Word Roots and Combining Forms
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Reference Sheet 1
MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum. -
The Anatomy of the Rectum and Anal Canal
BASIC SCIENCE identify the rectosigmoid junction with confidence at operation. The anatomy of the rectum The rectosigmoid junction usually lies approximately 6 cm below the level of the sacral promontory. Approached from the distal and anal canal end, however, as when performing a rigid or flexible sigmoid- oscopy, the rectosigmoid junction is seen to be 14e18 cm from Vishy Mahadevan the anal verge, and 18 cm is usually taken as the measurement for audit purposes. The rectum in the adult measures 10e14 cm in length. Abstract Diseases of the rectum and anal canal, both benign and malignant, Relationship of the peritoneum to the rectum account for a very large part of colorectal surgical practice in the UK. Unlike the transverse colon and sigmoid colon, the rectum lacks This article emphasizes the surgically-relevant aspects of the anatomy a mesentery (Figure 1). The posterior aspect of the rectum is thus of the rectum and anal canal. entirely free of a peritoneal covering. In this respect the rectum resembles the ascending and descending segments of the colon, Keywords Anal cushions; inferior hypogastric plexus; internal and and all of these segments may be therefore be spoken of as external anal sphincters; lymphatic drainage of rectum and anal canal; retroperitoneal. The precise relationship of the peritoneum to the mesorectum; perineum; rectal blood supply rectum is as follows: the upper third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum on its anterior and lateral surfaces; the middle third of the rectum is covered by peritoneum only on its anterior 1 The rectum is the direct continuation of the sigmoid colon and surface while the lower third of the rectum is below the level of commences in front of the body of the third sacral vertebra. -
The Structure and Function of Breathing
CHAPTERCONTENTS The structure-function continuum 1 Multiple Influences: biomechanical, biochemical and psychological 1 The structure and Homeostasis and heterostasis 2 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS 4 function of breathing NORMAL BREATHING 5 Respiratory benefits 5 Leon Chaitow The upper airway 5 Dinah Bradley Thenose 5 The oropharynx 13 The larynx 13 Pathological states affecting the airways 13 Normal posture and other structural THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION considerations 14 Further structural considerations 15 CONTINUUM Kapandji's model 16 Nowhere in the body is the axiom of structure Structural features of breathing 16 governing function more apparent than in its Lung volumes and capacities 19 relation to respiration. This is also a region in Fascla and resplrstory function 20 which prolonged modifications of function - Thoracic spine and ribs 21 Discs 22 such as the inappropriate breathing pattern dis- Structural features of the ribs 22 played during hyperventilation - inevitably intercostal musculature 23 induce structural changes, for example involving Structural features of the sternum 23 Posterior thorax 23 accessory breathing muscles as well as the tho- Palpation landmarks 23 racic articulations. Ultimately, the self-perpetuat- NEURAL REGULATION OF BREATHING 24 ing cycle of functional change creating structural Chemical control of breathing 25 modification leading to reinforced dysfunctional Voluntary control of breathing 25 tendencies can become complete, from The autonomic nervous system 26 whichever direction dysfunction arrives, for Sympathetic division 27 Parasympathetic division 27 example: structural adaptations can prevent NANC system 28 normal breathing function, and abnormal breath- THE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION 30 ing function ensures continued structural adap- Additional soft tissue influences and tational stresses leading to decompensation. -
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Hyaluronic Acid
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Hyaluronic Acid for Articular Cartilage Defects Received: 1 August 2017 Lang Li1, Xin Duan1, Zhaoxin Fan2, Long Chen1,3, Fei Xing1, Zhao Xu4, Qiang Chen2,5 & Accepted: 19 April 2018 Zhou Xiang1 Published: xx xx xxxx Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been found in previous studies to have great potential for medical use. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with HA on articular cartilage repair in canines. Twenty-four healthy canines (48 knee-joints), male or female with weight ranging from 5 to 6 kg, were operated on to induce cartilage defect model and divided into 3 groups randomly which received diferent treatments: BMSCs plus HA (BMSCs-HA), HA alone, and saline. Twenty-eight weeks after treatment, all canines were sacrifced and analyzed by gross appearance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, toluidine blue staining, type II collagen immunohistochemistry, gross grading scale and histological scores. MSCs plus HA regenerated more cartilage-like tissue than did HA alone or saline. According to the macroscopic evaluation and histological assessment score, treatment with MSCs plus HA also lead to signifcant improvement in cartilage defects compared to those in the other 2 treatment groups (P < 0.05). These fndings suggested that allogeneic BMSCs plus HA rather than HA alone was efective in promoting the formation of cartilage-like tissue for repairing cartilage defect in canines. Articular cartilage is composed of chondrocyte and extracellular matrix and has an important role in joint move- ment including lubrication, shock absorption and conduction. -
Vertebral Column and Thorax
Introduction to Human Osteology Chapter 4: Vertebral Column and Thorax Roberta Hall Kenneth Beals Holm Neumann Georg Neumann Gwyn Madden Revised in 1978, 1984, and 2008 The Vertebral Column and Thorax Sternum Manubrium – bone that is trapezoidal in shape, makes up the superior aspect of the sternum. Jugular notch – concave notches on either side of the superior aspect of the manubrium, for articulation with the clavicles. Corpus or body – flat, rectangular bone making up the major portion of the sternum. The lateral aspects contain the notches for the true ribs, called the costal notches. Xiphoid process – variably shaped bone found at the inferior aspect of the corpus. Process may fuse late in life to the corpus. Clavicle Sternal end – rounded end, articulates with manubrium. Acromial end – flat end, articulates with scapula. Conoid tuberosity – muscle attachment located on the inferior aspect of the shaft, pointing posteriorly. Ribs Scapulae Head Ventral surface Neck Dorsal surface Tubercle Spine Shaft Coracoid process Costal groove Acromion Glenoid fossa Axillary margin Medial angle Vertebral margin Manubrium. Left anterior aspect, right posterior aspect. Sternum and Xyphoid Process. Left anterior aspect, right posterior aspect. Clavicle. Left side. Top superior and bottom inferior. First Rib. Left superior and right inferior. Second Rib. Left inferior and right superior. Typical Rib. Left inferior and right superior. Eleventh Rib. Left posterior view and left superior view. Twelfth Rib. Top shows anterior view and bottom shows posterior view. Scapula. Left side. Top anterior and bottom posterior. Scapula. Top lateral and bottom superior. Clavicle Sternum Scapula Ribs Vertebrae Body - Development of the vertebrae can be used in aging of individuals. -
(AMIC) Compared to Microfractures for Chondral Defects of the Talar Shoulder: a Five-Year Follow-Up Prospective Cohort Study
life Communication Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) Compared to Microfractures for Chondral Defects of the Talar Shoulder: A Five-Year Follow-Up Prospective Cohort Study Filippo Migliorini 1 , Jörg Eschweiler 1, Nicola Maffulli 2,3,4,5,* , Hanno Schenker 1, Arne Driessen 1 , Björn Rath 1,6 and Markus Tingart 1 1 Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Clinic Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52064 Aachen, Germany; [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (J.E.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (B.R.); [email protected] (M.T.) 2 School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK 3 Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK 4 Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, London E1 4DG, UK 5 Department of Orthopedics, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, A-4600 Wels, Austria 6 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Introduction: Many procedures are available to manage cartilage defects of the talus, Citation: Migliorini, F.; Eschweiler, J.; including microfracturing (MFx) and Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC). Whether Maffulli, N.; Schenker, H.; Driessen, AMIC or MFx are equivalent for borderline sized defects of the talar shoulder is unclear. Thus, the A.; Rath, B.; Tingart, M. Autologous present study compared the efficacy of primary isolated AMIC versus MFx for borderline sized Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis focal unipolar chondral defects of the talar shoulder at midterm follow-up. -
Thalassemia and the Spleen
Thalassemia and the Spleen 4 Living with Thalassemia are developing an infection (fever, chills, sore throats, unexplained coughs, listlessness, muscle pain, etc.) and Issues in Thalassemia report them to your doctor right away. Thalassemia Care • Sometimes a splenectomy can lead to an exceptionally and the Spleen high platelet count, which can in turn lead to blood clotting. by Marie B. Martin, RN, and Craig Butler Your doctor should monitor your platelet count on a regular basis and may ask you to take baby aspirin daily. This sounds kind of frightening. Is a splenectomy really a What is the spleen? wise choice? The spleen is a small organ (normally That’s a decision that must be made in each individual case. about the size of a fist) that lies in the A doctor with significant experience with thalassemia is upper left part of the abdomen, near going to be in the best position to offer advice about this; the stomach and below the ribcage. however, most people who are splenectomized are able to What does it do? manage the challenges it presents with relatively little The spleen has a number of functions, the most important of difficulty. which are filtering blood and creating lymphocytes. It also acts as a “reservoir” of blood, keeping a certain amount on Of course, it’s best to avoid any circumstances that can lead hand for use in emergencies. to the need for a splenectomy in the first place. For a person with thalassemia, this means following a transfusion In its filtering capacity, the spleen is able to remove large regimen that keeps hemoglobin levels above 9 or 10gm/dL. -
General Signs and Symptoms of Abdominal Diseases
General signs and symptoms of abdominal diseases Dr. Förhécz Zsolt Semmelweis University 3rd Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Year 2018/2019 1st Semester • For descriptive purposes, the abdomen is divided by imaginary lines crossing at the umbilicus, forming the right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower quadrants. • Another system divides the abdomen into nine sections. Terms for three of them are commonly used: epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric, or suprapubic Common or Concerning Symptoms • Indigestion or anorexia • Nausea, vomiting, or hematemesis • Abdominal pain • Dysphagia and/or odynophagia • Change in bowel function • Constipation or diarrhea • Jaundice “How is your appetite?” • Anorexia, nausea, vomiting in many gastrointestinal disorders; and – also in pregnancy, – diabetic ketoacidosis, – adrenal insufficiency, – hypercalcemia, – uremia, – liver disease, – emotional states, – adverse drug reactions – Induced but without nausea in anorexia/ bulimia. • Anorexia is a loss or lack of appetite. • Some patients may not actually vomit but raise esophageal or gastric contents in the absence of nausea or retching, called regurgitation. – in esophageal narrowing from stricture or cancer; also with incompetent gastroesophageal sphincter • Ask about any vomitus or regurgitated material and inspect it yourself if possible!!!! – What color is it? – What does the vomitus smell like? – How much has there been? – Ask specifically if it contains any blood and try to determine how much? • Fecal odor – in small bowel obstruction – or gastrocolic fistula • Gastric juice is clear or mucoid. Small amounts of yellowish or greenish bile are common and have no special significance. • Brownish or blackish vomitus with a “coffee- grounds” appearance suggests blood altered by gastric acid. -
Embryonic Cell That Forms Cartilage Medical Term
Embryonic Cell That Forms Cartilage Medical Term Unexploited Gordie languishes: he scumbles his initiatives atweel and esthetically. When Nate gestate his niggardliness Grecizing not post-free enough, is Mikhail windowless? Ship-rigged or millionth, Edgar never enshrining any millionairesses! The crest cell phenotype research in record area forms the body of shift review the Table 1. Where and repair differs substantially augments the embryonic cartilage tissue types of its tension adaptation and cells? In both types for medicine to that cartilage. Cells turn into differentiated stem cells that trace specific tissues and organs. Ambiguous cells the emergence of daughter stem a concept in. Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma NORD National. Blood cells Chondro Oma Cartilage Tumor Arthro Joints Cartilage creates a. Can disturb blood cells and stromal which manufacture produce fat cartilage and bone. Label by following from NURSING 3345 at University of Texas Medical Branch. Body mostly a laboratory stem cells divide that form more cells called daughter cells. Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell with Brown. Abstract The skeletal system is formed of bones and cartilage which are. Each tissue cartilage bone and skeletal muscle goes through my different. Medical terms UCL. Please note love the definitions are moving given an explain another word found also a. Definition Stem cells are cells which feature not yet developed a special. The term totipotent refer down the grief that they ever total potential to. Stem from Research Uses Types & Examples Healthline. For cardiac muscle cells and was still pluripotent stem cells may also structures and cartilage that embryonic cell forms a primitive connective tissue physiology as well as macrophages are adequately informed consent. -
Osteopathic Approach to the Spleen
Osteopathic approach to the spleen Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason 1. Introduction the first 3 years to 4 - 6 times the birth size. The position therefore progressively becomes more lateral in place of The spleen is an organ that is all too often neglected in the original epigastric position. The spleen is found pos- the clinic, most likely because conditions of the spleen do tero-latero-superior from the stomach, its arterial supply is not tend to present a defined clinical picture. Furthermore, via the splenic artery and the left gastroepiploic artery it has long been thought that the spleen, like the tonsils, is (Figure 2). The venous drainage is via the splenic vein an organ that is superfluous in the adult. into the portal vein (Figure 2). The spleen is actually the largest lymphoid organ in the body and is implicated within the blood circulation. In the foetus it is an organ involved in haematogenesis while in the adult it produces lymphocytes. The spleen is for the blood what the lymph nodes are for the lymphatic system. The spleen also purifies and filters the blood by removing dead cells and foreign materials out of the circulation The function of red blood cell reserve is also essential for the maintenance of human activity. Osteopaths often identify splenic congestion under the influence of poor diaphragm function. Some of the symptoms that can be associated with dysfunction of the spleen are: Figure 2 – Position and vascularisation of the spleen Anaemia in children Disorders of blood development Gingivitis, painful and bleeding gums Swollen, painful tongue, dysphagia and glossitis Fatigue, hyperirritability and restlessness due to the anaemia Vertigo and tinnitus Frequent colds and infections due to decreased resis- tance Thrombocytosis Tension headaches The spleen is also considered an important organ by the osteopath as it plays a role in the immunity, the reaction of the circulation and oxygen transport during effort as well as in regulation of the blood pressure. -
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Rectum and Anus Large Intestine Small
1 Liver The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats through a dissolving process known as emulsification. In this process, bile secreted into the small intestine 4 combines with large drops of liquid fat to form Healthy tiny molecular-sized spheres. Within these spheres (micelles), pancreatic enzymes can break down fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids. Pancreas Digestion The pancreas not only regulates blood glucose 2 levels through production of insulin, but it also manufactures enzymes necessary to break complex The digestive system consists of a long tube (alimen- 5 carbohydrates down into simple sugars (sucrases), tary canal) that varies in shape and purpose as it winds proteins into individual amino acids (proteases), and its way through the body from the mouth to the anus fats into free fatty acids (lipase). These enzymes are (see diagram). The size and shape of the digestive tract secreted into the small intestine. varies in each individual (e.g., age, size, gender, and disease state). The upper part of the GI tract includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, and stomach. The lower Gallbladder part includes the small intestine, large intestine, The gallbladder stores bile produced in the liver appendix, and rectum. While not part of the alimentary 6 and releases it into the duodenum in varying canal, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all organs concentrations. that are vital to healthy digestion. 3 Small Intestine Mouth Within the small intestine, millions of tiny finger-like When food enters the mouth, chewing breaks it 4 protrusions called villi, which are covered in hair-like down and mixes it with saliva, thus beginning the first 5 protrusions called microvilli, aid in absorption of of many steps in the digestive process. -
Pancreatic Cancer
A Patient’s Guide to Pancreatic Cancer COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER Staff of the Comprehensive Cancer Center’s Multidisciplinary Pancreatic Cancer Program provided information for this handbook GI Oncology Program, Patient Education Program, Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Medical Oncology, Radiation Oncology and Surgical Oncology Digestive System Anatomy Esophagus Liver Stomach Gallbladder Duodenum Colon Pancreas (behind the stomach) Anatomy of the Pancreas Celiac Plexus Pancreatic Duct Common Bile Duct Sphincter of Oddi Head Body Tail Pancreas ii A Patient’s Guide to Pancreatic Cancer ©2012 University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center Table of Contents I. Overview of pancreatic cancer A. Where is the pancreas located?. 1 B. What does the pancreas do? . 2 C. What is cancer and how does it affect the pancreas? .....................2 D. How common is pancreatic cancer and who is at risk?. .3 E. Is pancreatic cancer hereditary? .....................................3 F. What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer? ..........................4 G. How is pancreatic cancer diagnosed?. 7 H. What are the types of cancer found in the pancreas? .....................9 II. Treatment A. Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. 11 1. What are the treatment options?. 11 2. How does a patient decide on treatment? ..........................12 3. What factors affect prognosis and recovery?. .12 D. Surgery. 13 1. When is surgery a treatment?. 13 2. What other procedures are done?. .16 E. Radiation therapy . 19 1. What is radiation therapy? ......................................19 2. When is radiation therapy given?. 19 3. What happens at my first appointment? . 20 F. Chemotherapy ..................................................21 1. What is chemotherapy? ........................................21 2. How does chemotherapy work? ..................................21 3. When is chemotherapy given? ...................................21 G.