DOCSLIB.ORG

Inhibition of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Conductance by Indoleamines (Baboon Bronchus/Rat Colon/Short-Circuit Current/Serotonin/Melatonin) GREGORY J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inhibition of Amiloride-Sensitive Sodium Conductance by Indoleamines (Baboon Bronchus/Rat Colon/Short-Circuit Current/Serotonin/Melatonin) GREGORY J Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 79, pp. 2046-2050, March 1982 Medical Sciences Inhibition of amiloride-sensitive sodium conductance by indoleamines (baboon bronchus/rat colon/short-circuit current/serotonin/melatonin) GREGORY J. LEGRISt§, PETER C. WILL*t, AND ULRICH HOPFER** Departments of *Anatomy and tPediatrics, School of Medicine and tDevelopmental Biology Center, Case Western Reserve University, and §Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Communicated by KurtJ. Isselbacher, December 7, 1981 ABSTRACT To examine a possible role ofindoleamines in the Regulation by adrenal steroids is on the time scale ofhours (1, regulation ofepithelial sodium absorption, the effect of serotonin 14, 15), rather than seconds as in the case ofamiloride. Because (5-hydroxytryptamine) and several derivatives on electrolyte indoleamines show structural similarity to amiloride (see below) transport was measured in vitro in the baboon bronchus and in the and because serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) and other indo- trachea and colon of sodium-deficient rats. Serotonin, melatonin leamines are present in relatively high concentrations in the (N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine), and harmaline (1-methyl-7- mucosa ofthe respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (16-19), we methoxy-3,4-dihydro-P-carboline) inhibited sodium transport in have investigated their effects on amiloride-sensitive sodium all three preparations in a similar manner to the natriuretic agent transport in the baboon bronchus, the rat trachea, and the rat amiloride. In all three epithelia, sodium absorption via the ami- colonic loride-sensitive pathway constitutes a substantial portion of total epithelium (20). electrolyte transport, measured as the amiloride-sensitive short- circuit current. Thus, 25 FM amiloride inhibited the short-circuit METHODS current 21% in the rat trachea, 63% in the baboon bronchus, and Animals and Tissues. First- to third-order bronchi were ob- 90% in the rat colon. Serotonin, melatonin, and harmaline inhib- tained within 15 min of death from adult male baboons (Papio ited the amiloride-sensitive portion of the short-circuit current anibus). Baboons had been obtained from various sources and from the luminal side ofthe epithelium. The inhibition was rapid, had been subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusions requiring only seconds, and maximal inhibition by serotonin was and various treatment protocols to alleviate the effect of the identical to that by amiloride. When sodium was omitted from the stroke. The treatments included in some cases prolonged (up luminal solution, the short-circuit current was reduced a similar to 4 days) pentobarbital anesthesia with respiratory support. amount, suggesting that sodium absorption was being inhibited by Baboons were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital at30 both amiloride and the indoles. The IC50 value for amiloride was mg/ 50 nM in the baboon bronchus and 500 nM in the rat colon. In kg or ketamine hydrochloride at 10 mg/kg (or both) and were contrast, the IC50 value for serotonin was 0.4 mM in the baboon sacrificed by intravenous injection of saturated potassium chlo- bronchus and 8 mM in the rat colon. These results, together with ride at 0.2 mVkg. the wide distribution of amine-precursor-uptake-and-decarbox- Bronchi were placed in Hanks' balanced salt solution (21) ylation (APUD) cells in the respiratory and intestinal tract, suggest buffered to pH 7.4 with sodium bicarbonate and gassed with that certain indoleamines could play a role as local regulators of 95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide. Bronchial wall segments (""5 fluid and electrolyte transport. For example, in the airways, in- x 10 mm) were stripped of their adventitia and mounted in a doleamines may be one ofthe factors involved in regulation ofthe chamber similar to the one designed by Frizzell and Schultz depth of the periciliary fluid layer. (22). The tissue was maintained in bicarbonate-buffered Krebs-Henseleit balanced salt solution (23)/5 mM D-glucose Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that, at micromolar at pH 7.4 and 37°C. concentrations, inhibits sodium absorption in many epithelia Male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-400 g) were obtained from that scavenge sodium from the luminal or external side of the Zivic-Miller Laboratories (Allison Park, PA). The animals were epithelium (1, 2). Amiloride inhibits sodium absorption by maintained on a sodium-deficient diet similar to one described blocking a specific sodium channel or pore in the luminal plasma by Hartroft and Eisenstein (1, 24). The animals were allowed membrane of epithelial cells so that sodium cannot enter the to eat and drink deionized water ad lib. Rats were anesthetized cell from the luminal side (2-13). Because of its specificity, with sodium pentobarbital (90 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The amiloride has been used to operationally define a certain type descending colon or the trachea was removed, rinsed with ox- of sodium transport that can be quantitated as the amiloride- ygenated Krebs-Henseleit solution (23), and mounted in a Friz- sensitive short-circuit current in vitro in epithelial preparations. zell-Schultz chamber (22). Epithelial sodium transport plays a crucial role in maintaining Electrical Measurements. Short-circuit current, transepi- electrolyte balance in higher animals. The importance of this thelial potentials, and tissue resistances were measured with an transport suggests that efficient regulatory mechanisms have automatic voltage clamp (1, 25, 26) using calomel/saturated evolved. However, no physiological compounds are known that potassium chloride electrodes with 2% agar bridges as the po- can rapidly inhibit sodium absorption through the amiloride- tential electrodes and platinum wire electrodes as the current sensitive pathway-i.e., one that acts similar to the drug. The electrodes. The amiloride-sensitive portion of the short-circuit currently known regulatory mechanism is through adrenal ste- current was determined with an excess (""25 ,uM) ofamiloride roids that induce amiloride-sensitive sodium transport (1, 5). on the luminal side of the tissue. Ion Replacement Studies. A sodium-free Krebs-Henseleit The publication costs ofthis article were defrayed in part by page charge solution was prepared by replacing sodium chloride and bicar- payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertise- bonate with iso-osmotic choline chloride and bicarbonate. After ment" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. stable electrical values were obtained with the sodium Krebs- 2046 Medical Sciences: Legris et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 (1982) 2047 Henseleit solution, the luminal or serosal baths were replaced termine which of these situations is occurring in the baboon with the sodium-free solution. Electrical values in the absence bronchus and the rat trachea, we have used amiloride as an in- ofsodium were determined after a 15-min equilibration period. hibitor of net luminal-to-serosal sodium transport (1-4). After The dependence of the short-circuit current on the luminal addition ofamiloride to the luminal side ofthe tissue, the trans- sodium concentration was determined by gradually adding so- epithelial potential and the short-circuit current are rapidly dium Krebs-Henseleit solution to the sodium-free solution on reduced (Fig. 1). The normal baboon bronchus apparently pos- the luminal side. Electrical values were determined as above sesses an amiloride-sensitive sodium transport pathway. In con- and the sodium concentration was verified by flame spec- trast, the trachea and colon ofrats on alaboratory diet containing trophotometry. the normal amount of sodium have little of this type of sodium Treatment ofTest Substances. Amiloride hydrochloride and transport (data not shown for trachea; for rat colon, see refs, 1, indoles were dissolved in degassed Krebs-Henseleit solution 14). However, amiloride-sensitive sodium transport can be in- and adjusted to pH 7.4. Indoles were prepared fresh within 30 duced by secondary hyperaldosteronism (1, 5, 14, 31). There- min of use. All additions were made to the luminal side of the fore, tissues from sodium-deficient rats were used in this study. tissue. The observed amiloride sensitivity of the tissues in this study Materials. Amiloride hydrochloride was the gift of Merck, were 21% for rat trachea, 63% for baboon bronchus, and 90% Sharp & Dohme. Scillaren was donated by Sandoz Pharma- for rat colon. The rapid inhibition observed with amiloride is ceutical. Indoles were purchased from Sigma. Sodium pento- consistent with an effect on the luminal membrane; no inhi- barbital (Diabutal) was obtained from Diamond Laboratories bition was observed when excess amiloride (up to 1 mM) was (Des Moines, IA). The sodium-deficient rat diet (catalogue no. added to the serosal side ofany ofthe tissues (results not shown) 902902) was prepared by the Life Sciences Group of ICN. All (7). The mechanism of amiloride action as a specific inhibitor other chemicals were of reagent grade or better and were of sodium current has been well established in various species bought from various suppliers. (1-13, 27). The effect of amiloride in the present studies was similar to that in studies in which the specificity for sodium RESULTS transport has been rigorously established (3, 4, 6-8). The sim- ilarity was present in terms of inhibition from the luminal side The electrical properties ofbaboon bronchus and rat trachea are only and ofa 50% effective dose of <1 AM. Therefore, it is rea- reported
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SPIRONOLACTONE Spironolactone – Oral (Common Brand Name
    SPIRONOLACTONE Spironolactone – oral (common brand name: Aldactone) Uses: Spironolactone is used to treat high blood pressure. Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. It is also used to treat swelling (edema) caused by certain conditions (e.g., congestive heart failure) by removing excess fluid and improving symptoms such as breathing problems. This medication is also used to treat low potassium levels and conditions in which the body is making too much of a natural chemical (aldosterone). Spironolactone is known as a “water pill” (potassium-sparing diuretic). Other uses: This medication has also been used to treat acne in women, female pattern hair loss, and excessive hair growth (hirsutism), especially in women with polycystic ovary disease. Side effects: Drowsiness, lightheadedness, stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or headache may occur. To minimize lightheadedness, get up slowly when rising from a seated or lying position. If any of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor promptly. Tell your doctor immediately if any of these unlikely but serious side effects occur; dizziness, increased thirst, change in the amount of urine, mental/mood chances, unusual fatigue/weakness, muscle spasms, menstrual period changes, sexual function problems. This medication may lead to high levels of potassium, especially in patients with kidney problems. If not treated, very high potassium levels can be fatal. Tell your doctor immediately if you notice any of the following unlikely but serious side effects: slow/irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness. Precautions: Before taking spironolactone, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies.
    [Show full text]
  • Prediction of Premature Termination Codon Suppressing Compounds for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Machine Learning
    Prediction of Premature Termination Codon Suppressing Compounds for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy using Machine Learning Kate Wang et al. Supplemental Table S1. Drugs selected by Pharmacophore-based, ML-based and DL- based search in the FDA-approved drugs database Pharmacophore WEKA TF 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D- (phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)) ribofuranosyl diphosphate Acarbose Amikacin Acetylcarnitine Acetarsol Arbutamine Acetylcholine Adenosine Aldehydo-N-Acetyl-D- Benserazide Acyclovir Glucosamine Bisoprolol Adefovir dipivoxil Alendronic acid Brivudine Alfentanil Alginic acid Cefamandole Alitretinoin alpha-Arbutin Cefdinir Azithromycin Amikacin Cefixime Balsalazide Amiloride Cefonicid Bethanechol Arbutin Ceforanide Bicalutamide Ascorbic acid calcium salt Cefotetan Calcium glubionate Auranofin Ceftibuten Cangrelor Azacitidine Ceftolozane Capecitabine Benserazide Cerivastatin Carbamoylcholine Besifloxacin Chlortetracycline Carisoprodol beta-L-fructofuranose Cilastatin Chlorobutanol Bictegravir Citicoline Cidofovir Bismuth subgallate Cladribine Clodronic acid Bleomycin Clarithromycin Colistimethate Bortezomib Clindamycin Cyclandelate Bromotheophylline Clofarabine Dexpanthenol Calcium threonate Cromoglicic acid Edoxudine Capecitabine Demeclocycline Elbasvir Capreomycin Diaminopropanol tetraacetic acid Erdosteine Carbidopa Diazolidinylurea Ethchlorvynol Carbocisteine Dibekacin Ethinamate Carboplatin Dinoprostone Famotidine Cefotetan Dipyridamole Fidaxomicin Chlormerodrin Doripenem Flavin adenine dinucleotide
    [Show full text]
  • Exforge HCT in Patients with These Highlights Do Not Include All the Information Needed to Use Diabetes (4) EXFORGE HCT Safely and Effectively
    HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Do not coadminister aliskiren with Exforge HCT in patients with These highlights do not include all the information needed to use diabetes (4) EXFORGE HCT safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for EXFORGE HCT. -----------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ----------------------- Hypotension: Correct volume depletion prior to initiation (5.2) ® EXFORGE HCT (amlodipine, valsartan, and hydrochlorothiazide) Increased angina and/or myocardial infarction (5.3) tablets, for oral use Monitor renal function and potassium in susceptible patients (5.4, 5.5) Initial U.S. Approval: 2009 Exacerbation or activation of systemic lupus erythematosus (5.7) WARNING: FETAL TOXICITY Observe for signs of fluid or electrolyte imbalance (5.9) See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Acute angle-closure glaucoma (5.10) When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Exforge HCT as soon as possible. (5.1) ------------------------------ADVERSE REACTIONS ------------------------------ Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause Most common adverse events (≥ 2% incidence) are dizziness, peripheral injury and death to the developing fetus. (5.1) edema, headache, dyspepsia, fatigue, muscle spasms, back pain, nausea, and nasopharyngitis. (6.1) ---------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE --------------------------- Exforge HCT is a combination tablet of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Novartis calcium channel blocker (DHP CCB), valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor Pharmaceuticals Corporation at 1-888-669-6682 or FDA at 1-800-FDA- blocker (ARB), and hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic. Exforge HCT is 1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. indicated for the treatment of hypertension to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, ------------------------------DRUG INTERACTIONS ------------------------------ primarily strokes, and myocardial infarctions.
    [Show full text]
  • Karger AG, Basel Published Online: November 26, 2018 by S
    Neurosignals 2018;26:77-93 DOI: 10.1159/000495425 © 2018 The Author(s).© 2018 Published The Author(s) by S. Karger AG, Basel Published online: November 26, 2018 www.karger.com/nsgPublished by S. Karger AG, Basel 77 www.karger.com/nsg Accepted:Hundehege November et al.: Pregabalin 08, 2018 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Interna- tional License (CC BY-NC-ND) (http://www.karger.com/Services/OpenAccessLicense). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Original Paper Targeting Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels with Pregabalin Exerts a Direct Neuroprotective Effect in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis Petra Hundehegea Juncal Fernandez-Ortha Pia Römera Tobias Rucka Thomas Münteferinga Susann Eichlera Manuela Cerinaa Lisa Eppinga Sarah Albrechta Amélie F. Menkea Katharina Birknerb Kerstin Göbela Thomas Buddec Frauke Zippb Heinz Wiendla Ali Gorjid Stefan Bittnerb Sven G. Meutha aNeurology Department with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, bDepartment of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, cInstitute of Physiology I, University of Münster, dNeurology Department with Institute of Translational Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, University of Münster, Germany Key Words Multiple sclerosis • Pregabalin • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis • Neuroprotection Abstract Background/Aims: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prototypical autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease. Particularly progressive forms of MS (PMS) show significant neuroaxonal damage as consequence of demyelination and neuronal hyperexcitation. Immuno-modulatory treatment strategies are beneficial in relapsing MS (RMS), but mostly fail in PMS.
    [Show full text]
  • AMILORIDE HYDROCHLORIDE and HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE- Amiloride Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablet Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc
    AMILORIDE HYDROCHLORIDE AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE- amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide tablet Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. ---------- DESCRIPTION Amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide tablets, USP combine the potassium- conserving action of amiloride hydrochloride with the natriuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide. Amiloride hydrochloride is designated chemically as 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(diamino- methylene)pyrazinecarboxamide monohydrochloride, dihydrate. It has the following structural formula: C6H8ClN7O•HCl•2H2O MW = 302.12 Hydrochlorothiazide is designated chemically as 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4- benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide. It has the following structural formula: C7H8ClN3O4S2 MW = 297.74 It is a white, or practically white, crystalline powder which is slightly soluble in water, but freely soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. Each tablet, for oral administration, contains 5 mg of amiloride hydrochloride, USP (calculated on the anhydrous basis) and 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide, USP. In addition, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Aluminum Lake, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized starch (corn), and sodium lauryl sulfate. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide tablets provide diuretic and antihypertensive activity (principally due to the hydrochlorothiazide component), while acting through the amiloride component to prevent the excessive potassium loss that may occur in patients receiving
    [Show full text]
  • Ambetter 90-Day-Maintenance Drug List- 2020
    Ambetter 90-Day-Maintenance Drug List Guide to this list: What is Ambetter 90‐Day‐Maintenance Drug List? Ambetter 90‐Day‐Supply Maintenance Drug List is a list of maintenance medications that are available for 90 day supply through mail order or through our Extended Day Supply Network. How do I find a pharmacy that is participating in Extended Day Supply Network? To find a retail pharmacy that is participating in our Extended Day Supply Network please consult information available under Pharmacy Resources tab on our webpage. Alternatively, you can utilize our mail order pharmacy. Information on mail order pharmacy is available in Pharmacy Resources tab on our webpage. Are all formulary drugs covered for 90 day supply? No, certain specialty and non‐specialty drugs are excluded from 90 day supply. Please consult 90‐Day‐ Supply Maintenance Drug List for information if your drug is included. A Amitriptyline HCl Acamprosate Calcium Amlodipine Besylate Acarbose Amlodipine Besylate-Atorvastatin Calcium Acebutolol HCl Amlodipine Besylate-Benazepril HCl Acetazolamide Amlodipine Besylate-Olmesartan Medoxomil Albuterol Sulfate Amlodipine Besylate-Valsartan Alendronate Sodium Amlodipine-Valsartan-Hydrochlorothiazide Alendronate Sodium-Cholecalciferol Amoxapine Alfuzosin HCl Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine Aliskiren Fumarate Anagrelide HCl Allopurinol Anastrozole Alogliptin Benzoate Apixaban Alosetron HCl Arformoterol Tartrate Amantadine HCl Aripiprazole Amiloride & Hydrochlorothiazide Armodafinil Amiloride HCl Asenapine Maleate Amiodarone HCl Aspirin-Dipyridamole
    [Show full text]
  • FDA's) Current Thinking on This Topic
    Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Draft Guidance on Amiloride Hydrochloride This draft guidance, once finalized, will represent the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the Office of Generic Drugs. Active ingredient: Amiloride Hydrochloride Form/Route: Tablet; Oral Recommended studies: 2 Studies 1. Type of study: Fasting Design: Single-dose, two-way crossover in-vivo Strength: EQ 5 mg Base Subjects: Healthy males, nonpregnant females and non-elderly, general population. Additional Comments: Subjects with impaired renal function, diabetes mellitus, should be excluded from the study. As amiloride treatment may cause hyperkalemia, serum potassium levels should be monitored carefully during the bioequivalence study. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Type of study: Fed Design: Single-dose, two-way crossover in-vivo Strength: EQ 5 mg Base Subjects: Healthy males, nonpregnant females and non-elderly, general population. Additional Comments: Please see above. ________________________________________________________________________ Analytes to measure (in appropriate biological fluid): Amiloride in plasma Bioequivalence based on (90% CI): Amiloride Waiver request of in-vivo testing: Not applicable Dissolution test method and sampling times: Please note that a Dissolution Methods Database is available to the public at the OGD website at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/dissolution/. Please find the dissolution information for this product at this website. Please conduct comparative dissolution testing on 12 dosage units each of all strengths of the test and reference products.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating Neuroprotectants for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
    THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Translational Neuroscience Facility School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW Australia A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of: Masters Investigating Neuroprotectants for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy by Munawwar Abdulla Supervisor: Dr. Gila Moalem-Taylor Co-supervisor: Dr. Justin Lees Co-supervisor: Dr. Patsie Pollie August, 2018 i The University of New South Wales Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Abdulla First name/s: Munawwar Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: MSc School: School of Medical Sciences Faculty: Medicine Title: Investigating neuroprotectants for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy Abstract 350 words maximum: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating and dose-limiting side effect of many chemotherapy regimens and is becoming a more prevalent issue as the longevity of cancer patients continues to increase. Sensory symptoms include neuropathic pain, paraesthesia, and numbness and usually spread in a glove-and-stocking distribution. At present, there are no effective medications to treat or prevent CIPN, and the mechanisms by which symptoms are induced have not been fully elucidated. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic that induces neuropathy in a high percentage of patients. The broad aim of this thesis was to establish a model of CIPN in vitro and in vivo and test clinically approved drugs for potential neuroprotective effects. Since the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) has been implicated in CIPN, we cultured dissociated primary DRG neurons from 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice and treated them with PTX to observe neurotoxic effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Ketamine Inhibits Lung Fluid Clearance Through Reducing Alveolar Sodium Transport
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2011, Article ID 460596, 6 pages doi:10.1155/2011/460596 Research Article Ketamine Inhibits Lung Fluid Clearance through Reducing Alveolar Sodium Transport Yong Cui,1 Hongguang Nie,2 Hong Ma,1 Lei Chen,3 Lin Zhang,4 Junke Wang,1 and Honglong Ji5 1 Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China 2 Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China 3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China 5 Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Yong Cui, [email protected] Received 28 May 2011; Revised 13 July 2011; Accepted 1 August 2011 Academic Editor: Daniel T. Monaghan Copyright © 2011 Yong Cui et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ketamine is a broadly used anaesthetic for analgosedation. Accumulating clinical evidence shows that ketamine causes pulmonary edema with unknown mechanisms. We measured the effects of ketamine on alveolar fluid clearance in human lung lobes ex vivo. Our results showed that intratracheal instillation of ketamine markedly decreased the reabsorption of 5% bovine serum albumin instillate. In the presence of amiloride (a specific ENaC blocker), fluid resolution was not further decreased, suggesting that ketamine could decrease amiloride-sensitive fraction of AFC associated with ENaC.
    [Show full text]
  • Amiloride Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets USP
    AMILORIDE HYDROCHLORIDE AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE- amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide tablet Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. ---------- Amiloride Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets USP 5 mg/50 mg Rx only DESCRIPTION Amiloride Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets USP combine the potassium-conserving action of amiloride hydrochloride with the natriuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide. Amiloride HCl, USP is designated chemically as N-amidino-3,5,-diamino-6-chloropyrazine- carboxamide monohydrochloride dihydrate and its structural formula is: C6H8CIN7O•HCl•2H2O M.W. 302.12 Hydrochlorothiazide, USP is designated chemically as 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1, 2, 4-benzo- thiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1, 1-dioxide. Its structural formula is: C7H8CIN3O4 S2 M.W. 297.74 It is a white, or practically white, crystalline powder which is slightly soluble in water, but freely soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. Each tablet, for oral administration, contains 5 mg of amiloride hydrochloride, USP (calculated on the anhydrous basis) and 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide, USP. Inactive Ingredients: Croscarmellose sodium, D&C yellow no. 10 (aluminum lake), lactose monohydrate, magnesium oxide, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide tablets provide diuretic and antihypertensive activity (principally due to the hydrochlorothiazide component), while acting through the amiloride component to prevent the excessive potassium loss that may occur in patients receiving a thiazide diuretic. Due to its amiloride component, the urinary excretion of magnesium is less with amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide than with a thiazide or loop diuretic used alone (see PRECAUTIONS). The onset of the diuretic action of this product is within 1 to 2 hours and this action appears to be sustained for approximately 24 hours.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Medications, Cosmetics, Or Eating Certain Foods Can Increase Sensitivity to Ultraviolet Radiation
    USING MEDICATIONS, COSMETICS, OR EATING CERTAIN FOODS CAN INCREASE SENSITIVITY TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION. INDIVIDUALS SHOULD CONSULT A PHYSICIAN BEFORE USING A SUNLAMP, IF THEY ARE TAKING MEDICATIONS. THE ITEMS LISTED ARE POTENTIAL PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS THAT MAY INCREASE SENSITIVITY TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT THAT MAY RESULT IN A PHOTOTOXIC OR PHOTOALLERGIC RESPONSES. PHOTOSENSITIZING MEDICATIONS Acetazolamide Amiloride+Hydrochlorothizide Amiodarone Amitriptyline Amoxapine Astemizole Atenolol+Chlorthalidone Auranofin Azatadine (Optimine) Azatidine+Pseudoephedrine Bendroflumethiazide Benzthiazide Bromodiphenhydramine Bromopheniramine Captopril Captopril+Hydrochlorothiazide Carbaamazepine Chlordiazepoxide+Amitriptyline Chlorothiazide Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramin+DPseudoephedrine Chlorpromazine Chlorpheniramine+Phenylopropanolamine Chlorpropamide Chlorprothixene Chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone+Reserpine Ciprofloxacin Clemastine Clofazime ClonidineChlorthalisone+Coal Tar Coal Tar Contraceptive (oral) Cyclobenzaprine Cyproheptadine Dacarcazine Danazol Demeclocycline Desipramine Dexchlorpheniramine Diclofenac Diflunisal Ditiazem Diphenhydramine Diphenylpyraline Doxepin Doxycycline Doxycycline Hyclate Enalapril Enalapril+Hydrochlorothiazide Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate+Sulfisoxazole Estrogens Estrogens Ethionamide Etretinate Floxuridine Flucytosine Fluorouracil Fluphenazine Flubiprofen Flutamide Gentamicin Glipizide Glyburide Gold Salts (compounds) Gold Sodium Thiomalate Griseofulvin Griseofulvin Ultramicrosize Griseofulvin+Hydrochlorothiazide Haloperidol
    [Show full text]
  • Stembook 2018.Pdf
    The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances FORMER DOCUMENT NUMBER: WHO/PHARM S/NOM 15 WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/EMP/RHT/TSN/2018.1). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.
    [Show full text]