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European Retirees on the Costa Del Sol: a Cross-National Comparison

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European Retirees on the Costa Del Sol: a Cross-National Comparison INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POPULATION GEOGRAPHY Int. J. Popul. Geogr. 4, 183±200 (1998) European Retirees on the Costa del Sol: A Cross-National Comparison Vicente RodrõÂguez,* Gloria FernaÂndez-Mayoralas and Fermina Rojo 1Departamento de GeografõÂa, Instituto de EconomõÂa y GeografõÂa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientõ®cas, Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The Costa del Sol is one of the largest and ncreases in life expectancy in recent most important regions in Europe receiving decades have come about through de- retirement migrants from other countries. I clines in later life mortality, so extending This paper studies northern European retired the length and healthiness of retirement. Given immigrants, using data generated by a that in recent years in developed countries, questionnaire survey of 300 respondents and retired people have had increased purchasing in-depth interviews with 20 people in 13 power and rising housing assets, giving them a municipalities. Reasons for moving to Spain, greater capacity for residential mobility and the advantages and disadvantages reported the choice to live in areas with good environ- of living there, and the perceived impacts on mental conditions, one readily understands the local region were analysed, paying the growing importance of international retire- particular attention to cross-national ment migration (IRM). This is one of several differences between British, German, residential strategies available to a household Benelux and Nordic retirees. The results when its members leave the labour market or show that sociodemographic and economic when individual, social or family circum- features of the settlers tend to be quite stances change (Meyer and Speare, 1985; similar, whilst reasons for moving, stated Northcott, 1988; AbellaÂn, 1993). advantages and disadvantages, and The reasons for the growth of retirement consequences and impacts exhibit some migration and the motivations of those who cross-national differentiation. # 1998 John move have attracted considerable interest, Wiley & Sons, Ltd. especially concerning the migrants' attributes and the characteristics of the destination areas (Walters, 1994). These factors condition who Accepted 11 November 1997 moves and where to, and they can be sepa- Int. J. Popul. Geogr. 4, 183±200 (1998) rated from the events that `trigger' the move- ments, which are often linked to individual life Keywords: migration; European retirees; courses. However, the conditioning factors Costa del Sol (Spain); decision-making and the trigger or precipitating events are not processes; lifestyles; social and economic always well conceptualised or differentiated ± impacts they are connected in complex and variable ways. It is useful, therefore, to review the contextual and environmental conditions that have in¯uenced the development of interna- * Correspondence to: V. RodrõÂguez, Departmento de tional retirement migration, before examining GeografõÂa (CSIC), Instituto de EconomõÂa y GeografõÂa, the antecedent events of individual moves Pinar 25, 28006 Madrid, Spain. related to the family, social or geographical E-mail: [email protected] Contract/grant sponsor: CICYT, Spain; contract/grant num- environment in which the retired person lived ber: SEC 95-0120. (Cribier, 1982; Cuba and Longino, 1991). Many CCC 1077±3495/98/020183±18 $17.50 # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 184 V. RodrõÂguez et al. of the studies cited in this introduction derive British study of four Mediterranean locations from North American work on international reported in other papers in this theme issue, retirement migration. The relevance of this investigates the differential motivations of research for the case of southern Spain will retirees from several northern European coun- emerge during the course of the present tries, and reports differences in the advantages analysis. and disadvantages that each national group The climate of the receiving region has been perceives in their residence on the Costa del considered in many studies to be the most Sol. important pull factor (Svart, 1976; Pampel et al., 1984; Kallan, 1993; Krout, 1993). It is THE COSTA DEL SOL: AN AMENITY AREA sometimes related to other environmental features (Cuba and Longino, 1991), and some- The migration of retired Europeans to Spain times to previous migratory experiences or has shared characteristics with other large holidays in the destination area (Law and `sunbelt' migration ¯ows, notably those in Warnes, 1980; Hogan, 1987; Longino, 1992). North America. The speci®c con®guration of The link between climate and health problems southern Spain's economic, social and envir- is also noteworthy (Fournier et al., 1988; Daciuk onmental conditions, and its accessibility to and Marshall, 1990). The other main set of the northern European countries of origin, reasons refers to the standard of living and have made the region one of the most popular economic features, including income levels destinations for this type of migration. The and house ownership rates (Pampel et al., image of the Costa del Sol has been based on 1984; Northcott, 1988; Kallan, 1993). There are three features of its pleasant climate: the high also frequent references to social factors, mean winter temperature, the long hours of family relationships and distance (McHugh, sunshine per year, and the number of rain-free 1990; Ford, 1993). days. Other factors (culture, folklore, resort A further aspect of this discourse is the facilities) are less important in popular percep- evaluation of the migrants' in¯uence on the tions of the region (Marchena, 1987), although destination region, which the retired person interest in these elements is increasing because perceives and measures in several ways. of greater institutional support. The attractions Rowles and Watkins (1993) have rightly of the Costa, as demonstrated by various pointed out that `essentially, the problem for tourist surveys, con®rm the considerable im- each (receiving) community is one of reconcil- portance attached to such basic features as the ing positive aspects of elderly migration-based climate, the beach, and peacefulness (Torres economic development with possible negative and Granados, 1996). Also valued are the consequences of such development'. There is area's cleanliness, low prices, standard of little doubt that the essential impact is eco- living and quality of the landscape. Commer- nomic, covering issues such as the housing cial tourism increasingly stresses products that market, spending on consumption, taxes, and link the environment to `quality lifestyle' the use of services ± especially elderly-oriented activities, the notable examples being golf health services (Hogan, 1987; Rose and courses and access to a romanticised, exotic Kingma, 1989; Daciuk and Marshall, 1990; landscape as with the pueblos blancos (white Serow, 1992; Rowles and Watkins, 1993). villages) of the interior of Andalusia. The Costa The objective of the research reported in this del Sol's successful combination of environ- paper is to study the processes that lead retired mental attractions and a well-developed urban Europeans to live on the Costa del Sol; their and tourist infrastructure attracts large num- reasons at the time when they took the bers of retired Europeans alongside `ordinary' decision; the stability of these initial reasons tourists. Similar conditions are found on other which, as they stay longer and grow older, Mediterranean coasts of Spain, such as the may be in¯uenced by the advantages or Costa Brava, Alicante, Murcia, the Balearics, disadvantages of living in Spain; and the and the Canary Islands (Paunero, 1988; retiree population's in¯uence on the local Myklebost, 1989; Montiel, 1990; DõÂaz, 1991; economy and society. This study, unlike the Serrano, 1991). # 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Popul. Geogr. 4, 183±200 (1998) European Retirees on the Costa del Sol 185 Despite a growing awareness of the impor- Europeans living in the municipality of Mijas tance of international retirement residents, (MaÂlaga) in 1991 accounted for more than 11% their poor enumeration remains a fundamental of the town's population and almost 33% of impediment to understanding, policy and those aged 55 years or more. Some feel that planning. Neither of®cial sources nor indivi- Mijas has been `bought up' by foreign resi- dual inquiries have produced convincing dents (Jurdao, 1988). Similar and even higher estimates of the size of the retirement popula- values are to be found in the municipalities of tion. According to the 1991 Census of Spain, AlfaÂs del Põ (Alicante), and Lloret de Mar and there were more than 44,000 people aged 55 Roses, in Gerona (Ronquillo and MunÄ oz, 1988). years and over (40% of all ages) from north The qualitative signi®cance of these retirement European countries living in Spain. FernaÂndez populations is far more important, from et al. (1993) estimated 50,000 aged at least 65 several points of view, as will be seen later. years, of whom 15,000 lived on the Costa del Sol. Other estimates indicate that there are SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY more than 100,000 Britons aged over 60 years in Spain (Paniagua, 1991), whilst Galacho The complexity of retirement migration and (1991) and OcanÄ a and GonzaÂlez (1991) have settlement in Spain recommends the use of used indirect methods to con®rm that the multiple data-sets and both quantitative and number of north European immigrants is qualitative research. Migration studies have higher than the totals given by the census. generated
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