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Motivation and Emotion 91 days until the AP test 13 weeks until the AP test 3 months until the AP test Framing – which one makes you want to study Final Exam (unweighted out of 65) 52+ = 5 46+ = 4 39+ = 3 1. The RAS is very important in motivation. In fact stimulating certain parts has been shown to incite rage in many animals. 2. The average person can go 60-70 days without food, but only 3 days without water. 3. In terms of motivation the drive for sex is the same as the drive for food. 4. Introverts are superior to extroverts at reading others emotions Are we all motivated by the same things? What motivates you? Your peers? Your parents? A force that drives us to seek a goal. Our motives include › Instincts › Needs › Drives › Incentives Instinct – unlearned behavior Examples › Salmon swimming up stream › Rooting, Babinski reflexes › Also known as FIXED ACTION PATTERNS Behavior originates from Physiological needs for food, water, air. Studied by Clark Hull – our goal is Homeostasis Humans seek activities and Situations that create desired levels of physiological arousal › Sky diving? Play sports? Ride roller coasters? An Optimal level of arousal will help performance. Known as an Inverted U curve Football players Surgeons Practicing with Theories of Motivation WS 8.2 Sensation Seeking Scale – No Names Sports Motivation 1. Drive Reduction 2. Incentive Theory 3. Arousal 4. Drive Reduction 5. Instinct 6. Arousal 7. Drive-reduction 8. Incentive 9. Drive-Reduction 10. Instinct Curiosity Manipulation Stimulation – VERY IMPORTANT Need for affiliation/approval Need for Power Achievement Motivation › Mostly learned Intrinsic – Internal reward Extrinsic – External reward Overjustification Effect › Extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic interest in task Theory X Theory Y RSA Animate Approach-Approach Avoidance-Avoidance Approach-Avoidance Multiple Approach-Avoidance With a partner provide an example of each type of conflict Externals Internals › Blame others when › Take responsibility for struggle actions › Credit luck or › Push through when chance when they faced with difficulties do well › Less influenced by › More prone to suffer others opinions from Learned › Have a strong self- Helplessness efficacy › Tend to be physically healthier Internal NOT always positive…in sports if you truly suck taking an › Tend to be happier and suffer less from internal approach could make you depression stress more, where an External view point here could help. Why might drive-reduction theories be inadequate for explaining motivation? Sometimes we ignore internal drives Once a need is met we continue to be motivated SELF TEST – IN PACKET A C E B A Your class has been stranded on a deserted island in the Northern Atlantic. It’s September. There are no other people or buildings on the island, but there is vegetation. What are the first steps you’d take to survive? Alderfer’s Modification Self-determination theory Maslow’s Hierarchy in your life WS 8.3 Motivational T-shirt Maslow Matching 1. A 7. D/(E) 13. C – I disagree with 2. A 8. A your hierarchy 3. C 9. B 14. A 4. A 10. B 5. B 11. B 6. D 12. E Complete the following statement by recalling three theories of Motivation “We do what we do because we…” › Instinct? › Drive-Reduction? › Arousal? › Incentive? › Maslow ? Instinct – born to Drive Reduction – Need to (Homeostasis) Arousal – want stimulation Incentive – want reward (external/internal) Humanistic – trying to reach full potential Stomach contractions Hypothalamus › Ventromedial – satiety › Lateral – hunger center › Appetite hormones Ghrelin (hormone) – Increase Leptin (protein) – Decrease PYY (hormone) – Decrease Orexin (hormone) – Increase Seeing - Hunger (MRI) External Cues Low Blood Sugar › Insulin - hormone › Glycogens – hormone › Simple Sugars vs. whole grain Over the next 40 years you will eat about 20 tons of food During an average meal a person swallows every 14 secs. And on average a person chews 19 times per swallow. The better tasting food is, the less time it spends in your mouth The hotter a climate the more spices per recipe. Set Point External Cues Emotions – losing weight Advertising Bulimia – Binge/purge Anorexia – starvation Obesity 1. I 2. I 3. I - ? 4. D 5. I 6. I Sex is natural. Without sex, none of us would be here. Do you remember “The Talk” How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? Alfred Kinsey – 1940s Kinsey Institute – University of Indiana Bloomington Only white-middle class •Confidential interviews with 18,000 people Sexual Response Cycle › Excitement › Plateau Phase › Orgasm › Resolution Phase TV Show Masters of Sex loosely based on this the research. 382 females and 312 males. Parental investment theory Evolutionary Perspective › This affects attraction (As a population why do we all find the same things attractive) Porn › Majority made for men › Society and acceptance › There are biological differences in the brain. In men the amygdala is more active › Dissatisfaction in own relationship › Types of Porn Levay Study – Difference in the hypothalamus in men who identify as being guy vs. straight Pheromone study Lots of animals practice homosexuality – the number is in the hundreds. Prenatal environment Twin Studies – more common in identical twins Paul Ekman Microexpressions Universal Emotions Facial Feedback Hypothesis Big pharma guy - congress Reading Nonverbal Communication Facial muscles, in particular, are hard to control and can reveal emotions that a person is trying to conceal Trained lie-catchers can detect minute changes in facial expressions (called microexpressions) that reveal lying. Gender Effects › Women are better at reading nonverbal communication of emotions. › Women tend to express emotions more than men do. Cultural Effects › The cultural rules governing how and when a person may express emotion › Rules greatly vary from culture to culture and for different groups within a given culture Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression Sensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feeling Example: Smile if you want to feel happy. Which Baby is Which? Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Joy, Surprise, Sadness Joy Anger Interest Surprise Sadness Fear Disgust Microexpression Test › website Article – Reading Faces You will watch an episode of Lie to Me on Wednesday Feb. 9th Facial feedback – only physiological James- Lange – we feel emotion because we register physiological changes in our body. Cannon-Bard – thalamus. Your emotion and physiological changes happen at the same time. Two-Factor – biology and cognition. Still same time but need cognitive appraisal. Spill over effect Robert Zajonc – amygdala, instant sometimes happens to fast to think about With a partner, use the _________ to illustrate why Little Red Riding Hood was afraid of the Big Bad Wolf. › James-Lange › Cannon-Bard › Two-Factor theories Practice with Theories of Emotion WS If you printed out notes cross out Cognitive Meditational Theory of Emotion Opponent-process theory - opposite emotions can’t be felt at the same time. Individualistic Collectivist › USA › China, Japan, › Personal achievement Korea › Leads to high rates of › Group success over competition individual success › Traits looking for › Traits looking for Assertive, Strong, self- Trustworthy, honest, reliant generous › Attribution – more likely fail due to person not situations Type A Type B ASAP Can stress kill you? Learned Helplessness › Remember the article you read Measures life-changing units (LCUs) › Can be both positive and negative events › Marriage, death, moving, new job, etc. › The higher your score more likely you are to suffer stress-related diseases › Your rating? Use the modified scale Alarm › SNS Resistance › Corticosteroids Exhaustion Long term effects of chronic stress •disruptive immune function •Sleep and healing problems •Increases in illness and heart disease •Burn out, detachment Problem Focused Coping › Address stressor head on Emotion Focused Coping › Dealing with the emotional aspects of stress Keep a journal Crash Course #25 Exercise Eat healthy Laugh with friends Get enough sleep Help others .
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