By Jocelyn Cranefield Mheducation.Com/Prek-12

Expository Text STRATEGIES & SKILLS

Comprehension ELL Vocabulary Strategy: Ask and Answer efficiently, extend, features, Questions survive Skill: Cause and Effect Content Standards Vocabulary Science adaptations, agile, caches, Life Science dormant, forage, frigid, hibernate, insulates

Word Count: 1,425**

Photography Credit: MICHAEL NICHOLS/National Geographic Creative **The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.

by Jocelyn Cranefield mheducation.com/prek-12

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ISBN: 978-0-02-118774-4 MHID: 0-02-118774-6 PAIRED Printed in the United States of America. Why Bat Flies at Night READ 8 9 10 11 12 QVS 22 21 20 19 18 E Genre Expository Text

Essential Question Introduction How are living things adapted to their environment? There are caves all over the world . Many caves extend deep below the surface of Earth . At first, a cave looks like a dark, empty space .

If you shine a flashlight inside a cave, you probably will not see anything . But if you go inside the cave, Cave there are many living things . Caves can be on the coast, in a forest, or under mineral CREATURES formation the desert . Caves are made by Jocelyn Cranefield out of limestone, marble, or lava from volcanoes . Some caves have beautiful mineral formations . Other caves are

Introduction ...... 2 full of smelly, poisonous Chapter 1 gases . Every cave is a home From the Entrance to the Twilight Zone . . . .4 for animals . Chapter 2 Dark and Surprising Places ...... 10 Conclusion ...... 16 Respond to Reading ...... 18 PAIRED READ Why Bat Flies at Night ...... 19 Glossary ...... 22

Index ...... 23 Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico has Focus on Science ...... 24. beautiful mineral formations.

2 Creative Geographic MICHAEL NICHOLS/National

Some animals are visitors to caves . Some animals From the Entrance live in caves all the time . Many animals have Chapter ONE to the Twilight Zone adaptations to live in caves . Adaptations are features that help living things survive . Some animals stay near the cave entrance for shelter or to sleep . There, it is warm in winter and cool in summer . CAVES OF ALL SIZES These animals are called Explorers have found more than 50,000 caves in the world. Some caves have a single tunnel. Other caves trogloxenes, or cave visitors . have many interconnected tunnels. The deepest cave is They go outside the cave the Krubera Cave. It is about 7,188 feet deep. Compare bat to get food . Bats, skunks, the depth of the Krubera Cave with the heights of tall raccoons, and snakes are buildings, below. The longest cave is the Mammoth Cave system in Kentucky. It extends for more than 350 miles trogloxenes . underground. The Mexican free-tailed bat The Krubera Cave is a trogloxene . It is nocturnal .

CE During the day, this bat roosts CAVE LOCATIONS ET sunset ft in colonies on cave roofs . At dusk, it leaves the cave to 1, ft catch insects . 2, ft

, ft

, ft BIING EIGT

2,2 ft , ft Bats come out of 2, ft the cave at night , ft to hunt. 1, ft , ft

rubera Cave, ,1 feet deep

COMP/ILLUS: I don’t know what amendments are planned to this diagram. My input is this: currently there is a lot shown at very tiny size. It would be better to include less information and to enlarge any type Mexican free-tailed bats, and most other bats, have an The glowworm turns off its light when it hears a noise. adaptation called echolocation to find their way in the dark . The bat makes high-pitched squeaking sounds, then listens for an echo . The echo helps the

bat figure out where things are . abdomen light

In some places, bats The twilight zone is located deeper inside the cave . hibernate in caves during the It is cool and damp . Green plants can’t grow because winter . They don’t sleep all ear there is very little light . Many creatures that live here winter . They wake up from their are called troglophiles, or cave lovers . Troglophiles can dormant state every 15 to 30 The Virginia spend their whole lives in caves, but they can also days for a short time . A place big-eared bat survive outside . Some types of spiders, earthworms, where a bat hibernates is called hibernates in the beetles, frogs, and crickets are troglophiles . a hibernaculum . Hellhole caverns in West Virginia. The dark twilight zone has little food . The animals During winter, it is warmer can’t see well, so they use other senses . They use inside the cave than outside . sound and touch to find food and get around . The The cave insulates animals from Bears enter a deep animals have adaptations to live in the twilight zone . the cold . sleep in winter. Some scientists think Glowworms are troglophiles . Their adaptation is the this is a type of hibernation. ability to light up their abdomen to attract prey . The glowworm spins a web, then lights up its abdomen . Don’t is a negative The glowworm caches insects in the web until the contraction. What Language glowworm is ready to eat . Detective words make up the contraction? In Other Words move from one place to another. En español, get around quiere decir moverse. (t)U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service/Craig Stihler, (b)Juniors Bildarchiv/R304/Alamy Stock Photo Stock (b)Juniors Bildarchiv/R304/Alamy Service/Craig Stihler, Wildlife & Fish (t)U.S. 5 6 Photo Stock blickwinkel/Hauke/Alamy Plants can’t grow in a dark cave, so what do animals eat? Rain and underground streams bring The New Zealand cave weta twigs, leaves, seeds, insects, and plant-based nutrients is also a troglophile . It is a kind into the cave . The droppings of bats, cave crickets, of cricket that lives on cave and other animals contain plant material . These are roofs . It has antennae that are sources of food for animals in the cave . about seven times longer than its body . The antennae help Molds, fungi, and bacteria break down the plant the weta to move and to feel material so that tiny, microscopic animals can eat it . around for food . The agile weta The larger cave animals eat the microscopic animals . Then other cave predators eat the larger animals . can jump more than 6 feet! antennae

The New Zealand cave weta has long legs so it can leap away from danger. CAVE LIONS Bones of lions were discovered in caves in France and were named cave lions. ADAPTING TO SILENCE Scientists believe that the cave lions lived between The African cave cricket communicates secretly without 12,000 and 40,000 years making any sound. It uses wings to send out tiny puffs ago. The lions were about of air, called vortices. Other cave crickets can feel these 25 percent bigger than the vortices, but predators cannot feel the vortices. lions today. The cave lions probably didn’t live in caves most of the time.

hind leg Animal bones can be preserved in caves for a long Scientists have learned time because conditions inside about the cave lions from wings caves do not often change. very old bones.

STOP AND CHECK Why do animals need to adapt to live in caves? (t)Heather Angel/Alamy Stock Photo, (b)Premaphotos/Alamy Stock Photo Stock (b)Premaphotos/Alamy Photo, Stock Angel/Alamy (t)Heather 7 8 covenant/Shutterstock CAVE FOOD WEB In this food web, nutrients in guano, or bat droppings, and other materials are broken down and recycled by cave creatures and microscopic organisms. These Dark and creatures are eaten by larger predators.

Chapter TWO Surprising Places

Bats Frogs The dark zone is deep underground in the heart of a cave. There is no light, nor wind. No Small insects, such as mosquitoes, gnats, glowworms, crickets plants grow in the dark zone.

Life in the Dark Zone

Animals that live in the dark zone are called troglobites, or cave Beetles Centipedes Spiders dwellers. They have adaptations such as small bodies, long limbs, This insect is a and long antennae. They have the Tiny insects, mites dipluran. It has ability to detect small vibrations no eyes or wings. Instead, it has or smells. These adaptations help long antennae the creatures move around and and two tails. Earthworms Fungi forage for food efficiently.

Cave silt Bacteria Mold

Guano Spores In Other Words far inside. En español, in the heart of quiere decir en lo más profundo.

Matter carried Minerals by water

9 10 Source/Getty Images Fenolio/Science Dante pincer

This pseudoscorpion has very long pincers, but it has no eyes.

Many troglobites have different adaptations than the animals that live above the ground. Animals that live in the dark zone have tiny eyes or no eyes at all because eyes are not useful in dark places. ENTRANCE ZONE

Most animals that live above ground have a coloring in their skin called pigment. Pigment is an adaptation. It protects animals from the sun. In the dark zone, TROGLOXENES pigment is not useful. So some troglobites have nearly TWILIGHT ZONE see-through, or translucent, skin. Troglobites have adaptations to help them live in the dark zone, but TROGLOPHILES they could not survive above the ground. STYGOXENES

DARK ZONE Language Could not is a negative. Find another STYGOPHILES negative on this page. (t)Tom Hartman/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images, (b)Dante Fenolio/Science Source Fenolio/Science Scientific/Getty Hartman/Oxford (b)Dante Images, (t)Tom Detective

This cave harvestman has long, thin legs and TROGLOBITES a tiny body, and it is blind. STYGOBITES

11 12 Karadeniz Yasin Illustration: Extreme Cave Dwellers

Cave creatures can live in unusual places. In 2001, tiny stygobites were discovered in limestone caves under the desert in Western Australia. Scientists scooped up the tiny stygobites with fishing rods and nets. They looked like shrimp.

The Texas blind salamander Some caves provide extreme conditions. For most has no eyes. It hunts creatures, the caves are too cold, too hot, or too toxic its prey by sensing This cave crayfish has no movements in the water. pigment in its skin. to survive. Yet microscopic forms of life live in these caves. Animals that have adapted to live in extreme Aquatic Cave Dwellers conditions are called extremophiles.

Many caves have networks of underground streams and ponds. So caves have aquatic animals that have The water bear can live in many difficult environments. It can adapted to living in and around the streams and ponds. even survive in boiling water!

The aquatic cave dwellers that cannot survive outside caves are called stygobites. Stygobites include blind fish, salamanders with no eyes, translucent crayfish, and other crustaceans with no pigment.

Usually, water enters the cave, flows through underground tunnels, then flows out of the cave. The water carries aquatic creatures into and out of the cave. Stygoxenes are aquatic visitors from outside the cave. Stygophiles are aquatic animals that live inside and outside the cave.

(l)Dante Fenolio/Science Source/Getty Images, (r)Tom Uhlman/Alamy Stock Photo Stock Uhlman/Alamy (r)Tom Source/Getty Images, Fenolio/Science (l)Dante 13 14 Scientific/Getty ImagesPhotolibrary/Oxford ice

spider Extremophiles live in Greenland’s frozen ice caves.

Greenland’s ice caves are Extremophiles in Cueva frigid and hostile to life. But de Villa Luz live on a scientists have discovered gas that is poisonous to microscopic creatures living other animals. there. The creatures can survive in the sub-zero Cave creatures live in dark underground places. We temperatures of the ice caves. couldn’t survive very long under the ground, and many cave creatures couldn’t survive above the ground. Cueva de Villa Luz in These creatures have adaptations to live in caves. Mexico is another cave with extreme conditions. The cave How do we know which features of cave creatures emits fumes of hydrogen are adaptations? And how do we learn how the sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is adaptations help cave animals to survive? Scientists a toxic gas. Scientists have look for answers to these questions. They climb, dive, found microbes in the cave. and squeeze into cold and dark caves. They observe They are called snottites, and photograph the cave animals to learn about them. blue goo, and slime balls!

STOP AND CHECK What is an extremophile? snottites Oscar Dominguez/Newscom (t) moodboard/Alamy, (b) Stephen Alvarez/National Geographic/Getty Images Alvarez/National (b) Stephen (t) moodboard/Alamy, 15 16 headlight

helmet Summarize Cause Effect Use important details from Cave Creatures to summarize the text. Your graphic organizer may help you.

Text Evidence Scientists have discovered unique and rare 1. What text features help you identify Cave Creatures as organisms deep inside caves. They transport the an expository text? GENRE organisms to laboratories where the conditions of the Reread page 11. Why do some cave dwellers have tiny cave are mimicked. Then the scientists can examine 2. eyes or no pigment? What words in the text help you the organisms in detail. find causes and effects? CAUSE AND EFFECT Scientists have found amazing creatures in caves What is the meaning of the word hostile on page 15? around the world. They don’t understand everything 3. How do context clues in the paragraph help you about cave animals and their lifestyles. There are still figure it out? PARAGRAPH CLUES many things to discover about life in caves. 4. Write about two cave creatures and the adaptations they have. How do the adaptations help the creatures live in the cave? Use details from the text in your writing. WRITE ABOUT READING

Robbie Shone/Aurora/Getty images Robbie Shone/Aurora/Getty 17 18 Genre Pourquoi Story Bat arrived and said to Rat, “There’s a competition for the best stew in the land. The winner will get a field Compare Texts of wheat.” Read a folktale that explains why bats only fly at night. Rat said, “Fantastic! I’ll enter my stew.”

Bat suggested, “I have an idea. Your fur has such a lovely aroma. If you hop into the stew for a few minutes, the stew will be very tasty.” Why Bat Flies The two friends forgot that the stew would be very hot. When Rat leaped into the stewpot, he immediately screamed and leaped out.

Bat was so frightened that he ran home. He did not at Night wait to taste the stew!

Rat Bat

Rat invited his friend Bat for dinner. Bat thought, “Oh no! I will have to eat Rat’s boring stew again!” Rat always made the same stew from his aunt’s recipe. Bat had given Rat a new cookbook for his birthday, but Rat did not try any new recipes.

On the way to Rat’s house, Bat thought of a clever plan to make Rat’s stew better. stewpot Illustration: BarryIllustration: Gott

19 20 The next day, Rat’s aunt took Rat to the king’s court. She Glossary complained that Bat had played a antennae feelers on an animal’s head (page 7) mean trick on Rat. The king told aquatic living in water (page 13) his soldiers to find Bat and bring bacteria simple organisms with a single cell (page 8) him to the castle. colonies animals of the same type that live together But the soldiers couldn’t find (page 4) Bat. He was hiding in a dark crustaceans animals with skeletons outside their bodies cave. He was hanging upside (page 13) down from the cave roof so fungi organisms such as mushrooms that absorb food the soldiers couldn’t see him. from decaying matter (page 8)

Since that day, Bat left his cave nocturnal active at night and not during the day only at night. He flew around in (page 4) the dark and hunted for juicy insects. nutrients food that provides what an animal or plant Bat was happy because the insects tasted upside down needs to live and grow (page 8) much better than Rat’s stew! organisms living things (page 17)

translucent able to be seen through (page 11)

Make Connections Why do you think people made up a story to explain one adaptation of bats? ESSENTIAL QUESTION From what you’ve learned in Cave Creatures, how close is Why Bat Flies at Night to the truth? TEXT TO TEXT Illustration: BarryIllustration: Gott

21 22 Index African cave cricket, 7 bat, 4, 5, 8, 9 cave harvestman, 11 Purpose To explore the adaptations a creature would need Cueva de Villa Luz, 15 to live in a cave dipluran, 10 extremophiles, 14, 15 Procedure glowworm, 6, 9 Work with a partner. Find information about animals Mexican free-tailed bat, 4, 5 Step 1 or creatures that live in caves and their adaptations. New Zealand cave weta, 7 Use Cave Creatures and/or do research to find the pseudoscorpion, 11 information. stygobites, 12–14 stygophiles, 12, 13 Step 2 Make a list of the zones of a cave that you read stygoxenes, 12, 13 about in Cave Creatures. Make a chart using the Texas blind salamander, 13 names of the zones as the headings for the chart. troglobites, 10–12 List the kinds of adaptations a creature would need troglophile, 6, 7, 12 to live in each zone, such as changes to senses or trogloxenes, 4, 12 skin pigment. Virginia big-eared bat, 5

Step 3 Use the information you gathered in Step 1 to fill in the chart for cave zones, listing the animals that live in each zone and their adaptations.

Step 4 Present your chart to the class.

Conclusion Compare the adaptations of cave creatures with animals that live above ground. What is the same? What is different?

23 24 Literature Circles Adaptations Science GR T • Benchmark 50 • Lexile 750 Nonfiction Thinkmark

Text Structure How does the author organize information in Cave Creatures?

Vocabulary What new words did you learn in the text? What helped you understand their meanings?

Conclusions What conclusions can you draw about cave creatures?

Author’s Purpose Why do you think the author wrote Cave Creatures?

WondersMHE.com Make Connections How are the insects in Cave Creatures similar to household insects? How are they different?