Parallel-Oblique Flaked Projectile Points| Angostura, Lusk, Frederick, James Allen?
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1989 Parallel-oblique flaked projectile points| Angostura, Lusk, Frederick, James Allen? Jeani L. Borchert The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Borchert, Jeani L., "Parallel-oblique flaked projectile points| Angostura, Lusk, Frederick, James Allen?" (1989). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3176. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3176 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mike and Maureen MANSFIELD LIBRARY Copying allowed as provided under provisions of the Fair Use Section of the U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW, 1976. Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's written consent. MontanaUniversity of PARALLEL-OBLIQUE FLAKED PROJECTILE POINTS: ANGOSTURA, LUSK, FREDERICK, JAMES ALLEN? by Jeani L. Borchert B.A., University of North Dakota, 1980 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 1989 Approved by irman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School Date UMI Number: EP36144 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dtaflfttifcm PubStshing UMI EP36144 Published by ProQuest LLC (2012). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Borchert, Jeani L., M.A., 1989 Anthropology Parallel-Oblique Flaked Projectile Points: Angostura, Lusk, Frederick, James Allen? Director: Dr. Dee C. Taylor Archaeologists from the University of North Dakota research station in Belfield conducted limited excavation at 325L100 in July of 1986. Several parallel oblique flaked point fragments were recovered during the effort. The initial goal was to identify these points as belonging within a named projectile point type. Research of current literature revealed seven named parallel oblique flaked projectile point types: Angostura, Frederick, Lusk, James Allen, Browns Valley, Lovell Constricted and Pryor Stemmed. The latter three appeared to have different shapes that distinguished them from the other four as well as the points collected from 32SL100a. Research was then focused on distinguishing between the Angostura, Frederick, Lusk and James Allen point types. After looking at drawings and photos of points and reading descriptions of each type's attributes there appeared to be as much variation within the named types as between them. Upon completion of initial research it was hypothesized that Angostura, Frederick, Lusk and James Allen points should be placed within the same type and called by a single term. Due to difficulties in locating various projectile point collections, photographs and artifact sketches were used for analysis. This analysis consisted of using the polar grid measurement method, compiling measurement data, and running factor and cluster analyses on the measurements. A total of 18 distal and 43 proximal point fragments from nine sites in the Northern Plains were used in the analysis. the majority of these had been called Angostura, Lusk, Frederick or Allen points; others had not been formally associated with a named type. Conclusions from the analysis are: 1) the points from the Pretty Butte site, the two points from the Pretty Creek site, and points from the Mummy Cave site, Layers 27 and 29— 31, are Angostura points, 2) that the term Lusk should be dropped because it only confuses the issue, 3) that at least Frederick and Angostura points should be placed in the same type, and 4) that James Allen points may or may not warrant classification into a separate type. ii Acknowledgements. There are many people I want to thank for their assistance with this project. One person through the years has been relentless in his support for my education and career goals. This thesis is the result of his perseverance in promoting post graduate education. Thanks Larry (Dr. Loendorf). I would also like to thank Drs. Taylor and Foor for their guidance and good humor throughout my graduate studies and seemingly endless thesis process. Additionally, I need to thank Drs. Frison and Hannus. Dr. Frison took the time to visit with me over the telephone regarding my thesis and sent me a copy of Irwin's dissertation. Dr. Hannus also provided background for me on my thesis topic and sent me Wheeler's 1957 manuscript on the Ray Long Site. Thanks! People at the UNDAR—West Office were very supportive also during my graduate studies and thesis preparation period. I want to thank Dave Kuehn for his support in allowing time from work to complete this process. I want to thank the crew that worked on the test excavation at 32SL100 (Dr. Loendorf, Dave Kuehn, Audrey Porsche, Lowell Blikre, and Deb Smith). Thanks to Jackie Foster for fixing some of the figures. And last, but not least, thanks to Michele Hoff for her spirit and friendship. I couldn't have completed my graduate studies without the help and support of my family (my husband Tony Knopik, and my son, Jacob). I love you. I know, this sounds like one of those Academy Award acceptance speeches..."and I want to thank my mother for having bore me, my father for having supported me, and my dog for just being there." But I am truly indebted to those mentioned above and genuinely grateful and tickled that the end of this memorable experience is in sight. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chpt. Page Abstract ..... ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables ....v List of Illustrations vi I. INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of Problem ........ 1 32SL100 2 Parallel Oblique Flaked Points ... 9 Methods of Analysis 23 II. RESULTS 32 Analysis 32 Distal Fragments 37 Proximal Fragments 45 Interpretation 57 Sources of Error 65 III. CONCLUSIONS 68 REFERENCES CITED 81 i v LIST OF TABLES No 1 Distal fragment measurements 40 2 Proximal fragment measurements. ........ 41 3 Rotated factor matrix, distal fragments . 43 4 Factor scores for distal fragments 44 5 Agglomeration schedule, distal fragments. 47 6 Distal fragment information .. 48 7 Rotated factor matrix, proximal fragments . 50 8 Factor scores for proximal fragments 51 9 Agglomeration schedule, proximal fragments. 53 10 Proximal fragment information .... 55 11 Distal and proximal measurement correlation by specimen number ................ 64 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Page 1. Topographic coverage of 32SL100 .......... 3 2. Drawings of points from 32SL100 4 3. Stratigraphy of cutbank profile at 32SL100 7 4. Proximal fragment placement on the polar grid ... 27 5. Distal fragment placement on the polar grid .... 28 6. Measurement points if equal angle intervals are used 29 7. Outlines of projectile points from the Ray Long site ............ ...33 B. Outlines of projectile points from the Pretty Creek and Mummy Cave sites. .......... 34 9. Outlines of projectile paints from the James Allen and Betty Greene sites. 35 10. Outlines of projectile points from the Hell Gap and Patten Creek sites, and a surface find from Nebraska 36 11. Measurement points used for distal fragments. ... 38 12. Measurement points used for proximal fragments. 39 13. Cluster analysis of distal fragments 46 14. Cluster analysis of proximal fragments 52 15. Distribution of distal fragments by factor analysis variations. 59 16. Distribution of proximal fragments by factor analysis variations ..... 62 vi INTRODUCTION Statement of Problem Archaeologists from the University of North Dakota research station in Belfield conducted limited excavation at 32SL100 in July of 1986. Several parallel oblique flaked point fragments were recovered during the effort. Initially I tried to identify these paints as belonging within a named projectile point type. My research of the current literature revealed seven named parallel oblique flaked projectile point types: Angostura, Frederick, Lusk, James Allen, Brawns Valley, Lovell Constricted and Pryor Stemmed. The latter three appeared to have different shapes that distinguished them from the other four as well as from the points collected from 32SL100. Browns Valley, Lovell Constricted and Pryor Stemmed points also appeared to be restricted to smaller geographical areas than the other named point types. I focused my research on distinguishing between the Angostura, Frederick, Lusk and James Allen point types. After looking at drawings and photos of points and reading descriptions of each type's primary attributes I believe that there is as much variation within the named types as between them. Upon completion of my initial research I hypothesized that Angostura, Frederick, Lusk and James Allen points should be placed within the same type and named by a single term. I then proceeded to devise a method for testing this proposition. In the following pages I report my initial 2 research of parallel oblique flaked points, my methods used in testing the stated hypothesis, the subsequent results of my analysis, and my conclusions. 32SL100 The Pretty Butte Site, 32SL100, is situated on the north end of an eroded remnant terrace in a heavily dissected area between Pretty Butte and the Little Missouri River in southwestern North Dakota (Figure 1). The site, on United States Forest Service, Little Missouri Grasslands, was originally located by Lawrence L.