, of either medieval or post‐

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medieval date, which are concentrated further north within Ankerwycke Mead, around the upstanding priory remains and in the vicinity of the Ankerwycke Yew.

6.2.6 Construction of a basic shelter and seating area here would not impact upon views of the upstanding priory remains from the opposite bank of the Thames and dwoul also largely be limited to this meadow as the tree belt between this and Ankerwycke Mead and the woodland to the east largely prohibits views of this area from elsewhere within the Scheduled Monument. As such placement of these new features in the southern portion of the Scheduled Monument where there is less chance of impacting upon the asset’s setting could be considered the most sensitive in maintaining the sense of isolation and enclosure that contributes to the understanding of the Scheduled Monument as a whole.

6.2.7 In addition to the ferry landing stage which is proposed in the Landscape Masterplan, as discussed above, it has been suggested that the temporary ferry landing used during the celebrations associated with the 800th anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta could be formalised. This temporary landing stage was established in 2015 on the banks of the Thames at Ankerwycke Mead. The erection of mooring posts and a wooden post fence around the area of the temporary landing stage encountered charcoal and building material fragments (Jamie Preston pers comms). As such any ground breaking works which would be required to formalise the landing stage would have the potential to impact upon buried archaeological remains. Furthermore the location of this landing stage, on the northern bank of the Thames, is in the direct line of sight from the opposite bank where views of the upstanding priory are possible. As discussed above in Paragraph 5.10.14 and below in Paragraphs 6.2.23 and 6.2.24, this view is considerably important to the setting of the Scheduled Monument in that it contributes to the sense of separation and isolation of the monument. The introduction modern structures/features associated with a permanent landing stage at this location, in addition to regular ferry crossings by modern ferries would detract from the sense of isolation and would also potentially prohibit or be distracting in views of the upstanding priory remains from the opposite bank.

6.2.8 The possibility of reinstating ferry crossings where they previously existed also has to be considered. Stairs leading down to the River Thames were identified on the river bank leading down from Ankerwycke Mead. The stairs at Site J were likely associated with the former Picnic House (Site G) and those further to the north at Site R were likely associated with the ferry crossing shown on the 1944 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 11) and may have served visitors to the swimming pool (Site P) located here in the early to mid 20th century. Both sets of stairs are in declining condition and overgrown with vegetation, the narrower steps (Site J) near the former location of the Picnic House are slumping forward towards the river and in some danger of collapse. The establishment of new ferry landings in these locations would provide a continuity of use and given that these stairs were established in the post‐medieval and modern periods the potential for nationally important archaeological remains to survive is likely to be less (given that the construction of the existing stairs would have likely disturbed any remains which might have been present). However, there is the possibility that reinstating the ferry landings in these locations could have an adverse impact upon the setting of the Scheduled Monument, much as the formalising of landing stage used for the anniversary celebrations would (see above paragraph). This would certainly be the case for the stairs (Site J) associated with the Picnic House as they lie just a few metres to the north of the temporary landing stage discussed above and in a direct line of sight, in front of the upstanding priory remains, when viewed from the opposite bank (see Plate 33). Impacts upon the setting of the Scheduled Monument from a ferry landing stage at the steps at Site R would in all likelihood be less as any built features associated with this would lie further to north and would not be seen in juxtaposition with the upstanding priory remains.

Ankerwycke Riverside Walk

6.2.9 The Riverside Walk proposed is primarily located beyond the boundaries of the Scheduled Monument, to the northeast on Ankerwycke Eyot, however the walks southwestern terminus is proposed for the southern area of the Scheduled Monument. While trails currently exist in this location, the enhancements associated with the Riverside walk would potentially include wne trails or trail improvements and the erection of interpretive way

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markers. Depending on construction methods for new trails or trail improvements, impacts related to the development of a Riverside Walk may be limited to the insertion of post holes for interpretive way markers.

6.2.10 Heritage assets and historical landscape features identified in this portion of the Scheduled area are limited to the pond shown on the 1800 enclosure map (Figure 5), pathways associated with the Victorian pleasure grounds and a modern landing stage identified during the walkover survey. Prehistoric artefacts were also recovered from a palaeochannel in this location and as such there is the potential for similar remains to survive.

6.2.11 As such there is the potential for improvement works to impact upon these or hitherto unknown remains. However, it should be noted that the former landing stage is considered to be of negligible importance and the establishment of a new landing stage in this location could limit the potential for impacts in other more important areas of the Scheduled Monument and could provide continuity of use.

Ankerwycke Priory and Pleasure Grounds

6.2.12 The Landscape Masterplan includes proposals for improvements to the priory and pleasure grounds. These include access and interpretation to the pleasure grounds, improved presentation and interpretation of the priory remains and new access and interpretation to the fish ponds. The Masterplan also suggests archaeological investigations linked to community engagement programmes. 6.2.13 The Landscape Masterplan does not give any specific details about how access and interpretation would be improved to the priory and the pleasure grounds. Based on the other proposals it is assumed that this might include path improvement or construction of new paths and erection of additional interpretive signage. With regard to access to the fish ponds and pond dipping it is assumed that new trails and platforms would be required and that as per Figure 9.9 of the Landscape Masterplan this might include bridges and boardwalks. 6.2.14 Depending upon the method of construction ofg creatin or improving paths, ground breaking works might be expected and this would certainly be required for the erection of any new interpretative signage, boardwalks or bridges. Given that this location contains the majority of known structural and landscape features associated with the medieval priory, the Tudor Mansion and the later Victorian pleasure grounds, the potential for direct impacts upon archaeological deposits is high. 6.2.15 In particular the erection of any interpretive signage in the immediate vicinity of the upstanding priory remains would likely impact upon buried archaeological deposits of medieval and post‐medieval origin. This is evidenced by the results of the geophysical survey which indicates the likely location of both medieval building foundations and Smith’s Tudor Mansion. Excavations near the upstanding remains have also encountered in situ walls and floors and the recent insertion of benches has encountered building rubble. 6.2.16 The creation of paths, insertion of interpretative signage and facilities for pond dipping at the fish ponds could potentially directly impact upon archaeological deposits associated with the construction and use of the fish ponds. Additionally as the fish ponds are currently overgrown and, and at the time of the site visit, were largely dry; it is assumed that this proposal would require extensive vegetation clearance, excavation of the built up material within the ponds and the reinstatement of some form of water management system. Such works would have the potential to result in high magnitude impacts upon the ponds themselves. There is also potential to impact upon any waterlogged paleo‐environmental remains which may be located within the ponds. However, it should be noted that the Oxford Archaeology auger survey noted that organic deposits only survived sproadically and at the lowest levels of the pond and that this was consisent with regular cleaning of the ponds which is documented at serveral monastic sites (OAU 1993, 22). While evidences for organic deposits was sporadic, these augers revealed that the base of the ponds was c. 1m to 2m below the top of pond level (which at the time of augering was standing water). All augers encountered unconsolidated organic matter representing leaf mould, though silty layers rich in organic material and shell were encountered in the eastern (north to south aligned) pond. Samples recovered indicated fresh water snails, charcoal, fragments of preserved wood, willow, dock, goosefoot, milk thistle, oak, Hawthorn fruite and white Water Lily (ibid, 14). The auger survey and trenching did not establish how the ponds were fed (ibid, 22).

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6.2.17 The development of a community archaeology programme has the potential to impact upon archaeological remains, as excavation of archaeological remains is ultimately a destructive process. However, there is potential for non‐intrusive archaeological evaluation, through for example further geophysical survey. In addition it is considered that any intrusive archaeological works should ultimately lead to a better understanding and appreciation of the Scheduled Monument and its importance. Considerations for taking any such project forward are provided in Section 6.3.10 below. Ankerwycke Yew 6.2.18 Proposals for the Ankerwycke Yew include the construction of a boardwalk path around the yew and to the north and south of it to join the circular boardwalk to the main path. A boardwalk over the ditch/watercourse to the east of the yew is also proposed. It is proposed that the boardwalk will contain integrated interpretive seating and that enhanced signage and interpretation would also form enhancement measures. The Landscape Masterplan also proposes selective scrub clearance in the vicinity of the yew to increase visibility. However, much of this appears to have been done since the 2013 when the Landscape Masterplan was produced (see Plate 4). 6.2.19 Geophysical survey undertaken in 2006 indicated that an area of medieval structures associated with the priory likely stretched from the upstanding priory remains north towards the yew. In addition debris churned up by burrowing animals in this area has revealed medieval and post‐medieval material. The limited ground breaking works associated with the insertion of benches around the yew encountered building rubble such as tiles and bricks. As such there is high potential for medieval remains associated with the priory to survive in this location. 6.2.20 As such any ground breaking works required for the insertion of boardwalks, seating or interpretive signage has the potential to result in a high magnitude impact upon highly significant archaeological remains. De‐Silting of the Boundary Watercourses/Ditches 6.2.21 The watercourses/ditches (Site CC) which bound the Scheduled Monument, and presumably formed the boundaries of the priory grounds may be de‐silted as part of the proposals at Ankerwycke. The ditches are largely silted up in some areas (see Plate 27 as an example) and vegetation is growing along the banks and in some areas causing the banks to tumble into the ditches. The de‐silting of these features could prevent further collapse of these features and would also ensure that the features remained legible as part of the medieval and later landscape. However, de‐silting is also likely to require removal of a significant amount of sediment which may contain archaeological remains or evidence for the construction and management of the feautres. A new water managment system would be required to ensure that there isn’t further loss of deposits or silting up of the ditches. Such works would have the potential to result in high magnitude impacts upon the ditches themselves and upon any waterlogged paleo‐environmental remains (though it should be noted that the Oxford Archaeology auger survey encountered poorly consolidated silty muds both with and without organic material to a depth of 1.19m to 1.42m below the current surface (OAU 1993, 14) which may be located within them, however such works could also prevent the loss of the landscape features, which are currently at risk from natural silting and erosion processes. Re‐use of the Picnic House Arear fo shelter/seating/interpretation 6.2.22 The area around the former Picnic House (Site G) has been noted as a possible area for a shelter, interpretive seating or interpretation (see parapgraphs 6.2.5 and 6.2.6 above for discussion of an alternative location). A number of footings or foundations (Sites S & T) were recorded sin thi area during the walkover survey, in addition to a set of stairs (Site J). The Picnic House is first depicted on 1800 enclosure map (Figure 5) and is considered to be of Regional Importance. Any groundbreaking works associated with the construction of a shelter, seating or intpretation features would have the potential to impact upon buried remains assoicated with the Picnic House. As with the reuse of the stairs (Site J) at the Picnic House for a ferry landing stage, see Paragraph 6.2.8 above, there would be the potential for any new structures or features in the area of cthe Picni House to adversely impact the setting of the Scheduled Monument.

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Assessment of potential for setting impacts

6.2.23 The setting of the Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument is largely self contained as a result of its wooded nature and it being bound by the Thames to the west. The character of the Scheduled Monument is largely isolated and contained as a result of the woodland to the east and south and mature vegetation along with distinct water features/courses to the north and west. This isolated and contained character contributes to our understanding of the site’s development as a priory and later as an ideal area for a Victorian pleasure ground. Both of the priory and the pleasure ground were largely designed to be separate from the surrounding landscape. With the exception of a few views into Ankerwycke Mead, which include the upstanding priory remains, from the Thames path at Runnymede there are few views into the Scheduled area. These views also contribute to the understanding of the Scheduled Monument as separate and isolated from the surrounding landscape.

6.2.24 Given the description of setting above and how it contributes to the understanding and appreciation, and therefore significance, of the Scheduled Monument it would be possible for the works associated with the Landscape Masterplan to impact upon its setting. This would be particularly true where built features were such that disrupted the sense of isolation or obscured the relationship between individual features within the Scheduled Monument. The placement of structures that distracted or blocked views of the upstanding priory remains from Runnymede could also result in significant setting impacts.

Potential for beneficial impacts

6.2.25 The proposals for the National Trust property at Ankerwycke, as generally set out in the Landscape Masterplan, ultimately aim to enhance the site such that there will be increased access and understanding of the heritage asset. While implementing this has the potential to result in adverse impacts on the significance of the asset or elements thereof, it also needs to be acknowledged that there is the potential for beneficial impacts.

6.2.26 While the de‐silting of the boundary watercourse/ditches (Site CC) and the fishponds (Site 3) has the potential to adverse effect archaeological deposits associated the construction and use of these, it would also have a beneficial impact upon the setting of the overall all Scheduled Monument and potentially on the physical remains of these features. Removal of trees and other vegetation both within and on the banks of these features would prevent further damage to them. The removal of silt and build up from within these features would make them more legible as medieval features, allowing for greater appreciation of their contextual relationships with the rest of the Scheduled Monument. Ultimately this could lead to an increase in aesthetic value (see Conservation Principles, Historic England 2008, 30) by better revealing the design value of the landscape. It may also increase the historical value by increasing the ability to understand that Ankerwycke comprises a ‘landscape that has survived from the past’ (ibid 29).

6.2.27 Similarly the proposals have the potential to have a beneficial impact upon the understanding and appreciation of the 19th century pleasure grounds. This could be done through the creation of new paths, or indeed the re‐ establishment of former paths (though the current paths largely follow the paths shown on 19th century Ordnance Survey maps). This could better reveal the development of the landscape beyond the medieval period (which is largely what is experienced on the ground today) and could thus increase the historical value of the overall estate by better revealing its historical context.

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6.3 Mitigation 6.3.1 Scheduled Monuments are heritage assets which are given legal protection under the Ancient Monument and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as a result of the National Importance. The Scheduled Monument at Ankerwycke is considered to be of National Importance and thus designated for the following reasons: A nunnery was a settlement built to sustain a community of religious women. Its main buildings were constructed to provide facilities for worship, accommodation and subsistence. The main elements are the church and domestic buildings arranged around a cloister. This central enclosure may be accompanied by an outer court and gatehouse, the whole bounded by a precinct wall, earthworks or moat. Outside the enclosure, fishponds, mills, field systems, stock enclosures and barns may occur. The earliest English nunneries were founded in the seventh century AD but most of these had fallen out of use by the ninth century. A small number of these were later refounded. The tenth century witnessed the foundation of some new houses but the majority of medieval nunneries were established from the late 11th century onwards. Nunneries were established by most of the major religious orders of the time, including the Benedictines, Cistercians, Augustinians, Franciscans and Dominicans. It is known from documentary sources that at least 153 nunneries existed in England, of which the precise locations of only around 100 sites are known. Few sites have been examined in detail and as a rare and poorly understood medieval monument type all examples exhibiting survival of archaeological remains are worthy of protection. The earthwork and below‐ground remains of Ankerwyke Priory survive in excellent condition, along with its fishponds and other associated features. The site has considerable archaeological potential including, as a result of its low‐lying situation, the survival of organic and environmental material in waterlogged deposits. This may provide information both of the economy of the community who occupied the site and of the surrounding environment in which it existed (https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the‐list/list‐entry/1007943). 6.3.2 Under the act the Scheduled Monument the remains at Ankerwycke are protected from: a) any works resulting in the demolition or destruction of or any damage to a scheduled monument ; (b) any works for the purpose of removing or repairing a scheduled monument or any part of it or of making any alterations or additions thereto ; and (c) any flooding or tipping operations on land in, on or under which there is a scheduled monument.

Specific mitigation suggestions associated with Landscape Masterplan proposals

6.3.3 Any works undertaken as part of the Landscape Masterplan with the Ankerwycke Scheduled area which would results in the above would require Scheduled Monument Consent. The proposals set out in the Landscape Masterplan aim to enhance the understanding of the Scheduled Monument and the wider Ankerwycke Estate by providing improved access and interpretation. The works should be undertaken in such away to ensure that the cultural significance of the Scheduled Monument is maintained or enhanced. In order to ensure this is a number of specific mitigation measures should be adopted; these are outlined below. 6.3.4 It is considered that the insertion of a boardwalk path around the Ankerwycke Yew, depending upon method of construction, has the potential to result in a high magnitude impact upon archaeological deposits of national importance. Evidence for archaeological remains in this location indicates survival of features associated with the medieval priory (the presence of which forms the basis for the Scheduling). It is noted that in 2013 when the Landscape Masterplan was produced the area around the yew appeared to be overgrown with scrub vegetation. The site visit undertaken for this assessment indicated that there has been vegetation clearance in the area surrounding the yew and that benches have been added allowing for increased access to yew. While the insertion of a boardwalk has the potential to impact upon buried archaeological remains associated with the priory cloister, it is acknowledged that increased traffic around the yew could result in damage to its root systems and therefore also result in a high magnitude impact. As such it is acknowledged that that this must also be mitigated. Further options for establishing a walkway around the yew which do not require ground breaking works and also protect the yew should be explored. If however, on balance, a boardwalk is found to be the most

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sensitive option; it is recommended that any ground breaking works in the vicinity of the yew be kept to a minimum. Any ground breaking work associated with the insertion of a boardwalk or interpretive panels should be undertaken under archaeological monitoring. 6.3.5 The development of new paths in the vicinity of the fish ponds and the provision of facilities to create pond dipping opportunities would require further consideration. The fish ponds are currently overgrown and largely devoid of water as such introducing pond dipping would likely require the excavation of the buildup of material from within the ponds and the implementation of a water management system. Any such works have the potential to result in an impact of high magnitude upon the ponds themselves and upon archaeological deposits associated with their construction and use. The ponds may also contain palaeoenvironmental deposits, though as per the Oxford Archaeology auger survey in 1993 this may be limited, which could be disturbed by works associated with the development of access to the ponds. In order to establish the extent and significance of any such impacts further works would be required. These should as a first stage include depth probing and sampling of deposits within the ponds to establish the depth and stratigraphy of deposits and determining whether there has been significant further build up since 1993. Depending upon the results of this additional recommendations about what further work may be required may be made. 6.3.6 With regards to the creation of new paths around the fish ponds, it is noted that there is significant map evidence available from the 19th century Ordnance Survey maps, which indicate the location of paths, particularly encircling the southern (east to west aligned) pond. It is suggested that re‐establishment of the path, rather than creation of a strictly new path, could have a beneficial impact. This would allow for a more detailed understanding and appreciation of the 19th century pleasure grounds landscape than is currently possible and as such could increase the aesthetic value of the Scheduled Monument. 6.3.7 Similarly the de‐silting of the boundary watercourses/ditches (Site CC) would require the excavation of the buildup of material from within the ditches and the implementation of a water management system, to ensure that they do not silt up again in the future. Any such works have the potential to result in an impact of high magnitude upon the ditches themselves and upon archaeological deposits associated with their construction and use. The ditches may also contain palaeoenvironmental deposits which could be disturbed by works associated with de‐silting. In order to establish the extent and significance of any such impacts further works would be required. These should as a first stage include depth probing and sampling of deposits within the ditches to establish the depth and stratigraphy of deposits. Depending upon the results of this, additional recommendations about what further work may be required may be made. Given that the ditches are currently suffering natural silting and erosion (as a result of the incursion of vegetation and water movement) it is recommended that if de‐silting does not take place in the near further, a detailed topographical survey of the ditches should be required to ensure that there is an up‐to‐date record of them and to allow for continued monitoring of their condition. 6.3.8 Four locations have been proposed as ferry landing stages and impacts resulting from these are discussed above in Paragraphs 6.2.4 to 6.2.8. It is considered that the proposal to site the landing stage at the very south of the Scheduled Monument, as set out in the Landscape Masterplan and in the vicinity of the former modern landing stage at Site W, is preferable. The establishment of a landing stage here has limited potential to impact upon buried archaeological remains and will not impact upon the setting of the Scheduled Monument in terms of views of it from the opposite bank. The temporary land stage, used during the Magna Carta anniversary celebrations and the stairs in the area of the Picnic House (Site J) would be the least preferred options for a landing stage as there is a high potential to impact upon buried archaeological remains and new structures and regularly ferry crossings here have the potential to significantly impact upon the setting of the Scheduled Monument. 6.3.9 Two locations have been proposed for the establishment of a basic shelter and/or interpretive seating. These include the southern portion of the Scheduled Monument and the area around the Picnic House (Site G). The southern portion of the Scheduled Monument is considered preferable as there would be less potential to impactn upo buried archaeological remains and any such development would be less likely to impact upon the setting of the Scheduled Monument. If development of such features in the vicinity of the Picnic House were to be progressed, these should seek to avoid or, if possible, consolidate the previously recorded features (Sites S, T & J). New features associated with a shelter or seating would need to be sensitive to these features and any (c) AOC Archaeology 2017 | 30 | www.aocarchaeology.com

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ground breaking works would require to be preceded by archaeological test pitting to establish the most sensitive positioning of new feature in relations to any remains associated with Picnic House. Any shelter or seating would also need to be sensitive to the view of the upstanding priory remains from the opposite bank of the Thames, as this is a key element of the setting of the Scheduled Monument. A new shelter or seating should not obscure or detract from views of the upstanding priory remains from the opposite bank of the Thames. 6.3.10 Any archaeological investigation which may be undertaken as part of a community engagement programme should be underpinned by a clear research agenda which seeks to answer specific research questions regarding the priory and/or the later use of the Ankerwycke Estate. Intrusive evaluation should be limited to specific areas required to be assessed to answer the research questions. Any research agenda should be developed with reference to the South East Research Framework (draft) (SERF) (2007) and could focus on spatial analysis and the hierarchies of access. Ankerwycke’s location on the Thames makes it a prime candidate for the study of industry and trade of monastic sites and it’s well known post‐dissolution history also make it well suited for the study of its use following on from its religious occupation. The seemingly well preserved remains at Ankerwycke would allow for an archaeological study of all of these topics, which are highlighted as particular areas for research by the SERF seminar. The SERF draft itself sets out as a priority the study of the relationship between the ecclesiastical centre and its hinterlands to which Ankerwycke, which provides the opportunity to relate the structural remains of the priory to agricultural and water management remains in the surrounding landscape, is particularly well suited. 6.3.11 It should be a requirement that the results of any investigations undertaken as part of a community engagement programme are subject to post‐excavation analysis and that the results are published and used to enhance interpretation on the site.

General Mitigation Suggestions 6.3.12 In general, the location of any ground breaking works should be agreed with reference to this report to ensure that known heritage assets which contribute to the cultural significance of the Scheduled Monument are not harmed or removed. All ground breaking works should be subject either to monitoring via an archaeological watching brief or test pitting in the case of larger areas being disturbed (e.g. for areas of interpretive seating). Where intrusive works would be limited to post‐holing (e.g. for insertion of interpretive signage) and watching brief may not practical in terms of visibility of archaeological material; it may be appropriate to retain the excavated soil and subject it to wet sieving to allow for identification of artefacts and ecofacts which may be present. Examination of such deposits may increase understanding of diet and agricultural management on site in addition to allowing for the retention and study of any significant artefacts that may be recovered. 6.3.13 Figure 14 depicts all heritage assets identified by this assessment and indicates that the majority of the Scheduled area at Ankerwycke is known to have been subject to human modification and that the potential for archaeological remains to be encountered throughout the site is high. Figure 15 builds upon Figure 14 and Table 1, which indicates the importance of the remains identified, and attempts to indicate areas of high, medium and low archaeological sensitivity. This figure is primarily concerned with mapping sensitivity relative to physical remains and direct impact and areas more sensitive in terms of setting impact are discussed in Paragraph 6.3.17 below. 6.3.14 As Figure 15 shows, in general the area around the upstanding priory remains, the area between these remains and yew tree and much of the area of Ankerwycke Mead, as shown in red, should be considered to be highly sensitive to change. The majority of the features known or assumed to be associated with the medieval priory and Tudor development of the estate are concentrated here and therefore ground breaking works in these areas have a high potential to encounter archaeological deposits and features of national significance. Some very discrete features within the area marked as having high potential will have caused localised disturbance (primarily the man hole like features at Sites U & V and the former modern buildings at Site O). Ground breaking works in these areas marked red on Figure 15 should be minimal where possible and if required should employ the measures set out in Paragraph 6.3.12 above.

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6.3.15 The area shown in amber on Figure 15 is considered to have medium archaeological sensitivity. Remains identified in these areas appear to be strictly related to agricultural use, and in these instances their preservation and association with the priory are less certain than agricultural remains within the red area, or are related to structures and landscaping associated strictly with the 19th century pleasure grounds. While still possessing cultural value, these remains are more locally important (see Table 1) and on their own would be very unlikely to meet the criteria required for Scheduling. While impacts in these areas would be adverse, they would be unlikely to reduce the cultural significance of the Scheduled Monument (in terms of affecting its characteristics which form the basis for its Scheduling). 6.3.16 The area of the former swimming pool (Site P) has been marked green, indicating an area of low archaeological sensitivity, on Figure 15. This is because it is presumed that the construction of the swimming pool would have required fairly substantial excavation and as such any archaeological remains which may have survived here are likely to have been removed. 6.3.17 The area of Ankerwycke Mead and the area between the upstanding priory remains and the yew are considered to be the most sensitive in terms of changes which could affect setting. The upstanding remains of the priory are located at the eastern edge of Ankerwycke Mead and the earthwork remains are obvious throughout this meadow and it is the relationship of these features which largely contributes to an understanding of the significance of the Scheduled Monument. It is the view across Ankerwycke Mead from the opposite bank of the Thames that also contributes to the understanding of the priory and the sense of isolation of the asset. As such it suggested that enhancement of this area be limited to discrete interpretive signage which should placed so as not to interrupt the relationship between features or views of the upstanding priory remains from the opposite side of the river. The meadow at the south of the Scheduled Monument is considered to be less sensitive to changes to setting. This area appears separate from the northern area both visually and in terms of the presence of structural or earthwork remains. As such it is considered that this is the most sensitive location for the proposed ferry landing stage, shelter and interpretive seating which have the most potential to impact upon setting.

7 REFERENCES 7.1 Bibliographic References

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979

British Geological Survey 1973 NGRC Borehole Records Adjustment Form, Accessed at: http://scans.bgs.ac.uk/sobi_scans/boreholes/574744/images/12192460.html last accessed 17 June 2017.

Burgess, S 2006 Ankerwycke An Historical Appraisal (draft)

Chris Blandford Associates 2013 Runnymede & Ankerwycke Landscape Masterplan

CIfA 2014 Standard and guidance for historic environment desk‐based assessment The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

CIfA 2014b Commissioning Work or Providing Consultancy Advice on the Historic Environment

CIfA 2014c Standard and Guidance for the Archaeological Investigation and Recording of Standing Buildings or Structures

Cliveden 2012 Ankerwycke Priory Ruins Condition Report

Cookson and Tickner 2015 Runnymede & Ankerwycke Conservation Plan

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DCLG 2012 National Planning Policy Framework (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national‐ planning‐policy‐framework‐‐2)

DCLG 2014 National Planning Practice Guide (http://planningguidance.planningportal.gov.uk/blog/guidance/)

Historic England n.d. National Heritage List for England Ankerwycke Scheduled Monument List Entry; https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the‐list/list‐entry/1007943) Last Accessed: 01/06/2017

Historic England n.d. National Heritage List for England Bronze Age settlement, W of Runnymede Bridge; https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the‐list/list‐entry/1003807 Last Accessed: 17/06/2017

Historic England 2008 Conservation Principles; https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images‐ books/publications/conservation‐principles‐sustainable‐management‐historic‐ environment/conservationprinciplespoliciesguidanceapr08web.pdf/ Last Accessed: 17/06/2017

Historic England 2015 The Setting of Heritage Assets Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 3; https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images‐books/publications/gpa3‐setting‐of‐heritage‐assets/gpa3.pdf/ Last Accessed 17/06/2017

Oxford Archaeology 2007 Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Berkshire Historic Building Investigation & Recording

Oxford Archaeology Unit 1993 Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Berkshire: Documentary Study

Oxford Archaeology Unit 1994 Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Berkshire: Archaeological Evaluation Report

St Blaise Ltd. 1994. Ankerwyke Priory ‐ Report on the works carried out by St Blaise Ltd March‐April 1994.

South East Research Framework 2007 http://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/55680/SERF‐the‐ medieval‐period.pdf

Thames Valley Archaeological Services. 1993. Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Berkshire ‐ An archaeological evaluation.

Tree Ring Services 2005 TREE‐RING ANALYSIS OF A BRANCH FROM THE ANKERWYKE YEW

7.2 Cartographic References

1579 Saxton CANTII, Southsexiae, Surriae et Middlesexiae comitat Sheet 11 Accessed at: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/s/zoomify83460.html (last accessed 01/06/2017)

1811 Boyce Ordnance Survey drawings Uxbridge, Windsor Accessed at: http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/ordsurvdraw/u/zoomify82119.html (last accessed 01/06/2017)

1872 Ordnance Survey Surrey V (includes: Ashford; Egham; Staines; Stanwell.) Surveyed: 1869 Published: 1872

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1881 Ordnance Survey Berkshire XL (includes: Egham.) Surveyed: 1868 to 1869 Published: 1881

1897 Ordnance Survey Surrey V.5 (includes: Egham; Wyrardisbury) Revised: 1895 Published: 1897

1899 Ordnance Survey Buckinghamshire LVIII.7 (includes: Egham; Wyrardisbury) Revised: 1898 Published: 1899 1899 Buckinghamshire LVIII.3 (includes: Egham; Wyrardisbury) Revised: 1897 Published: 1899

1914 Surrey V.5 (includes: Egham; Wyrardisbury) Revised: 1913 Published: 1914

1933 Berkshire XL.3 (includes: Egham; Old Windsor; Wyrardisbury) Revised: 1932 Published: 1933

1933 Buckinghamshire LVIII.7 (includes: Egham; Wyrardisbury) Revised: 1932 Published: 1933

1944 Surrey V.NW (includes: Horton; Staines; Stanwell; Wyrardisbury.) Revised: 1938 Published: ca. 1944

1960 Ordnance Survey Plan Accessed at: https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/500323/172695/10/101324 (last accessed 01/06/2017)

1971 Ordnance Survey Plan Accessed at: https://www.old‐maps.co.uk/#/Map/500323/172695/12/100954 (last accessed 01/06/2017)

7.3 Archive References

Consulted at the Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies* Tithe/448 Wraysbury Tithe Map (1840) and Apportionment (1843) IR/23 Wraysbury Inclosure Map (photostat) IR/111A Wraysbury Inclosure Award (copy) CCM/17 Map of whole parish of Wraysbury [no.26423] D‐X 933 Manorial terrier of Wraysbury, 1655/1656, and map of Wraysbury, c1843 (photocopies) PHX/214/1/2 Folio 100 & Folio 101Ruins of nunnery at Ankerwycke, 13th and 15th century [8] Ruins of nunnery at Ankerwycke, 13th and 15th century [8] D 49/91 Inland Revenue Account of personal estate of Philip Simon Harcourt of Ankerwyke, Wraysbury.

*Berkshire Record Office was also consulted but only held copies of the records above

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7.4 Aerial Photographic References Oblique Aerial Photographs Consulted at Historic England Archive Photo Film and frame Original Date Film type Map reference number number Reference (NGR and (6 figure Index grid ref) number)

SU 9972 / 51 AFL 60064 / APR 1921 BW Glass 5"x4" SU 999729 EPW006204 Plate SU 9972 / 52 AFL 61374 / 10 SEP BW Cut 5½ " SU 999729 EAW002382 1946 Roll Film SU 9973 / 29 AFL 61374 / 10 SEP BW Cut 5½ " SU 999730 EAW002383 1946 Roll Film TQ 0072 / 2 NMR 882 / 28-29 27 JUL Black & 70mm,120,220 TQ 007720 1975 white TQ 0072 / 3 NMR 967 / 38-40 SEE PRINTS 17 JUL Black & 70mm,120,220 TQ 006722 1976 white TQ 0072 / 4 NMR 967 / 41-42 SEE PRINTS 17 JUL Black & 70mm,120,220 TQ 008720 1976 white TQ 0072 / 56 AFL 61110 / 30 AUG BW Glass 5"x4" TQ 004729 EPW058950 1938 Plate TQ 0072 / 57 AFL 61110 / 30 AUG BW Glass 5"x4" TQ 004729 EPW058951 1938 Plate TQ 0172 / 10 AFL 60516 / SEP 1928 BW Glass 5"x4" TQ 010722 EPW023516 Plate TQ 0172 / 11 AFL 60681 / 01 DEC BW Glass 5"x4" TQ 010722 EPW031202 1929 Plate

Vertical Aerial Photographs Consulted at Historic England Archive (in

osition Sortie number Sortie number Library number Camera p Frame number Held Centre point Run Date Sortie quality Scale 1: Focal length inches) Film details (in inches) Film held by RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5084 P SU 5 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 999 NOV White 8.25 731 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5085 P TQ 5 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 000 NOV White 8.25 728 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5086 P TQ 5 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 002 NOV White 8.25 725 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5087 P TQ 5 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 003 NOV White 8.25 722 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5088 P TQ 5 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 004 NOV White 8.25 719 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5097 P TQ 6 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 002 NOV White 8.25 732 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5098 P TQ 6 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 004 NOV White 8.25 729 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5099 P TQ 6 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR

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007 NOV White 8.25 727 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5100 P TQ 6 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 009 NOV White 8.25 725 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5125 P TQ 7 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 008 NOV White 8.25 722 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5126 P TQ 7 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 005 NOV White 8.25 723 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5127 P TQ 7 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 003 NOV White 8.25 724 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5128 P TQ 7 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 000 NOV White 8.25 725 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1860 518 V 5129 P SU 8 26 AB 2100 14 Black and NMR 999 NOV White 8.25 728 1946 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1876 522C RV 6010 P TQ 10 05 AB 7500 8 Black and NMR 008 DEC White 5 x 5 726 1946 RAF/CPE/UK/1876 522C RV 6011 P TQ 10 05 AB 7500 8 Black and NMR 006 DEC White 5 x 5 728 1946 RAF/CPE/UK/1876 522C RV 6012 P TQ 10 05 AB 7500 8 Black and NMR 003 DEC White 5 x 5 729 1946 RAF/CPE/UK/1936 559 FS 2300 P TQ 16 18 AB 9960 20 Black and NMR 000 JAN White 8.25 718 1947 x 7.5 RAF/CPE/UK/1936 559 RP 3301 P TQ 27 18 AB 9960 20 Black and NMR 004 JAN White 8.25 736 1947 x 7.5 RAF/541/465 1051 RP 3029 P TQ 2 22 A 10000 36 Black and NMR 002 MAR White 8.25 724 1950 x 7.5 RAF/541/465 1051 RP 3030 P TQ 2 22 A 10000 36 Black and NMR 010 MAR White 8.25 723 1950 x 7.5 RAF/540/496 1170 RP 3016 P TQ 1 12 A 10000 20 Black and NMR 006 MAY White 8.25 722 1951 x 7.5 RAF/540/496 1170 RP 3017 P TQ 1 12 A 10000 20 Black and NMR 006 MAY White 8.25 727 1951 x 7.5 RAF/540/494 1176 RS 4062 P TQ 13 12 A 10750 20 Black and MOD 007 MAY White 8.25 720 1951 x 7.5 RAF/540/494 1176 RS 4063 P TQ 13 12 A 10750 20 Black and MOD 007 MAY White 8.25 725 1951 x 7.5 RAF/540/494 1176 RS 4064 P TQ 13 12 A 10750 20 Black and MOD 007 MAY White 8.25 730 1951 x 7.5 RAF/82/777 1453 Vp2 278 P TQ 11 05 AB 5000 6 Black and MOD 006 MAY White 9 x 9 727 1953 RAF/82/866 1514 F43 409 N TQ 20 12 A 10900 20 Black and NMR 001 MAR White 8.25 (c) AOC Archaeology 2017 | 36 | www.aocarchaeology.com

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723 1954 x 7.5 RAF/540/1286 1519 F22 119 P TQ 13 14 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 009 APR White 8.25 730 1954 x 7.5 RAF/540/1286 1519 F22 120 P TQ 13 14 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 009 APR White 8.25 726 1954 x 7.5 RAF/540/1286 1519 F22 121 P TQ 13 14 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 009 APR White 8.25 723 1954 x 7.5 RAF/542/13 1550 F21 332 P TQ 7 26 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 002 AUG White 8.25 728 1954 x 7.5 RAF/542/13 1550 F21 333 P TQ 7 26 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 002 AUG White 8.25 725 1954 x 7.5 RAF/542/13 1550 F21 334 P TQ 7 26 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 002 AUG White 8.25 721 1954 x 7.5 RAF/542/13 1550 F21 344 P TQ 8 26 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 010 AUG White 8.25 723 1954 x 7.5 RAF/542/13 1550 F21 345 P TQ 8 26 A 5000 36 Black and NMR 010 AUG White 8.25 727 1954 x 7.5 RAF/82/1190 1652 F22 122 P TQ 10 11 A 10000 20 Black and MOD 008 MAY White 8.25 722 1955 x 7.5 RAF/82/1190 1652 F22 123 P TQ 10 11 A 10000 20 Black and MOD 008 MAY White 8.25 727 1955 x 7.5 RAF/58/4646 2204 F41 408 P TQ 16 28 A 12000 24 Black and NMR 008 AUG White 9 x 9 715 1961 RAF/58/4646 2204 F41 409 P SU 16 28 A 12000 24 Black and NMR 999 AUG White 9 x 9 714 1961 RAF/58/4646 2204 F42 409 P TQ 25 28 A 12000 24 Black and NMR 005 AUG White 9 x 9 738 1961 RAF/58/1671 2354 F22 309 P TQ 12 03 AC 10000 20 Black and NMR 001 MAR White 8.25 723 1955 x 7.5 RAF/58/1671 2354 F22 310 P TQ 12 03 AC 10000 20 Black and NMR 001 MAR White 8.25 729 1955 x 7.5 RAF/58/1438 2358 F21 33 P TQ 2 25 A 5000 20 Black and NMR 010 MAY White 8.25 728 1954 x 7.5 RAF/58/1438 2358 F21 34 P TQ 2 25 A 5000 20 Black and NMR 011 MAY White 8.25 724 1954 x 7.5 RAF/58/1438 2358 F22 33 P TQ 4 25 A 5000 20 Black and NMR 002 MAY White 8.25 728 1954 x 7.5 RAF/58/1438 2358 F22 34 P TQ 4 25 A 5000 20 Black and NMR 003 MAY White 8.25 724 1954 x 7.5 MAL/69008 5463 V 188 P TQ 5 10 A 10000 6 Black and NMR 011 FEB White 9 x 9 726 1969 (c) AOC Archaeology 2017 | 37 | www.aocarchaeology.com

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MAL/69008 5463 V 189 P TQ 5 10 A 10000 6 Black and NMR 003 FEB White 9 x 9 726 1969 MAL/69044 5494 V 70 N TQ 5 12 A 5000 6 Black and NMR 007 MAY White 9 x 9 721 1969 MAL/69044 5494 V 71 P TQ 5 12 A 5000 6 Black and NMR 003 MAY White 9 x 9 723 1969 MAL/69044 5494 V 72 P SU 5 12 A 5000 6 Black and NMR 998 MAY White 9 x 9 724 1969 RAF/HLA/490 8289 FP 1015 P TQ 2 15 A 11000 14 Black and FDM 003 APR White 5 x 5 726 1942 RAF/HLA/691 8601 RP 3064 P TQ 6 04 A 12500 20 Black and FDM 000 MAR White 8.25 725 1944 x 7.5 RAF/HLA/691 8601 RP 3065 P TQ 6 04 A 12500 20 Black and FDM 005 MAR White 8.25 727 1944 x 7.5 OS/65238 9537 V 56 N SU 4 04 A 13000 12 Black and NMR 997 OCT White 9 x 9 717 1965 OS/65238 9537 V 57 P TQ 4 04 A 13000 12 Black and NMR 006 OCT White 9 x 9 717 1965 OS/65238 9537 V 143 P TQ 9 04 A 13000 12 Black and NMR 005 OCT White 9 x 9 736 1965 OS/64080 11439 V 42 P TQ 5 27 A 7500 12 Black and NMR 002 JUN White 9 x 9 718 1964 OS/66251 11445 V 115 P SU 7 17 A 7500 12 Black and NMR 998 SEP White 9 x 9 729 1966 OS/66251 11445 V 116 P SU 7 17 A 7500 12 Black and NMR 998 SEP White 9 x 9 724 1966 OS/66251 11445 V 122 P TQ 8 17 A 7500 12 Black and NMR 009 SEP White 9 x 9 722 1966 OS/66251 11445 V 123 P TQ 8 17 A 7500 12 Black and NMR 009 SEP White 9 x 9 727 1966 OS/85225 12771 V 8222 P TQ 4 08 A 10800 6 Black and NMR 006 OCT White 9 x 9 729 1985 OS/85225 12771 V 8223 P TQ 4 08 A 10800 6 Black and NMR 006 OCT White 9 x 9 720 1985 MAL/70089 14284 V 130 P TQ 9 24 A 12000 6 Black and NMR 000 NOV White 9 x 9 739 1970 MAL/70089 14284 V 143 P TQ 11 24 A 12000 6 Black and NMR 017 NOV White 9 x 9 725 1970 OS/95059 14778 V 18 P TQ 1 03 A 5000 12 Black and NMR 008 APR White 9 x 9 727 1995 OS/95059 14778 V 19 N TQ 1 03 A 5000 12 Black and NMR (c) AOC Archaeology 2017 | 38 | www.aocarchaeology.com

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004 APR White 9 x 9 728 1995 OS/95059 14778 V 22 N TQ 2 03 A 5000 12 Black and NMR 002 APR White 9 x 9 720 1995 OS/95059 14778 V 23 N TQ 2 03 A 5000 12 Black and NMR 006 APR White 9 x 9 719 1995 RAF/58/6484 15602 V 68 P SU 3 23 A 10000 12 Black and NMR 997 AUG White 9 x 9 735 1964 RAF/58/6484 15602 V 69 P SU 3 23 A 10000 12 Black and NMR 997 AUG White 9 x 9 727 1964 RAF/58/6484 15602 V 70 P SU 3 23 A 10000 12 Black and NMR 997 AUG White 9 x 9 718 1964 OS/60013 20574 V 55 N TQ 6 06 A 13500 12 Black and NMR 006 MAY White 9 x 9 729 1960 OS/60013 20574 V 56 N SU 6 06 A 13500 12 Black and NMR 993 MAY White 9 x 9 729 1960 OS/97060 22201 V 37 N TQ 1 31 A 7300 12 Black and NMR 005 MAR White 9 x 9 729 1997 OS/97060 22201 V 38 N TQ 1 31 A 7300 12 Black and NMR 005 MAR White 9 x 9 724 1997 OS/001012 23488 V 1181 N TQ 6 13 A 9000 12 Black and NMR 003 AUG White 9 x 9 730 2000 OS/001012 23488 V 1182 N TQ 7 13 A 9000 12 Black and NMR 004 AUG White 9 x 9 718 2000 OS/03059 24076 V 14 N TQ 1 15 A 8000 12 Colour 9 x NMR 001 JUN 9 731 2003 OS/03059 24076 V 15 N TQ 1 15 A 8000 12 Colour 9 x NMR 001 JUN 9 724 2003 OS/03059 24076 V 16 N TQ 1 15 A 8000 12 Colour 9 x NMR 001 JUN 9 717 2003

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¹ 490000 500000 510000 180000 170000

Contains OS data (C) Crown copyright and database right 2016 0 1:10,000 @ A4 500m

499600 499700 499800 499900 500000 500100 500200 500300 500400 500500 500600 500700 500800 500900 501000 501100 501200 501300 173400 173300 173200 173100 Site Location (MOVE/EDIT AS APPROPRIATE) 173000 172900 172800 172700 172600 172500 172400 172300 172200 172100

Key 172000 Ankerwyke Scheduled Monument

171900 Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the Contains OS data (C) Crown copyright and databaseGIS User rightCommunity 2016 171800 Figure 1: Site Location 01/23858/AIA/01/01

Service Layer Credits: Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2017 500000 0 100 m 500500 501000

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3 27

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0 400m

Service Layer Credits: Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2017 ¹ 1:8,000 @A4

01/23858/AIA/02/03 Figure2: Hertiage Assets Recorded by HER and NHRE

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G J

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Figure 3: Hertiage Assets Identified from Map Regression, Aerial Photographs and LiDAR 01/23858/AIA/03/01

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01/23858/AIA/04/01 Figure 4: Features Identifed from Walkover Survey

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01/23858/AIA/05/01 Figure 5: Wraysbury Enclosure Map, 1800

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01/23858/AIA/06/01 Figure 6: Extract from OS Drawing, 1811

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172250 01/23858/AIA/07/01 Figure 7: Wraysbury Tithe Map, 1840

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Reproduced with the kind permission of the Trustee of the National Library of Scotland ¹ 1:2,500 @A4

01/23858/AIA/08/01 Figure 8: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1897

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01/23858/AIA/09/01 Figure 9: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1899

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01/23858/AIA/10/01 Figure 10: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1933

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01/23858/AIA/11/01 Figure 11: Extract from map by Ordnance Survey, 1944

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Plan supplied by National Trust ¹ 1:2,500 @A4

01/23858/AIA/12/01 Figure 12: 1992 RCHME Earthwork Survey

Plan supplied by National Trust National by supplied Plan 172750 ANKERWYCKE PRIORY SCHEUDLED MONUMENT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACTARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT MONUMENT: SCHEUDLED PRIORY ANKERWYCKE © AOC Archaeology 2017 | www.aocarchaeology.com | 2017 ©AOC Archaeology Figure 13: 2006 Geophysical Survey Geophysical 2006 13: Figure Key Ankerwyke Scheduled Monument Scheduled Ankerwyke ¹ 0 1:800 @A4 01/23858/AIA/13/02 30 m ANKERWYCKE PRIORY SCHEUDLED MONUMENT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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25 W

Key Ankerwyke Scheduled Monument Previously Recorded Heritage Assets 0

5 Assets Identifed from Map Regression, 2

2 APs & LiDAR 7 1 Assets Identified on Walkover Survey

0 100m

Service Layer Credits: Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2017 ¹ 1:2,500 @A4 20

01/23858/AIA/14/02 Figure 14: All Heritage Assets Identifed at Ankerwycke

500250 500500 172750 172500

Key Ankerwyke Scheduled Monument Area of High Sensitivity Area of Medium Sensitivity Area of Low Sensitivity

0 100m 172250 Service Layer Credits: Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2017 ¹ 1:2,500 @A4

01/23858/AIA/15/01 Figure 15: Areas of Archaeological Sensitivity

Plate 1: Upstanding priory remains from northeast

Plate 2: Upstanding priory remains from north

Plate 3: Upstanding priory remains from southwest

Plate 4: Ankerwycke Yew, from south

Plate 5: Ridge and furrow in Ankerwycke Mead, from northwest

Plate 6: Ridge and furrow in Ankerwycke Mead, from north

Plate 7: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) from south

Plate 8: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) looking east from western corner of dog leg

Plate 9: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) looking north from western corner of dog leg

Plate 10: View towards building platform, from west

Plate 11: Northern ﬁ sh pond, from northwest

Plate 12: Western ﬁ sh pond, from northwest

Plate 13: Area of slipway/former location of boat house, from northeast

Plate 14: Large concrete stairs (Site R) possibly associated with the 20th century swimming pool, from north

Plate 15: Concrete and brick footing (Site S), from north

Plate 16: Concrete steps (Site J) possibly associated with the Picnic House, from east

Plate 17: Curvilinear brick feature (Site T) possibly associated with the Picnic House, from east

Plate 18: Circular concrete man hole like feature (Site U) from northwest

Plate 19: Square man hole like feature (Site V) from northeast

Plate 20: Large depressed area in southern wood, from northwest

Plate 21: Former landing stage (Site W), from east

Plate 22: Rubble block associated with from landing stage (Site W), from north

Plate 23: Wood cladding and concrete post revetting at Site W, from east

Plate 24: Footbridge, steps and walled path at Site L, from south

Plate 25: Picture of walled path (Site L) showing rebuilt and earlier sections

Plate 26: Footbridge, steps and walled path (Site L), from north

Plate 27: Footbridge on eastern edge of Scheduled area (Site BB), from north

Plate 28: Fragment of brick walling (Site X), from east

Plate 29: Walling to east of Ankerwycke Mead (Site Y), from west

Plate 30: Wrought iron gate post (Site AA), from north

Plate 31: Portion of wrought iron gate/fencing near the gate post at Site AA

Plate 32: Loose fragment of Marston Bricks (Site Z) to the south of the upstanding priory remains

Plate 33: View across the Thames to the Scheduled Monument, including the upstanding priory remains, from west

Plate 34: View across the Thames to the Scheduled Monument, including the upstanding priory remains, from west-southwest

Ankerwycke Desk Based Assessment

Appendix 1: Site Gazetteer

Site Gazeteer

Site Number 1 Site ID

Site Name Ridge and furrow to north‐east of Ankerwycke Priory, Type of Site ridge and furrow NMRS Number HER Number 00032.00.001 ‐ MRW45 Status Easting 500550 Northing 172840 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description Traces of ridge and furrow are visible on aerial photographs to the north‐east of the remains of the Priory.

Site Number 2 Site ID

Site Name Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Berkshire Type of Site NUNNERY NMRS Number 1319364 HER Number 00032.01.000 ‐ MRW46/TQ 07 SW 31 Status Listed Building (II) Easting 500416 Northing 172679 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description Ankerwyke Priory, a Benedictine nunnery lies across the River Thames from Runnymede. The Priory was founded in the late C12 and was dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. C13 and C15. Two short lengths of two storey chalk rubble wall, one L‐plan other partly of red brick. Three windows of C13, C14 and C15 <3>.

The Benedictine nunnery was a settlement built to sustain a community of religious women. Its main buildings were constructed to provide facilities for worship, accomodation and subsistence. Ankerwyke Priory was founded by Gilbert de Muntfichet around 1160. Dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. In 1441 there were 8 nuns including a Prioress, and 7 or 8 in the early 16th century. It was dissolved in 1536 when there were 5 nuns. At Ankerwycke, there are the remains of a portion of a ruined 13th century, Grade II listed building. The standing remains represent the north‐eastern corner of a once substantial two storied building, orientated east to west with portions of walling surviving 8m to 10m long and up to 3m high. Three window openings can be recognised in the walling, their styles suggesting 13th, 15th and 17th century phases ofconstruction. The fabric of the building is of random chalk boulder and rubble with chalk and sandstone dressing and later brick infilling <1>.

In 2007 a programme of building investigation and recording was undertaken by Oxford Archaeology on the surviving remains consisting of the L‐shaped section of substantial chalk rubble wall and a smaller fragment with later brick additions.

A resistivity survey was also undertaken by the National Trust in October 2006. In the area Site Gazeteer

north and west of the upstanding wall, areas of higher resistance were revealed. These features seem to form a complex of rectangular features around a square area and may represent the priory cloister and associated ranges <2>.

Site Number 3 Site ID

Site Name Fishponds at Ankerwycke Priory, Wraysbury, Type of Site FISHPOND NMRS Number HER Number 00032.02.000 ‐ MRW47 Status Easting 500482 Northing 172585 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description Two rectangular fishponds are located in the south‐eastern corner of the enclosed grounds of Ankerwycke Priory.They are both 50m long by 16m wide and are set at right angles to one another <3>. An auger survey of the ponds was conducted in 1994 <1>.

Site Number 4 Site ID

Site Name Ditch feature or moat at Ankerwycke Priory, Type of Site DITCH; MOAT? NMRS Number HER Number 00032.04.000 ‐ MRW49 Status Easting 500407 Northing 172621 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description A ditch or moat, up to 12m wide and varying between 0.4m and 1.1m deep. The southern arm of this feature turns at its eastern end to run southwards for 100m, then turns north east to join with a natural water course. This feature probably functioned as part of a water management system, designed to protect the grounds of the nunnery from flooding <1> <2>.

Site Number 5 Site ID

Site Name Early medieval axe ‐ River Thames, Wraysbury, Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number Site Gazeteer

HER Number 00034.00.000 ‐ MRW7473/TQ 07 SW 36 Status Easting 500000 Northing 172800 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description The Ordnance Survey and Denington record an 8th century axe from Wraysbury "at 50 ft.". This is now in Reading Museum. The BAU card notes a 10th century axe from the River Thames off Magna Carta Island. This is probably one and the same find.

Site Number 6 Site ID

Site Name Early medieval spearhead ‐ River Thames, below Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 00039.00.000 ‐ MRW7484 Status Easting 500120 Northing 172760 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description An early medieval spearhead dredged from the River Thames below Magna Carta Island. The spearhead is in poor condition and corroded, and little of the blade remains, except the mid‐ rib. It is probably a Late Saxon/Viking weapon <2>.

Site Number 7 Site ID

Site Name Prehistoric handaxe ‐ Magna Carta Island, Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 00040.00.000 ‐ MRW7485/SU 97 SE 18 Status Easting 500000 Northing 172900 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description A primary flake worked across the tip to produce a plane platform, has a prominent bulb. Resembles a hand axe (with flaking on both surfaces). It could possibly be post Palaeolithic <2>.

Site Number 8 Site ID Site Gazeteer

Site Name Iron Age spearhead ‐ River Thames at Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 00045.00.000 ‐ MRW7487/TQ 07 SW 45 Status Easting 501000 Northing 172450 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description An Iron Age spearhead from the River Thames at Runnymede, Berkshire <3>.

Site Number 9 Site ID

Site Name Bronze Age spearhead ‐ River Thames between Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 00231.00.000 ‐ MRW7892 Status Easting 499850 Northing 173000 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description Ehrenberg No. 138 from the River Thames between Old Windsor and Runnymede<1>.

Site Number 10 Site ID

Site Name Wall and floor features ‐ Ankerwycke Priory, Type of Site FLOOR; WALL NMRS Number HER Number MRM15785 Status Easting 500412 Northing 172684 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description An archaeological evaluation in the grounds of Ankerwycke Priory revealed a number of sections of wall. The first stretch of wall had been shown as a mound on the RCHME plan of the site. The wall was upstanding for at least 2m and was 1.2m wide. It was built of chalk blocks with well faced deposits for 1.5m of height. Less well‐faced stone work was also revealed jutting out slightly from the wall and was thought to be probably the top of the foundations. The end of the wall was finished with a brick built pier which was butted onto the part constructed of chalk. In addition to masonry fragments (brick, tile, chalk and sandstone), a few fragments of glass and sherds of medieval and post‐medieval pottery were found. The evaluation revealed that the original wall had been refaced with brick, probably in Site Gazeteer

the 19th century. Another evaluation trench revealed a second section of wall. At least 2 m. of wall was upstanding with well‐faced work existing for 1.5 m. The base of the trench comprised an in‐situ tiled floor. Some of the tiles were missing. Finds of post‐medieval pottery, glass and iron were found in addition to masonry fragments. A further trench was excavated along the north‐south orientated wall and on its west side. The wall was shown to be well‐faced for a 2 m. depth below the ground surface at which point the foundation course was located. lA smal mortared brick and chalk structure was identified in the trench but was not further excavated <1>.

Site Number 11 Site ID

Site Name Palaeochannel and prehistoric pottery‐Black Type of Site FINDSPOT; PALAEOCHANNEL NMRS Number HER Number MRM16166 Status Easting 500462 Northing 172430 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description The watching brief showed that there were general deposits of alluvial material over the entire area of the field sealing what appears to be estuarine clay deposits. eThe presenc of the probable palaeochannel containing prehistoric pottery below the upper layer of alluvium suggests that the last phase of alluvial deposition took place within the last 2000 years <1>.

Site Number 12 Site ID

Site Name Ankerwycke Farmhouse, Magna Carta Lane, Type of Site FARMHOUSE; OUTBUILDING NMRS Number HER Number MRM16175 Status Easting 500512 Northing 173240 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description Ankerwycke Farmhouse is rectilinear in plan with small extensions projecting to the east and north, measuring some 12m square overall. The building, on two storeys with a basement in its south‐eastern corner, has external walls of brick and internal walls either of brick or of timber studs with brick infilling. The roof was timber framed (until it was destroyed by fire) and covered mainly with clay peg tiles. The extensions were covered with slates or machine‐ made clay tiles.

The main entrance to the house is roughly in the centre of the south front, facing the road, and there are additional entrances in the west and north fronts. Internally the staircase rose in two short flights from the ground floor to the 1st floor, roughly in the centre of the building. At some distance to the east of this staircase a single straight flight of steps rose Site Gazeteer

from the basement to the ground floor, from east to west; these steps were covered over and sealed up when the house was most recently in occupation.

The outbuilding, about 10m to the north‐west of the farmhouse and aligned roughly from east to west, with its north elevation along the edge of the site, was a single storey timber‐ framed shed with walls of timber boards and a pitched roof covered with clay peg tiles. The interior had been subdivided by timber partitions, was partially floored with hard non‐slip paviours (evidently to form stabling) and was entered by a stable door in the south front. It has been dated to the late 19th century and was used as stabling. The structure had subsequently collapsed when an archaeological standing building survey was conducted on the farmhouse and outbuilding in July 2007 prior to the farmhouse undergoing restoration in order for it to be occupied and tenanted. The form and character of the farmhouse, and the materials and techniques of construction, suggest a construction date of some time in the late 18th or early 19th century. The cartographic evidence for the building is inconclusive, as one of the few buildings on the map of 1800 may be either this building or an earlier building on the same site, if not another building on a different site. If constructed after 1800, the present building may well have been in existence by 1812 when associated buildings of Ankerwycke Farm (as well as possibly this building) are shown on the first edition of the OS map.

The building materials included substantial oak timbers reused as floor and roof materials. The previous use of these timbers was apparently as floor joists and beams, although the evidence for previous use varied from timber to timber. The evidence of previous use of these timbers argues against them representing an earlier phase of construction retained in situ. It is possible that these timbers came from an earlier building on the same site, which was demolished and its materials then partly reused. However, the type, size and character of these timbers ‐ in oak and with elaborate joinery ‐ would suggest a date for their original use in the 16th century, and no such building is known on this site. The reused timbers could conceivably come from Great Ankerwycke, a gentry house or mansion built about 600m south of the site between 1550 and 1565, and documented as having been demolished between 1803 and 1805. Other houses of similar date, but smaller size, were in the area and had been demolished at around the same time, and the timbers could alternatively come from one of those. The farmhouse was later enlarged by the addition of at least one room, and possibly two, to the north, on the ground floor. The date of construction of this addition is difficult to estimate; it could have been at any time in the 19th ‐ early‐mid 20th centuries. The latest phase of improvements appears to have been undertaken in the middle years of the 20th century ‐ either in the period between the two World Wars or in the 1950's ‐ when the enlargement of the northern extension was undertaken. A number of residential improvements were also made which comprised modifications to the ground‐floor rooms suggesting that the function of these rooms changed in some respects. A bay window was built out from the east wall of one room, which also caused a probable external doorway in the east wall to be blocked. These residential improvements are difficult to date intrinsically, but were probably made no earlier than the mid 19th century, and before the end of the 19th century <1>.

Site Number 13 Site ID

Site Name Finds recovered from the grounds of Ankerwycke Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number MRM18231 Status Easting 500420 Site Gazeteer

Northing 172670 Council Windsor And Maidenhead, Berkshire Description In 1990 archaeological material was recovered in two locations in the grounds of Ankerwycke Priory by a member of the public.

In the root‐hole of a fallen tree lying alongside the east edge of the trackway leading from Ankerwycke Farm was recovered roof‐tile fragments, bone, oyster shell, burnt daub, mortar and several sherds of pottery. These were visible in a dark greybrown silty clay loam deposit containing charcoal rubble. This appeared to be sealed by a gravelly deposit not dissimilar to the trackway make‐up.

All of the sherds, save one (part of a medieval thumbed sandy ware base) are of Surrey Whiteware of perhaps 13th or 14th century date. Similar sherds were also retrieved in the vicinity, comprising a total of 10 sherds. A section of displaced walling, c. 1m in length was also revealed in the tree‐pit.

Additional surface finds were also located in the vicinity of the Old Yew Tree (C. 30 metres north of the ruins and east of the trackway. This area had been disturbed by animal burrowing and tree clearance. The surface scatter of finds included a glass vessel, roof and floor tile, brick, bone, oyster shell, chalk rubble and pottery. The pottery assemblage comprised: a single sherd of possible Roman or Saxon pottery; 11 sherds of medieval whiteware (13th/14th century date); grey sandy ware and a shell‐tempered sherd of 12th or early 13th century date. Seventeen post‐medieval sherds (possibly Tudor?) were also recovered <1>.

Site Number 14 Site ID

Site Name Neolithic finds, Thames at Runnymede Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 763 ‐ MSE763/TQ 07 SW 2 Status Easting 500700 Northing 172100 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Finds from the Thames at Runnymede. A polished stone axe fragment dredged from the river in the 10 years before 1909. A greenstone axe was also dredged up in 1956, in Thames Conservancy Board Collection, Reading Museum. See HER 2406, 2405, 2394, 2407 for finds from different periods found here.

Site Number 15 Site ID

Site Name Runnymede‐field name: Magna Carta Signatories' Type of Site MOOT NMRS Number HER Number 789 ‐ MSE789/TQ 07 SW 29 Site Gazeteer

Status Easting 500700 Northing 172100 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Runnymede. The armies of King John and the Confederate Barons encamped here at the signing of the Magna Carta, 15th June 1215. Runnimede is the name of a meadow and the full original form of the name would seem to be Runingmed, in which case the meaning is a mead (meadow) where counsels were held (from the ME runinge = 'taking counsel' and moed). This suggests it was already a well known meeting place/assembly point prior to the signing of the Magna Carta. "The Place Names of Surrey", 1934, Gover, Mawer and Stenton. (Unspecified Type). SSE17776.

Site Number 16 Site ID

Site Name Bronze Age weapons from Thames at Runnymede Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 2394 ‐ MSE2394/TQ 07 SW 2/TQ 07 SW 55 Status Easting 500700 Northing 172100 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Finds from the Thames at Runnymede include an Early Bronze Age bronze dagger with rivet, dredged from the river in the 10 years or so preceding 1909. A Late Bronze Age leaf‐shaped sword fragment and a broken bronze double‐looped spearhead were also found and are now both in Norwich Museum.

A bronze sword dredged up in 1956, is in Thames Conservancy Board Collection, Reading Museum. See HER 763, 2406, 2405 and 2407 for finds of other periods found in the Thames.

Site Number 17 Site ID

Site Name Iron Age Terret, Thames At Runnymede Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 2405 ‐ MSE2405/TQ 07 SW 2 Status Easting 500700 Northing 172100 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Iron Age enamelled bronze terret for guiding reins over horse's back, now in British Museum. Dredged from the Thames at Runnymede in the 10 years or so preceding 1909. See HER 763, 2406, 2407, 2394 for finds of different periods found here. Site Gazeteer

Site Number 18 Site ID

Site Name Saxon Spearhead And Sword, Thames At Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 2406 ‐ MSE2406/TQ 07 SW 2 Status Easting 500700 Northing 172100 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Probable Saxon spearhead, dredged from the river in the 10 years or so preceding 1909. See HER 2405, 2394, 763, 2407 for finds of different periods found here.

An iron (scranhadcon [sic]) scranasax 8th century Saxon sword with pattern welding ws dredged from the Thames at Runnymede in August 1934. The sword is part of the TCB collection in Reading Museum.

Site Number 19 Site ID

Site Name 17th Century Finds, Thames At Runnymede Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number 2407 ‐ MSE2407/TQ 07 SW 2 Status Easting 500700 Northing 172100 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description 17th century dagger from the Thames at Runnymede, dredged from the river in the 10 years or so preceding 1909. See HER 763, 2406, 2405, 2394 for finds of other periods found here.

Site Number 20 Site ID

Site Name Anti‐Aircraft Ditches, Runnymede Type of Site ANTI LANDING TRENCH NMRS Number HER Number 21513 ‐ MSE21513 Status Easting 500600 Site Gazeteer

Northing 172200 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description A network of ditches was excavated during the Second World War to prevent enemy aircraft from landing on the Meads. The ditches and adjacent mounds can be seen in aerial photographs from 1942 and 1948 and can still be seen on the 1971 Aerial photographs. There is no trace of these features on the ground today.

Site Number 21 Site ID

Site Name Withy soaking pit, Runnymede Type of Site EARTHWORK NMRS Number HER Number 22379 ‐ MSE22379 Status Easting 500100 Northing 172600 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Long since disused, a pit can still be seen in the form of a small creek leading from the River Thames on to Runnymede itself. Withies or osiers were willow shoots used for wickerwork, baskets, chairs etc. They were grown in the marshes alongside the river. Before the shoots could be used, their bark had to be removed, a process that was greatly facilitated by prolonged soaking in pits.

Site Number 22 Site ID

Site Name Magna Carta Monument Type of Site Monument NMRS Number 1430723 HER Number DSE52 Status Listed Building (II) Easting 499760 Northing 172700 Council Runnymede, Surrey Description Post‐war monument commemorating the Magna Carta, 1957, by Edward Maufe.

MATERIALS: Portland stone

DESCRIPTION: the memorial stands at the head of a stone paved access path in the upper section of sloping parkland facing north‐east to the River Thames. Towards the top of the path a number of benefactors’ names are inscribed in the pavement slabs. At the head of the path, transition to the monument is achieved via widening steps on to a semi‐circular apron which encircles the front face and provides a base against the slope at the rear for two flanking stone benches. From the apron a curved ashlar stone wall rises via two sets of steps to provide a level platform forming the base of the monument which is circular in plan and Site Gazeteer

edged with a roll top moulding; it bears the carved inscription THIS MEMORIAL WAS DEDICATED ON 28th JULY 1957 The main body of the memorial is a simplified interpretation of a classical temple standing on eight octagonal pillars with Art Deco‐style leaf capitals. Within the circumference of the pillars, the floor has a star shaped pattern created by using alternate Portland and black slate filets. At the centre of the star stands a two metre high granite cylinder upon which is inscribed an American lone star and the words TO/COMMEMORATE/MAGNA CARTA/SYMBOL OF/FREEDOM/UNDER/LAW. The saucer like dome has a deep stone soffit and a concave metal roof with a central circular open light. The ceiling of the dome is painted sky blue and inset with gold stars. A carved inscription runs around the circumference of the ceiling: A TRIBUTE TO MAGNA CARTA * SYMBOL OF FREEDOM UNDER LAW * ERECTED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION *

Site Number 23 Site ID

Site Name Magna Carta Island Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number SU 97 SE 58 Status non‐designated Easting 499800 Northing 173000 Council Windsor And Maidenhead (District) Description A Lower Palaeolithic roughout was found in the River Thames at Magna Carta Island, Runnymede.

Site Number 24 Site ID

Site Name Magna Carta Island Type of Site MOOT NMRS Number HER Number TQ 07 SW 30 Status non‐designated Easting 500100 Northing 172800 Council Windsor and Maidenhead Description One of the possible sites where the Magna Carta was signed in 1215.

It is disputed whether the actual signing of Magna Carta took place in the meadow now known as Runnymede (see TQ 07 SW 29) or on Magna Carta or Charter Island. The charter names Runnymede ‐ "in prato quod vocatur Runingmed" but this name may have included the island. There is no evidence that the names 'Magna Carta' and 'Charter Island' are other than Site Gazeteer

comparatively modern, but the island has always been the traditional site, and in 1834 a commemorative building housing the 'Charger Stone' was erected on this site. Tradition is strongly supported by the modern study of the place‐name ie run (council) eg (island) maed (meadow), indicating that the island was a meeting‐place prior to Magna Carta, and further support is provided by the use in 1217 of the island as a meeting‐place for Henry III and Louis of France. (2‐6) Magna Carta Island is privately owned, and not accessible to the public. It comprises a private house and landscaped garden, the main part of the house being the commemorative building erected in 1834. (SU 99907300). The 'Charter Stone' an octagonal plinth, is housed in the 'Charter Room' and the top is inscribed:‐ "Be it remembered that on this island on the 15th June 1215 King John of England signed Magna Carta, and in the year 1834 this building was erected in commemoration of that great event by George Simon Harcourt Esq, Lord of this Manor and High Sherriff of this county". (7)

Site Number 25 Site ID

Site Name Runnymede Type of Site FINDSPOT NMRS Number HER Number TQ 07 SW 80 Status non‐designated Easting 500500 Northing 172400 Council Runneymede Description A Mesolithic tranchet axehead from the River Thames at Runnymede is in the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge

Site Number 26 Site ID

Site Name Ankerwycke Yew Type of Site Tree; Moot NMRS Number HER Number TQ 07 SW 86 Status located within Ankerwyce SM Easting 500433 Northing 172706 Council Windsor and Maidenhead Description In addition to the meadow at Runnymeade and Magna Carta Island it has been suggested that an ancient yew near the priory at Ankerwyke was the site of the signing of Magna Carta in 1215. Site Gazeteer

Site Number 27 Site ID

Site Name The Old Vicarage Type of Site House NMRS Number 32982 HER Number TQ 07 SW 93 Status Listed Building (II) Easting 500500 Northing 173300 Council Windsor and Maidenhead Description Early 15th century, or possibly late 14th century timber framed house. The original build was as a two bay hall with a two bay crosswing. Two storeys, with steeply pitched old tile roofs, hipped on crosswing, with a 17th century chimney on the roof ridge. There are modern alterations, and modern extensions to the south, north, and west, where the extension forms a second crosswing. All are rendered or roughcast and colour washed. In the interior, much of the timber frame is visible.

Site Number Site ID A

Site Name Ankerwycke Mead Type of Site Ridge & Furrow NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500286 Northing 172755 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description An area of ridge and furrow to the north of the priory remains and at the northern extent of the Scheduled area within the area of land historically known as Ankerwycke Mead. The remains are recorded on the RCHME earthwork survey of 1992 and can clearly be seen on LiDAR survey data. The ridge and furrow are not blatantly obvious at ground level but the edges can be perceived and correspond with the edges recorded by RCHME. The Ridge and Furrow are aligned roughly east to west and later terracing, likely associated with the Tudor garden overlie the ridge and furrow at the eastern edge and are aligned north south.

Site Number Site ID B

Site Name Building Platform Type of Site Earthwork NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Site Gazeteer

Easting 500399 Northing 172662 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description An area of raised flat ground used as a building platform for Ankerwycke Priory and later for the Smith Mansion. The remains are recorded on the RCHME earthwork survey of 1992 and can clearly be seen on LiDAR survey data. The platform is obvious in the field particularly from the south and west. Geophysical survey has identified building and garden remains associated with the priory and the Smith Mansion on the platform. Measures: Approximatly 50m by 50m though may extend up to 80m north to south towards its eastern side.

Site Number Site ID C

Site Name Ankerwycke Pirory (Buried remains identified through geophysical survey Type of Site Priory NMRS Number HER Number Status Withn Scheduled Monument Easting 500424 Northing 172693 Council Windsor and Maidenhead Description Geophysical survey undertaken around the upstanding priory remains at Ankerwycke identified the probable medieval foundations of other priory/cloister buildings. These were particularly located to the north of the upstanding remains between them and the Ankerwycke Yew.

Site Number Site ID D

Site Name Ankerwycke House Type of Site Mansion House (buried remains) NMRS Number HER Number Status with Scheduled Monument Easting 500393 Northing 172675 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Mansion House constructed by Smith in the 1550s and incorporating elements of the priory. The house is shown on the 1800 Wraysbury Enclosure map. The house was demolished after 1803 and New Ankerwycke House built to the north. Site Gazeteer

Site Number Site ID E

Site Name Outbuildings to Ankerwykce House (Smith Mansion) Type of Site Outbuildings (buried remains) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Area Easting 500428 Northing 172681 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Two outbuildings depcited to the east of the Smith Mansion on the 1800 Wraysbury enclosure map.

Site Number Site ID F

Site Name Garden Buildings Ankerwycke House (Smith Mansion) Type of Site Garden Buildings (Buried Remains) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Area Easting 500341 Northing 172791 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Two buildings shown in this location on the Wraybury enclosure map of 1800. The enclosure award notes large gardens to the south of these buildings and yards to the north.

Site Number Site ID G

Site Name Picnic House Type of Site Picnic House (Buried Remains) NMRS Number HER Number Status with Scheduled Monument Easting 500312 Northing 172629 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Picnic House first shown on Wraysbury enclosure map of 1800. This building appears on cartographic sources up until 1971. The orientation of the picnic house appears toe chang from the 1897 Ordnance Survey map, perhaps indicating its modification or replacement with a new building. Site Gazeteer

Site Number Site ID H

Site Name Pond Type of Site Pond (site of) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500544 Northing 172435 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description A pond is depicted in this location on the 1800 Wraysbury enclosure map. The Pond does not appear on any other maps though it is located in a larger depressed area recorded during the walkover survey.

Site Number Site ID I

Site Name Walled Garden (Possible) Type of Site Walled Garden (Site of) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500336 Northing 172732 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description the 1811 Ordnance Survey drawing indicates a walled enclosure in the vicinty of the gardes and yards as shown on the 1800 Wraysbury Enclosure map and 1840 Tithe map. The area also corresponds well to the north to south aligned terracing recorded on the 1992 RCHME earthwork survey.

Site Number Site ID J

Site Name Steps associated with Picnic House Type of Site Steps/stairs NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500311 Site Gazeteer

Northing 172625 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Narrow steps leading down to the river. Concrete largely overgrown with ivy. Slumping forward into the river. Steps are shown at this location on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map. Measures: 1.5m wide (N to S) & c.1.7 long (extending into river). Steps are 1.10 m x 32cm x 20 cm deep.

Site Number Site ID K

Site Name Boat House Type of Site Boat House (Site of) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500217 Northing 172729 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description A Boat House is shown in this location on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map. It is located at the output of a watercourse emptying into the Thames.

Site Number Site ID L

Site Name Footbridge Steps and walled path Type of Site Footbridge Steps and walled path NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500518 Northing 172553 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Footbridge; walled path and stairs. Southern bit appears older and may date to 19th c pleasure ground and is clearly shown on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map. Northern bit at stairs likely rebuilt recently. Railing at footbridge replaced with timber rails as brick work has tumbled. Older walling is 26cm thick; wall is 34cm high on path side and 45 cm high on outside with foundation layer showing. Newer bit similarly constructed

Site Number Site ID M Site Name Boat House Site Gazeteer

Type of Site Boat House (site of) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500233 Northing 172730 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description A Boat House is shown in the location on the 1899 Ordnance Survey map and is depicted on OS mapping up until 1971

Site Number Site ID N

Site Name Boat House and Landing Stage Type of Site Boat House and Landing Stage NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500227 Northing 172717 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description What appears to be a slip way corresponds to the location of a boat house and landing stage as shown on the 1899 Ordnance Survey map. The site is currently heavily overgrown and a windblown tree lies across it. Length: c. 3m Width: c. 2.5m

Site Number Site ID O

Site Name Modern Buildings N of upstangind priory remains Type of Site Modern Buildings N of upstangind priory remains (site of) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500381 Northing 172692 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Two buildings depicted on the 1933 Ordnance Survey map to the northwest of the upstanding priory remains. These area located along the field boundary between the mead and wood and a path is shown leading between them from the wood into the mead. They are absent from the 1960 Ordnance Survey map but do appear on the 1971 map. Site Gazeteer

Site Number Site ID P

Site Name Swimming pool & changing rooms Type of Site Swimming pool & changing rooms (site of) NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500283 Northing 172673 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Two buildings are shown on this location on the 1944 Ordnance survey map.These buildings are also shown on aerial photographs from 1942 (HLA/490.IPRU.15.4.42.F14, Frame 15). However the aerial photograph indicates roughly L‐shaped buildings in the location of the buildings shown on OS mapping. A swimming pool (Site P) is also shown between and slightly to the west of these buildings, between them and the river. and Burgess reports that the buildings were changing rooms and were likely associated with Santa Monica Night Club which was run out of new Ankerwycke House in the 1930s (2006, 58). An aerial photograph from 1946 (CPE/UK.1860.26.Nov.46, frame 5086) also shows the swimming pool layout and indicates that the area was surrounded by walls and that a wall also ran between the swimming pool complex and the boat houses to the north. The 1960 Ordnance Survey map (not shown) reflects the layout of the buildings and swimming pool as shown on the 1940s aerial photographs. The swimming pool and changing rooms are not shown on the 1917 Ordnance Survey map.

Site Number Site ID Q

Site Name Ridge and furrow Type of Site Ridge and furrow NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500481 Northing 172476 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description An area of ridge and furrow recorded by LiDAR survey in the southern meadow at Anerwycke. This is not visible on the ground.

Site Number Site ID R

Site Name Stairs (possibly associated with Swimming Pool) Type of Site Stairs NMRS Number Site Gazeteer

HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500254 Northing 172692 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description A large set of concrete and brick stairs leading down to the river from the former location of the swimming pool and at the eastern end of a ferry crossing depicted on the 1944 Ordnance Survey map. The walls on either side of the steps are concrete with tile caps. The steps are also concrete though are largely covered with silt and have vegetation growing on them. Height: c0.55m at back (landward side) of steps Width: 2.9m; Length: c.5.75m

Site Number Site ID S

Site Name Concrete and brick footing Type of Site Concrete and brick footing NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500309 Northing 172633 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Concrete foundations/footing; linear. One red brick visible at western end. Aligned east to west and c. 3m are visible on this alignment. C. 25 cm visible thickness. Measures c. 3m in length & ‘wall’ is c. 25cm thick Possibly associated with the Picnic House

Site Number Site ID T

Site Name Curvilinear Brick feature Type of Site Curvilinear Brick feature NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500306 Northing 172632 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Curvilinear red brick feature. Bricks cracked on top. Full Extent unknown. Eastern end covered over with chopped logs from fallen tree. Interior appears to have had a thin concrete lining. Wall is c50cm thick and c2m in length is visible Measures c. 2m in length & ‘wall’ is c. 50cm thick Probably associated with the Picnic House Site Gazeteer

Site Number Site ID U

Site Name Possible circular man hole Type of Site Possible circular man hole NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500344 Northing 172683 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Concrete basin (or possibly a manhole?) quite modern. Overgrown with nettles and filled with leaves and debris. What is visible of the feature indicates that it measures c. 1.2m in diameter. Measures: c. 1.2m in diameter

Site Number Site ID V

Site Name Possible square manhole Type of Site Possible square manhole NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500340 Northing 172690 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Concrete and rubble footing or possible manhole. Internal and external visible at the northwest corner. Measures 70cm (N to S) by 65c (E to W) of visible features. Wall is 45cm thick. Measures: 70cm (N to S) by 65c (E to W) of visible features. Wall is 45cm thick

Site Number Site ID W Site Name Former Landing Stage Type of Site Former Landing Stage NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500539 Northing 172386 Site Gazeteer

Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Concrete and rubble mooring/landing stage. Loads of concrete posts (?) lying prostrate in the river. Concrete and rubble platform at west end of feature measures c. 95cm x c. 95cm. Mooring area to the east measurse c. 2.35m along the bank. Wooden cladding and further concrete posts (being used for revetting) are apparent along the bank immediately west.

Site Number Site ID X

Site Name Wall fragment Type of Site Wall NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500397 Northing 172798 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Fragment of brick walling previously rendered with cement. Measures 94cm x 50cm x 33cm high. Aligned NW to SE.

Site Number Site ID Y

Site Name Wall Type of Site Wall NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500372 Northing 172792 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Brick walling previously rendered with cement on east side of field boundary within overgrowth. Measure c. 3m in length and c. 90cm high at its highest. Unable to get width do to vegetation but estimated c. 30cm in width.

Site Number Site ID Z

Site Name Displaced section of brick walling Type of Site Displaced section of brick walling NMRS Number HER Number Site Gazeteer

Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500435 Northing 172620 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Four bricks attached together with cement mortar. Red brick stamped 'MARSTON' no other features visible in the immediate vicinity.

Site Number Site ID AA

Site Name Wrought Iron gate post Type of Site gate post NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500393 Northing 172788 Council Windsor & Maiden Head Description Wrought iron gate post along avenue to south of bridge. Formerly painted white. Further pieces of wrought iron are leaning against a tree behind. This looks as though it may have gone over a gate entrance and hung a sign?

Site Number Site ID BB

Site Name Stone footbridge Type of Site footbridge NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500496 Northing 172592 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Broken footbridge, comprising large stone slab and some cut stone. Possible revetting also visible on eastern bank of stream to south of footbridge. Not measured as the slab lies largely within the stream.

Site Number Site ID CC Site Name Boundary watercourses/ditches Site Gazeteer

Type of Site ditches NMRS Number HER Number Status within Scheduled Monument Easting 500483 Northing 172664 Council Windsor & Maidenhead Description Ditches/watercourses surrounding the Ankerwycke SM and likely to have formed the boundaries of the medieval priory. These are crossed by footbridges in a number of locations and are currently silted up and vegetations is growing out of the banks. Measures: c. 735 m in length and up to c. 8 m wide Archaeological Impact Assessment

Appendix 2: National Trust Historic Landscape Recording Forms HISTORIC LANDSCAPE SURVEY FIELD RECORDING FORMS

National Grid Ref: 500416, 172679 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Ankerwycke Priory Upstanding remains (Site 2) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument; also Grade II Listed)

Monument Type & Period: Priory (Medieval)

DESCRIPTION: Ankerwyke Priory, a Benedictine nunnery lies across the River Thames from Runnymede. The Priory was founded in the late C12 and was dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. C13 and C15. Two short lengths of two storey chalk rubble wall, one L‐plan other partly of red brick. Three windows of C13, C14 and C15.

The Benedictine nunnery was a settlement built to sustain a community of religious women. Its main buildings were constructed to provide facilities for worship, accommodation and subsistence. Ankerwyke Priory was founded by Gilbert de Muntfichet around 1160. Dedicated to St Mary Magdalene. In 1441 there were 8 nuns including a Prioress, and 7 or 8 in the early 16th century. It was dissolved in 1536 when there were 5 nuns. At Ankerwycke, there are the remains of a portion of a ruined 13th century, Grade II listed building. The standing remains represent the north‐eastern corner of a once substantial two storied building, orientated east to west with portions of walling surviving 8m to 10m long and up to 3m high. Three window openings can be recognised in the walling, their styles suggesting 13th, 15th and 17th century phases of construction. The fabric of the building is of random chalk boulder and rubble with chalk and sandstone dressing and later brick infilling.

A resistivity survey was also undertaken by the National Trust in October 2006. In the area north and west of the upstanding wall, areas of higher resistance were revealed. These features seem to form a complex of rectangular features around a square area and may represent the priory cloister and associated ranges.

The upstanding remains were found to be as described in Cliveden's 2012 Condition Report.

Measures: 5‐6m high and 8 meters long

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: chalk stone with pebbly gritty mortar

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

85‐90 & 94‐98b

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 2 & 3 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) x Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action Neglect x

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

As per recommendations set out in Cliveden 2012

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500482, 172585 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Fish ponds (Site 3) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Fish Pond; Medieval

DESCRIPTION: Two rectangular fishponds are located in the south‐eastern corner of the enclosed grounds of Ankerwycke Priory. They are both 50m long by 16m wide and are set at right angles to one another. An auger survey of the ponds was conducted in 1994. The fish ponds are as shown on Ordnance Survey mapping and the RCHME 1992 earthwork survey. They are largely silted up with standing water only in a few areas in the northern pond. Several trees and other vegetation are growing within and on the banks of the ponds.

Length: 50m Width: 16m Depth: varies

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: clay, sand and gravel (as per auger survey and trial trenching)

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

57‐58

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 2 & 7‐12 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals x

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Continue to monitor condition. If reinstate of ponds is taken forward as per Landscape Masterplan proposal further archaeological works are likely to be required as outlined in Section 6 of the Archaeological Impact Assessment.

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500407, 172621 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Water feature/ditch (Site 4) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: earthworks/water feature ditch (possible moat or canal); Medieval to post‐ medieval

DESCRIPTION: A ditch or moat, up to 12m dwide an varying between 0.4m and 1.1m deep. The southern arm of this feature turns at its eastern end to run southwards for 100m, then turns north east to join with a natural water course. This feature probably functioned as part of a water management system, designed to protect the groundse of th nunnery from flooding. The feature is as shown on the RCHME 1992 earthwork survey

Length: c. 220 m in total Width: up to 12m Depth: between 0.4m and 1.1m

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: N/A

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

100‐104

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 2‐4 & 8‐12

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock x

People (erosion) x Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: Monitor condition as a result of grazing and access by visitors; particularly if visitor numbers increase as a result of improvements in access and interpretation Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500433, 172706 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument

Monument Type & Period: Tree; Roman to Modern

DESCRIPTION: The Ankerwycke Yew is thought to be c. 2000 years old and has been postulated as a location for the signing of the Magna Carta and the meeting of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. It is set on the eastern side of the Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled area in a small clearing with a ditch/stream to its east.

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: N/A

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

79‐80 & 118‐120

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 2 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals x

Sheep

Other stock x

People (erosion) x Vegetation Burning x Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action x Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism x

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

N/A

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500286, 172755 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Ankerwycke Mead Ridge & Furrow (Site A) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument

Monument Type & Period: Ridge and furrow (Medieval)

DESCRIPTION: An area of ridge and furrow to the north of the priory remains and at the northern extent of the Scheduled area within the area of land historically known as Ankerwycke Mead. The remains are recorded on the RCHME earthwork survey of 1992 and can clearly be seen on LiDAR survey data. The ridge and furrow are not blatantly obvious at ground level but the edges can be perceived and correspond with the edges recorded by RCHME. The Ridge and Furrow are aligned roughly east to west and later terracing, likely associated with the Tudor garden overlie the ridge and furrow at the eastern edge and are aligned north south.

Measures: Roughly 0.94 ha in area

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: N/A

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

1‐18

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 3 and 12 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock x

People (erosion) x Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

National Grid Ref: 500399, 172662 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Ankerwycke Priory Building Platform (Site B) (Part of Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Earthwork; Medieval/Post‐medieval

DESCRIPTION: An area of raised flat ground used as a building platform for Ankerwycke Priory rand later fo the Smith Mansion. The remains are recorded on the RCHME earthwork survey of 1992 and can clearly be seen on LiDAR survey data. The platform is obvious in the field particularly from the south and west. Geophysical survey has identified building and garden remains associated with the prioryd an the Smith Mansion on the platform.

Measures: Approximately 50m by 50m though may extend up to 80m north to south towards its eastern side.

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: N/A

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant & Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

17, 99a‐99e

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 2 and 12 of the Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock x

People (erosion) x Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

National Grid Ref: 500311, 172625 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Steps associated with Picnic House (Site J) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Steps/stairs; Post‐medieval/modern)

DESCRIPTION: Narrow steps leading down to the river. Concrete largely overgrown with ivy. Slumping forward into the river. Steps are shown at this location on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map.

Measures: 1.5m wide (N to S) & c.1.7 long (extending into river). Steps are 1.10 m x 32cm x 20 cm deep.

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: Concrete

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

32‐33

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 3, 4 & 8 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action x Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: The steps are slumping forward into the river.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Clearance of ivy which is currently overgrowing the site in the short term and stabilisation to prevent collapse into the river if possible.

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500518, 172553 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Footbridge, steps and walled path (Site L) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Footbridge; walled path & steps; Post‐medieval to Modern

DESCRIPTION: Footbridge; walled path and stairs. Southern bit appears older and may date to 19th c pleasure ground and is clearly shown on the 1897 Ordnance Survey map. Northern bit at stairs likely rebuilt recently. Railing at footbridge replaced with timber rails as brick work has tumbled. Older walling is 26cm thick; wall is 34cm high on pathe sid and 45 cm high on outside with foundation layer showing. Newer bit similarly constructed

Measures: See description above

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: Brick and mortar

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

50‐56

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 3‐4 & 8‐9 in Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) x Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage X Water action x Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Monitor; particularly the footbridge as this has eroded particularly on its eastern side

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500227, 172717 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Former Boat House & Landing Stage/Slip way (Site N) (Part of Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Boat House & Landing Stage, Post‐medieval/Modern

DESCRIPTION: What appears to be a yslip wa corresponds to the location of a boat house and landing stage as shown on the 1899 Ordnance Survey map. The site is currently heavily overgrown and a windblown tree lies across it.

Length: c. 3m Width: c. 2.5m

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: Unknown, Not visible due to over growth.

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

21‐22

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figures 2, 4 & 9‐11

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action x Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Clear vegetation if possible to further assess condition and extent of any remains of the boat house; monitor condition regularly to understand vulnerability in terms of erosion from river etc.

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500254, 172692 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Ferry Crossing/Swimming Pool Steps (Site R) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Steps/Stairs (Modern)

DESCRIPTION: A large set of concrete and brick stairs leading down to the river from the former location of the swimming pool to a ferry crossing depicted on the 1944 Ordnance Survey map. The walls on either side of the steps are concrete with tile caps. The steps are also concrete though are largely covered with silt and have vegetation growing on them.

Height: c0.55m at back (landward side) of steps Width: 2.9m; Length: c.5.75m

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: brick with concrete render and red tiles

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

23‐29

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action x Neglect x

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: northern wall of steps undercut by river and slumping

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Clearance of silt and vegetation in the short term. Stabilisation of the northern wall if deterioration continues

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500309, 172633 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Concrete and brick footing probably associated with the Picnic House (Site S) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Concrete and brick footings; Post‐medieval

DESCRIPTION: Concrete foundations/footing; linear. One red brick visible at western end. Aligned east to west and c. 3m are visible on this alignment. C. 25 cm visible thickness.

Measures c. 3m in length & ‘wall’ is c. 25cm thick

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: Brick & concrete

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 the Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock X

People (erosion) X Vegetation X Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

N/A

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500306, 172632 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Curvilinear Features probably associated with the Picnic House (Site T) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Curvilinear Brick footings; Post‐medieval

DESCRIPTION: Curvilinear red brick feature. Bricks cracked on top. Full Extent unknown. Eastern end covered over with chopped logs from fallen tree. Interior appears to have had a thin concrete lining. Wall is c50cm thick and c2m in length is visible

Measures c. 2m in length & ‘wall’ is c. 50cm thick

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: Brick & concrete

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

34‐35

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 the Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action Neglect x

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: Located adjacent to existing tree which the wall is either built from or it truncates the wall. Chopped logs from a felled/windblown tree lie over the eastern end of the footing so its extent could not be fully determined. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: Clearance of vegetation if possible to eestablish th full extent of the feature. Monitor condition. Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500344, 172683 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Possible circular manhole (Site U) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Manhole (?); Basin (?); Modern

DESCRIPTION: Concrete basin (or possibly a manhole?) quite modern. Overgrown with nettles and filled with leaves and debris. What is visible of the feature indicates that it measures c. 1.2m in diameter.

Measures: c. 1.2m in diameter

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: circular feature is concrete

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

36 & 38

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock x

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: The feature is of Negligible cultural significance

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Clear vegetation in order to establish full extent and, possible function

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500340, 172690 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Possible square manhole (Site V) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Manhole (?); Footing (?); Modern

DESCRIPTION: Concrete and rubble footing or possible manhole. Internal and external visible at the northwest corner. Measures 70cm (N to S) by 65c (E to W) of visible features. Wall is 45cm thick.

Measures: 70cm (N to S) by 65c (E to W) of visible features. Wall is 45cm thick

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: concrete and rubble

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

37 & 38

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock x

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: The feature is of Negligible cultural significance

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Clear vegetation in order to establish full extent and, if possible function

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500539, 172386NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Former Landing Stage (Site W) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Landing Stage; Modern

DESCRIPTION: Concrete and rubble mooring/landing stage. Loads of concrete posts (?) lying prostrate in the river. Concrete and rubble platform at west end of feature measures c. 95cm x c. 95cm. Mooring area to the east measurse c. 2.35m along the bank. Wooden cladding and further concrete posts (being used for revetting) are apparent along the bank immediately west.Measures: 70cm (N to S) by 65c (E to W) of visible features. Wall is 45cm thick

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: concrete, rubble and wood

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant & Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

49 & 106‐107b

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action x Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: The feature is of Negligible cultural significance

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

N/A

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500397, 172798 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Brick wall fragment (Site X) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Brick footing/wall fragment; Post‐medieval to Modern

DESCRIPTION: Fragment of brick walling previously rendered with cement. Measures 94cm x 50cm x 33cm high. Aligned NW to SE.

Measures: as above

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: brick, concrete

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

63‐64

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Clear vegetation to ascertain whether there are any related features nearby

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017 45 National Grid Ref: 500372, 172792 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Brick wall (Site Y) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Brick wall; Post‐medieval to Modern

DESCRIPTION: Brick walling previously rendered with cement on east side of field boundary within overgrowth. Measure c. 3m in length and c. 90cm high at its highest. Unable to get width do to vegetation but estimated c. 30cm in width.

Measures: as above

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: brick & concrete render

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

65‐66

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

N/A

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500435, 172620 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Marston Bricks (Site Z) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Area)

Monument Type & Period: Findspot, displaced brick; Modern

DESCRIPTION: Four bricks attached together with cement mortar. Red brick stamped 'MARSTON' no other features evisible in th immediate vicinity.

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: brick & concrete mortar

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

83a‐83b

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply x

Info not available

Further Comments: The bricks appear not be in situ.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: N/A

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500393, 172788 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Wrought Iron gate post (Site AA) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Area)

Monument Type & Period: Gatepost; Post‐medieval to Modern

DESCRIPTION: Wrought iron gate post along avenue to south of bridge. Formerly painted white. Further pieces of wrought iron are leaning against a tree behind. This looks as though it may have gone over a gate entrance and hung a sign?

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: wrought iron

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Vicky Oleksy

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

108‐109

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) x Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage x Water action Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles x

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply x

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS: N/A

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

National Grid Ref: 500496, 172592 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Footbridge (Site BB) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: footbridge and revetting; Post‐medieval

DESCRIPTION: Broken footbridge, comprising large stone slab and some cut stone. Possible revetting also visible on eastern bank of stream to south of footbridge. Not measured as the slab lies largely within the stream.

Measures: Not possible to measure do to location within stream

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: Stone

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 4 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action x Neglect

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: N/A

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Monitor, especially in periods of heavy rain to ensure that additional structural elements are not dislodged from the stream/ditch bank.

Compiled by: Vicky Oleksy

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

Archaeological Impact Assessment

Appendix 3: Photo Register Digital Photo Number Description Direction taken from 1 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Northwest Mead (Site A) 2 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke North Mead (Site A) 3 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Northeast Mead (Site A) 4 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke East Mead (Site A) 5 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke West Mead (Site A) 6 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Northwest Mead (Site A) 7 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke North Mead (Site A) 8 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke East Mead (Site A) 9 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Northeast Mead (Site A) 10 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Southwest Mead (Site A) 11 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke West Mead (Site A) 12 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke North Mead (Site A) 13 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke East Mead (Site A) 14 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Southeast Mead (Site A) 15 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke South Mead (Site A) 16 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Southwest Mead (Site A) 17 View towards Building Platform North (Site B) 18 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke West Mead (Site A) 19 Ridge and Furrow in Ankerwycke Southwest Mead (Site A) with parch marks in the foreground 20 Parch marks in Ankerwycke Mead Northeast 21 Slipway/former location of Northeast boathouse (Site N) 22 Slipway/former location of Northeast boathouse (Site N) 23 Concrete steps possibly associated North with swimming pool (Site R); southern step wall 24 Concrete steps possibly associated North with swimming pool (Site R); southern step wall with scale 25 Concrete steps possibly associated South with swimming pool (Site R); northern step wall 26 Concrete steps possibly associated East with swimming pool (Site R); northern step wall 27 Concrete steps possibly associated North with swimming pool (Site R) 28 Concrete steps possibly associated South with swimming pool (Site R) 29 Concrete steps possibly associated South with swimming pool (Site R); southern step wall (south face) 30 Concrete and brick footing (Site S) North with 1m scale 31 Concrete and brick footing (Site S) East with 1m scale 32 Concrete rendered steps (Site J) East probably associated with the picnic house with 1m scale 33 Concrete rendered steps (Site J) East probably associated with the picnic house 34 Brick footing/wall (Site T) probably Southeast associated with the picnic house with 1m scale 35 Brick footing/wall (Site T) probably Southeast associated with the picnic house 36 Circular concrete man hole like Northwest feature (Site U) with 1m scale 37 Square concrete and rubble man Northeast hole like feature (Site V) with 1m scale 38 Sites U & V with 1m scale Northeast 39 Southern meadow, picture taken West from northwest corner 40 Southern meadow, picture taken North from northwest corner 41 Depressed area in south of North Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner 42 Depressed area in south of Northwest Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner 43 Depressed area in south of West Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner 44 Depressed area in south of Northwest Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner 45 Depressed area in south of Northwest Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner with 1m scale 46 Depressed area in south of Northeast Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner with 1m scale 47 Depressed area in south of Northeast Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner 48 Depressed area in south of Northwest Scheduled Monument , picture taken from northwest corner with 1m scale 49 Former landing stage (Site W) East 50 Footbridge, steps and walled path East (Site L) 51 Footbridge, steps and walled path East (Site L) 52 Footbridge, steps and walled path East (Site L) 53 Footbridge, steps and walled path East (Site L) 54 Northern brick wall of Site L South showing break between original and rebuilt sections 55 Eastern brick wall of Site L South showing break between original and rebuilt sections with 1m scale 56 Steps of Site L West 57 Western fish pond (Site 3) West 58 Western fish pond (Site 3) South 59 Western fish pond (Site 3) South 60 Northern fish pond (Site 3) West 61 Footbridge (Site BB) North 62 Northern fish pond (Site 3) Southeast 63 Fragment of brick walling (Site X) East 64 Fragment of brick walling (Site X) East with 1m scale 65 Brick wall to east of Ankerwycke West Mead (Site Y) 66 Brick wall to east of Ankerwycke West Mead (Site Y) 67 Avenue bridge (outwith Scheduled South Monument) 68 Western elevation of Avenue South Bridge 69 Eastern elevation of Avenue Bridge Southeast 70 Avenue Bridge North 71 Avenue Bridge North 72 Eastern wall of Avenue Bridge East 73 Western wall of Avenue Bridge East 74 Eastern wall of Avenue Bridge West 75 Eastern wall of Avenue Bridge West 76 Avenue Bridge Southwest 77 Avenue Bridge Southwest 78 Avenue Bridge Southwest 79 Upstanding Priory Remains (Site 2) North with Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) to east (left) 80 Upstanding Priory Remains (Site 2) North with Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) to east (left) (zoomed) 81 Western fish pond North 82a Western fish pond picture taken East from southeast corner 82b Western fish pond picture taken Southeast from southeast corner 82c Western fish pond picture taken South from southeast corner 83a Marston bricks fragment (Site Z) West 83b Marston bricks fragment (Site Z) West 84 Northern fish pond (Site 3) Northwest 85 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) East 86 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) East 87 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) Northeast 88 Brick wall to NE of Upstanding East Priory remains 89 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) North 90 Brick wall to NE of Upstanding North Priory remains 91 Ankerwycke Yew (Site 26) South 92 Line of trees north of upstanding North remains of Priory and along field boundary with Ankerwycke Mead 93 Line of trees north of upstanding South remains of Priory and along field boundary with Ankerwycke Mead 94 Brick wall to the North of West upstanding priory remains 95 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) Northwest 96 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) West 97 Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) Southwest 98a Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) South 98b Upstanding Priory remains (Site 2) South 99a Building platform (Site B) North 99b Building platform (Site B) Northeast 99c Building platform (Site B) East 99d Building platform (Site B) Southeast 99e Building platform (Site B) South 100 Looking south down water North feature/ditch (Site 4) from edge of the building platform 101 Looking west along water East feature/ditch (Site 4) from where it meets the building platform 102 Looking north along water South feature/ditch (Site 4) from southern terminus 103a Looking east along the water West feature/ditch (Site 4) from western dog leg of feature 103b Looking east along the water West feature/ditch (Site 4) from western dog leg of feature 104 Looking north along water South feature/ditch (Site 4) from western dog leg corner of the feature 105 Upstanding remains of Priory (Site West 2) with building platform (Site B) and water feature/ditch (Site 4) in the foreground 106 Concrete and rubble slab at former North landing stage (Site W) 107a Wood cladding at concrete post East revetting at former landing stage (Site W) 107b Wood cladding at concrete post East revetting at former landing stage (Site W) 108 Wrought Iron gate post (Site AA) North 109 Loose wrought iron near gate post North (Site AA) 110 Scheduled Monument from West Runnymede 111 Scheduled Monument from West Runnymede (zoomed) 112 Scheduled Monument from Southwest Runnymede 113 Scheduled Monument from Southwest Runnymede (Zoomed) 114 Scheduled Monument from South‐Southwest Runnymede 115 Scheduled Monument from South‐Southwest Runnymede (zoomed) 116 Scheduled Monument from South‐Southwest Runnymede 117 Scheduled Monument from South‐Southwest Runnymede (zoomed) 118 Close up of Ankerwycke Yew (Site Northeast 26) 119 Close up of Ankerwycke Yew (Site Northeast 26) 120 Close up of Ankerwycke Yew (Site Northeast 26)

National Grid Ref: 500483, 172664 NTSMR number: N/A

NT Property, Region: Ankerwycke, Berkshire

Parish: Wraysbury

Monument Name: Boundary Watercourses/Ditches (Site CC) (within Ankerwycke Priory Scheduled Monument)

Monument Type & Period: Watercourses/Ditches; medieval/post‐medieval

DESCRIPTION: Ditches/watercourses surrounding the Ankerwycke SM and likely to have formed the boundaries of the medieval priory. These are crossed by footbridges in a number of locations and are currently silted up and vegetations is growing out of the banks.

Measures: c. 735 m in length and up to c. 8 m wide

Building Fabric/Bonding/Roof Materials: earth

Photo Taken? Y / N Photo taken by Ashley Bryant

Film no Frame no B/W Print Colour Print Colour Slide Digital Image

Sketch (Proximity to other features):

See Figure 2 of Archaeological Impact Assessment

Condition: Good Moderate Bad Destroyed Stability: Stable Slow deterioration Rapid deterioration

Vulnerability: Low Medium High

Damaged by: (tick one or more) Potential Slight Moderate Severe

Burrowing animals

Sheep

Other stock

People (erosion) Vegetation x Burning Cultivation

Tree planting Storm damage Water action x Neglect x

Mining quarrying

Metal detector activity

Vandalism

Vehicles

Road construction

Building work Disturbance/intrusion Demolition

No factors apply

Info not available

Further Comments: Several areas are largely silted up and vegetation growing along and within the banks is causing tumble in some areas.

MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS:

Assess further the potential impacts of de‐silting. Monitor, especially in periods of heavy rain to ensure that additional elements are severely eroded.

Compiled by: Vickyy Oleks

Date of Site Visit: 17th & 18th May 2017

Archaeological Impact Assessment

Appendix 4: Criteria for Establishing Significance of Heritage Assets Assessing Cultural Significance & Importance

The definition of cultural significance is readily accepted by heritage professionals both in the UK and internationally and was first fully outlined in the Burra Charter, Article One of which identifies that ‘cultural significance’ or ‘cultural heritage value’ means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations (ICOMOS 1999). This definition has since been adopted by heritage organisations around the world, including Historic England (HE). The NPPF defines cultural significance as:

“The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That yinterest ma be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting.” (DCLG 2012)

All heritage assets have some significance, however some assets are judged to be more important than others. The level of that importance is, from a cultural resource management perspective, determined by establishing the asset’s capacity to inform present or future generations about the past. In the case of many heritage assets their importance has already been established through the designation (i.e. scheduling, listing and register) processes applied by HE.

The criteria used to establish importance in this assessment are presented in Table A4.1 below and are drawn from the Department of Media, Culture and Sports publication, Principles for Selection of Listed Buildings (DMCS 201), and the Scheduled Monuments Policy Statements published by the same body (DMCS 2013), which outline the criteria for designating heritage assets.

Table A4.1: Criteria for Establishing Importance Importance Criteria International World Heritage Sites; and National Scheduled Monuments (Actual and Potential);

Grade I and II* Listed Buildings;

Grade I and II* Registered Parks and Gardens;

Registered Battlefields;

Fine, little‐altered examples of some particular period, style or type. Regional Grade II Listed Buildings;

Grade II Registered Parks and Gardens;

Conservation Areas;

Major examples of some period, style or type, which may have been altered;

Asset types which would normally be considered of national importance that have been partially damaged (such that cultural heritage value has been reduced). Importance Criteria Local Locally Listed Heritage Assets;

Lesser examples of any period, style or type, as originally constructed or altered, and simple, traditional sites, which group well with other significant remains, or are part of a planned group such as an estate or an industrial complex;

Asset types which would normally be considered of regional importance that have been partially damaged or asset types which would normally be considered of national importance that have been largely damaged (such that their cultural heritage value has been reduced). Negligible Relatively numerous types of remains;

findspots or artefacts that have no definite archaeological remains known in their context;

Asset types which would normally be considered of local importance that have been largely damaged (such that their cultural heritage value has been reduced);

AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Industrial Estate, Edgefield Road, Loanhead EH20 9SY tel: 0131 555 4425 | fax: 0131 555 4426 | e‐mail: [email protected]