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WSN 133 (2019) 98-120 EISSN 2392-2192

Density Effect of Vegetation on Gastropods on Pandansari Mangrove Ecotourism Forest, Kaliwlingi Village, Brebes Central Java

Siska Nurfitriani*, Walim Lili, Herman Hamdani and Asep Sahidin Faculty of Marine Sciences, Padjdajaran University, Sumedang, *E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This research was conducted on November 2018 - January 2019. The method used was the survey method by making direct observations on the stations that have been determined. The results of the research include two types of found, they are Rhizophora stylosa and Aviciena marina. The highest mangrove density was found at station 1, as many as 2302 ind / ha which dominated by R. stylosa. Gastropods found were Casidulla aurisfelis, sp., C. cingulate, C. alata, C. obtusa, Polinices sp., sp., Tarebia sp., telescopium, and flammea. The Diversity Index obtained is 0.998 - 2.547, indicating moderate diversity. The uniformity index obtained is 0.10 - 0.27, indicating that there was a dominant community. While the relation between mangrove vegetation density and gastropods was 0.95, this shows that there is a very strong relation between the density of mangroves and gastropods.

Keywords: Brebes, Gastropods, Mangroves, Mangrove Density, Diversity Index, Uniformity Index, , , Nerithidae, Naticidae, Thiaridae,

1. INTRODUCTION

Mangrove is type of plants that forms a community in tidal areas. Pandansari mangrove ecotourism is located on the coast of Java Sea, precisely located in Pandansari, Kaliwlingi

( Received 22 March 2019; Accepted 08 April 2019; Date of Publication 06 August 2019 ) World Scientific News 133 (2019) 98-120

Village, Brebes District. Losses are often experienced by coastal communities, because of coastal erosion (Coastal Erosion) it causes the ponds damaging. The efforts being carried out by coastal communities and the regional government of Brebes to reduce the erosion of eroded areas, are to stimulate reforestation activities in coastal areas in the form of planting mangrove vegetation. More than 15 years, coastal communities and the government have been doing reforestation, especially in the types of Rhizophora and Avicennia (Fisheries and Marine Service of Brebes Regency). According to Odum (1993), biotic components can provide an overview of the physical, chemical and biological conditions of a . In the biological parameters of the one biota that can be used to determine the condition of the waters, including macrozoobenthos, besides there also the structure of macrozoobenthos is very determined by the presence of mangrove vegetation in the coastal area. Gastropod is one of the groups of macrozoobenthos from the phylum. The gatsropod is the most live biota that lives in the mangrove ecosystem. It is also associated with the mangrove ecosystem as its habitat, such as a place to take refuge, spawn, and as a foraging area for its survival. Gatropods in the mangrove ecosystem can live as epifauna (in the surface of the substrate), infauna (on the substrate), and fauna trees (attached to the roots, stems, and leaves of mangroves). The purpose of this study was to determine the gastropod community structure and to analyze the effect of the density of mangrove vegetation on gastropod community structures in the Ecotourism waters of Pandansari Brebes Mangrove Forest.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted from November 2018 to January 2019. The research area was located in Pandansari Mangrove Ecotourism, Kaliwlingi Village, Brebes. The method used in this study is a survey method by making direct observations on the stations that have been determined. Sampling was done at 4 stations with 3-time replications. The choice of stations is differentiated, based on the type of mangrove density. The stations include: a) Station 1 is located on the part that is overgrown part with high density mangrove in the point coordinates 06º47’13” S - 109º2’20” E. b) Station 2 is located in the overgrown part with a moderate density in the point coordinates 06º47’08.70”S - 109º2’16.62” E. c) Station 3 is located at overgrown section in the coordinates 06º47’09” S - 109º2’20.23” E. d) Station 4 is located at not overgrown mangrove with the point coordinates 06º47’48.09” S - 109º1’55.23” E

Gastropod sampling was carried out by using 3 vegetation observation plots which were 10 m × 10 m, in each 5 sub-plots were randomly placed, where each sub-plot was 1 m × 1 m. Measurements of physical and chemical parameters were done in situ on such as dissolved (DO), acidity (pH), salinity, and substrate. The research locations are listed in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Research Locations of Pandansari Mangrove Forest, Brebes Regency.

3. RESULTS 3. 1. General Conditions of Research Locations Brebes is a district in Central Java which is located in the north coast of Java (Pantura), so that Brebes Regency is closer to the sea waters, in particular regions including Brebes District, Wanasari District, Losari District, Tanjung District. Geographically. The location of Brebes Regency is 06º44’56.5” - 07º21’51.8” S and 108º41’37.7” - 109º11’28.92” E. Ecotourism of Pandansari mangrove forest is located in Kaliwlingi Village. This is a village that has a great potential in the fisheries, marine and tourism sectors. This location has administrative boundaries, namely west of Sawojajar Village, north of the Java Sea, east of Randusanga Village, and south of Kedunguter Village. Pandansari mangrove forest area has a land area of about 200 hectares, but 80 hectares only that have been used as tourism objects and have been planted with 2,260,000 mangrove stems.

3. 2. Physical and Chemical Water Parameters The environmental conditions at the Mangrove Forest Pandansari can be seen in Table 1, presented below.

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Table 1. Physical and chemical parameters Bodies.

Parameters of Standards (LH decree No. Results Water Quality No. 51 of 2004)

1 Temperature (ºC) 29.5 - 33.7 28 – 32

2 pH 6.35 - 7.55 7 - 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 3 5.3 – 8 > 5 mg / L (DO) (mg / L)

4 Salinity (%o) 20 – 34 0-34 ‰.

The results of measurements of physical and chemical parameters of the waters showed that the water quality parameters in Pandansari Mangrove Forest can still be tolerated by mangroves and other marine biota, and this is in accordance with the Minister of Environment Regulation No. 51 of 2004, although there are several parameters that exceed the specified standards quality, such as temperature parameters. However, according to the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51 of 2004, temperature parameters are allowed to change up to <2 ºC from natural temperatures, so that the temperature in the research area can still be tolerated by mangroves and marine organization. Measurements of currents in Central Java waters using secondary data, were obtained from the internet (accessed from https://www.ecmwf.int.). The data were taken between November 2018 and January 2019. The current speed of the average rainy season in November was 0.03 m/s, with a maximum current speed of 0.077 m/s and a minimum current speed of 0.002 m /s. The average flow speed in December was 0.046 m/s, with a maximum current speed of 0.1 m/s and the lowest current speed valued of 0.02 m/s. The average flow speed in January was 0.057 m/s, with a maximum current speed of 0.099 m/s and a minimum current speed of 0.007 m/s. The results of the current speed obtained in Central Java, including the weak current group, are due to the average current speed in the west and east seasons which are still below 0.5 m/s. This is in accordance with Yusuf's statement (2012) in Gumilang (2017). The current speed in the study area is classified as low to moderate, because it is still below 0.5 m/s which is a strong indicator of the current. The results of C-Organic measurements at each station belong to the very low class, seen in the C-Organic content at the observation station <2%, but at the station 3 the C-Organic content in the sediment is categorized as high, seen in the C-Organic content of 3.16%. This is in accordance with the statement that the organic content is categorized very high if the value is > 30%. The high ranges are from 10% - 30%, medium ranges from 4% - 10%, low ranges from 2% - 4 %, and very low are below 2%. Sediments at each station included the criteria for clay, but at station 4 included in the criteria for dusty clay. The clay is rather smooth, sticky and firmly formed soil texture, while dusty clay is a smooth, very sticky, and firmly formed soil texture (Table 2).

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Table 2. Measurement results of sediment.

C-Organic Texture Station Criteria Sand Dust Clay % Criteria (%) (%) (%) Station 1 0.7 Very Low 2 61 37 Clay

Station 2 0.93 Very Low 3 67 30 Clay

Station 3 3.16 Height 0 62 38 Clay

Station 4 0.81 Very Low 5 54 41 Dusty Clay

3. 3. Density of Mangrove Measurement result of mangrove density can be seen in Figure 2, presented below.

2500 2302

2000 a)

h 1500 1396 (ind/

y 1000 667

Densit 500 0 0 Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4

Station

Figure 2. The density of mangroves per station.

Species R. stylosa and A. marina were found in the research locations. The dominant type of mangrove, namely R. stylosa, was found at each observation station. The high number of mangroves is R. stylosa, more than A. marina . In addition, the spread of mangroves R. stylosa is very high in the mangrove area, because the mangroves flower and bear fruit every year. So, this species are more dominant than other, this type of mangrove also grows on diverse substrate to facilitate R. stylosa to grow. Station 1 has a high mangrove density with a value of 2302 ind/ha. This is based on the Decree of LH No. 201 of 2004, which states that mangroves with a density category has a

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density value of ≥ 1500 ind/ ha. Station 2 has a moderate mangrove density with a value of 1396 ind/ ha; this is based on the Decree of LH No. 201 of 2004, which states that mangroves with medium density categories have a density value of ≥ 1000 - ≤ 1500 ind/ ha. Station 3 has a moderate density of mangroves with a value of 667 ind /ha, and this is also based on the Decree of LH No. 201 of 2004 which states that mangroves with medium density categories have a density value of 1000 ind/ha (Figure 2).

3. 4. The Composition of the type of gastropod 3. 4. 1. According to Bruguière, (1789) of Casidulla aurisfelis, is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Order: Ellobida Family: Ellobiidae : Casidulla Species: Cassidula aurisfelis (Bruguière, 1789) [15-19] Distribution: Indo-Pacific & Western Atlantic coast.

Casidulla aurisfelis has the shape of a medium shell, size, thick, oval shaped and has a circular direction of the deformed shell (rotating towards the right). The color of the outer surface is blackish brown shell. On the surface of the shell, Casidulla aurisfelis has spiral cords, smooth, and shell sizes ranging from 2.5-3 cm. This habitat is found on muddy substrates in the mangrove ecosystem. It has been stated that Gastropod Casidulla aurisfelis oval had onshape of medium, thick, and elongated shells with blunt apex shape, and blackish brown shell color (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Casidulla aurisfelis found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

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3. 4. 2. According to Swainson, (1840) taxonomy of Cerithidea sp., is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Family: Potamididae Genus: Cerithidea Swainson, 1840 Species: Cerithidea sp. [20, 21] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

Cerithidea sp. is a type of gastropod found on muddy substrates and was found in 3 observation stations with a large number. Cerithidea sp. is included in the family of Potamididae. Cerithidea sp. has a body shape that resembles of Cerithidea cingulata, but there are some differences that the shell color of Cerithidea sp. is brighter than Cerithidea cingulata, while the shell of Cerithidea sp. is bright brown. The body length of Cerithidea sp. is around 3-4 cm with a shell width of 0-2 cm (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Cerithidea sp. found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 4. 3. According to Gmelin (1791) taxonomy of Cerithidea cingulata includes: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Caenogastropoda Family : Potamididae

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Genus: Cerithidea Species: Cerithidea cingulata (Gmelin 1791) [22-25] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

Cerithidea cingulata is a type of gastropod that was found in many observation stations. Cerithidea cingulata has been included to Potamididae family and found above the water substrate. These types of Gastropods usually live in liquid mud. The shape of the apex in Cerithidea cingulata is tapered, the shell length is about 3-4 cm, and the color of the shell is dark brown. Inner and outer lip are yellowish brown. at Cerithidea cingulata oval with narrow edges form an angle (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Cerithidea cingulata found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 4. 4. According to Philippi, (1849) taxonomy of Cerithidea alata, is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Caenogastropoda Family: Potamididae Genus: Cerithidea Species: Cerithidea alata (Philippi, 1849) [26-28] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

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Cerithidea alata is a type of gastropod found in mangrove roots and on the surface of muddy substrates. Cerithidea alata belongs to the family of Potamididae. Cerithidea alata has a pointed apex, shell length around 3 - 3.5 cm, yellowish brown shell color. According to Jutting (1956) Cerithidea alata is yellowish brown or dark brown with aperture rather narrow, and oval oblique with narrowed pointed angles, shiny white, and brownish (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Cerithidea alata found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 4. 5. According to Lamarck, (1822) taxonomy of Cerithidea obtusa, is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Caenogastropoda Family: Potamididae Genus: Cerithidea Species: Cerithidea obtusa (Lamarck, 1822) [29-31] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

Cerithidea obtusa is a type of Gastropoda found on muddy substrates. Cerithidea obtusa belongs to the family of Potamididae. It is commonly found in the roots and stems of mangroves with mud substrates. Cerithidea obtusa has a blunt apex, a shell length of about 3.4 - 4 cm, and

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a yellowish brown shell color. According to Jutting (1956), the shell of Cerithidea obtusa is brown or purplish brown with a slightly bright part of the suture and the base of the whorl widens with brown or yellowish color with a dark brown zone. It has glossy outer lip and inner lip. The aperture at Cerithidea obtusa is wide and circular in shape (Jutting 1956) (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Cerithidea obtusa found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 4. 6. According to Gray, (1857) taxonomy of Puperita sp., is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Family: Nerithidae Genus: Puperita Gray, 1857 Species: Puperita sp. [32-36] Distribution: Indo-Pacific & Western Atlantic coast.

Puperita sp. is a type of gastropod from the family found at 3 stations. This type of gastropod is found on a muddy substrate near the edge of a stream. Puperita sp. is a visitor gastropod and usually lives in rivers which are affected by . On the shell surface, Puperita sp. has spiral cords smooth with a mix of yellow and brown, the size of the shell ranges from 2 cm, and the aperture is circular, the outer lip and inner lip are reddish. Puperita sp. shell does not form a protruding line, but it is slippery and lurik patterned (Figure 8).

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Figure 8. Puperita sp. found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 4. 7. According to Linnaeus, (1758) taxonomy of , is namely:

Figure 9. Telescopium telescopium found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

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Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Caenogastropoda Family: Potamididae Genus: Telescopium Species: Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus 1758) [37-40] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

Telescopium telescopium is a gastropod from the Potamididae family found at 3 stations. This gastropod has a large and thick shell. The cone-shaped shell is elongated, the shape of the apex is pointed and has a round shell circular (rotating to the right). The shell is dark brown at the bottom and brighter toward the apex. Apex is not sharp and usually eroded, is high and its size is increasing. The whorl body is also relatively flat and measures a quarter of the total length of the shell. The aperture is dark brown. The length of the shell is 8.78 - 4.65 cm and the width of the shell is 4.71 - 2.81 cm. Habitat is Telescopium telescopium found in the substrate and above the water substrate (Figure 9).

3. 4. 8. According to Montfort, (1810) taxonomy of Polinices sp., is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Littrorinimorpha Family: Naticidae Genus: Polinices Montfort, 1810 Species: Polinices sp. [41-43] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

Figure 10. Polinices sp. found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

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Polinices sp. is found in almost every station in a considerable amount. Polinices sp. has been include to Naticidae family, it has a body shape like an ellipse, with a brownish body color and has a small body size and usually found clustered (Figure 10).

3. 4. 9. According to H. Adams & A. Adams, (1854) taxonomy of Tarebia sp., is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Order: Cerithiomorpha Family : Thiaridae Genus: Tarebia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 Species: Tarebia sp. [44-46] Distribution: Indo-Pacific coast.

Tarebia sp. is one of the freshwater gastropods. It was found only at station 4 where river flows. Tarebia sp. has a body height of about 1.8 - 3 cm. It has type blunt apexis with a wide and blunt chiffon curve. According to Latupapua (2011) this species eats , diatoms, and detritus around it. Habitat Tarebia sp. is found in rivers, lakes, and others (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Tarebia sp. found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 4. 10. According to Schumacher, (1817) taxonomy of Turricula flammea is namely: Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda

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Order: Family: Clavatulidae Genus: Turricula Species: Turricula flammea (Schumacher, 1817) [47-50] Distribution: Java Island, Indonesia.

Turricula flammea is one of the gastropods found in almost every observation station. Turricula flammea belongs to the Clavatulidae family. Turricula flammea has a long body shape, its body length is about 3 cm, and Turricula flammea shell is white (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Turricula flammea found in Pandansari Mangrove Forest.

3. 5. Abundance of Gastropods Gastropods found in this research included Casidulla aurisfelis, Cerithidea sp., C. cingulate, C. alata, C. obtusa, Polinices sp., Puperita sp., Tarebia sp., Telescopium telescopium, and Turricula flammea. The abundance of gastropods at station 1 is 1498 ind/m2. The abundance of gastropods at station 2 is 1299 ind/m2. The abundance of gastropods at station 3 is 601 ind/m2, and the abundance of gastropods at station 4 is 70 ind/m2. The highest gastropod abundance is found at station 1 with value of 1498 ind/m2. This is because at station 1 there is a high density of mangroves, so that litter production found at station 1 is higher than at the other stations; this is in accordance with the statement Nybakken (1992). Leaching of mangrove

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leaves will be an important organic matter for the organisms that inhabit it. In addition, according to Febrita (2015), the type of substrate and environment are influenced, especially by salinity and temperature, so they greatly affect the distribution of macrozobenthos. The lowest gastropod abundance is at station 4 with 70 ind/m2. This is due to the fact that the station 4 is not overgrown with mangroves which cause the litter production is low. Besides, in the environmental conditions of station 4 the mangrove does not cover it, so the area is directly exposed to the sunlight and rain (Figure 13).

1600 1498

1400 1299

1200 2)

m 1000

nd/ i 800 601

600 Abundance Abundance ( 400

200 70 0 1 2 3 4

Station

Figure 13. Abundance of gastropods in each station.

The highest abundance of gastropod species is found in type Casidulla aurisfelis, as much as 1924 ind/m2, because Casidulla aurisfelis was found in each observation station in an abundant amount. Casidulla aurisfelis was found sticking to the roots and trunks of mangrove trees, sometimes also found on the mud substrate. This is consistent with the statement of Hamidy (2010) that the type of Casidulla aurisfelis belongs to the gastropods which distribution pattern is grouped, and similar to the research most gastropods have a clustered distribution pattern presumably because the mangrove forest area has optimum environmental conditions for the survival of gastropods. While the lowest abundance of gastropods species for the kind Terebia sp., as much as 37 ind/m2, because Terebia sp. is found in small amounts and only found at station 4, as there is flow of the river made around Pandansari Mangrove. Terebia sp. is a type of gastropod that lives in the river flow. The Terebia sp. is a freshwater river gastropod. Also according to Latupapua (2011), the habitat of Terebia sp. is found in river areas, including tidal areas, and lakes (Figure 14).

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600 565

500 /M2) /M2)

IND 400 310 300 198

KELIMPAHAN( 200 158

81 84 100 58 30 14 0

TYPE

Figure 14. Abundance of gastropod.

3. 6. Diversity

3,000

2,547 2,506 2,500

2,000

1,500

Diversity 1,070 0,998 1,000

0,500

0,000 1 2 3 4 Station

Figure 15. Gastropod diversity index of each station.

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The highest diversity index is found at station 1 with 2,547. The high diversity value is due to stability of community and the number of gastropods distribution at station 1 is relatively even. This happens because at station 1 there is a high species density, which consists of multi mangrove species and has a muddy substrate so this ecosystem becomes a suitable place or habitat for gastropod. This is in accordance with the previous statement. The diversity found in the mangrove ecosystem at the time of this study was caused by the stability of the community, so the distribution of the number of gastropods in that location is relatively even. This happened because the location is in a location that is overgrown by mangroves, where this ecosystem is a suitable place or habitat for gastropod life. Gastropods can be found starting from the roots to the surface of the mangrove vegetation. The lowest gastropod diversity index is found at station 4 with a value of 0.998. The low diversity index value is due to the small number of gastropod species found compared to other observation stations. Station 4 is a river flow area which is not overgrown by mangroves so the gastropods that lives in station 4 are very few due to the lack of litter available at station 4. According to Arbi (2011) in Supriadi (2018), it can be explained that by various factors, including the number of species or obtained individuals, and the presence of several species is found in more abundant quantities than other species (Figure 15).

3. 7. Uniformity Index Station 1 has a uniformity index value of 0.24, station 2 has a uniformity index value of 0.10, station 3 has a uniformity index value of 0.27, and station 4 has a uniformity index value of 0.16. Gastropod uniformity index in Pandansari Mangrove Forest in each station is including the dominant community category with a uniformity index value of 0.00

0,30 0.27 0.24 0,25

0,20 0.16 0,15 0.10

niformity niformity index 0,10 U

0,05

0,00 1 2 3 4 Station

Figure 16. Uniformity index in each station.

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3. 8. Gastropoda Relationship between Mangrove Vegetation and Gastropoda The regression test results obtained a linear equation y = 0.3957 x + 174.12, with R2 value of 0.9041. The R2 value obtained shows that 90.41% of mangrove plants can affect gastropod life and 9.59% gastropod life is influenced by other factors. Regression is positive, if every mangrove density increases, the abundance of gastropods will increase as well (Figure 17). Correlation test results obtained a value of 0.95. The value of the correlation including the strong category of relation, is in accordance with the criteria which interpret the correlation coefficient into several groups such as: 0.00 – 0.199 included very low relations, 0.20 – 0.399 included low relations, 0.40 - 0.599 included moderate relations, 0.60 - 0.799 included strong relations, and 0.80 - 1,000 included very strong relations.

1400

1200 y = 0,3957x + 174,12

) R² = 0,9041 2

1000

800

600

400 Abundance Abundance of Gastropods (ind/m 200

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Density of Mangrove (ind/ha)

Figure 17. Graph of mangrove regression test with gastropods.

Relationship between the density of mangrove vegetation and the abundance of gastropods obtained shows a relationship that is directly proportional. The higher density of mangroves, the higher the abundance of gastropods that grow. This occurs because the density of mangrove vegetation influences the increase in litter production and available organic material. This is in accordance with the statement that the density of mangroves is closely related to the availability of organic matter that occurs in the environment that supports the growth of decomposers to decompose organic matter. Environmental factors that greatly influence gastropod and bivalve density are DO content, high salinity, and high mangrove density on sandy substrates.

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4. CONCLUSIONS

The conclusions from the research are as follows:

1) Community structures in Pandansari Mangrove Forest, Brebes, consist of 5 orders, 7 families, 6 genera and 10 species. Gastropods found were Casidulla aurisfelis, Cerithidea sp., C. cingulate, C. alata, C. obtusa, Polinices sp., Puperita sp., Tarebia sp., Telescopium telescopium, and Turricula flammea. 2) The relationship of density of mangrove vegetation with gastropods is directly proportional to the correlation value obtained at 0.95. The r value obtained includes the category of very strong relations.

References

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