 91 days until the AP test  13 weeks until the AP test  3 months until the AP test

 Framing – which one makes you want to study

Final Exam (unweighted out of 65) 52+ = 5 46+ = 4 39+ = 3

1. The RAS is very important in . In fact stimulating certain parts has been shown to incite rage in many animals. 2. The average person can go 60-70 days without food, but only 3 days without water. 3. In terms of motivation the drive for sex is the same as the drive for food. 4. Introverts are superior to extroverts at reading others  Are we all motivated by the same things?  What motivates you? Your peers? Your parents?  A force that drives us to seek a goal.  Our motives include › Instincts › Needs › Drives › Incentives  Instinct – unlearned behavior  Examples › Salmon swimming up stream › Rooting, Babinski reflexes › Also known as FIXED ACTION PATTERNS  Behavior originates from Physiological needs for food, water, air.  Studied by Clark Hull – our goal is Homeostasis  Humans seek activities and Situations that create desired levels of physiological arousal › Sky diving? Play sports? Ride roller coasters?  An Optimal level of arousal will help performance.  Known as an Inverted U curve Football players Surgeons

 Practicing with Theories of Motivation WS  8.2 Sensation Seeking Scale – No Names

Sports Motivation 1. Drive Reduction 2. Incentive Theory 3. Arousal 4. Drive Reduction 5. Instinct 6. Arousal 7. Drive-reduction 8. Incentive 9. Drive-Reduction 10. Instinct  Curiosity  Manipulation  Stimulation – VERY IMPORTANT  Need for affiliation/approval  Need for Power  Achievement Motivation › Mostly learned  Intrinsic – Internal reward  Extrinsic – External reward

 Overjustification Effect › Extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic interest in task  Theory X  Theory Y

RSA Animate  Approach-Approach  Avoidance-Avoidance  Approach-Avoidance  Multiple Approach-Avoidance

 With a partner provide an example of each type of conflict  Externals  Internals › Blame others when › Take responsibility for struggle actions › Credit luck or › Push through when chance when they faced with difficulties do well › Less influenced by › More prone to suffer others opinions from Learned › Have a strong self- Helplessness efficacy › Tend to be physically healthier Internal NOT always positive…in sports if you truly suck taking an › Tend to be happier and suffer less from internal approach could make you depression stress more, where an External view point here could help.  Why might drive-reduction theories be inadequate for explaining motivation?

 Sometimes we ignore internal drives

 Once a need is met we continue to be motivated

 SELF TEST – IN PACKET

 A  C  E  B  A  Your class has been stranded on a deserted island in the Northern Atlantic. It’s September. There are no other people or buildings on the island, but there is vegetation.

 What are the first steps you’d take to survive?

 Alderfer’s Modification  Self-determination theory  Maslow’s Hierarchy in your life WS  8.3 Motivational T-shirt

Maslow Matching 1. A 7. D/(E) 13. C – I disagree with 2. A 8. A your hierarchy 3. C 9. B 14. A 4. A 10. B 5. B 11. B 6. D 12. E

 Complete the following statement by recalling three theories of Motivation

 “We do what we do because we…” › Instinct? › Drive-Reduction? › Arousal? › Incentive? › Maslow ?  Instinct – born to  Drive Reduction – Need to (Homeostasis)  Arousal – want stimulation  Incentive – want reward (external/internal)  Humanistic – trying to reach full potential  Stomach contractions  Hypothalamus › Ventromedial – satiety › Lateral – hunger center › Appetite hormones  Ghrelin (hormone) – Increase  Leptin (protein) – Decrease  PYY (hormone) – Decrease  Orexin (hormone) – Increase

Seeing - Hunger (MRI)  External Cues  Low Blood Sugar › Insulin - hormone › Glycogens – hormone › Simple Sugars vs. whole grain

 Over the next 40 years you will eat about 20 tons of food  During an average meal a person swallows every 14 secs. And on average a person chews 19 times per swallow.  The better tasting food is, the less time it spends in your mouth  The hotter a climate the more spices per recipe.  Set Point  External Cues  Emotions – losing weight  Advertising  Bulimia – Binge/purge  Anorexia – starvation  Obesity 1. I 2. I 3. I - ? 4. D 5. I 6. I  Sex is natural.  Without sex, none of us would be here.  Do you remember “The Talk”  How do scientists (or you) find out about sex?

Alfred Kinsey – 1940s Kinsey Institute – University of Indiana Bloomington Only white-middle class

•Confidential interviews with 18,000 people  Sexual Response Cycle › Excitement › Plateau Phase › Orgasm › Resolution Phase

TV Show Masters of Sex loosely based on this the research. 382 females and 312 males.  Parental investment theory  Evolutionary Perspective › This affects attraction (As a population why do we all find the same things attractive)  Porn › Majority made for men › Society and acceptance › There are biological differences in the brain. In men the amygdala is more active › Dissatisfaction in own relationship › Types of Porn

 Levay Study – Difference in the hypothalamus in men who identify as being guy vs. straight  Pheromone study  Lots of animals practice homosexuality – the number is in the hundreds.  Prenatal environment  Twin Studies – more common in identical twins   Microexpressions  Universal Emotions  Facial Feedback Hypothesis

 Big pharma guy - congress Reading Nonverbal Communication

Facial muscles, in particular, are hard to control and can reveal emotions that a person is trying to conceal Trained lie-catchers can detect minute changes in facial expressions (called microexpressions) that reveal lying.

 Gender Effects › Women are better at reading nonverbal communication of emotions. › Women tend to express emotions more than men do.  Cultural Effects › The cultural rules governing how and when a person may express › Rules greatly vary from culture to culture and for different groups within a given culture

 Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression  Sensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feeling  Example: Smile if you want to feel happy. 

Which Baby is Which? Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness Joy Anger Interest

Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust  Microexpression Test › website  Article – Reading Faces

 You will watch an episode of Lie to Me on Wednesday Feb. 9th  Facial feedback – only physiological  James- Lange – we feel emotion because we register physiological changes in our body.  Cannon-Bard – thalamus. Your emotion and physiological changes happen at the same time.  Two-Factor – biology and cognition. Still same time but need cognitive appraisal. Spill over effect  Robert Zajonc – amygdala, instant sometimes happens to fast to think about

 With a partner, use the ______to illustrate why Little Red Riding Hood was afraid of the Big Bad Wolf. › James-Lange › Cannon-Bard › Two-Factor theories

 Practice with Theories of Emotion WS

 If you printed out notes cross out Cognitive Meditational Theory of Emotion

 Opponent-process theory - opposite emotions can’t be felt at the same time.

 Individualistic  Collectivist › USA › China, Japan, › Personal achievement Korea › Leads to high rates of › Group success over competition individual success › Traits looking for › Traits looking for Assertive, Strong, self- Trustworthy, honest, reliant generous › Attribution – more likely fail due to person not situations  Type A  Type B

ASAP Can stress kill you?  Learned Helplessness › Remember the article you read  Measures life-changing units (LCUs) › Can be both positive and negative events › Marriage, death, moving, new job, etc. › The higher your score more likely you are to suffer stress-related diseases

› Your rating? Use the modified scale

 Alarm › SNS  Resistance › Corticosteroids  Exhaustion

Long term effects of chronic stress •disruptive immune function •Sleep and healing problems •Increases in illness and heart disease •Burn out, detachment

 Problem Focused Coping › Address stressor head on  Emotion Focused Coping › Dealing with the emotional aspects of stress

 Keep a journal Crash Course #25  Exercise  Eat healthy  Laugh with friends  Get enough sleep  Help others