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Volume 62, Issue 1, January 2018 Published by Johnson Matthey © Copyright 2017 Johnson Matthey ISSN 2056-5135 Johnson Matthey’s international journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications Volume 62, Issue 1, January 2018 Published by Johnson Matthey www.technology.matthey.com © Copyright 2017 Johnson Matthey Johnson Matthey Technology Review is published by Johnson Matthey Plc. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. You may share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. You must give appropriate credit to the author and publisher. You may not use the material for commercial purposes without prior permission. You may not distribute modified material without prior permission. The rights of users under exceptions and limitations, such as fair use and fair dealing, are not affected by the CC licenses. www.technology.matthey.com www.technology.matthey.com Johnson Matthey’s international journal of research exploring science and technology in industrial applications Contents Volume 62, Issue 1, January 2018 2 Editorial: Field to Fork: Challenges in Ensuring a Sustainable Food Supply By Sara Coles 4 The Role of Noble Metal Catalysts in Conversion of Biomass and Bio-derived Intermediates to Fuels and Chemicals By Banothile C. E. Makhubela and James Darkwa 32 Ammonia and the Fertiliser Industry: The Development of Ammonia at Billingham By John Brightling 48 A Re-assessment of the Thermodynamic Properties of Palladium By John Arblaster 60 A Facile Green Tea Assisted Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Recovered Palladium from Spent Palladium Impregnated Carbon By Ansari Palliyarayil, Kizhakoottu Kunjunny Jayakumar, Sanchita Sil and Nallaperumal Shunmuga Kumar 74 “Food Packaging” A book review by Chun-tian Zhao 81 “Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook”, Second Edition A book review by Martyn Twigg 86 Johnson Matthey Highlights 89 Coordination Compounds of Hexamethylenetetramine with Metal Salts: A Review By Jia Kaihua and Ba Shuhong 107 Recent Advances in Controlled and Modified Atmosphere of Fresh Produce By Natalia Falagán and Leon A. Terry 118 Challenges and Opportunities in Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: Part I By Tony Bridgwater https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696667 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (1), 2–3 www.technology.matthey.com Editorial Field to Fork: Challenges in Ensuring a Sustainable Food Supply The United Nations Sustainable Development and ways are being sought to ensure both Goals for 2030 include targets around reducing effectiveness and, increasingly, to reduce the hunger for people worldwide (1). There are a social and environmental impacts of chemicals in number of challenges which industry is working agriculture (4, 5). There is no doubt that this will hard to address. In farming, the challenges be an important area of research for some time include crop growth and nutrition and making the to come. most of available land for food production. Once the food is harvested, there are further challenges Land Use for the food and beverage industry in ensuring that enough of the produce reaches the people It is now recognised that food security can who need it in a fit state for human consumption. be impacted by other pressures on land use (6). When biofuels were introduced the first Crop Nutrition and Protection generation were based on food crops such as sugars or oils. Now second- and third-generation One of the key crop nutrients is nitrogen. Although biofuels, made from ‘waste’ or other forms of the earth’s atmosphere is around 78% nitrogen, non-food competing biomass, are becoming most of this is locked in a form that plants cannot available (7, 8). The challenges in processing matter use. To make it accessible, it must be ‘fixed’ or such as cellulose and lignin are many: catalytic reduced into a more active chemical form. Some and pyrolytic approaches have been investigated natural processes can fix nitrogen, including to create efficient ways to prepare fuels that can microorganisms living in the roots of certain meet future energy needs as part of an energy mix vegetables as well as events such as lightning without detrimental impact on the food supply. strikes. However much of the nitrogen that is used today to produce food for humans comes from the Preventing Food Waste industrial fixation of nitrogen into ammonia, which has grown today into a huge area of industry The story of food does not stop at harvest. There carried out in many countries worldwide. are other areas where industry plays a role in There are challenges in this industry – not least getting food onto people’s plates. Studies suggest of which is ensuring the cost effectiveness and that up to one third of food produced worldwide energy efficiency of the process. By far the most is lost or wasted (9). There is a need for widely used process is the Haber-Bosch process low-cost, sustainable solutions to the problem which produces up to half the nitrogen entering of food spoilage and waste in increasingly global the human food chain. Alternatives are being food supply chains. looked at that are not yet ready for commercial The platinum group metals (pgms) have proved scale roll out but they are gaining interest in the unlikely allies in the fight against food waste as a academic community (2). number of past articles in this journal have shown Another area important to ensuring secure (10, 11, 12). There are commercial solutions food supply is the protection of crop plants from on the market which involve both pgm and pests and diseases. The pesticides industry non-pgm materials. For example, the use of nickel was worth around US$58 billion in 2016 (3) catalysts to improve oxidative stability of edible 2 © 2018 Johnson Matthey https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696667 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (1) oils, extending the shelf life, as well as adsorbents, 4. “Novel Methods for Accelerating Next-Generation packaging materials and other technological Agrochemical Development”, C&EN Whitepapers, solutions to control the environment around American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, fresh food and prevent spoilage. This is a vibrant USA, 3rd January, 2017 area and more research will no doubt reveal new 5. Climate Smart Agriculture, Yara International, approaches. Oslo, Norway, November, 2015 In this journal look out for articles detailing the 6. J. Valentine, J. Clifton-Brown, A. Hastings, P. history of ammonia production, the development Robson, G. Allison and P. Smith, Glob. Change. of new processes for biofuels that do not compete Biol. Bioenergy, 2012, 4, (1), 1 with food and work on new packaging technologies that can help ensure food reaches people, reducing 7. A. Demirbas, ‘Fuels from Biomass’ in “Biorefineries: For Biomass Upgrading Facilities”, Springer-Verlag waste in the worldwide food chain. Ltd, London, UK, 2010 8. A. D. Heavers, M. J. Watson, A. Steele and J. MS SARA COLES Simpson, Platinum Metals Rev., 2013, 57, (4), Editor, Johnson Matthey Technology Review 322 9. J. Gustavson, C. Cederberg, U. Sonesson, R. van References Otterdijk and A. Meybeck, “Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention”, 1. United Nations, Sustainable Development Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Knowledge Platform, Sustainable Development Nations, Rome, Italy, 2011 Goals: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ 10. A. W. J. Smith, S. Poulston, L. Rowsell, L. A. Terry sdgs (Accessed on 23rd August 2017) and J. A. Anderson, Platinum Metals Rev., 2009, 2. J. Nørskov and J. Chen, ‘Sustainable Ammonia 53, (3), 112 Synthesis’, DOE Roundtable Report, US Department of Energy, Virginia, USA, 18th February, 2016 11. P. Whitehead, Platinum Metals Rev., 1989, 33, (4), 193 3. ‘Global Markets for Agrochemicals’, BCC Research, Massachusetts, USA, March, 2017 12. Platinum Metals Rev., 1990, 34, (1), 24 3 © 2018 Johnson Matthey https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X696261 Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev., 2018, 62, (1), 4–31 www.technology.matthey.com The Role of Noble Metal Catalysts in Conversion of Biomass and Bio-derived Intermediates to Fuels and Chemicals A review of promising approaches on plant based biomass as a renewable alternative feedstock Banothile C. E. Makhubela* levulinate and valeric biofuels suitable as fuels Department of Chemistry, University of and fuel additives as well as renewable alkanes Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway in the C5–C15 range for gasoline and diesel fuel Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa applications. # James Darkwa 1. Introduction Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Over the past century, the world has grown Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa extremely reliant on finite fossil derived sources of carbon. Fossil derived sources such as crude Email: *[email protected], oil, natural gas and coal supply more than #[email protected] three quarters of the world’s energy (Figure 1) and 90% of chemicals and materials (1, 2). The consumption of energy and chemicals is In the face of growing oil demand the use of increasing at ~7% per annum and this has been renewable feedstocks for the potential to supply mostly driven by the growth experienced by the transportation fuels, electricity, chemicals and emerging economies. More specifically, global materials is increasingly attractive. This review oil demand is expected to grow until 2040, and covers novel technologies and pathways to this is largely as a result of lack of alternatives to produce liquid fuels and chemical intermediates in an efficient and cost-effective way. Several 2.4% 1.4% commercial and pilot scale projects by companies 4.8% Hydro Othera including Anellotech, USA; Johnson Matthey, Nuclear 10.3% UK; GFBiochemicals, Italy; Quaker Oats, USA; Biofuels Changchun Dacheng Group, China; Avantium, The and waste 31.3% Oil Netherlands; BASF, Germany and Rennovia, USA 21.2% Natural are highlighted. The review focuses on the use 28.6% gas of non-food competing biomass, namely cellulose Coal and hemicellulose biomass, and the use of precious metals to effect the key reaction steps: hydrolysis, dehydration, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrogenation Fig.
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