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Self-Esteem and Crisis of Values Vs. Emotional Blackmail in Close Relationships Samoocena I Kryzys W Wartościowaniu a Szantaż Emocjonalny W Bliskich Związkach

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Self-Esteem and Crisis of Values Vs. Emotional Blackmail in Close Relationships Samoocena I Kryzys W Wartościowaniu a Szantaż Emocjonalny W Bliskich Związkach PUBLIC HEALTH AS A WELLNESS STANDARD CHAPTER VIII 1Department of General and Neurorehabilitation Witold Chodźko Institute of Rural Health, Lublin Klinika Rehabilitacji z Pododdziałem Rehabilitacji Neurologicznej Instytut Medycyny Wsi im. Witolda Chodźki, Lublin 2Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences Medical University, Lublin Zakład Pielęgniarstwa Neurologicznego Wydziału Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie 3Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4, Lublin Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dziecięcej Samodzielny Publiczny Szpital Kliniczny Nr 4 w Lublinie ANNA MAZUR1, TOMASZ SARAN1 KRZYSZTOF TUROWSKI2, ELŻBIETA BARTOŃ3 Self-esteem and crisis of values vs. emotional blackmail in close relationships Samoocena i kryzys w wartościowaniu a szantaż emocjonalny w bliskich związkach Key words: self-esteem, crisis of values, emotional blackmail, close relationships Słowa kluczowe: samoocena, kryzys wartości, szantaż emocjonalny, bliskie związki INTRODUCTION Emotional blackmail is a form of manipulation. Those who manipulate increase their victim’s anxiety, sense of commitment and responsibility, as well as guilt. They induce general disorientation and weakening of the defense mechanisms of the person subjected to psychomanipulation. According to research, this phenomenon affects 61.0% of people. Due to this fact, it should be treated as a serious problem that can significantly affect the psychological well-being of the individual, including its self-esteem and system of values, which is the structure responsible for self- regulation of the subject, and thus the ability to manage oneself [1- 3]. PUBLIC HEALTH AS A WELLNESS STANDARD Self-esteem is defined as a positive or negative attitude towards oneself. High self-esteem promotes emotional stability, the ability to constructively solve pro- blems and the mental health of the individual. In contrast, low self-esteem results in a lack of self-acceptance, which in turn contributes to worse human functioning in the intra- and interpersonal realm. People with this type of deficit often tend to use defense mechanisms to increase their self-esteem. In addition, more often than in- dividuals with adequate self-esteem, they can react with fear or anger, are more vulnerable to being hurt, and more often engage in ineffective self-regulation, which may directly imply a tendency to create dysfunctional close relationships [4-5]. This is because a stable system of values is responsible for self-regulation of the subject, whereas a person experiencing a crisis in this realm may experience increased anxie- ty, fear, mood swings and a tendency to undergo emotional blackmail in close rela- tionship [6]. It is a masked collection of manipulative techniques aimed at controlling the fee- lings and emotions of a loved one, thanks to which the blackmailer obtains their submission and obedience. The perpetrator of psychomanipulation skillfully exploits vulnerabilities of the submissive person to achieve their goal. This contributes to the intensification of the partner's submission, and for the manipulator is a signal of the effectiveness of the actions taken [7]. In this form of manipulation, we can distin- guish the following symptoms: the blackmailer's request, the resistance of the vic- tim, the pressure and threats of the blackmailer and the submission of the manipula- ted person. Those who use manipulation, often without a conscious intention, do everything to increase the fear, commitment, sense of responsibility and guilt expe- rienced by the victims of blackmail, which leads to general disorientation and wea- kening of their defense reactions. Numerous intrapersonal problems can accompany not only the victim of emotio- nal blackmail, but also by the perpetrator, who fears not getting what he wants, fo- cuses so intensely on achieving the goal, that he is unable to see how destructive and harmful the behavior is [8-10]. Typical manipulative behaviors include: threats to hinder life or break off relationships, threats to harm oneself or the partner, suggestions for experiencing suffering as a result of non-compliance of the partner, disregarding feelings and needs, blaming, complimenting, praising, expressing approval in case of submission, and an- ger and lack of acceptance in the event of lack of submission, controlling, using weaknesses of the partner in order to gain a psychological advantage [8]: 100 Anna Mazur, Tomasz Saran1Krzysztof Turowski, Elżbieta Bartoń Self-esteem and crisis of values vs. emotional blackmail in close relationships It would also seem important to distinguish four types of perpetrators of emotio- nal blackmail. These are: prosecutor - reacts with anger at every sign of resistance, which can be expressed by aggression, direct threats or non-verbal messages; flagellant - informs the partner that if he does not do what he wants, he will be sad or hurt himself; sufferer - plunged into misfortune; does not threaten to hurt himself, but wa- its for others to guess the reasons for the suffering and give him what he wants; tempter - promises love, career, material goods in exchange for subordina- tion, but never fulfills the promises [8]. TEST GOAL AND TEST METHOD The goal of this research was to establish the relationship between self-esteem and crisis of values vs occurrence of the phenomenon of emotional blackmail in close relationships. Sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 1. The studied population is formed by a equinumerous group of women and men (50.0%) living in marriages and cohabitation (50.0%). The sample is dominated by people in the early adulthood (49.1%) who obtained higher education (84.5%) and have a regular source of income (80.4%). The group considered is homogenous as far as their place of residence (50.0%). Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the studied group Variables % female 50,0% Gender male 50,0% up to 24 years old 13,4% between 25 and 39 years old 49,1% Age between 40 and 60 years old 24.5% from 61 years old 13,0% vocational, primary 4,3% Education secondary 11,2% higher 84,5% currently employed 80,4% unemployed 8,6% Professional activity farm 7.8% retirement/pension 3,2% married 50,0% Marital status cohabitation 50,0% village 50,0% Residency city 50,0% Source: own research results 101 PUBLIC HEALTH AS A WELLNESS STANDARD The applied research tools are: Rosenberg Self-Assessment Questionnaire (SES) in the Polish adaptation of I. Dzwonkowska, K. Lachowicz-Tabaczek and M. Łagu- na [5], Questionnaire of Crisis in Valuing (KKW) by P. Oleś [6] and Questionnaire Me and my partner by J. Łukasiewicz and M. Pawelec, developed based on the con- cept of S. Forward and D. Frazier [3]. The SES questionnaire allows to measure the overall level of self-esteem, or self- worth, which is a relatively constant property of a person. The way in which a per- son thinks about oneself, attitude towards self, is connected with his well-being, experienced emotions, and with the approach to tasks [5]. The KKW questionnaire is used to examine issues concerning the importance of a value system in personality. Appreciated, chosen and implemented values have an important influence on personality development and mental health of the individual. The questionnaire examines the general experience of a crisis in a given individual and the aspects that make up this crisis. They are: hierarchy, confusion, disintegra- tion, resignation. The Hierarchy scale measures whether the subject is experiencing difficulties with hierarchical ordering of the values. The Lost scale is used to study the sense of loss and lack of values. The Disintegration scale allows to determine the strength of the motivation needed to realize the professed values, while the scale Resignation indicates the extent to which the individual refrains from realizing the values [6]. The questionnaire Me and my partner allows for the separation of two dimen- sions: the role of the perpetrator and the victim of emotional blackmail. The perpe- trator of emotional blackmail is a person who, in a close relationship, satisfies own needs at the expense of the partner, using well-masked manipulation techniques to influence emotions and feelings. The victim of emotional blackmail is a person who experiences psychomanipulation from the partner and succumbs to pressure, often at the expense of their own good [3]. The research was voluntary, anonymous and individual. The subjects received test sets containing written instructions. In case of doubt, they had the opportunity to obtain additional information from the researcher. The response time was twenty minutes. Statistical analyzes were performed using the IBM SPSS 24 program. The cha- racteristics of the studied population were compiled on the basis of distribution of percentage of frequency occurrence of qualitative data. Correlation analyzes were carried out using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient r. The limit level of error of the first kind at 0.05 was assumed. FINDINGS The correlation analyzes carried out led to establishing relationships between the variables under consideration. Relationships between self-esteem and taking on the role of victim and the perpetrator of emotional blackmail are presented in Table 2. 102 Anna Mazur, Tomasz Saran1Krzysztof Turowski, Elżbieta Bartoń Self-esteem and crisis of values vs. emotional blackmail in close relationships Table 2. Relationship between self-esteem and taking on the role of
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