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Integration Difficulties of Children Born in Captivity Wageningen University – Department of Social Sciences Sociology of Development and Change “Go Back to the Bush!” Integration Difficulties of Children Born in Captivity A study on the psychosocial programs aimed at children who were born in captivity, in Gulu district, northern Uganda JUNE 2017 Suzan Soydaş St. nr: 871005-786-040 Thesis supervision: Bram J. Jansen, PhD Chair Group Disaster Studies Wageningen University Course Code: RDS-80733 2 “Children born of wartime sexual violence or exploitation represent a global constituency facing specific challenges from a human rights perspective. They deserve attention from scholars and policymakers alike, yet to date they have been understudied as subjects of human rights concern. “ - Carpenter et al., 2005: 16 “I love my life!” - Tony 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Awcknoledgements ................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 7 Map of GULU TOWN .................................................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Aim of the study ........................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Research questions ...................................................................................................................... 11 2. The Conflict in Uganda ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Early history of Uganda and the Acholi People ............................................................................ 12 2.2 The rise of the Lord’s Resistance Army ........................................................................................ 14 2.3 Experiences of the communities during the war ......................................................................... 15 2.4 Experiences of abductees and children born in captivity ............................................................ 17 2.5 Impact of the war on the mental health of abductees ................................................................ 20 3. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................................ 22 4. Methodological Framework ................................................................................................................. 28 4.1. Research design ........................................................................................................................... 28 4.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 31 4.4 Limitations of this study ............................................................................................................... 32 4.5 Ethics ............................................................................................................................................ 32 5. Reintegration Difficulties ..................................................................................................................... 35 5.1 Reintegration difficulties: the community ................................................................................... 35 5.2 Reintegration difficulties: formerly abducted girls ...................................................................... 37 5.3 Reintegration difficulties: mothers of children born in captivity ................................................. 38 5.4 Reintegration difficulties: children born in captivity .................................................................... 40 6. Humanitarian Aid in Gulu: a Gap Between Supply and Demand ........................................................... 43 6.1 DDR programs worldwide ............................................................................................................ 43 6.2 DDR example: the Amnesty Act in Uganda .................................................................................. 44 6.3 Impact of the humanitarian arena on Gulu district ..................................................................... 44 7. Silence ................................................................................................................................................. 51 8. Peaceland in Gulu Town 8.1 Expatriates .................................................................................................................................... 54 8.2 Politics and agency ....................................................................................................................... 56 9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 58 9.1 Answers to research questions .................................................................................................... 58 9.2 Proposals for future research ....................................................................................................... 60 References ............................................................................................................................................... 64 4 AWCKNOLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Bram Jansen for helping me throughout the whole process of getting started and brainstorming about a suitable topic for my thesis, providing me with contacts throughout Uganda, doing my research and writing my thesis over the course of the last three years. Thank you for your enormous flexibility to meet after working hours and through Skype. And for remaining patient with me the whole time – enthusiastic even. I would like to say a special thanks to all the children, mothers, family members and community members that allowed me to interview them. Words cannot express my gratitude for your openness in sharing your stories with me. It was an unforgettable experience and I am moved by your warmth and resilient spirits. I would also like to thank Annemaaike and Trine for replying to my first attempt at setting base in Gulu town and helping me at every step throughout my research in and around Gulu. Trine, the chicken will never forget. I would also like to include Anne to thank these three girls for their warm welcome, the many dinners at the Indian place or at ‘home’, the latenight chats, the many introductions, the movie nights, the trips, the parties and the laughter. I couldn’t have done this without you girls, I owe you bigtime! Love all the way and I hope we will meet again soon. A special thanks goes out to Innocent, who rode me on his boda to the most remote places, introduced me to such warm and welcoming families and gave me the non-touristic tour of Gulu. I enjoyed having lunch in local places with you, waving to your mother on the way to the market and have some pretty deep conversations with you. I am grateful to have met such a big-hearted person and have read your book with deep respect. I wish you a bright future with your beautiful fiancée. In a similar fashion, I would like to thank Papito and Tony for taking me into their group, explaining and telling so many things to me. Another special thanks goes out to Angela and Janet from Watye Ki Gen, who have shared their stories, knowledge and experiences with me for which I am forever grateful. You have helped me so much, introduced me to so many children and caregivers and have provided me with so much invaluable information. In that respect, I would also like to thank Andrew and Julius from CCF, everyone from World Vision including Dora, everyone from Vivo, Lindsay from JRP, and all other persons and organizations that helped me with my research. I thank you deeply. 5 I would also like to thank George for always letting me sit in your air-conditioned awesome juice bar and providing me with power in any power-out. I would like to thank Emily and Cedric for always making me feel welcome me and taking me to local festivities, providing me with some insight into the local culture. You guys are awesome. A last thank you to Michel – you know why. 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DDR Disarmament and Demobilization CAR Central African Republic DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo GoU Government of Uganda IC Invisible Children IDP Internally Displaced Person LRA Lord’s Resistance Army NGO Non Governmental Agency NRM National Resistance Movement PTSD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder TIU “This is Africa!” UN United Nations UNLA Uganda National Liberation Army UPC Uganda People’s Congress UPM Uganda Patriotic Movement UPDF Uganda People’s Defense Force WHO World Health Organization WV World Vision 7 MAP OF GULU TOWN Figure 1. Map of the center of Gulu Town (via Google Maps) 8 1. INTRODUCTION Since 1986, the north of Uganda has been affected by prolonged periods of armed conflict in which the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) has been fighting against the Musevini government. It is estimated that 80 per cent of LRA fighters consisted of children (McKay & Mazurana 2004:29). Often referred to as a ‘lost generation’, it is estimated that since the 1980ies, 66.000 youths
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