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The Gattilusio Lordships and the Aegean World 1355–1462 the Medieval Mediterranean

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The Gattilusio Lordships and the Aegean World 1355–1462 the Medieval Mediterranean The Gattilusio Lordships and the Aegean World 1355–1462 The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400–1500 Managing Editor Frances Andrews St. Andrews Editors David Abulafia, Cambridge Benjamin Arbel, Tel Aviv Hugh Kennedy, SOAS, London Paul Magdalino, Koç University, Istanbul Olivia Remie Constable, Notre Dame Larry J. Simon, Western Michigan University VOLUME 100 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mmed The Gattilusio Lordships and the Aegean World 1355–1462 By Christopher Wright LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover illustration: The castle of Methymna, Lesbos. © Photograph Christopher Wright Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wright, Christopher, Ph.D. The Gattilusio lordships and the Aegean world, 1355–1462 / by Christopher Wright. pages cm. — (The medieval Mediterranean : peoples, economies and cultures, 400–1500, ISSN 0928-5520 ; volume 100) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26469-4 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-26481-6 (e-book) 1. Gattilusio, Francesco, 1332-1384—Family. 2. Pirates—Aegean Sea Region—Biography. 3. Archons—Biography. 4. Aegean Sea Region—History. 5. Aegean Sea Region—Politics and government. 6. Lesbos Island (Greece)—Biography. 7. Genoa (Italy)—Biography. 8. Power (Social sciences)—Aegean Sea Region—History—To 1500. 9. Byzantine Empire— Relations—Aegean Sea Region. 10. Aegean Sea Region—Relations—Byzantine Empire. I. Title. DF261.A177W75 2014 949.5’82040922—dc23 2013040580 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0928-5520 ISBN 978-90-04-26469-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26481-6 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, and IDC Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ vii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................... ix Maps .................................................................................................................... xi Family Tree of the Gattilusio Lords .......................................................... xvii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Sources ........................................................................................................ 7 The Geographical Setting ...................................................................... 14 Secondary Literature ............................................................................... 22 Structure ..................................................................................................... 26 1 Political Context and Development ................................................... 29 Background ................................................................................................ 29 The Lordships before the Battle of Ankara ...................................... 39 From the Battle of Ankara to the Fall of Constantinople ........... 52 The Last Years ........................................................................................... 66 2 Byzantium: Sovereignty and Legitimacy ........................................... 77 The Place of the Lordships in Byzantine Government ................ 78 Family Relationships and Dynastic Struggles ................................. 96 Legitimacy and Mutual Advantage ..................................................... 105 The Self-Representation of the Regime ............................................. 114 The Impact of the Byzantine Connection ........................................ 124 3 Genoa: Migration and Solidarity ......................................................... 129 The Place of the Lordships in the Genoese World ........................ 132 Solidarity with the Genoese Community ......................................... 144 Physical and Financial Disengagement from the Metropolis .... 152 Family Connections and Representatives in Genoa ..................... 162 Conflict Within the Community ......................................................... 168 The Alum Industry and Genoese Commerce .................................. 172 4 The Lordships as a Network: Family and Enterprise .................... 187 Dynastic Policy and the Distribution of Power .............................. 188 The Role of the Extended Family in the Lordships ....................... 194 vi contents Commercial Connections ...................................................................... 201 Divergent Patterns of Trade ................................................................. 218 Piracy ........................................................................................................... 234 5 Inside the Lordships: Communities and Government ................. 245 Inhabitants of the Lordships ................................................................ 246 Financial Resources ................................................................................ 254 Latin Settlement ...................................................................................... 260 Governmental Forms and Functionaries ......................................... 266 Religious Institutions .............................................................................. 286 High Culture, Community Relations and the Union .................... 302 6 Latin Christendom: Common Causes and Compromises ........... 319 Incentives and Disincentives ............................................................... 321 Crusading against the Turks ................................................................. 326 The Pursuit of Goodwill ........................................................................ 339 Church Union ........................................................................................... 345 The Attitudes of Others ......................................................................... 348 7 The Turks: Security and Submission ................................................. 359 Forces of Attraction and Repulsion ................................................... 360 Turkish Division and Unification ....................................................... 366 Ottoman Crisis and Recovery .............................................................. 374 Failure to Endure ..................................................................................... 386 The Impetus for Conquest .................................................................... 393 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 399 Appendix 1: Old Phokaia .............................................................................. 407 Appendix 2: Territorial Acquisitions in the Northern Aegean ......... 413 Appendix 3: The Alum of Maroneia ......................................................... 419 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 423 Index ................................................................................................................... 451 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book began life as my doctoral thesis prepared at Royal Holloway, University of London, and my deepest thanks are due to the unstinting help and support of my supervisor, Jonathan Harris, and of my advisor, the late Julian Chrysostomides, without which the book would never have seen the light of day. The work has benefited from the recommendations of Peter Lock, Brenda Bolton, Peregrine Horden and Jonathan Philips, who read elements of it in earlier forms, as well as to peer reviewers who remain anonymous to me but have contributed greatly to its development. It has also been enhanced by the invaluable guidance and advice I have received at various times over the years from Andreas Mazarakis, Thierry Ganchou, Enrico Basso, Anthony Luttrell and Catherine Otten-Froux. I am indebted to the generosity of the Arts and Humanities Research Council, who fully funded my doctoral research, and of the Royal Historical Society and the University of London Central Research Fund, who helped to cover the costs of overseas travel. I wish to thank also the staff of all the libraries and archives whose collections I have been permitted to consult, but most particularly those of the Archivio di Stato, Genoa. Last but not least, I am grateful for the guidance and patience of Julian Deahl, Marcella Mulder, Rachel Crofut and all at Brill in bringing the work to final fruition. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Periodicals AALSL
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