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Higher Education in Japan

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Higher Education in Japan Higher Education Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Contents Introduction 1. Current circumstances surrounding Japanese higher education (1) School system (2) Percentage of students enrolling in higher education institutions (3) Establishment status and number of higher education institutions (4) Incorporation of national and public universities (5) Development of private universities 2. Main issues surrounding university education 3. Development of quality assurance system (1) Establishment approval system (2) Quality assurance and accreditation system (3) Autonomous quality assurance activities 4. Enhancement of university education function (1) Enhancing undergraduate education (2) Realization of Graduate Education as "Schools" (3) Considering reorganization of the university system and its education centered on “academic degree program” (4) Introducing the system for sharing facilities and materials with researchers around the country 5. Internationalization of universities (1) Introducing classes in English (2) Framework of the “300,000 International Students Plan” (3) Developing 30 Universities as centers for internationalization (Global 30) 6. Current state and issues on public expenditure in universities (1) Types of funding for universities (2) Continuous support for education and research activities (3) Supporting internationally competitive projects and COE (Center of Excellence)/ GP (Good Practice) projects (4) Financial support to students (5) Recent trend in major financial support 7. Education from a Mid-to Long-term Perspective- Deliberation bills for the Central Council for Education(Sep.11,2008) - Introduction In the age of knowledge-based society and ongoing globalization, higher education institutions have been asked to play increasingly important roles. Under such circumstances, Japanese higher education has been highly appreciated. Excellent and diverse education and research activities have been promoted under the well-balanced coordination with the establishment approval system and the quality assurance and accreditation system, which is continually reviewed for more efficient system. In Japan, academic freedom has been respected, as the Constitution of Japan stipulates that every citizen shall be entitled to equal opportunities to receive education in accordance with concerned laws and according to his or her ability. Also, it should be emphasized that the Fundamental Law of Education stipulates that the independence, autonomy and the merits of education and research by higher education institutions shall be respected. This principle of self-governance has been assured by Japanese Supreme Court decision. This pamphlet aims to deliver current situation and some issues surrounding Japanese higher education, and we hope that the readers find the information contained here useful, especially for those in charge of higher education policies, as well as prospective students and professors who are considering coming to Japan. 1. Current circumstances surrounding Japanese higher education (1) School system In Japan, higher education starts upon completion of a total of 12 years of primary education (6 years in elementary school) and secondary education (three years respectively in both lower and upper secondary schools). Japanese higher education institutions include universities awarding bachelor’s, master’s, doctor’s and professional degrees, junior colleges awarding associate’s degree, and colleges of technology, where lower secondary school graduates are admitted and receive practical and creative completion education throughout a five-year period, and specialized training colleges (specialized schools) which offer specialized courses for the purpose of developing professional or practical abilities or to foster culture. Organization of the School System in Japan Correspondence Courses Correspondence School Normal Courses Year Age Graduate Schools Specialized Training College 24 Correspondence General Courses 18 Courses Specialized Miscellaneous Schools 23 Training Correspondence 17 College Courses Colleges of 22 Specialized Technology 16 Courses Specialized 21 Training 15 Universities College Upper Schools for 20 Secondary Special Needs 14 Junior Courses Education 19 Colleges 13 18 12 17 (Upper Part- Upper 11 Div.) Upper Secondary Schools time Sec. 16 Part-time Courses Dept. 10 Courses 15 9 Secondary 14 ． Schools Lower 8 ｄ Lower Secondary Schools Sec. 13 Ｅ (Lower Div.) Dept. 7 12 ｙ 6 ｒ 11 ｏ 5 ｓ 10 ｌ Elem- 4 ｕ Elementary Schools ent. 9 ｐ Dept. 3 ｍ 8 ｏ 2 Ｃ 7 1 6 5 Kindergartens Kinder. 4 Dept. 3 ○ Academic degrees awarded by higher education institutions and the standard periods required to obtain such degrees University Bachelor’s degree Four years Master’s degree Two years Graduate school Doctor’s degree Five years Professional degree Two years Junior college Associate’s degree Two or three years ※Of undergraduate courses, the standard period of those of medicine, dental surgery, pharmacy to nurture pharmacists, and veterinary science is six years, while the standard period of doctoral courses based on such undergraduate courses is four years. ○ Degrees awarded by higher education institutions and standard periods required to obtain such degrees College of technology Associate’s degree Five years Specialist’s degree Two or three years Specialized school High-level specialist’s degree Four years ※Degrees of specialist and high-level specialist shall be given to graduates of specialized schools that can meet certain standards designated by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. (2) Percentage of students enrolling in higher education institutions In Japan, the percentage of 18-year-old population bracket students enrolling in universities and junior colleges has steadily increased since the Second World War to exceed 50% as of now. If the percentages of students enrolling in colleges of technology and specialized schools are added, the total percentage exceeds 70%. Judging from this situation, it is assumed that Japan has already entered the stage of universal access to higher education. ○Change in advancement rate in Japan ● 18-year-old bracket population = Graduate from junior high schools and those who finished the first stage of secondary schools three years before ● Advancement Rate 1 = Number of proceeding to Universities, Junior Colleges, Colleges of Technology, Professional Training Colleges 18-year-old bracket population (10,000 ● Advancement Rate 2 = Number of proceeding to Universities, Junior Colleges persons) 18-year-old bracket population ○ Number of Graduates from high schools = Graduates from high schools and those who finished the latter stage of secondary schools 300 ○ Applicant Rate directly from high schools = Number of applicants for universities, junior colleges 100% in high school graduates in the corresponding year Capacity(University+Junior College) 18-year-old bracket population 92．5% ○ Capacity = Number of enrollees to universities, junior colleges in the corresponding year Number of applicant to universities, junior colleges Advancement Rate 1 90% (University + Junior College + College of Technology 250 249 243 + Professional Training College) 77．6% 80% 236 University:49.1％ Junior College:6.3％ College of Technology:0.9％ 213 Professional Training College:20.6％ 204205 70% 200 201 198 200 197 Applicant Rate directly from High School 195 195 193 190 (University + Junior College) 18-year-old 188 188 186 185 185 61．2% bracket population 180181 University:53.5％ 177 177 176 177 60% 174 172 173 Junior College:6.6％ 170 168 56．2% 167 168 165 165 166 162 162 164 162 162 160 160 161 159 158 158 Advancement Rate 2 156 156 156 156 155 155 154 152 151 151 150 (University + Junior College) 150 145 148 150 150 144 146 50% 140 142 141 University:49.1％ 140 140 139 138140 136 137 136 137 133 134 133 133 133 Junior College:6.3％ 132 133 133 132 130 128 124 124 121 122 120 122 116 120 119 119 118119 117 115 117 117 117116 40% 109 113113 107 109110 110111 102 99 36 100 93 96 36 34 34 34 Graduates from High Schools 35 33 32 34 31 31 31 33 34 30% 87 34 33 29 31 30 28 Students entering 27 25 25 25 Professional Training Colleges 18 20 20 22 22 21 15 18 19 25 25 24 23 22 21 19 17 14 13 12 5 25 11 11 10 9 8 8 7 Students in the 4th grade 24 20% 22 22 23 21 of Colleges of Technology 50 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 16 18 17 60 61 15 55 56 595857 59 59 60 60 60 14 14 54 13 13 13 52 Students entering Junior Colleges 12 48 49 11 43 43 44 4747 8 42 41 41 41 41 42 42 41 60 60 61 61 61 10% 6 6 Students entering Universities 6 39 41 42 4 5 33 36 38 Plans of the Plans of the Plans of the Plans after Concept after 29 31 33 33 21 22 25 16 18 20 last half of 70's first half of 80's last half of 80's FY1994 2000 0 0% 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 (FY) Reference: School Basic Survey FY2009 (3) Establishment type and number of higher education institutions ・In Japan, universities are divided into following three categories by its founding basis: national universities, which were originally established by the Japanese Government (currently established by national university corporations), public universities, which are established by local public entities or public university corporations, and private universities, which are established by educational corporations. ・Both national government and local governments are members of the public sector. However, while a national government represents
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