The Development of a False Self and Early Childhood Development
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Research Update -- October 10, 2019
Research Update -- October 10, 2019 What’s Here: ● Communicating With Leadership: Behavioral Health and HIPAA in the Field. ● Longitudinal Associations between Sleep, Intrusive Thoughts, and Alcohol Problems Among Veterans. ● An Attempt to Identify Reproducible High-Density EEG Markers of PTSD during Sleep. ● Cortical hyperarousal in NREM sleep normalizes from pre- to post- REM periods in individuals with frequent nightmares. ● A Longitudinal Investigation of Military Sexual Trauma and Perinatal Depression. ● Risk for suicide attempts among United States Air Force active duty members with suicide ideation: An ecological perspective. ● United States Military Service Members Demonstrate Substantial and Heterogeneous Long-Term Neuropsychological Dysfunction Following Moderate, Severe, and Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury. ● Combat and Trajectories of Physical Health Functioning in U.S. Service Members. ● Multi-omic biomarker identification and validation for diagnosing warzone-related post-traumatic stress disorder. ● Can Mindfulness Help to Predict Veterans’ Mental Health Service Utilization? ● Incidence of major depression diagnoses in the Canadian Armed Forces: longitudinal analysis of clinical and health administrative data. ● Patterns of Strengths in U.S. Military Couples. ● Opponent Effects of Hyperarousal and Re-experiencing on Affective Habituation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. ● Leveraging Digital Health and Machine Learning Toward Reducing Suicide— From Panacea to Practical Tool. ● Caring E-mails for Military and Veteran Suicide Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ● Insomnia symptoms predict the development of post-traumatic stress symptoms following an experimental trauma. ● Suicide prevention: Putting the person at the center. (Editorial) ● The Need for Innovation in Health Care Systems to Improve Suicide Prevention. (Special Communication) ● All-cause mortality in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a cohort study in the US population. -
Reactions to Flattery As a Function of Self- Esteem
Br. I. soc. din. Psychol. (1978), 17, 25-29 Printed in Great Britain 25 Reactions to flattery as a function of self-esteem: Self-enhancement and cognitive consistency theories Andrew M. Colman and Kevin R. Olver Male subjects who had previously scored either very high or very low on a self-esteem scale were interviewed about personal characteristics, biographical details, social activities, etc. They then received, via closed-circuit television, flattering or neutral character assessments which were apparently based on their performance in the interviews. A highly significant interaction (P< 0.(01) showed that whereas the subjects of high self-esteem responded with far greater liking for the evaluator in the flattery than in the neutral condition, those of low self-esteem somewhat preferred the neutral evaluator. These findings provide clear-cut support for the cognitive consistency theory regarding reactions to flattery, but do not rule out a concomitant though weaker self-enhancement effect. One of the most well-established techniques of ingratiation encountered in everyday social interaction is flattery, or what Edward Jones (1964), in his influential monograph, calls 'complimentary other-enhancement'. An admonition given great prominence in Dale Carnegie's best-selling manual, How to Win Friends and Influence People (Carnegie, 1936), is to 'dole out praise lavishly', and there is now a considerable body of empirical evidence indicating that people do indeed typically increase their liking for someone who expresses approval of them (e.g. Backman & Secord, 1959; Jones, Gergen & Davis, 1962). From a common-sense point of view these findings are not surprising, although as Jones has pointed out, one might expect excessive flattery to backfire in certain circumstances. -
Insincere Flattery Actually Works: a Dual Attitudes Perspective
ELAINE CHAN and JAIDEEP SENGUPTA This research uses a dual attitudes perspective to offer new insights into flattery and its consequences. The authors show that even when flat- tery by marketingagentsis accompanied by an obvious ulterior motive that leads targets to discount the proffered compliments, the initial favor- able reaction (the implicit attitude) continues to coexist with the dis- counted evaluation (the explicit attitude). Furthermore, the implicit attitude has more influential consequences than the explicit attitude, highlighting the possible subtle impact of flattery even when a person has consciously corrected for it. The authors also clarify the underlyingprocess by show- inghow and why the discrepancy between the implicit and explicit atti- tudes induced by flattery may be reduced. Collectively, the findings from this investigation provide implications for both flattery research and the dual attitudes literature. Keywords: flattery, implicit attitudes, dual attitudes, persuasion, long-term consequences Insincere Flattery Actually Works: A Dual Attitudes Perspective Flattery—the art of offering pleasing compliments—is In cases such as these, in which the prospective con- one of the oldest and most commonly used of persuasion sumer is aware of a clear ulterior motive underlying the methods. Research in this area provides a reason for the compliment, both research (e.g., Campbell and Kirmani popularity of this tactic. Put simply, flattery works. Various 2000; Vonk 1998) and intuition suggest that recipients will studies have shown that the target of the flattery evaluates discount the flattering comments and correct their other- the flatterer positively because human beings have a basic wise favorable reactions. Though in partial agreement with desire to believe in good things about themselves (Fogg this premise, the current investigation proposes that despite and Nass 1997; Gordon 1996; Vonk 2002). -
Dunning–Kruger Effect - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Dunning–Kruger effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning–Kruger_effect Dunning–Kruger effect From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which unskilled individuals suffer from illusory superiority, mistakenly rating their ability much higher than average. This bias is attributed to a metacognitive inability of the unskilled to recognize their mistakes.[1] Actual competence may weaken self-confidence, as competent individuals may falsely assume that others have an equivalent understanding. David Dunning and Justin Kruger of Cornell University conclude, "the miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others".[2] Contents 1 Proposal 2 Supporting studies 3 Awards 4 Historical references 5 See also 6 References Proposal The phenomenon was first tested in a series of experiments published in 1999 by David Dunning and Justin Kruger of the Department of Psychology, Cornell University.[2][3] They noted earlier studies suggesting that ignorance of standards of performance is behind a great deal of incompetence. This pattern was seen in studies of skills as diverse as reading comprehension, operating a motor vehicle, and playing chess or tennis. Dunning and Kruger proposed that, for a given skill, incompetent people will: 1. tend to overestimate their own level of skill; 2. fail to recognize genuine skill in others; 3. fail to recognize the extremity of their inadequacy; 4. recognize and acknowledge their own previous lack of skill, if they are exposed to training for that skill. Dunning has since drawn an analogy ("the anosognosia of everyday life")[1][4] with a condition in which a person who suffers a physical disability because of brain injury seems unaware of or denies the existence of the disability, even for dramatic impairments such as blindness or paralysis. -
DISSERTATION: a Systems Approach To
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WORKPLACE BULLYING IN THE K-12 PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL SETTING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION OF AURORA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION BY BETH PLACHETKA MARCH 17, 2014 2 College of Education Aurora University Ed.D. Program Aurora University Accepted by the faculty of the College of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Education in the College of Education, Aurora University. Doctoral Committee Faith Wilson Ed.D Chair Fred McKenzie, Ph.D Member Ronald Banaszak, Ph. D Member Maribeth Juraska, Ed.D Member March 17, 2014 Date iii ABSTRACT A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO WORKPLACE BULLYING IN THE K-12 PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL SETTING By BETH PLACHETKA Committee Members: Faith Wilson, Ed.D, Chair Fred McKenzie, Ph.D, committee member Ronald Banaszak, Ed.D, committee member Maribeth Juraska, Ed.D, committee member This qualitative study investigates and describes the lived experience of and meaning applied to the phenomenon of workplace bullying in the K-12 educational setting using system theory as the framework. Descriptors of the participants: bully, target and witness, are operationalized as well as the mental, emotional, physical, social and financial impact and the impact on teacher performance. Twelve self-identified targets or witnesses were chosen from a pool of 57 respondents who completed an online survey delineating the characteristics and impact of workplace bullying. Scenarios of the participants’ experiences offer insight into the emotional experience of the participant while participant interviews reveal the reality of workplace bullying in the K-12 public educational setting as well as the characteristics of targets, bullying behaviors, reality of the personal and professional impact on the individuals and the educational system. -
HOW to MAKE YOURSELF MISERABLE: DISCOVERING the SECRETS to UNHAPPINESS William F
HOW TO MAKE YOURSELF MISERABLE: DISCOVERING THE SECRETS TO UNHAPPINESS William F. Doverspike, Ph.D. Drdoverspike.com 770-913-0506 In the words of the 19th century philosopher focusing on daily hassles, cultivating an John Stuart Mill, “Ask yourself whether you are attitude of resentment, and developing a sense happy, and you cease to be so.” Mill’s of pessimism. observation highlights one of the hidden realities of life: It is in the pursuit of happiness that, paradoxically, we can find unhappiness. Try to change things that cannot be changed. From the sacred texts of antiquity to the Is there a best way to create happiness? journals of modern science, there are several According to psychologist Mihály themes that have been identified as ways to Csikszentmihályi (1990), one of the pioneers in create more unhappiness and greater the field of positive psychology, “My studies of dissatisfaction with life. For those seeking to be the past quarter century have convinced me that miserable, these empirical and spiritual texts there is a way. It is a circuitous path that begins hold the secrets to unhappiness. with achieving control over the contents of our consciousness” (p. 2). Conversely, Practice negative thinking. Historically, the psychological research reveals that people who importance of attitude has been recognized have an external locus of control over their since ancient times. The Greek philosopher lives report more unhappiness, depression, and Epictetus observed, “Men are not disturbed by stress than people who have an internal locus of things, but by the views they take of them.” In control (Benassi, Sweeney, & Dufour, 1988). -
Running Head: SHAME 1 the Significance of Shame: an Adlerian Perspective a Literature Review Presented to the Faculty of The
Running head: SHAME 1 The Significance of Shame: An Adlerian Perspective A Literature Review Presented to The Faculty of the Adler Graduate School _____________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Adlerian Counseling and Psychotherapy ______________________ By John R. Nord ______________________ Chair: Meg Whiston, PhD Reader: Rachelle J. Reinisch, DMFT _____________________ October, 2017 SHAME 2 The Significance of Shame: An Adlerian Perspective Copyright © 2017 John R. Nord All rights reserved SHAME 3 Abstract Shame is a universal affect and emotion which has application within cultures and to individuals throughout the world. It can be considered an aid to learning, teaching, or punishing, and it can also be imposed to control or defeat others. Shame refers to a reaction experience of having violated cultural, community, familial, or individual norms in an unacceptable way and having the hidden, vulnerable self exposed to others against our will. For some individuals, shame can represent a minor impact to their lives and well-being. For others, it can be an all-encompassing, life-threatening problem. Shame can appear as an affect during the course of a child’s normally healthy learning. Problematic shame can originate from a number of sources resulting in unmediated mistaken beliefs from dysfunctional infant/caregiving which are never adequately resolved. Traumatic shame can result from multiple sources including family or peer relationships with repetitive abuse. Any repetitive shaming can unconsciously become an internalized secret. An understanding of pathological shame is indeed critical for evaluating client functioning. Either shame or shame proneness within any societal, familial, or occupational relationship or manifesting within an individual can have far reaching implications and long-term consequences. -
Infographic I.10
The Digital Health Revolution: Leaving No One Behind The global AI in healthcare market is growing fast, with an expected increase from $4.9 billion in 2020 to $45.2 billion by 2026. There are new solutions introduced every day that address all areas: from clinical care and diagnosis, to remote patient monitoring to EHR support, and beyond. But, AI is still relatively new to the industry, and it can be difficult to determine which solutions can actually make a difference in care delivery and business operations. 59 Jan 2021 % of Americans believe returning Jan-June 2019 to pre-coronavirus life poses a risk to health and well being. 11 41 % % ...expect it will take at least 6 The pandemic has greatly increased the 65 months before things get number of US adults reporting depression % back to normal (updated April and/or anxiety.5 2021).4 Up to of consumers now interested in telehealth going forward. $250B 76 57% of providers view telehealth more of current US healthcare spend % favorably than they did before COVID-19.7 could potentially be virtualized.6 The dramatic increase in of Medicare primary care visits the conducted through 90% $3.5T telehealth has shown longevity, with rates in annual U.S. health expenditures are for people with chronic and mental health conditions. since April 2020 0.1 43.5 leveling off % % Most of these can be prevented by simple around 30%.8 lifestyle changes and regular health screenings9 Feb. 2020 Apr. 2020 OCCAM’S RAZOR • CONJUNCTION FALLACY • DELMORE EFFECT • LAW OF TRIVIALITY • COGNITIVE FLUENCY • BELIEF BIAS • INFORMATION BIAS Digital health ecosystems are transforming• AMBIGUITY BIAS • STATUS medicineQUO BIAS • SOCIAL COMPARISONfrom BIASa rea• DECOYctive EFFECT • REACTANCEdiscipline, • REVERSE PSYCHOLOGY • SYSTEM JUSTIFICATION • BACKFIRE EFFECT • ENDOWMENT EFFECT • PROCESSING DIFFICULTY EFFECT • PSEUDOCERTAINTY EFFECT • DISPOSITION becoming precise, preventive,EFFECT • ZERO-RISK personalized, BIAS • UNIT BIAS • IKEA EFFECT and • LOSS AVERSION participatory. -
Social Comparisons of Subjective Well-Being
Is the grass always greener on the other side? Social comparisons of subjective well-being THOMAS GOETZ1, CHRISTOPH EHRET2, SIMONEJULLIEN1, & NATHAN C. HALL3 I University 0/ Munich, Germany, 2University 0/ Regensburg, Germany, and 3University o/California, Irvine, USA Abstract This study investigates subjective well being (SWB) among residents of Munich (n 380) and Venice (n 545) with respect to their individual SWB and their judgments of SWB for residents of their own city and those living in the other city. Our results indicate that egocentrism rather than striving for self enhancement guided people's judgments of SWB. For people with low individual SWB, a below average effect was found, whereas for people with high individual SWB, a better than average effect emerged. Also in line with the egocentrism approach, judgments of individual SWB were positively related to the judgments of SWB for residents of their own city, but unrelated to SWB of those living in the other city. Implications for future research are discussed. Keywords: Subjective well being, satisfaction with life, social compan'sons Introduction abilities of other groups (outgroups; Abrams & Hogg, 1988). This phenomenon is called the ingroup Many studies have shown that most people believe bias (Mullen, Brown, & Smith, 1992) and is a central they are better than average (see Alicke & Govorun, component of Social Identity Theory developed 2005; Armor & Taylor, 1998; Krueger, 1998; Taylor by Tajfel and Turner (1979, 1986; see Rubin & Brown, 1988, 1994, for reviews). This effect has & Hewstone, 1998, for a review on research on the been found in various domains: with respect to ingroup bias). -
Dunning–Kruger Effect – Why Once a Fool, Always a Fool
Dunning–Kruger Effect – Why Once a Fool, Always a Fool David Lacko Psychologický ústav FFMU, Brno [email protected] The majority of people believe that they are better-than-average. In psychology, this phenomenon is called the illusory superiority. A specific form of illusory superiority is Dunning–Kruger’s effect which states that people overestimate their abilities based on their real abilities. The rule is that the less competent a person is, the more they overestimate themselves. And, on the other hand, able people have a tendency to underestimate themselves slightly. A considerable part of this phenomenon is also the fact that the less able people do not change their attitudes even after being confronted with the reality. The majority of people believe that they are better-than-average. Some sources (Boyd, 2014) mention that as much as 93 % of population consider themselves better than average, even though it is logical, that it is statistically impossible.In psychology, this phenomenon is called theillusory superiority, or theAbove Average Effect / Better than Average Effect. Out of interest, I will give you a few examples.The majority of people think that they are more intelligent and more attractive than the majority of others (Whittlestone, 2012), and on the scale from 1 to 10, where 10 is the highest better-than-average, they ascribe themselves number 7 (Ghose, 2013). 88 % of people think that they drive better-than-average (Svenson, 1981); even the majority of elderly people rank themselves among better-than-average drivers (Marottoli and Richardson, 1998). If you suppose that this is only the case in more stupid people, you are wrong.94% of professors assume that they are better-than-average in comparison to their colleagues (Cross, 1977). -
Backhanded Compliments: How Negative Comparisons Undermine Flattery
Backhanded Compliments: How Negative Comparisons Undermine Flattery Ovul Sezer Alison Wood Brooks Michael I. Norton Working Paper 18-082 Backhanded Compliments: How Negative Comparisons Undermine Flattery Ovul Sezer University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Alison Wood Brooks Harvard Business School Michael I. Norton Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-082 Copyright © 2018 by Ovul Sezer, Alison Wood Brooks, and Michael I. Norton Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Backhanded Compliments 1 Backhanded Compliments: How Negative Comparisons Undermine Flattery Ovul Sezera,* Kenan-Flagler Business School University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Alison Wood Brooksb Michael I. Nortonb Harvard Business School *Corresponding author. Ovul Sezer ([email protected]), Phone: +1 16179595721 a Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3490, McColl Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA b Soldiers Field Road, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA 02163 USA Backhanded Compliments 2 Abstract Seven studies (N = 2352) examine backhanded compliments—seeming praise that draws a comparison with a negative standard—a distinct self-presentation strategy with two simultaneous goals: eliciting liking (“Your speech was good…”) and conveying status (“…for a woman”). Backhanded compliments are common, from delivering feedback in work settings to communicating in casual conversation, and take several distinct forms (Studies 1a-b). Backhanded compliments have mixed effectiveness, as people who deliver backhanded compliments erroneously believe that they will both convey high status and elicit liking (Studies 2a-2b) but recipients and third-party evaluators grant them neither (Study 3a-3b); however, backhanded compliments are successful in reducing recipients’ motivation (Study 3c). -
The Dirty Dozen: a Concise Measure of the Dark Triad
Psychological Assessment © 2010 American Psychological Association 2010, Vol. 22, No. 2, 420–432 1040-3590/10/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0019265 The Dirty Dozen: A Concise Measure of the Dark Triad Peter K. Jonason Gregory D. Webster University of West Florida University of Florida There has been an exponential increase of interest in the dark side of human nature during the last decade. To better understand this dark side, the authors developed and validated a concise, 12-item measure of the Dark Triad: narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism. In 4 studies involving 1,085 participants, they examined its structural reliability, convergent and discriminant validity (Studies 1, 2, and 4), and test–retest reliability (Study 3). Their measure retained the flexibility needed to measure these 3 independent-yet-related constructs while improving its efficiency by reducing its item count by 87% (from 91 to 12 items). The measure retained its core of disagreeableness, short-term mating, and aggressiveness. They call this measure the Dirty Dozen, but it cleanly measures the Dark Triad. Keywords: Dark Triad, narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, measurement The Dark Triad is a term used to describe a constellation of quiring scores on each measure to be standardized (Jonason, Li, three socially undesirable personality traits: narcissism, psychop- Webster, & Schmitt, 2009). athy, and Machiavellianism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). Research Second, assessing the Dark Triad’s 91 items is inefficient, on the Dark Triad has increased exponentially over the last decade. time-consuming, and may cause response fatigue in some partic- An analysis of Google Scholar hit counts for “Dark Triad” in ipants. When studying the Dark Triad and one or more other scientific works reveals an explosive increase from one in 2002 to measures of interest (e.g., self-esteem, Big Five personality traits), at least 38 in 2009.