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Redalyc.Biodiversidad De Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) En Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad ISSN: 1870-3453 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Morrone, Juan J. Biodiversidad de Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) en México Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, vol. 85, 2014, pp. 312-324 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42529679011 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2013 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Supl.DOI: 85: 10.7550/rmb.30038 S312-S324, 2014 312 Morrone,Fecha J. J.- deBiodiversidad publicación:DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30038de17 deCurculionoidea abril de 2013 Biodiversidad de Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) en México Biodiversity of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) in Mexico Juan J. Morrone Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Museo de Zoología Alfonso L. Herrera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apartado postal 70-399, 04510 México D. F., México. [email protected] Resumen. La superfamilia Curculionoidea incluye aproximadamente 62 000 especies y 5 800 géneros, asignados a 7 familias (Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Caridae, Brentidae y Curculionidae). En México, se han descrito 603 géneros y 3 594 especies, y cerca de un 40% de especies endémicas pertenecientes a 6 familias, la única ausente en el país es Caridae. Aproximadamente el 85% de las especies de gorgojos mexicanos pertenecen a la familia &XUFXOLRQLGDH\VHFODVL¿FDQHQODVVXEIDPLOLDV%DULGLQDH%UDFK\FHULQDH&RVVRQLQDH&XUFXOLRQLQDH&\FORPLQDH Dryophthorinae, Entiminae, Molytinae, Platypodinae y Scolytinae. Los estudios taxonómicos sobre Curculionoidea VRQUHODWLYDPHQWHHVFDVRVQRH[LVWHQUHYLVLRQHVPRGHUQDVQLDQiOLVLV¿ORJHQpWLFRVSDUDODPD\RUtDGHORVWD[RQHV A pesar de que son componentes importantes de todos los ecosistemas terrestres, para muchas especies se carece de información sobre su ecología, historia natural y estadios inmaduros. Palabras clave: Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae, Curculionidae, México. Abstract. The superfamily Curculionoidea includes approximately 62 000 species and 5 800 genera, assigned to 7 families (Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Caridae, Brentidae, and Curculionidae). In Mexico, there have been described 603 genera and 3 594 species, with ca. 40% of endemic species, belonging to 6 families, the only one absent in the country is Caridae. Nearly 85% of the Mexican weevil species belong to the family Curculionidae, and DUHFODVVL¿HGLQWKHVXEIDPLOLHV%DULGLQDH%UDFK\FHULQDH&RVVRQLQDH&XUFXOLRQLQDH&\FORPLQDH'U\RSKWKRULQDH Entiminae, Molytinae, Platypodinae, and Scolytinae. Taxonomic studies on Mexican Curculionoidea are relatively scarce, and neither modern revisionary studies nor phylogenetic analyses are available for the majority of the taxa. Although they are important components of all terrestrial natural ecosystems, information on their ecology, natural history, and immature stages is still not available for most species. Key words: Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae, Curculionidae, Mexico. Introducción las zonas tropicales donde han alcanzado más variedad de formas y donde se encuentra el mayor número de especies Los Curculionoidea (Fig. 1), conocidos como gorgojos (Morrone y Posadas, 1998). o picudos, representan uno de los grupos con mayor número Descripción morfológica del grupo. La principal caracte- de especies del reino animal. Se han descrito aproximada- rística diagnóstica de las especies de Curculionoidea es la mente 62 000 especies, pero se estima que pueden existir presencia de una proyección anterior de la cabeza, deno- unas 220 000 (Oberprieler et al., 2007). El grupo se distri- minada rostro, en cuyo ápice se localiza el aparato bucal buye desde las zonas árticas hasta las subantárticas y sus masticador. En algunos grupos el rostro es muy largo y del- representantes se encuentran en todos los continentes e gado (la mayoría de las Curculionidae: Curculioninae), en islas. Si bien la mayor parte son terrestres, existen nume- otros es corto y ancho (Curculionidae: Entiminae) y en otros rosas especies dulceacuícolas cuyas larvas se alimentan de más, extremadamente corto o incluso ausente (Curculioni- vegetación acuática. Aunque en general no han colonizado dae: Scolytinae y Platypodinae). el medio marino, en las líneas de costa es posible hallar Otra característica morfológica importante son las algunas especies, como Lichenobius littoralis (Anthribidae) antenas, usualmente formadas por 11 antenitos, aunque de Nueva Zelanda (Holloway, 1982) y Palirhoeus eatoni en varios taxones existe tendencia a la reducción de este (Curculionidae) de las islas subantárticas del océano Índico número. En las familias más primitivas (Nemonychidae, (Kuschel y Chown, 1995). Al igual que otros taxones, es en Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae y Caridae) las antenas son rectas, en tanto que la presencia de antenas Recibido: 16 febrero, 2012 ; aceptado: 30 agosto, 2012 geniculadas es propia de Curculionidae. Las antenas geni- S1064.indd 1 17/04/13 17:28 Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Supl. 85: S312-S324, 2014 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30038 Morrone, J. J.- Biodiversidad de Curculionoidea313 Figura 1. Heilipus albopictus (Champion, 1902) (Curculionidae: Molytinae), vista dorsal. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 2013 DOI: 10.7550/rmb.30038 Fecha314 de publicación: 17 de abril de 2013 Morrone, J. J.- Biodiversidad de Curculionoidea culadas presentan 3 secciones: la primera, denominada Referencias de estudios generales más importantes. El estu- escapo, consiste en un único antenito que por lo general dio más importante de la fauna mexicana de Curculionoidea es elongado; la segunda, que articula en ángulo con la es la Biologia Centrali-Americana (Sharp, 1889-1911, 1895; primera, recibe el nombre de funículo y usualmente está Blandford, 1895-1905; Champion, 1902-1909; Jordan, formada por 7 antenitos; y la tercera, denominada clava, 1906-1907; véase Selander y Vaurie [1962] para algunos por los 3 antenitos terminales, los cuales son más anchos datos históricos de esta monumental obra y un gacetero de que los precedentes. Los Curculionoidea presentan en localidades). O’Brien y Wibmer (1982) proporcionaron una ambos lados del rostro una zona excavada en forma de lista anotada de las especies de América del Norte de Cur- surco, la escroba, en la cual se acomoda el escapo en posi- culionidae sensu lato, excluyendo Anthribidae, Scolytinae ción de reposo. \ 3ODW\SRGLQDH FRQ VLQRQLPLDV \ GLVWULEXFLyQ JHRJUi¿FD El protórax varía en su forma desde cuadrado a subtrian- aunque para México desafortunadamente sólo en cuanto a gular, su margen posterior puede tener igual, menor o mayor país. Morrone (2000) presentó una clave para las familias ancho que la zona anterior de los élitros. Puede ser liso o y subfamilias del país, y Ordóñez-Reséndiz et al. (2008) esculturado y puede presentar proyecciones y tubérculos de proporcionan la lista más reciente con todas las especies distintas formas y ubicación. Los tarsos son pseudotetráme- conocidas de Curculionoidea de México. ros, con el cuarto tarsito muy reducido y escondido entre Interés económico. Los Curculionoidea inciden en la eco- los lóbulos del tercero. La morfología de los élitros es muy nomía del país, ya que muchas especies son plagas de variada; en general son de forma elongada y convexa. El cultivos industriales como el algodón, la caña de azúcar pigidio puede estar cubierto o expuesto. Cada élitro presenta y gran variedad de frutos y granos. Las larvas de algunos HVWUtDVR¿ODVORQJLWXGLQDOHVGHSXQWXDFLRQHVVHSDUDGDV JRUJRMRVGHVWUX\HQORVQyGXORV¿MDGRUHVGHQLWUyJHQRGHODV por áreas denominadas interestrías. Los élitros pueden pre- leguminosas y son pestes de las pasturas. Varias especies sentar tubérculos en número y posición variada. El ángulo de plantas de México son atacadas por gorgojos (Muñiz, externo del área basal de los élitros se denomina hombro; 1958, 1970; Vaurie, 1970, 1971; O’Brien, 1979; Burke y en las formas no voladoras los hombros son redondeados Woodruff, 1980; Muñiz y González, 1982; Ramírez-Choza, y las alas metatorácicas reducidas o ausentes (Morrone y 1983; Garza-García y Muruaga-Martínez, 1993; Ander- Posadas, 1998). son y O’Brien, 1996; Maya et al., 2011). Entre ellas se Hábitats y ciclos de vida. Las Curculionoidea se encuentran encuentran: agaves (Scyphophorus acupunctatus, S. yuccae, en todos los hábitats terrestres y dulceacuícolas. Se alimen- Rhinostomus frontalis, Cactophagus spinolae y Peltopho- tan fundamentalmente de tejidos de plantas angiospermas, rus polymitus), aguacates (Conotrachelus aguacatae, C. cicadáceas y coníferas; también atacan helechos, líquenes, perseae, Macrococopturus aguacatae y M. constrictus), algas y musgos (Anderson, 1993, 1995; May, 1993, 1994), alfalfa (Maemactes pestis), algodón (Anthonomus grandis), incluso algunas transportan y “cultivan” hongos para ali- arroz (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, L. erratilis, L. mexicanus mentar a sus larvas. Todas las partes de las plantas, desde la y Sphenophorus corona), cactos (Cactophagus spinolae y raíz a las semillas, pueden ser ingeridas por alguna especie Scyphophorus acupunctatus), caña de azúcar (Metama- del grupo, y es probable que todas las especies de angiosper- sius hemipterus),
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