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Brassica Rapa Domestication: Untangling Wild and Feral Forms and Convergence of Crop Morphotypes Alex C
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.05.438488; this version posted April 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Brassica rapa domestication: untangling wild and feral forms and convergence of crop morphotypes Alex C. McAlvay, Aaron P. Ragsdale, Makenzie E. Mabry, Xinshuai Qi, Kevin A. Bird, Pablo Velasco, Hong An, J. Chris Pires, Eve Emshwiller Abstract The study of domestication contributes to our knowledge of evolution and crop genetic resources. Human selection has shaped wild Brassica rapa into diverse turnip, leafy, and oilseed crops. Despite its worldwide economic importance and potential as a model for understanding diversification under domestication, insights into the number of domestication events and initial crop(s) domesticated in B. rapa have been limited due to a lack of clarity about the wild or feral status of conspecific non-crop relatives. To address this gap and reconstruct the domestication history of B. rapa, we analyzed 68,468 genotyping-by-sequencing-derived SNPs for 416 samples in the largest diversity panel of domesticated and weedy B. rapa to date. To further understand the center of origin, we modeled the potential range of wild B. rapa during the mid-Holocene. Our analyses of genetic diversity across B. rapa morphotypes suggest that non-crop samples from the Caucasus, Siberia, and Italy may be truly wild, while those occurring in the Americas and much of Europe are feral. -
Summer CSA Week #18, 2019
SS oo ll aaA mi nisGGtry of Strr. Maatthetwt Liuithaaeran CFhFurch aa rr mm John and I arrived at the farm at 5am Saturday morning to pack up for market and found our first frost. Our av - erage first frost date here is October 16, but I don’t think in all six years that I’ve been with the farm that we’ve actually had a frost even within two weeks of this date, let alone BEFORE it. What a swing…nearly 80 degrees earlier in the week down to freezing! But then a few October 15, 2019 things are different this time of year than others. For one we have Brussel sprouts almost ready to harvest. LAST MARKETS Every year we’ve grown these, they have matured (and OF THE SEASON! sweetened) close to the first week of December…just after our CSA season ends. But this year, John added a new heat-tolerant variety to the mix so we should have an extended sprout season URBANA this year! We’re also growing parsnips for the first time. I can’t tell you how many people ask MARKET for parsnips at the November markets. Nobody else in town grows them so we finally suc - AT THE cumbed to the pressure. They are a very long season crop (which means a long weeding season and tying up the field), so we really SQUARE hope all of the parsnip enthusiasts show up! Both of these Fall treats ENDS OCTOBER 26 should hit your box before the end of October. Saturdays - 7am-12pm Each year, we listen to our customers and try to respond for improved Lincoln Square variety, quality, etc (and Brussel sprouts and parsnips!). -
Brassica Rapa)Ssp
Li et al. Horticulture Research (2020) 7:212 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-00449-z www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access A chromosome-level reference genome of non- heading Chinese cabbage [Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa)ssp. chinensis] Ying Li 1,Gao-FengLiu1,Li-MingMa2,Tong-KunLiu 1, Chang-Wei Zhang 1, Dong Xiao1, Hong-Kun Zheng2, Fei Chen1 and Xi-Lin Hou 1 Abstract Non-heading Chinese cabbage (NHCC) is an important leafy vegetable cultivated worldwide. Here, we report the first high-quality, chromosome-level genome of NHCC001 based on PacBio, Hi-C, and Illumina sequencing data. The assembled NHCC001 genome is 405.33 Mb in size with a contig N50 of 2.83 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 38.13 Mb. Approximately 53% of the assembled genome is composed of repetitive sequences, among which long terminal repeats (LTRs, 20.42% of the genome) are the most abundant. Using Hi-C data, 97.9% (396.83 Mb) of the sequences were assigned to 10 pseudochromosomes. Genome assessment showed that this B. rapa NHCC001 genome assembly is of better quality than other currently available B. rapa assemblies and that it contains 48,158 protein-coding genes, 99.56% of which are annotated in at least one functional database. Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that B. rapa NHCC001 underwent a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared with other Brassica species that occurred after the WGD events shared with Arabidopsis. Genes related to ascorbic acid metabolism showed little variation among the three B. rapa subspecies. The numbers of genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis and catabolism 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; were higher in NHCC001 than in Chiifu and Z1, due primarily to tandem duplication. -
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Department of Agriculture www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines i MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARIES We are pleased to present the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This document is intended to be a primary source of dietary health information for policymakers, nutrition educators, and health providers. Based on the latest scientific evidence, the 2005 Dietary Guidelines provides information and advice for choosing a nutritious diet, maintaining a healthy weight, achieving adequate exercise, and “keeping foods safe” to avoid foodborne illness. This document is based on the recommendations put forward by the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The Committee was composed of scientific experts who were responsible for reviewing and analyzing the most current dietary and nutritional information and incorporating this into a scientific evidence-based report. We want to thank them and the other public and private professionals who assisted in developing this document for their hard work and dedication. The more we learn about nutrition and exercise, the more we recognize their importance in everyday life. Children need a healthy diet for normal growth and development, and Americans of all ages may reduce their risk of chronic disease by adopting a nutritious diet and engaging in regular physical activity. However, putting this knowledge into practice is difficult. More than 90 million Americans are affected by chronic diseases and conditions that compromise their quality of life and well-being. Overweight and obesity, which are risk factors for diabetes and other chronic diseases, are more common than ever before. To correct this problem, many Americans must make significant changes in their eating habits and lifestyles. -
Kohlrabi, Be Sure It Your Money Stays Locally and Is Is No Larger Than 2 1/2” in Diameter, Recirculated in Your Community
Selection Why Buy Local? When selecting kohlrabi, be sure it Your money stays locally and is is no larger than 2 1/2” in diameter, recirculated in your community. with the greens still attached. Fresh fruits and vegetables are The greens should be deep green more flavorful, more nutritious all over with no yellow spots. and keeps more of its vitamins and Yellow leaves are an indicator that minerals than processed foods. the kohlrabi is no longer fresh. You are keeping farmers farming, which protects productive farmland from urban sprawl and being developed. What you spend supports the family farms who are your neighbors. Care and Storage Always wash your hands for 20 seconds with warm water and soap before and after preparing produce. Wash all produce before eating, FOR MORE INFORMATION... cutting, or cooking. Contact your local Extension office: Kohlrabi can be kept for up to a month in the refrigerator. Polk County UW-Extension Drying produce with a clean 100 Polk County Plaza, Suite 190 cloth or paper towel will further Balsam Lake, WI 54810 help to reduce bacteria that may (715)485-8600 be present. http://polk.uwex.edu Keep produce and meats away Kohlrabi from each other in the refrigerator. Originally developed by: Jennifer Blazek, UW Extension Polk County, Balsam Lake, WI; Colinabo http://polk.uwex.edu (June, 2014) Uses Try It! Kohlrabi is good steamed, Kohlrabi Sauté barbecued or stir-fried. It can also be used raw by chopping and INGREDIENTS putting into salads, or use grated or 4 Medium kohlrabi diced in a salad. -
Cool Season Vegetable Planting Guide for North Florida
UF/IFAS Extension Baker County Alicia R. Lamborn, Horticulture Agent 1025 West Macclenny Avenue Macclenny, FL 32063 904-259-3520 Email: [email protected] http://baker.ifas.ufl.edu Cool Season Vegetable Planting Guide for North Florida Crop Recommended North Florida Days to Row Plant Seed Varieties Planting Dates Harvest Spacing Spacing Depth (from seed) (in) (in) (in) Beets Tall Top, Early Wonder, Detroit Dark Red, Cylindra, Red Ace, Yellow Detroit Sept—Mar 50-65 14-24 3-5 1/2 - 1 Broccoli Early Green, Early Dividend, Green Sprouting/Calabrese, Waltham, Pack- Aug—Feb 75-90 30-36 12-18 1/2 - 1 man, DeCicco, Broccoli Raab (Rapini) Cabbage Red Acre, Savoy, Rio Verde, Flat Dutch, Round Dutch, Wakefield types, Sept—Feb 90-110 24-36 12-24 1/2 - 1 Copenhagen Market Carrots Imperator, Nantes, Danvers, Chantenay Sept—Mar 65-80 16-24 1-3 1/2 Cauliflower Snowball Strains, Snow Crown, Brocoverde Aug-Oct 75-90 24-30 18-24 1/2 - 1 Celery Utah Strains Jan—March 115-125 24-36 6-10 1/4 - 1/2 Chinese Michihili, Bok Choy, Napa, Baby Bok Cabbage Choy, Pak-choi, Joi Choi Oct—Feb 70-90 24-36 12-24 1/4 - 3/4 Collards Georgia, Georgia Southern, Top Bunch, Vates Aug—Nov 70-80 24-30 10-18 1/2 - 1 Endive/ Endive: Green Curled Ruffec Escarole Escarole: Batavian Broadleaf Sept 80-95 18-24 8-12 1/2 Kale Vates Dwarf Blue Curled, Tuscan, Winterbor, Redbor Sept—Feb — 24-30 12-18 1/2 - 1 Kohlrabi Early White Vienna, Purple Vienna Sept—Mar 70-80 24-30 3-5 1/2 - 1 Leeks American Flag Sept—Mar Up to 5 12-24 2-4 1/2 months Lettuce Crisphead: Great Lakes Butterhead: Ermosa, -
“Cooking Has Done the Most to Advance the Cause of Civilization”
The Broadcaster ▪ June13th 2013▪ 715-432-4683 ▪ [email protected] ▪ www.stoneyacresfarm.net “Cooking has done the most to advance the cause of civilization” -Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (in Michael Pollan’s Cooked) - In Your Box Lettuce heads- News from the Farm leaf, baby red Welcome to CSA Season 2013. This is our 7th CSA season and despite a late and romain, oak leaf, increasingly wet spring we think this may very well be our best season yet! We apologize for and/or butterhead. the late start and encourage everyone to make sure that you note that the final delivery Broccoli will now be October 24th, one week later than planned. Chinese cabbage If you want to receive an email reminder, e-newsletter or text reminder please call, (napa cabbage) text or email! See communications on the other side of the newsletter for details. Purple Kohlrabi with greens In crop news, many of the leafy greens are “on schedule” and other spring crops like Radishes carrots, beets, spinach are a little behind. Snap and snow peas are the most behind of any Scallions spring crop, since they were planted a full month late, but they look beautiful so a little wait Bok Choy (pac will lead to a bountiful crop! It has been wet and cool which has made some planting choi) difficult and made some of our crops less than happy, but most of our veggies are planted Maple Syrup in raised beds which helps with drainage in our heavy soils. Rhubarb th The pancake breakfast is still on June 29 ! Pea picking will not take place Baby turnips with that day but may be rescheduled as a series of u-pick times as the weather and crop allow. -
Bok Choy History Boy Choy Has Green Leaves and White Ribs That Resemble a Stalk of Celery and Curve at the End to Form a Bulb
Bok Choy History Boy choy has green leaves and white ribs that resemble a stalk of celery and curve at the end to form a bulb. It looks very similar to Swiss chard. The entire plant can be eaten raw or cooked. Bok choy is non-heading, meaning that the leaves do not form a ball, like lettuce or cabbage. It grows best in a cool environment. Hot weather causes the plant to flower, rather than produce leaves. A bok choy plant can be harvested within two months of planting. Bok choy is used mostly in salads but can be found in stir-fry or soups. It is grown in California and Hawaii year-round and can be found seasonally in New York, Florida, New Jersey, Michigan, and Ohio. It is primarily grown and consumed in Asia. You can find vitamin A and C in bok choy, as well as antioxidants, which work to protect the body from diseases and cancer. There is also vitamin K and calcium in bok choy, which aid in building strong bones. Recipes Bok choy pairs well with many other tastes and textures. Here are some ways to consider incorporating it into your meals: Sautee it and add to soups or other dishes. Pair with recipes that include garlic, ginger, mushrooms, soy sauce, tofu, pork, fish, broth, vinegar, or citrus. Steam and eat as a side vegetable. Add it to stir fry. Fun Facts It is also called bok choi, pak choi, the Chinese chard, Chinese mustard, and Chinese white cabbage. The name “bok choy” comes from the Chinese term for “soup spoon”. -
Rapini and Pecorino Crostoni
DOMENICA COOKS Crostoni with Spicy Rapini and Shaved Pecorino Served as an antipasto in Umbria, Tuscany, and elsewhere in Italy, crostoni (large crostini) are traditionally topped with such savory delights as sautéed chicken livers, porcini, or anchovy and butter. Here’s one of my favorite combinations, featuring bitter greens and piquant cheese. Makes 6 servings INGREDIENTS 3 cloves garlic, sliced paper-thin 1/4 cup (60 ml) extra-virgin olive oil 1 small fresh or dried chili pepper, minced, or a generous pinch of crushed red pepper 1 pound (455 g) rapini (broccoli rabe, tough stems removed, leaves and tender stems chopped Fine salt 12 slices Italian bread (half-slices if large), broiled, grilled or toasted 1/2 cup (60 g) shaved pecorino cheese INSTRUCTIONS 1. Place the garlic and olive oil in a large frying pan and set over medium-low heat. Cook, stirring often, until softened but not browned, about 7 minutes. Sprinkle in the chili pepper. Add the rapini by the handful and, using tongs, toss to coat with the oil. 2. Cover and cook until the greens are just wilted, about 1 minute. Uncover, toss once more, recover, and cook at a gentle simmer until the greens are tender, 20 to 30 minutes. Season with 3/4 teaspoon salt. Raise the heat to medium and cook, uncovered, until most of the liquid has evaporated, about 10 minutes longer. Remove from the heat and let cool briefly. Transfer to a cutting board and chop finely. 3. Spoon the filling onto the crostoni and top with the pecorino shavings. -
Uptown Dinner Menu
SUMMER DINNER MENU Signature 3 for 12 | 6 for 21 Served on a choice of Crostini Polenta Crisp, Zucchini or Focaccia Forest Mushroom Goat Cheese Marinated Tenderloin Truffle & Artichoke Caramelized Onion Citrus, Herbs & Olive Oil Manchego Marinated Shrimp Prosciutto Fig, Marcona Almond Meyer Lemon & Micro-Cilantro Olive, Ricotta & Walnut Burrata Smoked Salmon Tomato & Pesto Crème Fraîche & Caviar Sharing & Appetizer Croquette Tasting Trio of Prosciutto di Parma, Mushroom & Artichoke Croquettes with Truffle, Basil, and Pimenton Aioli. 15 Marinated Olives Cerignola, Royal Atlas, Gaeta, Kalamata Tipo, Alfonso, Sevillano. 5 Mosaic of Vegetables Golden Beets & Baby Carrot Carpaccio, Ricotta, Lemon Thyme, Micro Cilantro, Pistachio, Picholine Dressing. 15 Roasted Cauliflower Roasted Cauliflower topped with Pine Nuts & Garlic Emulsion. 14 Octopus Carpaccio Piquillo Pepper Purée, Heirloom Potatoes, Black Olive Dust, Pimenton Dressing. 18 Diver Scallops Pan Seared Diver Scallops with Caramelized Leek Purée, Citrus Sherry Vinaigrette. 21 Heirloom Tomato Gazpacho Grilled Shishito Peppers, Pickled Watermelon Rind, European Cucumbers and a little spice. 12 Burrata & Heirloom Tomato Watermelon, Gala Apple Dressing, Black Olive Dust, Pierre Poivre. 17 Beef Carpaccio* Grass-fed Beef with Spiced Tomato Compote, Parmesan, 18 Year Balsamic, Arbequina Oil. 19 Salmon Crudo* Scottish Salmon, Pomegranate, Grapefruit Segment, Pink Peppercorn, Citrus Dressing. 16 Hamachi Crudo* Preserved Orange, Basil Olive Oil. 18 Cheese Board Selection of Five Artisan Cheeses, F&O Tapenade, Fig Jam, Marcona Almonds, Mixed Olives, Toast. 24 Salad WITH GRILLED CHICKEN ADD 8, SALMON ADD 9, SCALLOPS ADD 11 OR SHRIMP SKEWER ADD 9 Shrimp & Salmon Salad Seared Scottish Salmon, Ayala Spiced Shrimp, Avocado, Marinated Fennel, Arugula, Heirloom Tomato, Citrus Dressing. 26 FIG & OLIVE Salad Manchego, Gorgonzola Dolce, Fig, Apple, Tomato, Olive, Scallion, Walnut. -
KOHLRABI and CABBAGE SALAD with MAPLE LEMON DRESSING Ingredients 4 Medium Bulbs Kohlrabi 3 Cups Shredded Cabbage ¼ Cup Dried Cr
KOHLRABI AND CABBAGE SALAD WITH MAPLE LEMON DRESSING Ingredients 3 tbsp pure maple syrup 4 medium bulbs kohlrabi Zest of 1 lemon 3 cups shredded cabbage Juice of 2 lemons ¼ cup dried cranberries 1 garlic clove, minced ¼ cup sunflower seeds ¼ tsp kosher salt 1/3 tsp freshly ground ¼ cup coarsely chopped fresh dill ¼ cup extra virgin olive oil black pepper DIRECTIONS 1. Using a sharp knife, remove long stems & greens from kohlrabi 2. Using a peeler, trim away the thick green skin until you reach the light green part that is free of tough fibers. Shred on the medium holes of a box greater or in a food processor fitted with the shredder disk. 3. Combine the kohlrabi, cabbage, cranberries, sunflower seeds, and dill in a large serving bowl. In a small jar with a tight-fitting lid, combine the olive oil, maple syrup, lemon zest, lemon juice, garlic, salt, and pepper. 4. Shake to thoroughly combine. Pour the dressing over the salad and toss to coat well. Let sit for about 20 minutes before serving. NUTRITION INFORMATION Per serving: 195 calories, 12g fat, 21.8g carbs, 5.6g fiber, 14.4g sugars,3.4g protein, 126.2mg sodium Recipe & photo courtesy of: The Kitchn RDA: 0% Vitamin A, 33%Vitamin C, 3% Calcium, 4% Iron KOHLRABI AND CABBAGE SALAD WITH MAPLE LEMON DRESSING Ingredients 3 tbsp pure maple syrup 4 medium bulbs kohlrabi Zest of 1 lemon 3 cups shredded cabbage Juice of 2 lemons ¼ cup dried cranberries 1 garlic clove, minced ¼ cup sunflower seeds ¼ tsp kosher salt ¼ cup coarsely chopped fresh dill 1/3 tsp freshly ground black ¼ cup extra virgin olive oil pepper DIRECTIONS 1. -
Cime Di Rapa” (Brassica Rapa Subsp
Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 2020, Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 0–0 On-line ISSN: 2083-6007 Print ISSN: 1230-0322 DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/126617 http://journal.pan.olsztyn.pl Original research article Food Quality and Functionality Section Nutritive Parameters and Antioxidant Quality of Minimally Processed “Cime di Rapa” (Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris) Vary as Influenced by Genotype and Storage Time Donato Giannino1*# , Giulio Testone1# , Chiara Nicolodi1 , Lucia Giorgetti2 , Lorenza Bellani2,3 , Maria Gonnella4 , Marco Ciardi2 , Paolo Cappuccio5 , Stefano Moscatello6 , Alberto Battistelli6 , Vincenzo Longo2 1Institute for Biological Systems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Salaria km 29, 300 – Moterotondo, Rome, Italy 2Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Unit of Pisa, via Moruzzi 2, Pisa, Italy 3Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro, 2 – 53100 Siena, Italy 4Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola, 122/O – 70126 Bari, Italy 5San Lidano Soc. Coop. Agr. a.r.l., Via Migliara 46 – Sezze Scalo, Latina, Italy 6Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR) – Porano, Terni, Italy Key words: “cime di rapa” (broccoli-raab, rapini), dietary fibre, glycemic carbohydrates, antioxidant parameters, packaged product quality, hybrid and conventional genotypes In order to assess the quality and performance of bagged broccoli-raab, a recently marketed product, several nutritive parameters were determined in novel hybrid and conventional cultivars at pre- and post-packaging stages in the industrial environment. The characterization of shoots and com- posing organs at post-cut stage included contents of dietary fibre (DF), glycaemic carbohydrates (GC), antioxidant compounds (ACC) and capacity (AOC), which were determined by chromatographic methods and spectrophotometric assays.