Part B Water Supply
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The Project for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Master Plan of Faisalabad Final Report PART B WATER SUPPLY CHAPTER B1 INTRODUCTION Financially, WASA-F is now considered to be in a vicious cycle characterized by factors such as less water supply service, less customer satisfaction, non-payment of water bills, financial deterioration, and reduced capital investment. In light of these circumstances, this Part B of the M/P has been prepared as a road map for navigating the WASA-F water supply business out from its current vicious cycle to a virtuous cycle. B1.1 Objective of M/P Formulation in Water Supply Sector The first M/P for Faisalabad City, prepared with support from the Asian Development Bank in 1976, never proceeded past the first phase of implementation. The existing master plan at present, a revised plan formulated by the World Bank in 1993, sets out a series objectives to be achieved by 2018. With the arrival of 2018, further updates of the plan are required. Drawing from the latest Peri-Urban Structure Plan (2015) underlying the city planning of Faisalabad, the master planning done under the Project will encompass practicable elements within an updated targeted period ending in 2038. WASA-F is now pressed to develop water supply infrastructure to cope with a growing urban population and industrial expansion. In practice, however, pressured water is supplied for only six hours a day. The water supply services provided for users are not improving, which continues to aggravate the already low customer satisfaction and low bill collection rate. WASA-F’s financial conditions are deteriorating as a consequence, which feeds the vicious cycle outlined below. Water supply services are insufficient. Customer satisfaction is low. Water charges are based on a fixed tariff system (per unit area) and are generally too low to recover water production costs. The bill collection efficiency (rate) is too low. The current vicious cycle must be improved in the future. The diagram above illustrates one idea for shifting to vicious cycle through WASA business operations. Reduction of Less water Increase of capital Improvement in capital service investment water service investment Current Future (vicious cycle) (virtuous cycle) Increase in customer Financial Less Financial satisfaction deterioration customer Improvement satisfaction Non-payment of Increase in payment water bills of water bills Source: JICA Mission Team Figure B1.1.1 Shift from Current Vicious Cycle to Future Virtuous Cycle B1 - 1 The Project for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Master Plan of Faisalabad Final Report The current M/P seeks to improve the above-mentioned weaknesses by addressing the technical and management issues entailed in the enhancement of water supply services, particularly in terms of water volume (duration of water supply), water pressure, and water quality. The plan aims to increase both customer satisfaction and willingness to pay. Further, the plan will restructure the water supply system to achieve the optimal efficiency and energy conservation, which will open the way to improved financial conditions. The ultimate objectives are to achieve self-supporting service management of WASA-F and strategic investment in development on a long-term basis. Hence, the M/P is designed as a road map for making the shift from a vicious to a virtuous circle, and the direction of the M/P is also presented in Appendix AB1.1, Direction of Water Supply Master Plan, in the Supporting Report. B1.2 Approach and Policies The M/P takes the approaches and overarching policies described below. (1) Engineering Activities A water supply development plan should be formulated from a realistic and rational perspective. Specifically, the plan should: . Consider new water source developments for both groundwater and surface water, including seepage water and the intake methods. Prepare a water supply facility plan, including the steps required to restructure the existing water supply system as necessary to improve the current water supply services. Formulate water supply development measures that not only provide for future expansion, but also reduce NRW, promote water conservation, etc. (2) Activities to Improve Business Operation It will be important to shift to a virtuous cycle from the current vicious cycle in WASA-F’s current business operations. Provide a roadmap to shift from a fixed rate system to a volumetric tariff system (or metered rate system). Improve WASA-F’s financial condition and realize sound business operations. Develop the capacity of personnel through workshops, training courses, and OJT. (3) Pilot Activities for Water Supply Pilot trials and demonstration activities are scheduled to make the M/P practical. Consider verifiable Pilot activities. Build good practices for the water supply business. Spread out to other areas in the future. The Project will be promoted to ensure that the outcomes of the three approaches described above can generate synergetic effects such as the following: . Improved water supply services in the area, . Improved financial condition of WASA-F, and . Increased understanding and motivation to pay among customers. Through the aforesaid approaches, the water supply components of the living environment in Faisalabad City can be expected to eventually improve. B1 - 2 The Project for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Master Plan of Faisalabad Final Report CHAPTER B2 WATER SOURCES The current major water sources in Faisalabad City are groundwater from the tubewells in the Chenab (Chiniot) and RBC Well Fields. Surface water from the irrigation canal of the Rakh Branch Canal is also used as a supplementary source. The groundwater and surface water sources respectively make up 86% and 14% of the total water sources available. In recent years, however, the groundwater level has been declining due to excessive pumping. Though further water sources will have to be developed with the urbanization of the Faisalabad City, the potential of groundwater sources will still be limited. Given these limits, the appropriate approach to new water source development in Faisalabad City is thought to be a combination of surface water development by direct intake from irrigation canals as a main source and groundwater development as a supplementary source. Water source development will be considered in view of the technical, financial, social, and political feasibilities, while leakage prevention, the reuse of treated wastewater, the use of rainwater, etc. will be considered as alternate water sources for the purposes of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). The following section summarizes the current status of the water sources for the city. B2.1 Groundwater 2.1.1 Current Groundwater Situation Areas that are pumping groundwater for drinking around Faisalabad District are limited to the following four, except for small individual wells. Table B2.1.1 Areas Existing Tubewells for Drinking Water Supply No. of Depth of Design Current Actual Recharge Name Tubewell of Screen Discharge Discharge Others source WASA-F (m) (m3/day) (m3/day) Chenab (Chiniot) Mainly (1) 29 50~120 224,000 145,000 Wells for Irrigation Well Field Chenab River JBC Chenab River and Few wells for rural (2) 25 45~150 91,000 57,000 Well Field Seepage from JBC water supply Tubewells Seepage from 23,000~ Many wells for urban (3) 38 20~50 7,000 along RBC RBC 25,000 and rural water supply Tubewells Seepage from Many wells for urban (4) 0 - - - along GBC GBC and rural water supply 338,000~ Total 92 - 209,000 340,000 Source: JICA Mission Team The locations for the above four sources are illustrated in Figure B2.1.1. (1) Chenab (Chiniot) Well Field In 1992, the construction of 25 tubewells by ADB financial support was completed at the Chenab (Chiniot) Wellfield and started operation. After commissioning, gradual decline of groundwater level around the well field was observed, along with corresponding decline of total discharge volumes. In response, WASA-F installed 4 additional tubewells in the well field in 2000 based on the World Bank Master Plan financed by the government budget of Annual Development Programme (ADP). As a result, the number of tubewells totaled 29 (Of the four additional tubewells, Tubewell #29 did not have any pumping equipment. Therefore, currently there are 28 pumping tubewells). Design capacity each tubewell is 4 Cusec (approximately 400 m3/hour) operated 20 hours a day, for a total pumping capacity of 224,000 m3/day. WASA-F is considering 24 hour supply. In this case, 254,600 m3 would be withdrawn per 24 hours of operation. Furthermore in the JICA Report of July 2014 for B2 - 1 The Project for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Master Plan of Faisalabad Final Report replacement of pumping machinery at the well field, pumping capacities are mentioned as 205,000 m3/day after renovation of pumps. The lower capacity is attributable to design problems of the Terminal Reservoir and allowable setting of pumping water levels1. However, recent maximum discharges have declined to 170,000 m3/day or less due to non-operation of some tubewells, pump downtime for repairs, as well as a reduction of daily operation time from 20 hours to 18 hours due to budget constraints related to payment of electricity bills. The SCADA data and the Energy Audit report of 2015 to 2016 show that the total discharge may have been even lower, at 140,000 to 160,000 m3/day. Source: JICA Mission Team Figure B2.1.1 Location of Current Groundwater Pumping Areas The average total daily discharge from 1993 to 2005 from wells for agricultural irrigation existing in both bank side of JBC is available in the dissertation on groundwater simulation in the area by Dr. Khaliq of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad.2 1 PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR REPLACEMENT OF PUMPING MACHINERY AT INLINE BOOSTER PUMPING STATION & TERMINAL RESERVOIR IN FAISALABAD IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN; June 2015, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) & Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.