ACTA MUSEI TIBERIOPOLITANI

VOL. 3 Strumica, 2020 Publisher Издавач NI Institute for protetction of cultural НУ Завод за заштита на спомениците monuments and Museum Strumica на културата и Музеј Струмица

Advisory Board Издавачки совет

Ina Minoglav () Ина Миноглав (Хрватска) Martina Blecic Kavur (Slovenia) Мартина Блечич Кавур (Словенија) Adam Crnobrnja () Адам Црнобрња (Србија) Svetla Petrova (Bulgaria) Светла Петрова (Бугарија) Zoran Rujak (N. Macedonia) Зоран Рујак (С.Македонија) Elena Kanzurova (N. Macedonia) Елена Канзурова (С.Македонија) Slavica Babamova (N. Macedonia) Славица Бабамова (С.Македонија) Anita Vasilkova Midoska (N. Macedonia) Анита Василкова Мидоска (С.Македонија)

Editorial Committe Редакциски одбор

Zoran Rujak Зоран Рујак Vane P. Sekulov Ване П. Секулов Duško Cvetanov Душко Цветанов

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Vane P.Sekulov Ване П. Секулов

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Dragoş Gheorghiu Constanze Graml THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF A MYTH: DECODING CREATING THE THREE FIGURED HEKATE GÖBEKLI TEPE’S ICONOGRAPHY – FROM IMAGE TO IMAGINATION [9] [103] Elena Stojanova Kanzurova Rostislava G. Todorova GENESIS, MODIFICATION AND SYMBOLISM SACRED SPACE ON DISPLAY: OF SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS IN THE THE PLACE WHERE GOD DWELLS AND PREHISTORIC AND PROTOHISTORIC CULTURES ITS VISUAL REPRESENTATION [15] [121] Zoran Rujak Vane P.Sekulov, Mitko Shterjov IMAGINATIVE CORPUS OF CHALCOLITHIC THE HORSE OF PILAV TEPE ANTROPOMORPHIC TERRACOTTA FIGURINES [135] FROM “CAREVI KULI – STRUMICA” Nikos Čausidis THAT CROSSES TRADITIONAL BORDERS LONGSTANDING SANCTUARIES IN BETWEEN IDEA AND RELIGION NORTH MACEDONIA [25] [151] Adela Kovács Dora Kušan Špalj STYLISED BUCRANIA FROM CUCUTENI ROMAN SETTLEMENT AQUAE IASAE-RECENT CULTURE-MEANS OF REPRESENTATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN THE SANCTUARY AREA CONNECTIONS [171] [33] Vane P.Sekulov Aurel Melniciuc, Adela Kovács IS THERE ANY TEMPLE IN BANYA BANSKO? REPRESENTATIONS OF THE APRON AND IF THERE IS, WHY IT WAS DEDICATED TO ON THE ANTHROPOMORPHIC STATUETTES THE GOD OF HERMES? OF THE CUCUTENI CULTURE [185] [51] Svetla Petrova Sergiu-Constantin Enea, CULTS AND CULT SCULPTURE FROM Dumitru Boghian, Sorin Ignătescu NICOPOLIS AD NESTUM AND ITS VICINITY REPRESENTATIONS OF THE APRON [201] ON THE ANTHROPOMORPHIC STATUETTES Meri Zornija, PhD, Goran Pajović OF THE CUCUTENI CULTURE ON THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CAPITALS FROM [63] THE VILLAGE OF LASTVA GRBALJSKA Jacqueline Balen IN THE BAY OF () RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF THE COPPER AGE [229] LASINJA CULTURE IN NORTHERN CROATIA Nikolay Markov [87] FROM MYTHS TO TALES. Silvia Fogliazza NOTES ON THE STORY OF WOLVES AND GODS IN “THE GIRL WITH THE CUT OFF HANDS” THE ETRUSCAN WORLD [237] [95] Duško Cvetanov THE KNIGHTE ORDER OF THE DRAGON POSSIBLE REPRESENTATIVES OF MEDIEVAL STRUMICA [251] part of the participants in 5 international symposia in archeology UDC 27-523[902.2:903.2(497.16) ON THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CAPITALS FROM THE VILLAGE OF LASTVA GRBALJSKA IN THE (MONTENEGRO)

Meri Zornija, PhD Assistant Professor University of Zadar Department of Art History Obala Petra Krešimira IV. Nr. 2, 23000 Zadar, Croatia [email protected] Goran Pajović Custodian researcher National museum of Montenegro Archaeological museum Novice Cerovića b. b. 81250 , Crna Gora [email protected]

Key words: Lastva Grbaljska, triconch church, Early Christian sculpture, capital

Abstract

The paper focuses on three capitals, which are situated at three different locations in Montenegro. Intrigued by curiosity and by scientifically comparing each capital against two other ones, the authors have come to realize that all three pieces of the architectural sculp- ture may be interconnected with respect to an interesting museological situation and some unique archaeological circumstances. The appearance of some morphologically striking relief motifs suggests that these artefacts should be viewed as parts of one architectural whole - an assumed, though still unexplored Early Christian church, possibly of triconch plan, in the field, between the Bay of Kotor and . Analysis, as well as ultimate understanding of inner structure of stone installations in Early Christian churches can additionally shed light on their geographical position and their role in sacred apparatus of the Early Christianity in the area of the eastern Adriatic coast.

The Montenegrin coast, throughout its Empire, is the site of Lastva Grbaljska, where length from Boka bay to Ada Bojana, repre- we want to point the attention of the expert sents a true “Eldorado” for the archaeological public in this short article. and art-historical profession, a treasury that The village of Lastva Grbaljska is located has not yet been explored to the extent in the southern part of the Grbalj field, which that it deserves. Within the Roman province in the north-south direction stretches between of , this southern part of the east- the Bay of Kotor and Budva. The wider area ern Adriatic coast was part of the antique of the village is repeatedly mentioned in the world, subsequently incorporated into the literature as the place where most likely a newly founded Praevalis province. Right on Roman settlement was situated, judging by the border between late-antique Dalmatia the fragments of architectural decorations and Praevalis, which will later be the border incorporated into some houses and stone- between the Eastern and Western Roman

TIBERIOPOLITANI vol. 3 229 ON THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CAPITALS FROM THE VILLAGE OF LASTVA GRBALJSKA IN THE BAY OF KOTOR (MONTENEGRO)

visible on its surface, which indicates that the stone was exposed to weathering for a long time. The dimensions of the upper surface of the capital are 32 x 39 cm, and its height makes 17 cm. The thickness of the upper plate of the abacus above the bevelled sides is 4 cm. The decoration consists of a motif of a large vine leaf in the center, flanked on each side by a vine tendril curling at its end and bearing a single grape cluster, both clusters being pecked by a small figure of a simply designed dove. The dove is situated above the vine leaf, a little bit off the center turned to the right grape cluster on three sides, and to the left one on one of the shorter sides. On two longer, lateral sides some 3.2-3.8 cm wide and maximum 6 cm deep grooves were subsequently carved over the relief dec- oration. In the center of the lower surface of the capital, which dimensions are 16 x 17 cm, there is a preserved hole which was used to join the capital with the shaft, and in its inside Tabel 1 - Capital from museum in Buva there is still a part of an iron wedge and lead walls,1 as well as by local traditions which tells about ancient towns of Šebegrad and Mirin- grad.2 A Roman road used to pass through this area leading from Resinum to Butua,3 that is to say, from today Rose to Budva: besides that, under the foundations of the nearby monastery of Podlastva remains of the Early Christian church and baptismal font were discovered, as well as parts of mosaics and fragments of church furniture.4 In the depository of the Museum of the Town of Budva, among Early Christian frag- ments of the basilica in Budva, a wholly preserved capital has been kept without any information about place and circumstances of its discovery, hitherto unpublished. It is made of limestone in the shape of a truncated pyra- mid turned upside down, decorated on all four sides with the same motif carved in bas-relief (Table 1). A strong yellowish-brown patina is

1 M. Garašanin, 1967, p. 167; I. Pušić, 1969, p. 18; M. Parović-Peši- kan – J. Martinović et al, 1978, pp. 164-165. 2 S. Nakićenović, 1913 (reprint , 1999), p. 113; J. Marti- nović – V. Kovačević, 2005, p. 28; M. Milinković, 2005, p. 38 3 M. Vrzić, 2005, p. 80. Fig. 1 - Detail of the vine and bird on capital from Budva 4 Č. Marković, 2005, pp. 55-68.

230 ACTA MUSEI MERI ZORNIJA / GORAN PAJOVIĆ with which the wedge was sealed so that stone parts could be firmly joined together. That it is an early Christian capital is obviously due to the stylistic features of the relief itself, shallow cut in two planes. A stone mason created the main motif by carving the background, thereby letting both edges of the capital (where they have remained preserved) and the upper plate of the abacus project in relief. The artist was trying to get inspired by natural shapes: curling the tendril, highlighting the natural flow of veins of the vine leaf, fur- ther finely shaping the wing and the line of the tail on the bird’s body (Fig. 1.). No tendency toward stylization or geometrization of motifs can be observed yet as it will be the case in the later period of the Early Christian sculp- ture, and particularly the pre-Romanesque one. This would suggest an earlier date within the Early Christian art, closer to the realistic features of the art of Antiquity. A choice of the motifs is emphatically sym- bolic, with a clear Eucharistic symbolism of Tabel 2 - Capital from National museum of Montenegro the vine as a symbol of the blood of Christ and the Resurrection, and eventually the salvation It is not known from where and under of a Christian soul, depicted by a bird figure, which circumstances the capital came into which most likely represents a dove.5 The the depository of the Museum of the Town morphology of the capital itself also points of Budva. When we cooperated on catalogu- to the Early Christianity, especially a typi- ing and analysing the stone fragments from cal form of truncated pyramid turned upside the Early Christian basilica in Budva, the first down. When we take into account its size and assumption was that the capital belonged approximately the same sides, we come to the to the equipment of the Budva basilica,7 but conclusion that the capital could not belong the subsequent research made us reject that to the bifora, so that it could be inferred from hypothesis. the carved groove at first glance, but that it A capital, which is almost identical to the was a part of the installation directly related described one, has been kept in the archae- to the altar as a center of Christian liturgy. ological collection of the National Museum in Due to all of the above, we consider it possible Cetinje. The capital has been exhibited pub- that it is a capital of the altar ciborium, which licly as a part of the permanent exhibition, only became part of the window transenna also lacking the information on time, place bifora, which negated the decoration on the and circumstances of its discovery or how lateral sides of the impost.6 the museum came into possession of it; con-

5 Christian symbolism of wine and vine, as well as a dove, which sequently it has not been published yet. As represents the soul of a righteous man, is well described by J. Chevalier – A. Gheerbrant, 1994, p. 169 and 746-748. 7 The early Christian basilica at the base of the Budva citadel 6 A comprehensive study of general characteristics of all types of was discovered in archaeological research in the eighties during architectural sculpture, based on a wide knowledge of analogous of 20th century, following the great earthquake which overtook examples from the entire province of Dalmatia is presented by: Montenegrin coast, in: Đ. Janković, 2007, pp. 34-36 i 89-95. In the N. Duval – E. Marin – C. Metzger et al., 1994. The entire edition is three-nave Basilica with a trancept and a very interesting mosaic, also available on the Internet, URL: more than 250 fragments of stone and marble liturgical furniture http://www.persee.fr/web/ouvrages/home/prescript/monogra- were found, which are largely unpublished, and the authors of phie/efr_0000-0000_1994_arc_194_1 (visited on the 4th of April this article are currently working on that subject. 2019) TIBERIOPOLITANI vol. 3 231 ON THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CAPITALS FROM THE VILLAGE OF LASTVA GRBALJSKA IN THE BAY OF KOTOR (MONTENEGRO) a matter of fact, it represents a half of the capital with the same motif of a vine tendril with one leaf and two grape clusters (Table 2). The figure of a dove is missing on the front side of the capital, however, a new way of shap- ing leaf veins can be observed here. Namely, the veins of the upper lobe of the leaf form an engraved pattern of the Latin cross. On both lateral sides, which are only partially pre- served, between the leaf and the grape cluster we encounter the little bird again, its figure Fig. 2 - One part of preserved walls of the object being very summarily engraved and turned to the cluster on the right on one side, and to details of stonecutting, in the composition and, the one on the left on the other. Here again the to some extent, the quality between these motif was interrupted exactly on the middle of two capitals, which may indicate the work of it by inserting grooves for window transenna, the different stonemasons, we can definitely so we are able to completely reconstruct the establish that the same graphic template was dimensions of the capital, as follows: the width used, which was varied only in details by the of the lower part and the upper part of the masters who in all likelihood worked in the front side make 18 and 32.5 cm, respectively, same stonecutting workshop. consequently the reconstructed length of the After the similarities between these hith- impost would be about 48 cm, while its height erto unrelated artefacts were noticed, the makes 15 cm. The height of the upper plate question arose about their origin. In this sense, of abacus is 3.5 cm. A rectangular hole for our attention was attracted by the above the iron wedge has been partly preserved on the lower surface of the capital. At some point of time it was broken in two parts across the middle between the grooves, leaving a fracture pattern of uneven shape. It should be pointed out that the stone doesn’t have usual patina and that the surface of the relief has been so remarkably preserved, that marks of fine stonecutters’ tools can be seen here and there. The dimensions, construction and iconog- raphy of the representation on this capital correspond to the exemplar from Budva to a great extent, except for the fact that the same motif was crafted a bit more roughly on this one, as it is evident in the representation of the tendrils, in particular: they doesn’t curl, but extend straight to the ends of the capital; the tendrils which end in grape clusters don’t grow from the lateral shoots, but from the middle of the composition, under the leaf; additionally, little birds were engraved with less precision, while the dimensions of the central leaf are Fig. 3 - Plan of triconch base, Bar Topolica, a bit smaller. In spite of these differences in Zagarčanin 2013. p. 23

232 ACTA MUSEI MERI ZORNIJA / GORAN PAJOVIĆ

Fig. 6 - Remains of circular based architecture, few meters SW of triconchos Fig. 4 - Preserved northern part of the east apse Ilija Pušic way back in 1969.9 The situation has not improved since the seventies of the20th century, when Pavle Mijovic emphasized the need for archaeological exploration at this especially promising site.10 The preserved walls reach the height of more than one meter at some points (Fig. 2. ). They represent the remains of the Early Christian church, possibly of triconch plan. According to the first pre- liminary conclusions, it could be compared, by its typology and monumental dimensions, with the triconch church in Bar, which was discovered at the site of Topolica (Fig. 3.)11. The large main east apse has been well pre-

Fig. 5 - Preserved part of the north conch Fig. 7 - Several parts of different stone instalations, Lastva Grbaljska mentioned and potentially very interesting served at its northern part (Fig. 4.), as well site in Lastva Grbaljska. More precisely, it is as the beginning of the north conch (Fig. 5.), a position which is located on private land while the southern one has been destroyed of Živojinov family, unfortunately hitherto by modern construction. In case the church unexplored. In the literature there are only is really a triconchos, then it would certainly a few basic data about it.8 The significant be a type with mutually separated conchs. remains of the wall were first described by A little further from the trifoil church, from its southwestern side there are low remains of 8 The informations has been summarized in the book Grbalj kroz first few layers of stones, of either one more vjekove (Grbalj through the Centuries) which among other things presents results of field survey of the Grbalj field carried out in 9 I. Pušić, 1969, pp. 17-18. 2000 by the Regional Institute for Protection of Cultural Monu- 10 P. Mijović, 1978, pp. 650-651. ments in Kotor, as well as by the archaeologists from the Faculty 11 O. Velimirović-Žižić, 1966, pp. 148-149; P. Mijović, 1978, pp. of Philosophy in Belgrade: J. Martinović – V. Kovačević, 2005, p. 655-658; M. Zagarčanin, 2013, pp. 34-41. 28; M. Milinković, 2005, p. 38.

TIBERIOPOLITANI vol. 3 233 ON THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CAPITALS FROM THE VILLAGE OF LASTVA GRBALJSKA IN THE BAY OF KOTOR (MONTENEGRO)

which have been left at the site; put together, these three or four identical palmette capitals constitute a single whole. However, a capital, almost identical to the two above described, is of a special interest for our subject-matter (Table 3). In the scientific literature it was first mentioned in 1978, being discovered probably during the older field surveys of the southern coast of the Bay of Kotor carried out from 1965 onwards.13 The first photograph of it was published by Mihajlo Milinkovic in 2005, but flipped horizontally.14 It also represents a half of the capital: 22-36 cm wide, making 19 cm of the preserved length and being 20 cm high. The height of the upper plate of the abacus is 4.5 cm. The surface of the relief is erased by weathering to a great extent and it has a pronouncedly greyish patina. As far as we are able to perceive, iconography, style, as well as more detail morphological characteristics of the relief are quite comparable with those Tabel 3 - Capital from Lastva Grbaljska site on the above described capitals, particularly conch or a separate circular building with four outer buttresses (Fig. 6.), which made P. Mijovic assume that this could be a tetraconh church.12 It is obvious that we are dealing here with a monumental Early Christian sacred complex which meets all the predispositions to be on the list of the most significant monu- ments from the late Antiquity in the area of the province of Praevalis. This fact is supported by the discovery of a few remains of the Early Christian architectural sculpture, which are kept at the site today, and according to the landowner, were found during construction of the house, which was built in the very area of the sanctuary of the supposed church, between the conchs. Several parts of different with one in Cetinje. Little birds are presented bases and shafts of the columns, smooth and very rudimentarily; they are turned to the right spirally fluted ones, as well as several types grape cluster, except on the right lateral side, of smaller capitals are well worth mentioning where the dove is directed towards the center, (Fig. 7.). One Early Christian capital from this pecking the left cluster. On the lateral sides, site, decorated with a simple range of eight not a single even partial outline of the vine leaf, palmettes, which has been kept in the Lap- 13 M. Parović-Pešikan – J. Martinović et al, 1978, p. 165. Pavle idarium in Kotor, is completely comparable Mijović mentioned it, too, that same year, cf. P. Mijović, 1978, p. 651. with several more fragments of the same type 14 M. Milinković, 2005, p. 53, Fig. 11.

12 P. Mijović, 1978, p. 651.

234 ACTA MUSEI MERI ZORNIJA / GORAN PAJOVIĆ which must have stood in the center like in all lations and architectural sculpture. Apart from other representations, has been preserved, already mentioned pieces of the palmette nor have any possible grooves for transennas, capitals, several fine spirally fluted colonettes whereby we can conclude that a little less with rich moulding of the torus and trochilus than a half of the capital has been preserved, at the base are also worth mentioning. The and therefore we are not able to reconstruct Early Christian basilica in Budva also had sev- its supposed length in full. Besides, judging by eral very similar exemplars installed, maybe comparison of the dimensions, decorations even manufactured in the same workshop, but and fracture lines of this capital with the one made of a different type of stone.15 in Cetinje, the assumption that both could be As far as chronology and function of the parts of the same stone block, what might be church is concerned, according to the more concluded at first glance, must be immedi- recent interpretations of the Dalmatian tri- ately rejected. Therefore, this is a part of the conch churches16 as well as the one in Bar,17 third capital, which must have belonged to the we could cautiously assume its dating already same architectural ensemble. Another smaller in the fifth century, which is in accordance with and chipped fragment with the same motif, the stylistic analysis of the examined capitals. which has also been kept at the site, is worth In this case, its memorial function would be mentioning, too. Namely, on this fragment the highly probable, as is practically the case with relief has been preserved very well, and we all other such examples. That would imply can discern the grape cluster and the dove a burial of some distinguished person which pecking it, the bird being turned to the right belonged to either secular or ecclesiastical (Fig. 8.). This fragment, however, is character- elite of late antique urban agglomeration, ized by a lack of the usual patina and by a which existed in the area of today Lastva on very good preservation of the stone epidermis, the edge of the Grbalj field. which connects it with the exemplar in Cetinje, Nevertheless, before coming to any definite whereby it may either represent a fragment conclusions, the archaeological profession from its opposite side which has not been has to stand up for this exceptional site, which preserved, or be a part of the fourth capital. is likely hiding the most monumental sacred building in the area between the late Antique CONCLUSION urban centers of Kotor and Budva, at the very Looking at all four pieces as a whole, we crossroads of the provinces of Dalmatia and consider that it is highly possible that all of Praevalitana. them have the same origin, being the part of stone equipment in hitherto unexplored Early Christian church in the village of Lastva Grbal- jska, which we still don’t know much about. Originally, as we have assumed, they proba- bly belonged to the altar ciborium or canopy, to be used later as a set of impost capitals of 15 The fragments are unpublished, and have been kept in the de- the double-arched windows, when inserting pository of the Museum of the Town of Budva. 16 By recent review of all triconch churches discovered in the them into the transenna, engraved grooves province of Dalmatia and in the larger area, professor Pavuša Vežić from the Department of Art History in the University of Za- on slightly longer side edges. dar came to a conclusion that they were all built as memorial Taking into consideration variety and mon- buildings after the middle of the fifth century, and later on during the second half of the sixth century were reconstructed and re- umentality of other fragments of sculptures, built for their new function, namely, to serve as congregational churches as the number of Christian population increased signif- which have been kept at the very site, we icantly. cf. P. Vežić, 2011, pp. 27-66. can conclude that the church was luxuriously 17 M. Zagarčanin, 2008, p. 20; M. Zagarčanin, 2013, pp. 34-41. Sculpture of the triconchos in Bar is published in: M. Zagarčanin, furnished with various and rich liturgical instal- 2006, pp. 117-119.

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