S ummary of Plots on Vulkathunha-
Gammon Ranges National Park
August 2013
Samphire ( Tecticornia sp.) on the bed of Lake Frome, Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park.
Acknowledgments
TERN AusPlots gratefully acknowledges the staff at gratefully acknowledges the traditional owners of Vulkathunha- Gammon Ranges National Park for their support of the project and for allowing access to their land. Also to the Rangers and staff from the SA Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources for their support of the project. Thanks also to the many volunteers, in particular Sue Milnes and Peter Milnes, who helped to collect, curate and process the data and samples. Thank you to the South Austrlian herbarium for undertaking the plant identifications.
Contents
Introduction...... 1 Accessing the Data ...... 2 Point intercept data ...... 2 Plant collections ...... 2 Leaf tissue samples...... 2 Site description information ...... 2 Structural summary ...... 2 Leaf Area Index ...... 2 Basal area ...... 3 Soil classification ...... 3 Soil meta barcoding samples ...... 3 Soil bulk density ...... 3 Co-location with existing plots ...... 3 3D photo panorama ...... 4 Regional Context...... 5 Uses of AusPlots Data from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park ...... 9 Assessing drought sensitivity in plants using stable carbon isotopes ...... 9 Potential decoupling of plant and ant communities under climate change ...... 9 Opportunities for Integrated Ecological Analysis across Inland Australia with Standardised Data from Ausplots Rangelands ...... 9 Floristic and structural assessment of Australian rangeland vegetation with standardized plot based surveys ...... 9 Variation in chain-length of leaf wax n-alkanes in plants and soils across Australia ...... 10 The Biomes of Australian Soil Environments ...... 10 The extent of forest in dryland biomes ...... 10 Herbarium Collections ...... 10 For more information ...... 10 Appendices ...... 11
Appendix 1. Summary of AusPlots data and samples from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park ...... 11 Appendix 2. Plot locations ...... 11 Appendix 3. Point intercept data ...... 12 Appendix 4. Substrate and growth form ...... 13 Appendix 5. Structural Summary...... 14 Appendix 7. Soil Classification ...... 15 Appendix 8. Bulk density ...... 16 Appendix 7. Plant collection ...... 17
Introduction In August 2013, AusPlots, part of the Terrestrial Ecosystems Research Network (TERN), undertook a survey on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park, South Australia. The surveys involved vegetation and soils work following the AusPlots Rangelands methodology, with 5 plots completed. The plot is part of over 580 plots completed nationally. Figure 1 shows the national AusPlots plot network, and Figure 2 shows the locations of the plots on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park.
This report provides a snapshot of some of the data which was collected during the survey work. A more detailed description of the methods used can be found online in our AusPlots Rangelands Survey Protocols Manual (White et al. 2012), available from our website www.AusPlots.org.
Figure 1. AusPlots plot network LandSat Image used courtesy of the Commonwealth Department of the Environment
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AusPlots Sites
Figure 2. AusPlots Rangelands plot location on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park Topogrpahic data used courtesy of the Commonwealth Department of the Environment
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Accessing the Data All of the data the AusPlots collects is freely available online through the AEKOS data portal at www.aekos.org.au. It can also be viewed on the Soils to Satellites website which contains a range of useful visualisations sourced from the Atlas of Living Australia. At http://www.soils2satellites.org.au/.
Point intercept data The point intercept method is a straightforward method that is readily repeatable and requires little instruction to produce reliable plot information. It provides accurate benchmark data at each plot including substrate type and cover; as well as species structural information such as growth form, height, cover and abundance and population vertical structure. The demographic information produced at each plot can be compared spatially to indicate plot differences, and temporally to indicate change over time. Additionally, the cover data collected at each plot can be used to validate cover data extrapolated through remote sensing techniques.
Plant collections Each species that is found within the plot has a herbarium grade sample taken. These have all been formally identified by the SA Herbarium. Much of the material is then lodged at the SA Herbarium or at the AusPlots facility in Adelaide.
Leaf tissue samples All of the above samples also have leaf tissue samples taken. This involves placing leaf samples from each species into a cloth bag and drying them on silica desiccant. All of the dominant species have an extra 4 samples collected. These samples are available for use on application to AusPlots facility in Adelaide. They are able to be used for genetic analysis, isotopic composition and range of other uses.
Site description information Contextual information is also collected at each plot. This includes measures of slope an aspect, surface strew and lithology, and information on the grazing and fire history of the site. The plots location is also recorded with a differential GPS and the plot corners and centres (with landholder permission) marked with a star picket.
Structural summary Detailed structural summary information is also collected at each plot. When combined with the height and cover information from the point intercept data it enables the creation of structural description compatible with and NVIS level 5 description.
Leaf Area Index In plots where a mid and/or upper canopy is present a measure of Leaf Area is recorded. The tool used is an LAI- 2200 and it captures LAI measurements in a range of canopies using one or two sensors attached to a single data logger (LI-COR 1990). The LAI data has a range of potential application such as studies of canopy growth, canopy productivity, woodland vigour, canopy fuel load, air pollution deposition, modelling insect defoliation, remote sensing, and the global carbon cycle.
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Basal area Basal area measurements are collected across plots where woody biomass is taller than 2 m. Basal area measurements provide information useful for calculating biomass and carbon levels and for structural studies. The wedge aperture, the length of string – 50 cm (and hence the distance from the eye and subsequent angle from the eye to the edges of the wedge aperture) and species count are all important in calculations. Algorithms developed for use with the basal wedge include the above data to calculate plant basal area on a per hectare basis even though species are counted outside the one-hectare plot area. The method is plotless but used because it is based on the concept of circles (trunks/basal area) within circles (circular plots) – the area of one varies proportionally to the change in the area of the other. Use of the basal wedge may be superseded by further improvement of the 3D photo point method and development of algorithms to provide information on vegetation community structure.
Soil classification Description of soils, including basic information on the information that has been recorded, the number of recordings and the coverage of locations, are generally poor across the rangelands region of Australia. The plot descriptions and soil characterisations collected by AusPlots will substantially alleviate this paucity of information. The data collected can also be used to increase the reliability of the rangelands component of the Soil and Landscape Grid of Australia, produced by the TERN facility consistent with the Global Soil Map specifications. Analyses of the collected samples will greatly enhance the level of knowledge (e.g. nutrient and carbon levels) and hence understanding of rangelands soils and how they will respond to climate change and management options. It is hoped to eventually be able to analyse all nine of the soil pits from within the plot using a number of different methods e.g. wet chemistry, MIR or NIR (mid infrared spectrometry or near infrared spectroscopy) either individually to provide a measure of variation of the parameter being measured across a plot or bulked together and a sub-sample extracted and analysed to provide a mean value for that parameter across a plot.
Soil meta barcoding samples Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Soil metagenomics provides the opportunity to understand what organisms are present at survey plots and provides an indication on their abundance. The collection techniques result in a bias towards higher order organisms. The AusPlots on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park has soil meta barcoding samples collected.
Soil bulk density The soil bulk density (BD), also known as dry bulk density, is the weight of dry soil divided by the total soil volume. The total soil volume is the combined volume of solids and pores which may contain air or water, or both. The average values of air, water and solids in the sample are easily measured and are a useful indication of a soils physical condition. Soil test results are most often presented either as a percentage of soil (e.g. % organic carbon) or as a weight per unit of soil (e.g. nitrogen, mg/kg). As bulk density is a measure of soil weight in a given volume, it provides a useful conversion from these units to an area basis unit (e.g. t/ha). The resulting number gives an easily understandable idea of the carbon storage or nutritional status of the soil on an area basis.
Co-location with existing plots AusPlots works on a mix of both new plots (where this is little existing monitoring infrastructure) and co-location with existing plots. The plot on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park forms part of the Transect for Environmetnal Decsision-Making (TREND). This transect is part TERN’s Australian Transect Network and straddles the rainfall and temperature gradient that runs from Deep Creek on the Fleurieu Peninsula to the plains north of the Flinders Ranges.
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3D photo panorama AusPlots uses a three-dimensional method for photographing the site. This involves taking three 360-degree panoramas in a triangular pattern. This allows for the creation of a 3D model of the vegetation within the plot which can be used to monitor change over time, track plot condition as well as providing a unique, fast measurement of basal area and biomass. A subset of these photo panoramas is shown below.
SATFLB0021
SATFLB0022
SATFLB0023
SATSTP0001
SATSTP0002
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Regional Context
Figure 3. AusPlots Rangelands plot locations close to Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park Topographic data copyright Geoscience Australia and South Australian Government
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Figure 4. Modelled 9s elevation Data from: Xu and Hutchinson, 2011. ANUCLIM Version 6.1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia.
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Figure 5. Mean annual temperature Data from: Xu and Hutchinson, 2011. ANUCLIM Version 6.1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia.
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Figure 6. Mean annual precipitation Climate Data from: Xu and Hutchinson, 2011. ANUCLIM Version 6.1. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia.
8 Uses of AusPlots Data from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park The AusPlots survey method was developed out of a dire need for consistent, national scale ecological data and surveillance monitoring. To date, we have completed over 530 survey plots across the continent, including 42 as a part of the Transect for Ecological Monitoring and Decision Making (Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park). The data and samples collected from these surveys are being used in a range of ways to allow comparisons across the state and the continent. Some of the projects that have made use of the data and samples from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park site are listed below.
Assessing drought sensitivity in plants using stable carbon isotopes (Stefan Caddy-Retalic) In terrestrial plants, there is a trade-off between photosynthetic uptake and water loss. This means that we can use the stable carbon isotope ratio of leaves as a proxy for water stress. Stefan has measured the stable carbon isotope ratios of 151 species of native and invasive plants across a wide aridity gradient, allowing him to rank species by their sensitivity to aridity. This information can be used to predict which plants will be the most and least sensitive to ongoing climate change and can be used for conservation planning and predict how our vegetation will change.
Potential decoupling of plant and ant communities under climate change (Stefan Caddy- Retalic) Under climate change, many species will be forced to migrate to maintain suitable conditions. Plants and ants are two of the dominant groups in terrestrial ecosystems, and have tight linkages through pollination, herbivory, defence and a range of other interactions. Despite these close linkages, plants and ants may be very differently affected by predicted climate change, and forced to migrate in different ways, disrupting species interactions and ecosystem function. Stefan is using the plant and ant composition data collected at Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park and the other Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park sites, combined with high resolution climate projections, to predict whether these terrestrial systems are likely to remain intact or degrade over the next century.
Opportunities for Integrated Ecological Analysis across Inland Australia with Standardised Data from Ausplots Rangelands (Greg Guerin)
How species abundance distributions (SADs) vary over climatic gradients is a key question for the influence of environmental change on ecosystem processes. Greg Guerin is a researcher based at the University of Adelaide. He first set up the plots some of the plots on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park prior to the AusPlots visit. Greg has undertaken analysis on the entire plot network (Including Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park) He has found linear relationships between SAD shape and rainfall within grassland and shrubland communities, indicating more uneven abundance in deserts and suggesting relative abundance may shift as a consequence of climate change, resulting in altered diversity and ecosystem function.
Floristic and structural assessment of Australian rangeland vegetation with standardized plot based surveys (Zdravko Baruch)
Vegetation classification at a continental scale has been lacking over the rangelands in Australia due to a lack of consistent data beyond state and regional levels. Zdravko undertook an integrated and comparative environmental, floristic and structural description of rangeland vegetation based on the AusPlots Surveys. His results offer a tentative classification scheme that is novel, ecologically sound and coherent in terms of floristic composition and structural attributes.
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Variation in chain-length of leaf wax n-alkanes in plants and soils across Australia (Sian Howard) Leaf waxes are produced by plants to protect their leaves and one of their dominant components, n-alkanes, preserve well in soils and sediments and are readily used for reconstructing past vegetation and climate. Using plants and soils from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park and other sites, Sian found that longer-chained n-alkanes were associated with grasses and shorter-chained n-alkanes were associated with trees but that the n-alkanes in the soils were not related to that of the current dominant vegetation. This lack of correlation between current vegetation and soils suggests that n-alkanes may travel large distances and/or be retained in the surface soil despite a change in the local vegetation community.
The Biomes of Australian Soil Environments (Andrew Bissett) Soil samples from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park were subjected to DNA metabarcoding, a genetic screening technique for establishing the diversity of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes and fungi. The BASE project has generated a database of microbial diversity with associated metadata across extensive environmental gradients at continental scale. As the characterisation of microbes rapidly expands, the BASE database provides an evolving platform for interrogating and integrating microbial diversity and function. BASE will evolve as a valuable tool for documenting an often overlooked component of biodiversity and the many microbe-driven processes that are essential to sustain soil function and ecosystem services.
The extent of forest in dryland biomes (Jean-Francois Bastin) The vegetation cover data from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park was also part of a recent mapping project undertaken by the Food and Agriculture arm of the UN. They were able to show that in 2015, 1327 million hectares of drylands had more than 10% tree-cover, and 1079 million hectares comprised forest. Their estimate is 40 to 47% higher than previous estimates, corresponding to 467 million hectares of forest that have never been reported before. This increases current estimates of global forest cover by at least 9%.
Herbarium Collections The AusPlots program works very closely with state and national herbaria to help augment their collections to enable research and to better understand species distributions. Located in valuable areas of native vegetation, the plant collections made on Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park have been eagerly accepted by the South Australian and National Herbarium. These specimens are currently being professionally mounted and preserved and will form a permanent part of their collection, which is available to botanical researchers globally to support ongoing research.
For more information More information on the AusPlots facility can be found on our website www.AusPlots.org
For more information regarding the survey work on the Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park and assistance downloading and utilising the data from AEKOS and Soils2Satellites contact Emrys Leitch, AusPlots Field Survey Officer, [email protected]
For more information regarding the AusPlots facility, contact Ben Sparrow, AusPlots Director, [email protected]
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Summary of AusPlots data and samples from Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
AusPlots Data and Samples Count
Total Collections 227
Total Leaf Tissue Samples 346
Total number of soil samples 119
Total weight of soil (kg) 119
Number of Sites with Basal wedge 3
Total metagenomic samples 45
Total metagenomic weight (kg) 23
Appendix 2. Plot locations
Plot Name Date Location latitude longitude
SATFLB0021 14-Aug-13 Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park. 15.7km north -30.41120278 139.2209833 west of Balcanoona homestead. 15.6km south west of Arkaroola Village.
SATFLB0022 14-Aug-13 Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park. 16km north -30.40600556 139.2260583 west of Balcanoona homestead. 15km south west of Arkaroola village.
SATFLB0023 15-Aug-13 Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park. 9.3km east -30.59943611 139.0736139 south east of Neppunna.
SATSTP0001 10-Aug-13 Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park. 13km east -30.56166389 139.4363139 south east of Balcanoona homestead
SATSTP0002 12-Aug-13 Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park. 6km west of -30.65632778 139.5473556 edge of lake Frome. 27km south east of Balcanoona homestead.
11 Appendix 3. Point intercept data
Plot name Herbarium ID Common name Approx. % cover SA Cons. Status
SATFLB0021 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass 34.55
SATFLB0021 Melaleuca uncinata Broom Bush 5.64
SATFLB0021 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box 3.66
SATFLB0021 Eucalyptus flindersii Grey mallee 1.49
SATFLB0021 Callitris glaucophylla White Cypress 1.19
SATFLB0022 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box 17.33
SATFLB0022 Eucalyptus dumosa Bunurdurk 6.04
SATFLB0022 Paspalidium constrictum Box Grass 5.94
SATFLB0022 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass 5.74
SATFLB0022 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush 2.77
SATFLB0022 Senna artemisioides subsp. x 1.39 artemisioides
SATFLB0022 Goodenia fascicularis Silky Goodenia 1.19
SATFLB0022 Einadia nutans subsp. nutans 1.19
SATFLB0023 Senna artemisioides subsp. x 12.67 petiolaris
SATFLB0023 *Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed 3.37
SATFLB0023 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae 1.58
SATFLB0023 Senna artemisioides subsp. x 1.39 coriacea
SATSTP0001 Astrebla pectinata Barley Mitchell Grass 12.67
SATSTP0001 Enneapogon avenaceus (dead) Bottle Washers 6.93
SATSTP0001 Enneapogon avenaceus Bottle Washers 6.83
SATSTP0001 Eragrostis setifolia Bristly Love-grass 4.16
SATSTP0001 Sclerolaena longicuspis (dead) 1.39
SATSTP0002 Acacia ligulata Dune Wattle 7.43
SATSTP0002 Enchylaena tomentosa var. 4.75 tomentosa
SATSTP0002 Sida ammophila Sand Sida 2.38
SATSTP0002 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida 2.28
SATSTP0002 Acacia ligulata (dead) Dune Wattle 1.78
SATSTP0002 Rhagodia spinescens Berry Saltbush 1.29
SATSTP0002 Aristida arida 0.10 Rare Species
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Appendix 4. Substrate and growth form
Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0021 Leaf litter 73.27 SATFLB0021 Hummock grass 34.55 SATFLB0021 Rock 14.16 SATFLB0021 Shrub 5.84 SATFLB0021 Bare ground 6.04 SATFLB0021 Tree/Palm 4.85 SATFLB0021 Outcrop 3.07 SATFLB0021 Tree Mallee 1.49 SATFLB0021 Cryptogam 1.68 SATFLB0021 Forb 1.49 SATFLB0021 Gravel 0.99 SATFLB0021 Tussock grass 0.99 SATFLB0021 Coarse woody debris 0.79 SATFLB0021 Fern 0.10 SATFLB0021 Chenopod 0.10 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0022 Leaf litter 62.28 SATFLB0022 Tree Mallee 20.69 SATFLB0022 Rock 17.52 SATFLB0022 Tussock grass 7.72 SATFLB0022 Cryptogam 9.11 SATFLB0022 Hummock grass 5.74 SATFLB0022 Bare ground 6.83 SATFLB0022 Shrub 5.05 SATFLB0022 Coarse woody debris 2.28 SATFLB0022 Shrub Mallee 2.48 SATFLB0022 Gravel 1.78 SATFLB0022 Forb 2.28 SATFLB0022 Outcrop 0.20 SATFLB0022 Tree/Palm 0.79 SATFLB0022 Chenopod 0.59 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATFLB0023 Cryptogam 38.61 SATFLB0023 Shrub 8.42 SATFLB0023 Bare ground 22.08 SATFLB0023 Forb 5.25 SATFLB0023 Leaf litter 20.79 SATFLB0023 Tussock grass 0.99 SATFLB0023 Gravel 17.33 SATFLB0023 Chenopod 0.30 SATFLB0023 Coarse woody debris 0.59 SATFLB0023 Rock 0.59 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATSTP0001 Leaf litter 46.44 SATSTP0001 Tussock grass 23.86 SATSTP0001 Bare ground 25.35 SATSTP0001 Chenopod 1.88 SATSTP0001 Cryptogam 14.75 SATSTP0001 Forb 0.50 SATSTP0001 Gravel 6.93 SATSTP0001 Shrub 0.10 SATSTP0001 Rock 6.53 Plot Name Substrate Approx % substrate Plot Name Growth Form Approx % of Growth Forms SATSTP0002 Bare ground 55.05 SATSTP0002 Shrub 8.02 SATSTP0002 Leaf litter 37.13 SATSTP0002 Chenopod 7.13 SATSTP0002 Gravel 3.96 SATSTP0002 Forb 6.14 SATSTP0002 Cryptogam 2.77 SATSTP0002 Tussock grass 1.58 SATSTP0002 Coarse woody debris 0.99 SATSTP0002 Tree/Palm 0.69 SATSTP0002 Rock 0.10 SATSTP0002 Epiphyte 0.10
13 Appendix 5. Structural Summary
Plot name Structural description
SATFLB0021 Eucalyptus intertexta / Eucalyptus flindersii open mallee woodland with Callitris glaucophylla. A Triodia scariosa ground stratum and a mixed mid stratum dominated by Melaleuca uncinata with Eremophila (several species) and Senna artemisioides (2 subspecies) and younger mallee shrubs.
SATFLB0022 Eucalyptus intertexta low mallee woodland with Eucalyptus dumosa. A ground stratum of Setaria constricta, Triodia scariosa and Ptilotus obovatus.
SATFLB0023 Senna artemisioides subsp. petiolaris low sparse shrubland with ground stratum dominated by Carrichtera annua with scattered Zygophyllum iodocarpum and Enneapogon cylindricus.
SATSTP0001 Astrebla pectinata low open tussock grassland with Enneapogon avenaceus. Scattered Sclerolaena spp. also in ground stratum.
SATSTP0002 Acacia ligulata tall sparse shrubland with Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa and scattered Santalum lanceolatum. Some isolated Maireana pyramidata in mid stratum. Tussock grasses, mainly Enneapogon spp. and Sida fibulifera in ground stratum
14 Appendix 6. Soil Classification
Sample Upper Lower Plot name pH EC Effervescence depth depth
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 6.7 0.04 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 6.9 0.04 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 7 0.1 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 7.6 0.21 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0.4 0.5 7.9 0.33 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0.5 0.6 8.1 0.41 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Pit 0.6 0.7 8.4 0.29 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0021 Sampled from Subsite 1 0 10 6.2 0.387 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0022 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 7.5 0.04 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0022 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 7.4 0.06 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0022 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 7.6 0.14 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0022 Sampled from Subsite 1 0 10 6.6 0.414 Non-calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 9.2 0.1 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 8.4 0.94 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 8.2 2 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 8 2.23 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.4 0.5 8.2 2.3 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.5 0.6 8.2 2.55 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.6 0.7 8.3 2.26 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.7 0.8 8.4 2.1 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Pit 0.8 0.9 8.5 1.97 Very highly calcareous
SATFLB0023 Sampled from Subsite 1 0 10 7.8 0.944 Highly Calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 9.6 0.13 Non-calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 8.8 0.05 Non-calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 9.5 0.08 Slightly calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0.4 0.5 9.4 0.13 Slightly calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0.5 0.6 9.5 0.18 Moderately calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0.6 0.7 9.3 0.39 Highly calcareous
SATSTP0001 Sampled from Pit 0.7 0.8 9.2 0.62 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0 0.1 7.7 0.05 Moderately calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.1 0.2 7.7 0.07 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.2 0.3 7.7 0.07 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.3 0.4 7.9 0.08 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.4 0.5 8.1 0.12 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.5 0.6 8.5 0.21 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.6 0.7 8.5 0.29 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.7 0.8 8.5 0.29 Very highly calcareous
SATSTP0002 Sampled from Pit 0.8 0.9 8.4 0.33 Highly calcareous
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Appendix 7. Bulk density
Plot name Sample depth Fine earth weight Fine earth bulk density
SATFLB0023 0-10cms 303.37 1.45
SATFLB0023 10-20cms 283.52 1.35
SATFLB0023 20-30cms 319.27 1.53
SATSTP0001 0-10cms 317.41 1.52
SATSTP0001 10-20cms 280.07 1.34
SATSTP0001 20-30cms 294.61 1.41
SATSTP0002 0-10cms 362.56 1.73
SATSTP0002 10-20cms 339.49 1.62
SATSTP0002 20-30cms 343.68 1.64
Appendix 8. Plant collection
* Denotes introduced species
Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status
SATFLB0021 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara
SATFLB0021 Actinobole uliginosum Camel Dung
SATFLB0021 Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Grass
SATFLB0021 Brachyscome ciliaris var. lyrifolia
SATFLB0021 Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily
SATFLB0021 Calandrinia eremaea Small Purslane
SATFLB0021 Callitris glaucophylla White Cypress
SATFLB0021 Calotis hispidula Bindy eye
SATFLB0021 Cassinia complanata Smooth Cassinia
SATFLB0021 Cheilanthes distans Bristly Cloak Fern
SATFLB0021 Cheilanthes lasiophylla Woolly Cloak Fern
SATFLB0021 Chrysocephalum semipapposum Clustered Everlasting
SATFLB0021 Cymbopogon ambiguus Lemon Grass
SATFLB0021 Daucus glochidiatus Australian Carrot
SATFLB0021 Digitaria brownii Cotton Grass
SATFLB0021 Dodonaea microzyga var. microzyga
SATFLB0021 Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima
SATFLB0021 Einadia nutans subsp. nutans
SATFLB0021 Enneapogon avenaceus Bottle Washers
SATFLB0021 Enneapogon nigricans Black-heads
SATFLB0021 Eragrostis parviflora Lovegrass
SATFLB0021 Eremophila deserti Turkey-bush
SATFLB0021 Eremophila freelingii Limestone Fuchsia
SATFLB0021 Eriachne mucronata Mountain Wanderrie Grass
SATFLB0021 Eriochiton sclerolaenoides Woolly Bindii
SATFLB0021 Eucalyptus flindersii Grey mallee
SATFLB0021 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box
SATFLB0021 Galium migrans
SATFLB0021 Gonocarpus sp.
SATFLB0021 Goodenia fascicularis Silky Goodenia
SATFLB0021 Goodenia havilandii Hill Goodenia
SATFLB0021 Goodenia vernicosa
SATFLB0021 Hakea rugosa Dwarf Hakea
SATFLB0021 Halgania cyanea Blue Halgania
SATFLB0021 Hybanthus monopetalus Lady's Slipper
SATFLB0021 Hypochaeris glabra Dandelion
SATFLB0021 Isoetopsis graminifolia Grass Buttons
SATFLB0021 Leiocarpa leptolepis Pale Plover-daisy
Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status
SATFLB0021 Leiocarpa semicalva subsp. semicalva
SATFLB0021 Lepidium papillosum Warty Peppercress
SATFLB0021 Lomandra multiflora subsp. dura
SATFLB0021 Lysimachia arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel
SATFLB0021 Melaleuca uncinata Broom Bush
SATFLB0021 Nicotiana goodspeedii Small-flower Tobacco
SATFLB0021 Olearia decurrens Clammy Daisy-bush
SATFLB0021 Portulaca oleracea Pig Weed
SATFLB0021 Prostanthera striatiflora Striated or Striped Mintbush
SATFLB0021 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush
SATFLB0021 Rhodanthe pygmaea Pigmy Sunray
SATFLB0021 Rostellularia adscendens var. pogonanthera
SATFLB0021 Sauropus trachyspermus Slender Spurge
SATFLB0021 *Schismus barbatus Arabian Grass
SATFLB0021 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides
SATFLB0021 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida
SATFLB0021 Sida petrophila Rock Sida
SATFLB0021 Sigesbeckia australiensis Cobber Weed
SATFLB0021 Solanum cleistogamum
SATFLB0021 Solanum ellipticum Hillside Flannel Bush
SATFLB0021 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle
SATFLB0021 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass
SATFLB0021 Vittadinia pterochaeta Rough Fuzzweed
SATFLB0021 Vittadinia sulcata Furrowed New Holland Daisy
SATFLB0022 Acacia havilandiorum Haviland's Wattle
SATFLB0022 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara
SATFLB0022 Aristida nitidula
SATFLB0022 Austrostipa elegantissima Elegant Spear-grass
SATFLB0022 Austrostipa scabra subsp. falcata
SATFLB0022 Bulbine alata Native Leek
SATFLB0022 Calandrinia eremaea Small Purslane
SATFLB0022 Callitris glaucophylla White Cypress
SATFLB0022 Calotis hispidula Bindy eye
SATFLB0022 Cassinia complanata Smooth Cassinia
SATFLB0022 Chamaescilla corymbosa var. corymbosa
SATFLB0022 Cheilanthes lasiophylla Woolly Cloak Fern
SATFLB0022 Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi
SATFLB0022 Digitaria brownii Cotton Grass
SATFLB0022 Dodonaea microzyga var. microzyga
SATFLB0022 Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima
SATFLB0022 Einadia nutans subsp. nutans
SATFLB0022 Eragrostis parviflora Lovegrass
Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status
SATFLB0022 eremophila freelingii Limestone Fuchsia
SATFLB0022 Eremophila longifolia Berrigan
SATFLB0022 Eremophila maculata subsp. maculata
SATFLB0022 Eremophila oppositifolia Twin leaf Emu-bush
SATFLB0022 Eriachne mucronata Mountain Wanderrie Grass
SATFLB0022 Eriochiton sclerolaenoides Woolly Bindii
SATFLB0022 Erodium crinitum Blue Storkbill
SATFLB0022 Eucalyptus dumosa Bunurdurk
SATFLB0022 Eucalyptus intertexta Red Box
SATFLB0022 Exocarpos aphyllus Current Bush
SATFLB0022 Glycine rubiginosa
SATFLB0022 Goodenia fascicularis Silky Goodenia
SATFLB0022 Goodenia havilandii Hill Goodenia
SATFLB0022 Halgania cyanea Blue Halgania
SATFLB0022 Hibiscus sturtii var. grandiflorus
SATFLB0022 Isoetopsis graminifolia Grass Buttons
SATFLB0022 Leiocarpa leptolepis Pale Plover-daisy
SATFLB0022 Leiocarpa semicalva subsp. semicalva
SATFLB0022 Lepidium papillosum Warty Peppercress
SATFLB0022 Lomandra multiflora subsp. dura
SATFLB0022 Melaleuca uncinata Broom Bush
SATFLB0022 Nicotiana occidentalis subsp. obliqua
SATFLB0022 Oxalis perennans Woody-root oxalis
SATFLB0022 Paspalidium constrictum Box Grass
SATFLB0022 Prostanthera striatiflora Striated or Striped Mintbush
SATFLB0022 Ptilotus obovatus Cotton Bush
SATFLB0022 Rhodanthe pygmaea Pigmy Sunray
SATFLB0022 Rostellularia adscendens var. pogonanthera
SATFLB0022 Rytidosperma setaceum Smallflower Wallaby Grass
SATFLB0022 Sauropus rigens
SATFLB0022 Senna artemisioides subsp. alicia
SATFLB0022 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides
SATFLB0022 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida
SATFLB0022 Sida petrophila Rock Sida
SATFLB0022 *Sisymbrium erysimoides Smooth Mustard
SATFLB0022 solanum ellipticum Hillside Flannel Bush
SATFLB0022 Solanum petrophilum Prickly Nightshade
SATFLB0022 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle
SATFLB0022 Triodia scariosa Porcupine Grass
SATFLB0022 Vittadinia sulcata Furrowed New Holland Daisy
SATFLB0023 Acacia tetragonophylla Kurara
SATFLB0023 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae
Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status
SATFLB0023 Arabidella filifolia
SATFLB0023 Atriplex acutibractea subsp. acutibractea
SATFLB0023 Atriplex vesicaria Bladder Saltbush
SATFLB0023 Austrostipa nitida Balcarra Grass
SATFLB0023 Bulbine alata Native Leek
SATFLB0023 *Carrichtera annua Ward's Weed
SATFLB0023 Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed
SATFLB0023 Dodonaea microzyga var. microzyga
SATFLB0023 Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa
SATFLB0023 Enneapogon cylindricus Jointed Bottlewashers
SATFLB0023 Euphorbia drummondii Balsam
SATFLB0023 Euphorbia flindersica
SATFLB0023 Glycine rubiginosa
SATFLB0023 Goodenia fascicularis Silky Goodenia
SATFLB0023 Lysiana exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe
SATFLB0023 Maireana trichoptera Pink-seeded Bluebush, Downy Bluebush
SATFLB0023 Rytidosperma caespitosum Ringed Wallaby Grass
SATFLB0023 Salsola australis
SATFLB0023 Sclerolaena obliquicuspis Limestone Bindii
SATFLB0023 Senna artemisioides subsp. x artemisioides
SATFLB0023 Senna artemisioides subsp. x coriacea
SATFLB0023 Senna artemisioides subsp. x petiolaris
SATFLB0023 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida
SATFLB0023 Sida intricata Neverfail
SATFLB0023 Solanum quadriloculatum Tomato Bush
SATFLB0023 Vittadinia sulcata Furrowed New Holland Daisy
SATFLB0023 Zygophyllum iodocarpum Violet Twin-leaf
SATSTP0001 Arabidella filifolia
SATSTP0001 Astrebla pectinata Barley Mitchell Grass
SATSTP0001 Atriplex spongiosa Pop Saltbush
SATSTP0001 Brachyscome ciliaris var. lanuginosa
SATSTP0001 Calotis hispidula Bindy eye
SATSTP0001 Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed
SATSTP0001 Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius
SATSTP0001 Enneapogon avenaceus Bottle Washers
SATSTP0001 Eragrostis setifolia Bristly Love-grass
SATSTP0001 Eremophila freelingii Limestone Fuchsia
SATSTP0001 Erodium crinitum Blue Storkbill
SATSTP0001 Euphorbia tannensis
SATSTP0001 Gnephosis arachnoidea
SATSTP0001 Goodenia fascicularis Silky Goodenia
SATSTP0001 Hibiscus brachysiphonius Low Hibiscus
Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status
SATSTP0001 Leiocarpa websteri
SATSTP0001 Maireana ciliata Fissure Weed
SATSTP0001 *Malvastrum americanum Malvastrum
SATSTP0001 Nicotiana simulans Native Tobacco
SATSTP0001 Podaxis pistillaris
SATSTP0001 Rhodanthe floribunda Common White Sunray
SATSTP0001 Salsola australis
SATSTP0001 Sclerolaena brachyptera
SATSTP0001 Sclerolaena divaricata Tangled Copper-burr
SATSTP0001 Sclerolaena limbata
SATSTP0001 Sclerolaena longicuspis
SATSTP0001 Senecio lanibracteus Desert Groundsel
SATSTP0001 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida
SATSTP0001 Solanum quadriloculatum Tomato Bush
SATSTP0001 Sporobolus actinocladus Fairy Grass
SATSTP0001 Vittadinia sulcata Furrowed New Holland Daisy
SATSTP0001 Zygophyllum ovatum Dwarf Twin-leaf
SATSTP0002 Abutilon leucopetalum Desert Chinese Lantern
SATSTP0002 Acacia ligulata Dune Wattle
SATSTP0002 Acacia victoriae subsp. victoriae
SATSTP0002 Aristida arida Rare Species
SATSTP0002 Casuarina pauper Belah
SATSTP0002 *Cenchrus ciliaris A Buffel Grass
SATSTP0002 Convolvulus remotus Grassy Bindweed
SATSTP0002 Dissocarpus paradoxus Cannonball Burr
SATSTP0002 Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustissima
SATSTP0002 Dysphania cristata Crested Crumbweed
SATSTP0002 Einadia nutans subsp. eremaea
SATSTP0002 Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa
SATSTP0002 Enneapogon avenaceus Bottle Washers
SATSTP0002 Enneapogon cylindricus Jointed Bottlewashers
SATSTP0002 Eragrostis dielsii Mallee Love-grass
SATSTP0002 Eremophila sturtii Budda Bush
SATSTP0002 Euphorbia drummondii Balsam
SATSTP0002 Lysiana exocarpi Harlequin Mistletoe
SATSTP0002 Maireana pyramidata Black Bluebush
SATSTP0002 Nicotiana simulans Native Tobacco
SATSTP0002 Paractaenum novae-hollandiae subsp. reversum
SATSTP0002 Pimelea microcephala subsp. microcephala
SATSTP0002 Rhagodia spinescens Berry Saltbush
SATSTP0002 Salsola australis
SATSTP0002 Santalum lanceolatum Blue Bush
Plot name Herbarium determination Common name SA Cons. Status
SATSTP0002 Sclerolaena obliquicuspis Limestone Bindii
SATSTP0002 Senecio spanomerus
SATSTP0002 Senna artemisioides subsp. x coriacea
SATSTP0002 Sida ammophila Sand Sida
SATSTP0002 Sida fibulifera Pin Sida
SATSTP0002 Solanum quadriloculatum Tomato Bush
SATSTP0002 *Sonchus oleraceus Annual Sowthistle
SATSTP0002 Swainsona burkittii Woolly Darling Pea
SATSTP0002 Tetragonia eremaea Desert Spinach
SATSTP0002 Triraphis mollis Feather Top
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