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Vibrationally Excited Hydrogen Halides : a Bibliography On
VI NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 392 J U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards National Bureau of Standards Bldg. Library, _ E-01 Admin. OCT 1 1981 191023 / oO Vibrationally Excited Hydrogen Halides: A Bibliography on Chemical Kinetics of Chemiexcitation and Energy Transfer Processes (1958 through 1973) QC 100 • 1X57 no. 2te c l !14 c '- — | NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radiation Research, an Office of Meas- urement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Nuclear Sciences" — Applied Radiation 2 — Quantum Electronics 1 — Electromagnetics 3 — Time 3 1 1 and Frequency — Laboratory Astrophysics — Cryogenics . -
Questions ALKENES: REACTIONS with HYDROGEN HALIDES
Chemguide – questions ALKENES: REACTIONS WITH HYDROGEN HALIDES 1. State Markovnikov's Rule. 2. Show the structural formulae for the main product of each of the following addition reactions between various alkenes and a hydrogen halide. (This question is also testing your ability to write the structures for alkenes given their names. If you can't do that, get it sorted out before you continue!) a) ethene and hydrogen bromide b) but-2-ene and hydrogen chloride c) but-1-ene and hydrogen chloride d) propene and hydrogen iodide e) 2-methylbut-2-ene and hydrogen iodide f) but-1-ene and hydrogen bromide where everything is pure g) but-1-ene and hydrogen bromide in the presence of oxygen or organic peroxides 3. a) How does the rate of the reaction change as you go along the series HF – HCl – HBr – HI? b) Briefly explain the trend you have given in part (a). c) How does the rate of reaction change as you go from ethene to propene to 2-methylbut-2-ene? d) Alkyl groups (like methyl and ethyl groups) have a tendency to “push” electrons away from themselves towards the double bond. (i) How does this help to explain the way the attractiveness of the double bond varies from ethene to propene to 2-methylbut-2-ene? (ii) The mechanism for the reactions involves the formation of intermediate ions with the positive charge on a carbon atom (carbocations). The intermediate carbocations in these cases would be + + + CH CH CH CHCH CH CCH CH 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 CH3 Why does this help to explain the variation in reactivity that you should have given in part (c)? www.chemguide.co.uk. -
Periodic Trends in the Main Group Elements
Chemistry of The Main Group Elements 1. Hydrogen Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but it accounts for less than 1% (by mass) in the Earth’s crust. It is the third most abundant element in the living system. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen: hydrogen (1H) - the most abundant isotope, deuterium (2H), and tritium 3 ( H) which is radioactive. Most of hydrogen occurs as H2O, hydrocarbon, and biological compounds. Hydrogen is a colorless gas with m.p. = -259oC (14 K) and b.p. = -253oC (20 K). Hydrogen is placed in Group 1A (1), together with alkali metals, because of its single electron in the valence shell and its common oxidation state of +1. However, it is physically and chemically different from any of the alkali metals. Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals (such as those of Group 1A and 2A) to for metal hydrides, where hydrogen is the anion with a “-1” charge. Because of this hydrogen may also be placed in Group 7A (17) together with the halogens. Like other nonmetals, hydrogen has a relatively high ionization energy (I.E. = 1311 kJ/mol), and its electronegativity is 2.1 (twice as high as those of alkali metals). Reactions of Hydrogen with Reactive Metals to form Salt like Hydrides Hydrogen reacts with reactive metals to form ionic (salt like) hydrides: 2Li(s) + H2(g) 2LiH(s); Ca(s) + H2(g) CaH2(s); The hydrides are very reactive and act as a strong base. It reacts violently with water to produce hydrogen gas: NaH(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g); It is also a strong reducing agent and is used to reduce TiCl4 to titanium metal: TiCl4(l) + 4LiH(s) Ti(s) + 4LiCl(s) + 2H2(g) Reactions of Hydrogen with Nonmetals Hydrogen reacts with nonmetals to form covalent compounds such as HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2O, H2S, NH3, CH4, and other organic and biological compounds. -
Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
This report contains the collective views of an nternational group of experts and does not xcessarily represent the decisions or the stated 1 icy of the United Nations Environment Pro- '€mme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 21 CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 'ublished under the joint sponsorship of Ic United Nations Environment Programme. the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization / \r4 ( o 4 UI o 1 o 'T F- World Health Organization kz Geneva, 1982 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint ven- ture of the United Nations Environment Programme. the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experi- mental laboratory, and risk assessment methods that could produce interna- tionally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other relevant activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. ISBN 92 4 154081 8 World Health Organization 1982 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protec- tion in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copy- right Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publica- tions, in part or in loto, application should be made to the Office of Publica- tions, World Health Organization, Geneva. Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. -
Download Author Version (PDF)
PCCP Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/pccp Page 1 of 24 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Disulfuric acid dissociated by two water molecules: Ab initio and density functional theory calculations Seong Kyu Kim, 1,* Han Myoung Lee, 2 Kwang S. Kim 2,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea Manuscript 2Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea *Corresponding authors, [email protected] , [email protected] Accepted Abstract We have studied geometries, energies and vibrational spectra of disulfuric acid - (H 2S2O7) and its anion (HS 2O7 ) hydrated by a few water molecules, using density functional theory (M062X) and ab initio theory (SCS-MP2 and CCSD(T)). -
Method for Removing Impurities from Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride
Europaisches Patentamt 0 380 014 J European Patent Office (iO Publication number: A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 90101184.1 (?) int.ci.5:C01B 7/07 @ Date of filing: 22.01.90 © Priority: 27.01.89 US 303513 © Applicant: THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY P.O. Box 1967 © Date of publication of application: Midland, Michigan 48641 -1967(US) 01.08.90 Bulletin 90/31 © Inventor: Repman, Josef F. © Designated Contracting States: 31 Wagon Lane Loop BE DE ES FR GB IT NL Angelton, Texas 7751 5(US) Inventor: Morris, Thomas E. 324 Linden Lane Lake Jackson, Texas 77566(US) Inventor: Hill, Thomas F. 128 Lily Lake Jackson, Texas 77566(US) Representative: Sternagel, Hans-Gunther, Dr. etal Patentanwalte Dr. Michael Hann Dr. H.-G. Sternagel Sander Aue 30 D-5060 Bergisch Gladbach 2(DE) © Method for removing impurities from anhydrous hydrogen chloride. © A method to purify impure gaseous hydrogen chloride containing unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons in an amount less than that necessary to inhibit purification comprising exposing the impure hydrogen chloride to an ultraviolet light source in the presence of gaseous chlorine for a sufficient time for the gaseous chlorine to react with organic impurities in the hydrogen chloride to form heavier organic compounds and thereafter separating the heavier compounds from the hydrogen chloride. < O 00 CO a. LU Xerox Copy Centre EP 0 380 014 A1 METHOD FOR REMOVING IMPURITIES FROM ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE This invention pertains to hydrogen chloride and more in particular to a method to remove impurities from anhydrous hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen chloride is produced as a byproduct in many chemical processes. -
Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
05 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic, making up items such as packing foam, plastic bottles, and plastic utensils (top: © Jon Larson/iStockphoto; middle: GNL Media/Digital Vision/Getty Images, Inc.; bottom: © Lakhesis/iStockphoto). Inset: A model of ethylene. KEY QUESTIONS 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? 5.8 How Can Alkynes Be Reduced to Alkenes and 5.2 What Is a Reaction Mechanism? Alkanes? 5.3 What Are the Mechanisms of Electrophilic Additions HOW TO to Alkenes? 5.1 How to Draw Mechanisms 5.4 What Are Carbocation Rearrangements? 5.5 What Is Hydroboration–Oxidation of an Alkene? CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 5.6 How Can an Alkene Be Reduced to an Alkane? 5A Catalytic Cracking and the Importance of Alkenes 5.7 How Can an Acetylide Anion Be Used to Create a New Carbon–Carbon Bond? IN THIS CHAPTER, we begin our systematic study of organic reactions and their mecha- nisms. Reaction mechanisms are step-by-step descriptions of how reactions proceed and are one of the most important unifying concepts in organic chemistry. We use the reactions of alkenes as the vehicle to introduce this concept. 129 130 CHAPTER 5 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 5.1 What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes? The most characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the carbon–carbon double bond in such a way that the pi bond is broken and, in its place, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or groups of atoms. Several examples of reactions at the carbon–carbon double bond are shown in Table 5.1, along with the descriptive name(s) associated with each. -
H Atom Attack on Propene Claudette M
ARTICLE pubs.acs.org/JPCA H Atom Attack on Propene Claudette M. Rosado-Reyes,* Jeffrey A. Manion, and Wing Tsang National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States bS Supporting Information d ABSTRACT: The reaction of propene (CH3CH CH2) with hydrogen atoms has been investigated in a heated single-pulsed shock tube at temperatures between 902 and 1200 K and pressures of 1.5À3.4 bar. Stable products from H atom addition and H abstraction have been identified and quantified by gas chromatography/flame ionization/mass spectrometry. The reaction for the H addition channel involving methyl displacement from propene has been determined relative to methyl displacement from 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene þ f d þ (135TMB), leading to a reaction rate, k(H propene) H2C CH2 Â 13 À 3 CH3) = 4.8 10 exp( 2081/T)cm/(mol s). The rate constant for the abstraction of the allylic hydrogen atom is determined to be k(H þ propene f d þ Â 13 À 3 CH2CH CH2 H2) = 6.4 10 exp( 4168/T)cm /(mol s). The reaction of H þ propene has also been directly studied relative to the reaction of H þ propyne, and the relationship is found to be log[k(H þ propyne f acetylene þ þ f þ À ( þ CH3)/k(H propene ethylene CH3)]=( 0.461 0.041)(1000/T) (0.44 ( 0.04). The results showed that the rate constant for the methyl displacement reaction with propene is a factor of 1.05 ( 0.1 larger than that for propyne near 1000 K. -
2008 Hazardous Air Pollutants
2008 Hazardous Air Pollutants Emissions Emissions County CAS # (tons/year) (lbs/year) Beaver 11440 Circle Four Farms: Swine Feed Mill 7439921 Lead 0.000 0.03 Box Elder 10009 ATK Launch Systems - Promontory 100414 Ethyl Benzene 1.043 2,086.00 107211 Ethylene Glycol 1.344 2,688.00 50000 Formaldehyde 0.385 770.00 110543 Hexane 0.164 327.00 7647010 Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride) 762.120 1,524,239.00 7439921 Lead 0.000 0.40 67561 Methanol 0.419 839.00 71556 Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) 13.718 27,436.00 108101 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (Hexone) 0.283 566.00 75092 Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) 1.825 3,650.00 101688 Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) 0.107 214.00 108952 Phenol 3.071 6,143.00 108883 Toluene 1.285 2,570.00 79016 Trichloroethylene 0.543 1,087.00 1330207 Xylenes (Isomers And Mixture) 4.324 8,648.00 13096 Consolidated Paving & Concrete Inc.: Hot Mix Asphalt Plant 7440360 Antimony (TSP) 0.002 3.89 7440382 Arsenic (TSP) 0.373 746.05 7440439 Cadmium 0.006 12.55 CMJ500 Chromium Compounds 0.036 71.85 7440484 Cobalt (TSP) 0.022 44.76 7439921 Lead 0.254 507.93 7439965 Manganese (TSP) 0.970 1,940.00 22967926 Mercury (Organic) 0.000 0.11 7440020 Nickel 0.971 1,942.31 7723140 Phosphorus 1.791 3,582.11 253 Selenium & Compounds 1.790 3,580.96 10021 Geneva Rock Products: Perry Sand & Gravel Pit 106990 1,3-Butadiene 0.000 0.04 83329 Acenaphthene(TSP) 0.000 0.00 208968 Acenaphthylene(TSP) 0.000 0.00 75070 Acetaldehyde 0.000 0.72 107028 Acrolein 0.000 0.09 120127 Anthracene 0.000 0.00 71432 Benzene (Including Benzene From -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride -
Oxychlorination of Organic Compounds
Oxychlorination of organic compounds Maciej PRZYBYŁEK, Jerzy GACA – Department of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz Please cited as: CHEMIK 2011, 65, 4, 297-300 Chloroorganic compounds are widespread in environment and oxidation of hydrochloric acid with the use of hydrogen peroxide LS in Bydgoszcz are used in many areas. Chlorinated paraffins are produced, among [17]. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 30% [17]. Reaction & others, by the marine alga [1, 2]. Compounds such as PCBs and was carried out in a temperature range of 25 oC to 75 oC [17]. Based DDT have been detected even in fish from lakes located in the Swiss on the amount of evolved chlorine and oxygen the fallowing kinetic Alps at an altitude of 2,062 to 2,637 m above sea level [3]. equation (4) has been proposed [17]: Oxychlorination involves the precursor of reactive oxygen E v= · 13 exp c1.1 c2.3 (4) species and chloride anion [4]. Applying this method is associated 4.8 10 (-----RT ) 8 2 with the use of hydrogen chloride which is formed as a byproduct of many technologies [4]. The importance of this issue can be proved by In equation (4 ) v is the rate of evolution of oxygen from the 1 the fact that in the USA hydrogen chloride preparation from elements reaction mixture, E is the activation energy (100 kJ/mol ), c2 is the is less than 10% of the total production of this commodity [5]. concentration of hydrogen peroxide [17]. -
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PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Abstract Proceee Economic Program Report No. 61 D CHLORINE (June 1992) Chloralkali producers around the world - in the major industrialized countries in particular - are pondering the balance between sagging demand for chlorine and strong demand for caustic soda. The former is caused by increasing environmental pressure in the following major sectors: l Dioxin generated during pulp bleaching with chlorine has forced the pulp and paper indus- try to switch from chemical bleaching to chemi-thermal mechanical bleaching, replacing chlorine with hydrogen peroxide. l Serious depletion of ozone layers has caused the major industrialized countries to totally phase out CFC production by 1995-l 996,4 to 5 years ahead of the deadline set by the 1990 internationally approved Montreal Protocol. l Laws in Western Europe have been proposed to restrict the use of PVC for food and non- food packaging. This report, a supplement to PEP Report 61 C issued in December 1962, presents a compre- hensive review of technology and economics for the production of primary chlorine by electrolysis of brine in the membrane cell, diaphragm cell, or mercury cell processes, and production of secondary chlorine by catalytic oxidation as well as electrolysis of HCI. Also presented are preliminary eco- nomicsfor process conversion and retrofit from either mercury cells or diaphragm cells to membrane cells. PEP’92 YRC Report No. 61 D CHLORINE SUPPLEMENT D by YU-REN CHIN with contributions by CHEE-HORNG CHANG MING-KUNG SHEN June 1992 A private report by the Menlo Park, California 94025 For detailedmarketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI programs specializing in marketing research.