Scientific Publications in Switzerland, 2006-2015

Scientific publications in Switzerland, 2006-2015

A bibliometric analysis of scientific research in Switzerland

Report by the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI

Contacts

Isabelle Maye, SERI Scientific Advisor, Scientific Bases Unit, National Research and Innovation Division [email protected]

Müfit Sabo, SERI

Head of Scientific Bases Unit, National Research and Innovation Division [email protected]

Publication details

Translation: Federal Chancellery English Language Service

Printed by: Federal Office for Buildings and Logistics FOBL Languages: English, French and German

ISSN: 2296-3871 2

Table of contents

The essential points in brief ...... 7 Introduction ...... 9 1 Publications: Switzerland by international comparison ...... 10 Global publications ...... 10 Switzerland in the world rankings of publications by country ...... 12 Publication intensity: publications by number of inhabitants and researchers ...... 14 1.3.1 Publications by number of inhabitants ...... 14 1.3.2 Publications by number of researchers ...... 15 ...... 16 ...... 17 Swiss publications by region...... 19 1.6.1 Breakdown of publications by region ...... 19 1.6.2 Publications by region and number of inhabitants ...... 20 1.6.3 Share of cantons in publications in their region ...... 21 1.6.4 ...... 22 1.6.5 Publications by research field and region ...... 26 Publications by institutional sector and research field ...... 28 Publications by research field and institutional sector ...... 29 2 Impact of publications ...... 30 ...... 30 Switzerland compared to the top five countries in terms of impact ...... 31 Impact by research field ...... 32 2.3.1 ...... 32 2.3.2 Classification of countries by impact and by research field ...... 33 2.3.3 ...... 34 Impact of institutional sectors in Switzerland ...... 35 ...... 36 2.5.1 Impact by region ...... 36 2.5.2 Analysis of the two most productive Swiss regions ...... 37 3 Most cited publications (Top 10% publications) ...... 38 Breakdown of Top 10% publications by country ...... 39

Top 10% publications by number of inhabitants and researchers ...... 40 3.2.1 Top 10% publications by number of inhabitants ...... 40 3.2.2 Top 10% publications by number of researchers ...... 41 Top 10% publications as a proportion of the total output of a country ...... 42 Top 10% publications by institutional sector in Switzerland ...... 43 Proportion of publications produced by each institutional sector in Switzerland which are Top 10% publications ...... 43 Top 10% publications by Swiss region ...... 44 Top 10% publications as a proportion of the total output of each region ...... 44 4 Publication partnerships ...... 45 Rates of national and international partnership ...... 45 ...... 46 Publication partnerships by Swiss region ...... 48 4.3.1 National and international partnerships by region ...... 48 4.3.2 Partnerships by country for the Zurich and Lake Geneva regions ...... 49 ...... 51 4.4.1 National and international partnerships by research field ...... 51 4.4.2 ...... 52 ...... 53 4.5.1 National and international partnerships by institutional sector ...... 53 4.5.2 Partner countries of institutional sectors of Switzerland ...... 53

Appendices ...... 55 A Results ...... 55 A. 1 Publications by world region ...... 55 A. 2 ...... 56 A. 3 Volume and world shares of publications ...... 60 A. 4 Impact ...... 61 A. 5 Top 10% publications ...... 62 A. 6 Publication profiles of countries ...... 64 A. 7 Publications of Swiss regions by institutional sector ...... 74 A. 8 Publications of the main institutions by Swiss region ...... 75 A. 9 Publications by Swiss region and research field ...... 79 A. 10 Impact of Swiss regions by research field ...... 81 A. 11 Partner countries by Swiss region ...... 85 A. 12 Interregional partnerships in Switzerland ...... 89 B Methods ...... 92 Databases ...... 92 Volume of publications ...... 92 Impact (relative citation indicator) ...... 95 Top 10% publications ...... 95 Partnerships ...... 95 Institutional sectors ...... 96 C References ...... 96

The essential points in brief

Volume of scientific publications

For the period from 2011 to 2015 Switzerland produced 1.1% of world publications, putting it in 19th place. In terms of the number of publications per inhabitant, Switzerland is the world leader with 4,286 publications per million inhabitants. In terms of the number of publications per researcher Switzerland is ranked second, with 965 publications per 1,000 researchers. Switzerland produces most publications in the Life Sciences research field (26% of national output in 2011-2015). This is followed by Clinical Medicine (24%), Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (23%), Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (11%), Social & Behavioural Sciences (8%), Engineering, Computing & Technology (7%) and Arts & Humanities (1%). The most productive institutional sector in Switzerland is the higher education sector, accounting for 71.7% of publications produced by Switzerland over the period 2011 2015. The remainder of Switzerland s output is split between the three other sectors: the research institutes sector (14.7%), the private businesses sector (7.9%) and the international organisations sector (5.6%).

For the 2011 2015 period, the Lake Geneva region was the most productive at 32.7%, almost tied with Zurich at 31.1%. They are followed by North-Western Switzerland (16.1%) and the Espace Mittelland (14.4%). The regions Eastern Switzerland, Ticino and Central Switzerland account for 2.5%, 1.7% and 1.5% of publications respectively.

Impact

The impact of publications produced in Switzerland was excellent in the period 2011 2015, with Switzerland taking third place, just behind the United States and the United Kingdom. All research fields in Switzerland (except Arts & Humanities) make an impact above the world average. If we look at the ranking by country in each field, Switzerland is always among the top-ranked countries. The four institutional sectors in Switzerland also make an impact above the world average. The higher education sector achieves the highest score (almost 20 percentage points above the world average).

Currently, four Swiss regions make an impact above the world average: Zurich (121), the Lake Geneva region (119), North-Western Switzerland (110) and the Espace Mittelland (109).

Most cited publications (Top 10%) Switzerland produces 1.5% of the publications ranked among the world s most cited publications (Top 10%), which outstrips its share of 1.1% of total world publications. This means that Switzerland has a strong presence in this category of publications with a high international profile, ranking 13th in the world. Looking at the figures from the point of view of Top 10% publications per inhabitant or per researcher, Switzerland ranks top in both cases, with 560 Top 10% publications per million inhabitants and 172 Top 10% publications per 1,000 researchers. Switzerland also does extremely well with regard to the share of Top 10% publications as a proportion of its national output, as 16.4% of publications produced in Switzerland fall into the Top 10% category. This puts Switzerland in second place behind the United States, where 17.2% of publications are in the Top 10%.

The breakdown of Top 10% publications by institutional sector in Switzerland shows the same pattern as the breakdown of worldwide publications: 71.8% come from the higher education sector, 14.1% from research institutes, 8.0% from private businesses and 6.2% from international organisations. All sectors exceed the 10% threshold, with international organisations notching up the highest share, at 18.6%.

The Lake Geneva and Zurich regions produce the vast majority of Top 10% publications, at 34.1% and 33.6% of Swiss output respectively. Concerning the share of Top 10% publications as a proportion of regional output, all regions perform well, with Zurich and the Lake Geneva region in the lead, where 17.6% and 16.8% of publications respectively are classified in the Top 10%.

Cooperations

During the 2011 2015 period, among the Swiss articles produced as a result of cooperation, 84% were the outcome of international partnerships. This figure has been on the rise since 2006 2010, not only in Switzerland, but all over the world. Of the 25 most active countries in scientific publications, four countries have a higher percentage of national partnerships than international ones. While between 2006 and 2010 researchers working in Switzerland mainly collaborated with other researchers in Switzerland (22.9%), this is no longer the case, and researchers now collaborate more with peers in the United States neighbouring important partner, accounting for 48.7% of partnerships, but there has also been an increase in collaborations with Asia (from 5% to 7.3%) and with the Middle East and North Africa (from 1.1% to 4.4%). In Switzerland, the international organisations sector has the highest rate of international partnerships: 97% for the period 2011 2015. The rate for the higher education sector is 83%, research institutes 77% and private businesses 74%. Currently, four regions have a rate of international partnerships of over 80%: the Espace Mittelland, the Lake Geneva region, North-Western Switzerland and Zurich. Ticino is at 65% and Eastern Switzerland at 57%.

Conclusion Despite increased competition in recent years, Switzerland is still one of the most competitive countries in research. It has maintained its high level of overall publication output, has achieved a high score in publications most often cited throughout the world and has maintained its high global impact and high level of international cooperation, thus showing that it is very active in research at a global level.

Introduction

Scientific research improves current knowledge or produces new knowledge, new instruments or new methods. These scientific outcomes are often described in articles in scientific journals which researchers use as the principal means of publicising their research activity. The purpose of this report is to monitor research in Switzerland and analyse the strengths and weaknesses of s position internationally. Intended as an update to the series entitled Bibliometric analysis of scientific research in Switzerland , published by SERI every two years,1 this report, like its predecessors, uses the best-known bibliometric indicators (volume, impact, cooperation status of publications, most cited publications). The 2017 edition also includes an analysis of Switzerland by geographic region, more specifically the Zurich and Lake Geneva regions.

The report starts with an overview of the total number of publications (chapter one), followed by the impact of publications (chapter two), the most cited publications worldwide (Top 10%) (chapter three) and finally chapter four addresses cooperation and partnership indicators. Each chapter starts with a global view then presents the results for Switzerland in more detail, by research field, by institutional sector and by geographic region.

Bibliometrics and its limits . 2 Bibliometrics is a quantitative approach allowing for a statistical analysis of scientific publications. It enables observation of trends in research and changes over time and among countries by means of indicators which allow countries to be ranked on a global basis or within a specific field of research. Interpreting the results requires a degree of caution as bibliometrics is not without its limitations:  The databases used include only articles published in scientific journals that have an international readership, and so do not reflect other means of publicising research such as presentations at conferences (in Engineering Sciences for example), monographs and books (in Humanities for example), or patents or ad-hoc reports (applied research).  English is normally the reference language in these international journals, which means that some publications in languages other than English are not included, although in recent years an effort has been made to increase the number of journals in languages other than English. Consequently, a degree of caution must be applied when analysing the results, especially in the fields of Social & Behavioural Sciences and Arts & Humanities. For example, a study by the University of Zurich showed that only 6% of Humanities publications and 27% of Social Sciences publications from that university are recorded in the Web of Science.2

1 ibliometric analysis of scientific research in Switzerland 1981 analysis of scientific research in Switzerland, 1981 2 Hug, S. E, & Brändle, M. P. (2017). The coverage of Microsoft Academic: Analyzing the publication output of a university. Scientometrics.

1 Publications: Switzerland by international comparison

Switzerland s publication activity can only be understood if it is placed in a broad global context. This chapter aims to achieve this by starting with a description of the trend in publications at a global level, before moving on to concentrate on Switzerland s position among the most active countries in this area.

Global publications

The number of global publications is on the rise, increasing from 12.1 million in the 2006 2010 period to 15.4 million in the 2011 2015 period (see Figure 1 which shows the number of publications per five-year period).3

Figure 1: Evolution of global publication volume

Global Increase Period publications compared to (in millions) 2006-2010 (=100)

2006-2010 12.05 2007-2011 11.99 100 2008-2012 12.09 100 2009-2013 12.67 105 2010-2014 13.82 115 2011-2015 15.41 128

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

3 scientific research in Switzerland, 1981

How publications are counted: a brief explanation

A publication is the fruit of research carried out by one or more authors working for one or more institutions in one or more countries. It is easy to attribute each researcher whose name appears on the article to an institution, and subsequently to attribute each institution to a country. However, attributing each scientific article to these authors, institutions and countries requires a method that is not simply an enumeration. How, and to whom, should we attribute a scientific article signed, for example, by 15 authors working for seven institutions in four countries?

To begin with, it is important to note that only the institutions employing the authors are counted. Each article is then recorded under the name of the institution(s) to which its authors are affiliated, rather than under the names of the authors (if multiple authors work for a single institution, then only one publication will be recorded for this institution). Then, all global publications are classified in one of the 109 defined research sub-fields (see Appendix B. 2) to reflect different citation practices in different research fields, and so that comparisons are made only among publications with the same approach to citation. Finally, a fundamental choice must be made between two counting methods: (a) fractional counting, where a fraction of an article is attributed to each of the institutions whose name appears on the article. The advantage of this method is that the number of publications exactly matches the sum of publications taken individually, but the disadvantage is that the contributions of each of the institutions are no longer visible; (b) full counting, where a publication produced by authors from several institutions is attributed in full to each address present on the article; in other words, each institution whose name appears on the article is regarded as having produced a publication. The disadvantage of this method is that it multiplies the number of publications by the number of institutions appearing on the publication. However, that is the counting method used in this report because it has the advantage of better reflecting the work of the institutions. Publication counts are performed for five-year windows. The databases used in this report are the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), the Social Science Citation Index Expanded (SSCIE) and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) produced by Clarivate Analytics (formally Thomson Reuters) for the years 2006 to 2015. See Appendix B for more details on definitions and methods.

Switzerland in the world rankings of publications by country

For the period 2011 2015, Switzerland was in 19th place in the world rankings of countries producing scientific publications, with a world share of 1.1% of publications. The United States still has the largest number of publications (world share of publications 22.9%) but has lost some of its supremacy: its share in the period 2006 2010 was 25.8%.

Two countries have made a great leap forward compared to previous periods: China, which was expected to join the countries producing the most publications due to its massive investment in research and education; and Iran, which entered the top 20 for the first time.

China has experienced the most dramatic growth in publications in recent years: in the 2006 2010 period it had a world share of 7.2%, but is now in second place with a world share approaching 11.1%. Meanwhile, in 2006 2010 Iran was ranked 23th with a 0.7% share of world production. In the 2011 2015 period, it moved up to 17th place with a 1.3% share of world production, overtaking Switzerland, in particular thanks to publications in the fields of Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences and Engineering, Computing & Technology (see Appendix A.6 for publication profiles by research field and country).

Figure 2: Share of world publications by country for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015, for the 20 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

22.9% USA 25.8% 11.1% China 7.2% 4.8% UK 5.3% 4.8% Germany 5.1% 4.6% France 5.1% 4.4% Japan 5.8% 3.8% Italy 4.0% 3.3% Canada 3.5% 2.9% Spain 2.7% 2.9% South Korea 2.5% 2.8% Australia 2.4% 2.3% India 2.0% 2.2% Brazil 2.0% 2.0% Netherlands 2.0% 1.9% Taiwan 1.8% 1.4% Turkey 1.3% 1.3% Iran 0.7% 1.2% Russia 1.3% 2011-2015 1.1% Switzerland 1.1% 2006-2010 Sweden 1.1% 1.2%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

All the countries ranked in the top 20 in the 2006 2010 period increased their publication output in absolute terms in the recent period. However, due to the strong rise in the number of publications produced by countries such as China and Iran, their world shares are in some cases in decline.

Appendix A.2 contains more detail on the evolution of the world shares of the 60 most productive countries for the period 2011 2015, and Appendix A.3 shows the absolute figures and world shares of publications of the same countries for two periods (2006 2010 and 2011 2015).

Country selection

A certain number of publications is needed as a minimum in order to obtain reliable statistical results. This minimum number is 5,000 publications over a five-year period. For the period 2011 2015, 76 of the 179 countries which produced at least one publication met this criterion.

The graphs in this report always present the top 20 countries in the ranking for the indicator in question. 4 However, other countries of interest are presented in an additional graph. These are the main countries with which Switzerland works (United States, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom) or a selection of countries which it is interesting to compare with Switzerland, such as Japan, Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, South Korea and

Taiwan.4

4 Switzerland has, among others, bilateral research programs with Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and South Korea.

Publication intensity: publications by number of inhabitants and researchers

The number and share of publications reveals scientific research effort, it is less useful when it comes to comparing different countries. This is because this indicator depends on the size of the countries: it is normal for a big country with a large population to produce more publications than a small country (obviously assuming that investment in research is more or less equivalent). To better compare the relative effort of different countries, it makes sense to use an indicator that does not depend on size, such as the number of publications by number of inhabitants or researchers. These indicators measure publication intensity irrespective of the size of the country and therefore better reflect the research effort.

1.3.1 Publications by number of inhabitants

If we rank countries by the number of publications per year per million inhabitants, Switzerland is in pole position, with over 4,000 publications (Fig. 3). All of the countries at the top of this list are small European countries, such as Switzerland, Denmark and Iceland, which outperform large countries such as the United States and China, which come in at 17th and 62nd place respectively for the period 2011 2015.

Figure 3: Publications per year and per million inhabitants, 2011 2015

The top 20 countries

Switzerland 4286 Denmark 4041 Iceland 3906 Australia 3775 Finland 3696 Netherlands 3611 Norway 3610 Sweden 3524 Canada 2869 Singapore 2772 Belgium 2528 Other countries

Taiwan 2490 Italy 1939 New Zealand 2375 Germany 1821 Slovenia 2362 South Korea 1750 UK 2318 Japan 1060 Israel 2291 Brazil 340 USA 2230 Russia 262 Ireland 2156 South Africa 262 France 2132 China 252 Austria 2054 India 55

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

1.3.2 Publications by number of researchers

Another indicator which does not depend on country size is the number of publications per number of researchers. Although this indicator has a number of weaknesses (see box), it measures publication intensity by researcher, which some authors call publication efficiency. Switzerland ranks second in the world for publications per 1,000 researchers, producing 965 publications per 1,000 researchers per year behind Italy (1,020 publications per 1,000 researchers: Fig. 4). Switzerland has slipped one place compared to the 2006 2010 period, when it topped the ranking ahead of Italy and the Netherlands.

As in the ranking of publications per million inhabitants, large publication-producing countries such as the United States and China do not feature at the top of the ranking.

Figure 4: Publications per year and per thousand researchers, 2011 2015 period

The top 20 countries

Italy 1020 Switzerland 965 Australia 868 Netherlands 833 Iran 754 Spain 723 South Africa 647 Norway 639 Canada 622 New Zealand 621 Belgium 597 Other countries Sweden 569 Denmark 560 Brazil 497 UK 554 Germany 419 USA 545 Taiwan 412 France 540 South Korea 271 Mexico 533 India 247 Turkey 529 China 233 Greece 524 Japan 204 Finland 514 Russia 85

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Publications per number of researchers

The ranking of countries based on number of publications per number of researchers depends heavily on the reliability of data about researchers. This report uses OECD data, and where these are not available, UNESCO data. As data on researchers are not updated each year or always collected using the same methodology, there can be significant variations in results and the country ranking is therefore based on unreliable data. Consequently, the indicator on publication

efficiency should be interpreted with caution.

. 15

If we break down publications into seven research fields (see box for definition of fields), we can create a profile for each country which reveals the areas where the country in question concentrates its research efforts. In Switzerland, publications are mainly concentrated in the fields of publications), Clinical Medicine (24%) and Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (23%; Fig. 5). The breakdown of publications in Switzerland is very close to the worldwide breakdown. We can note that:

- the shares of publications in the fields Life Sciences and Clinical Medicine are above the world averages - the share of publications in Engineering, Computing & Technology is below the world average.

Figure 5: Breakdown of publications by research field, Switzerland and the world, 2011 2015

Life Sciences

26% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% 1% 24% 1%

9% 21% Social and Behavioral 8% 24% Clinical Medicine Sciences 11% 11% 7% 11%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences

Switzerland World

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

A publication profile that is close to the world profile denotes diversity of research. While this is true of Switzerland, it is by no means the case for all countries. For example, Russia devotes almost its entire publication effort to the field of Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (64%. See Appendix profile and that of 59 other countries).

Definition of research fields Scientific journals are classified in seven broad research fields according to the classification system used by Current contents (see http://mjl.clarivate.com/ ): Life Sciences; Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences; Clinical Medicine; Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences; Social & Behavioural Sciences and Arts & Humanities. The research fields themselves are divided into several sub-fields. See Appendix B.2 for the full list of research fields and sub-fields.

Research institutions which produce publications in Switzerland have been divided into four institutional sectors (see box). The production of publications in Switzerland is clearly dominated by the higher education sector, which accounted for 71.7% of publications in the period 2011 2015 (Fig. 6). It is followed by the research institutes sector (14.7%), the private businesses sector (7.9%) and finally the international organisations sector (5.6%).

Figure 6: by institutional sector, 2011-2015

71.7% 14.7% 7.9% 5.6%

Higher education Research institutes Private businesses International organisations

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

The sector split has not changed much since 2006 2010 (Fig. 7), but private businesses have lost some ground, falling from 8.7% to 7.9%.

Figure 7: Evolution output

80%

70%

60% Higher education 50% Research institutes 40% Private businesses 30% International organisations 20%

10%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Institutional sectors

The breakdown of research institutions into sectors has been undertaken only for institutions located in Switzerland. Four institutional sectors were defined:

 Higher education: cantonal universities, Swiss federal institutes of technology, universities of applied sciences, private schools or universities, and teaching hospitals.

 Private businesses: private businesses in Switzerland along with private clinics and hospitals.  Research institutes: research establishments of the ETH Domain, cantonal laboratories, research institutes run by the Confederation, foundations, and all public hospitals that are not teaching hospitals.  International organisations. See definition in Appendix B.6.

Swiss publications by region

1.6.1 Breakdown of publications by region

Zurich, North-Western Switzerland, Espace Mittelland, Eastern Switzerland, Ticino and Central Switzerland.

Figure 8: Evolution of Swiss publications by region, from 2006 2010 to 2011 2015

35% 32.9% 32.7%

30% 31.6% 31.1% Lake Geneva region 25% Zurich

20% North-Western Switzerland 16.6% 16.1% Espace Mittelland 15% Eastern Switzerland 13.8% 14.4% 10% Ticino

Central Switzerland 5% 2.5% 2.5% 1.4% 1.7% 1.5% 0% 1.1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

publications ETH research institutes, several private laboratories as well as international organisations. The regions North-Western Switzerland and Espace Mittelland produce 30% and the three remaining regions (Eastern Switzerland, Ticino and Central Switzerland) generate nearly 6%. These percentages have changed very little since the first period (2006 2010).

Region definitions

to seven regions based on FSO nomenclature:

 Lake Geneva region: Geneva, Vaud and Valais.  Zurich: Zurich.  North-Western Switzerland: Aargau, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft.

 Espace Mittelland: Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn.  Eastern Switzerland: Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden.

 Ticino: Ticino.  Central Switzerland: Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug. FSO definition: https://www.media-stat.admin.ch/web/apps/glossary/index.php?n=glo-657-en

1.6.2 Publications by region and number of inhabitants

If, as for countries (see chapter 1.3.1), we take an indicator that does not take account of population, such as the number of publications per inhabitant, there is little change in the ranking of regions (Fig. 9), except that Zurich moves into the top spot ahead of the Lake Geneva region, and Ticino overtakes Eastern Switzerland.

Figure 9: Publications per year and per million inhabitants, 2011 2015

Zurich 7565 Lake Geneva region 7346 North-Western Switzerland 5047 Switzerland 4286 Espace Mittelland 2755 Ticino 1726 Eastern Switzerland 764 Central Switzerland 661

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

1.6.3 Share of cantons in publications in their region

The chart below shows the relative position of each canton within the relevant region.

While the importance of the large cantons such as Geneva, Vaud, Basel and Bern is unsurprising, that of Graubünden (j explained by the importance of research institutions and hospitals which are active in research, such as their cantonal hospitals.

Figure 10: Share of publications by canton as a proportion of the relevant region , 2011 2015

79% 80% 72% 80% 80% 49% 60% 60% 50% 60% 1% 24% 8% Jura 40% 40% 40% 2% 11% 1% 4% Solothurn Valais Neuchâtel 20% 20% Basel-Landschaft 20% Geneva Aargau Fribourg Vaud Basel-Stadt Berne 0% 0% 0% Lake Geneva region North-Western Switzerland Espace Mittelland

82% 80% 80% 63%

60% 0.2% 60% 0.5% Glarus Uri 26% 1% 1% 1% Appenzell Nidwalden 40% 10% 40% 13% 1% Schaffhausen 3% Obwalden Thurgau Schwyz 20% 20% Graubünden Zug St. Gallen Lucerne 0% 0% Eastern Switzerland Central Switzerland

100% 100% 100% 100%

80% 80%

60% 60%

40% 40%

20% 20% Zurich Ticino 0% 0% Zurich Ticino

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

1.6.4 most productive regions

most productive regions (Zurich and the Lake Geneva region) in detail. The other regions are considered in Appendices A.7 and A.8.

Zurich region (canton of Zurich)

In 2011 2015 the higher education sector accounted for 82.8% of publication output, followed by the research institutes sector (11.5%).

Figure 11: Publications by institutional sector for the Zurich region, 2011 2015

82.8% 11.5% 5.5% 0.2%

Higher education Research institutes Private businesses International organisations

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

If we look at the institutions in more detail (Fig. 12), we can see that the University of Zurich was the most productive institution, with 45% of publications, followed by the ETHZ5 at 36%. The research institutes Empa, Eawag and WSL of the ETH Domain and various institutions in the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER represent a total of 8% of publications.

Figure 12: Publications from the Zurich region, the0% 10 most productive institutions,50% 2011 2015

University of Zurich 45% ETHZ 36% Empa (Dubendorf) 3% Eawag (Dubendorf) 2% WSL (Birmensdorf) 2% Institutions of the EAER* 1% Zurich University of Applied Sciences 1% IBM 1% Schulthess Klinik 1% Triemli City Hospital 1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017 * primarily Agroscope (Reckenholz, Wädenswil) N.B.: Teaching hospitals are included in the university.

5 See list of abbreviations in Appendix A.8.

The strong presence of research institutes is reflected in the publication profile of the Zurich region, with the number of publications in the field of Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences above the Swiss average (14% versus 11%).

Engineering, Computing & Technology is also above the national averages.

Figure 13: Publication profile of the Zurich region, 2011 2015

Life Sciences

24% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 26% and Earth Sciences 25% 1% 23% 1%

8% Social and Behavioral 8% 19% Clinical Medicine Sciences 24% 7% 11% 9% 14%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences

Zurich Switzerland

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Lake Geneva region (cantons of Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

The higher education sector is the most productive sector, accounting for nearly 75% of the scientific publications from the Lake Geneva region, followed by the international organisations sector (close to 16% of publications).

Figure 14: Publications by institutional sector for the Lake Geneva region, 2011 2015

74.1% 5.3% 4.8% 15.8%

Higher education Research institutes Private businesses International organisations

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Of all the higher education institutions in the Lake Geneva region, the University of Geneva produces the most scientific publications (30%), followed by two other universities: the University of Lausanne (22%) and the EPFL6 (20%). International organisations have a strong presence in this region, with the three main ones (CERN, WHO and the United Nations) producing 13% of publications.

Figure 15: Publications from the Lake Geneva region,0% the top20% 10 institutions40%, 2011 2015

University of Geneva 30% University of Lausanne 22% EPFL 20% CERN 7% WHO 5% Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics 1% Nestlé 1% United Nations 1% HES-SO 1% ISREC 0.4%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017 N.B.: Teaching hospitals are included in universities.

6 See list of abbreviations in Appendix A.8.

The Lake Geneva region publishes an above-average share of publications in the field of Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (26% versus 23%) and in Engineering, Computing & Technology (8% versus national average of 7%).

Figure 16: Publication profile of the Lake Geneva region, 2011 2015

Life Sciences

26% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 26% and Earth Sciences 26% 1% 23% 1%

8% Social and Behavioral 8% 24% 24% Clinical Medicine Sciences 7% 11% 8% 7%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences

Lake Geneva region Switzerland

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

1.6.5 Publications by research field and region

Two research fields are particularly concentrated on the Lake Geneva and Zurich regions:

- Life Sciences: two-thirds (62%) of the publications in this field are produced in these two regions, one third (33%) in North-Western Switzerland and Espace Mittelland, and the remainder in the other regions. - Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences: 69% of publications in this field are produced in these two regions. The three smallest regions together achieve the highest share (9%) in the fields of Clinical Medicine and Social & Behavioural Sciences. Zurich is the main producer of publications in the field of Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (42%).

Figure 17: Publications by research field and region, in absolute figures and share of total publications in each research field, 2011 2015

Life Sciences Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences

Publications (number) Sciences de la vie Publications (numberPhysique,) chimie et sciences de la terre

16000 33% 16000 36% 14000 29% 14000 33% Région lémanique Région lémanique 12000 12000 Zurich Zurich 10000 20% 10000 Suisse du Nord-Ouest Suisse du Nord-Ouest 8000 Espace Mittelland8000 Espace Mittelland 13% Suisse orientale 14% 14% Suisse orientale 6000 6000 Tessin Tessin 4000 4000 Suisse centrale Suisse centrale 2000 2000 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0.3% 0 0

Clinical Medicine Physique, chimie et sciencesAgriculture, de la terre Biology & Environmental Sciences Médecine clinique Agriculture, biologie et sciences de l'environnement Publications50% (number) Publications (number) 16000 14000 45% 33% 14000 40% 36% 12000 33% Région lémanique Zurich 12000 35% 10000 Région lémanique 30% 24% Zurich 10000 42% Espace Mittelland 25% Suisse du Nord-Ouest8000 8000 18% Espace Mittelland Suisse du Nord-Ouest 20% 16% 14% 14%Suisse orientale6000 Suisse centrale 6000 15% 22% Suisse centrale 4000 19% Suisse orientale 4000 10% Tessin 12% 5% Tessin 4% 20001% 1% 0.3% 2000 3% 2% 0% 2% 2% 1% 0 0

Lake Geneva region Zurich North-Western Switzerland

Espace Mittelland Eastern Switzerland Ticino

Central Switzerland

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 17 (cont.): Publications by research field and region, in absolute figures and share of total publications in each research field, 2011 2015

Engineering, Computing & Technology Social & Behavioural Sciences PublicationsSciences (number techniques) et de l'ingénieur, informatique Publications (numberSciences) sociales et comportementales 14000 14000

12000 12000 Zurich Région lémanique 10000 Région lémanique10000 Zurich Suisse du Nord-Ouest 8000 8000 Espace Mittelland Espace Mittelland Suisse du Nord-Ouest 6000 6000 40% Tessin 35% Suisse orientale 34% 31% Suisse orientale 4000 4000 Tessin Suisse centrale 14% Suisse centrale 2000 12% 2000 10% 8% 5% 3% 2% 1% 2% 2% 0 0

Arts & Humanities Physique, chimie et sciences de la terre Publications50% (number) Sciences humaines et arts 1400045%

1200040% 36% 33% 35% Région lémanique 1000030% Zurich

25%8000 Espace Mittelland 20% Suisse du Nord-Ouest 6000 14% 14% 15% Tessin 10%4000 Suisse centrale Suisse orientale 5% 1% 2000 1% 0.3% 33% 29% 0% 21% 12% 2% 2% 2% 0 Lake Geneva region Zurich North-Western Switzerland

Espace Mittelland Eastern Switzerland Ticino

Central Switzerland

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Publications by institutional sector and research field

institutions focus their efforts. The higher education sector has a publication profile that s overall profile (Fig. 18), which is of little surprise 6). It

Medicine and 23% in the field of Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences. The research institutes sector produces slightly more in the fields of Clinical Medicine (25%) and Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (23%) and Life Sciences (21%). The research institute sector is the most active (publishing proportionally more) in the field of Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (18%). The output of the private businesses sector is mainly focused on the fields of Life Sciences (33%) and Clinical Medicine (28%). As for the international organisation sector, it has the greatest share of publications in the field of Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences (42%).

Figure 18: Publication profile by institutional sector in Switzerland, 2011 2015

Higher education Research institutes

Life Sciences Life Sciences 27% 21% Physical, Chemical and Physical, Chemical and Arts and Humanities 26% Arts and Humanities 26% 23% Earth Sciences 23% Earth Sciences 23% 23% 1% 0.4% 1% 1%

Social and Behavioral 9%8% 24% Social and Behavioral 5% 8% 25% 24% Clinical Medicine 24% Clinical Medicine Sciences 7% 11% Sciences 7% 7% 9% 8% 11% 18% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Higher education Switzerland Research institutes Switzerland

Private businesses International organisations

Life Sciences Life Sciences 33% 14% 26% Physical, Chemical and Physical, Chemical and Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 26% 42% 13% Earth Sciences 23% Earth Sciences 0.4% 23% 0.3% 1% 1% 8% Social and Behavioral 4% 8% 28% Social and Behavioral 10% 23% 24% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 7% 11% Sciences 7%11% 24% 12% 9% 4% 6% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Private businesses Switzerland International organisations Switzerland

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Publications by research field and institutional sector

The higher education sector is dominant in the production of scientific articles in all research fields, especially Social & Behavioural Sciences and Arts & Humanities, accounting for 80% and 85% of publications in these two fields in Switzerland (Fig. 19). A quarter of publications in the Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences field come from research institutes. The input of private businesses is greatest in Engineering, Computing & Technology (13%) and Life Sciences (10%).

International organisations make their largest contribution in the Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences field (producing around 10% of publications).

Figure 19: Publications by research field and institutional sector in Switzerland, 2011 2015

Engineering, Computing & Technology

67% 17% 13% 3%

Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche

Entreprises privées72% Organisations internationales14% 4% 10%

Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche

Entreprises privées65% Organisations internationales25% 7% 3%

Life Sciences Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche

Entreprises privées75% Organisations internationales12% 10% 3%

Clinical Medicine Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche Entreprises privées70% Organisations internationales15% 9% 5%

Social & Behavioural Sciences Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche

Entreprises privées80% Organisations internationales9% 4% 7%

Arts & Humanities Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche

Entreprises74.1% privées 85% Organisations5.3% internationales4.8% 15.8%8% 4% 2%

HigherHautes education écoles InstitutsResearch deinstitutes recherche Private businesses International organisations Entreprises privées Organisations internationales

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

2 Impact of publications

Impact is an indication of peer recognition: in principle, the more frequently a publication is cited, the greater impact it is considered to have on research.

Impact

The impact of Switzerland s publications is 18 points above the world average of 100 (Fig. 20), putting it in third place behind the United States and the United Kingdom. This shows that Switzerland s publications have a very large readership among fellow researchers.

Figure 20: Impact indicator for the period 2011 2015

The top 20 countries

0 100

USA 124 A figure of 100 represents the world average UK 119 Switzerland 118 Singapore 118 Denmark 113 Australia 111 Canada 110 Finland 108 Sweden 108 Other countries Netherlands 108 Norway 107 0 100 Germany 106 Japan 89 Belgium 105 Taiwan 89 France 104 South Korea 89 Iceland 104 China 79 Ireland 103 India 75 New Zealand 102 South Africa 72 Austria 102 Spain 71 Greece 98 Russia 62 Italy 95 Brazil 56

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Most of the countries at the top of this list have a long tradition of publication. The emerging countries are not yet featured. China, for example, whose publication volume has increased significantly in recent years, has not yet achieved marked international recognition for its output as a whole, and so its impact is still below the world average (79 points, 29th position).

Calculating the impact (relative citation indicator)

The number of citations of each publication is counted, compared against the global average of citations in the given research field, and then benchmarked on a scale where 100 represents the global average. The analysis window is five years, the same as for the enumeration of publications. See Appendix B.3 for more detail on definitions and methods.

Switzerland compared to the top five countries in terms of impact

d slightly since the first observation period (2006 2010), rising from 116 (i.e. 16 points above the world average) to 118. The United States has always topped the ranking by impact. Denmark has seen its impact decline, while Singapore has made a leap forward.

Figure 21: Evolution of impact for the top 6 countries

140

130 USA 120 UK 110 Switzerland 100 Singapore

90 Denmark Australia 80 World 70

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Impact by research field

As with publication volumes, a detailed analysis by research field gives a better picture of the impact of each country in terms of citations.

2.3.1

In the period 2011 2015, Switzerland s publications has an impact well above the world average in almost all research fields (Fig. 22). In the three fields of Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences; Life Sciences; and Engineering, Computing & Technology, Switzerland outperforms the world average by over 20 points. The only field in which production is slightly below the world average is Arts & Humanities.

Figure 22: Impact 2015

Life Sciences

121 Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 119 66 Switzerland

Social and Behavioral 107 115 Clinical Medicine World Sciences

121 127 Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

2.3.2 Classification of countries by impact and by research field

Switzerland currently ranks:

 second in the field of Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences,  third in the fields of Engineering, Computing & Technology and Life Sciences,  fourth in Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, fifth in Social & Behavioural Sciences and sixth in Clinical Medicine. It is therefore very well placed in all research fields except Arts & Humanities. Having said this, the exact position of a country should not be overestimated as differences between the impact levels of various countries are very small, and a shift of one or two points from one year to the next can lead to major changes in rankings. The important thing is for a country to feature near the top of the ranking. Indeed, it is not surprising to see that the rankings have been dominated by more or less the same countries for several years. The emerging countries are still absent from the top flight.

Figure 23: Classification of the top ten countries according to their impact in the research field, 2011 2015

Engineering, Physical, Agriculture, Life Sciences Clinical Social and Arts and Computing Chemical and Biology and Medicine Behavioural Humanities and Earth Environment Sciences Technology Sciences al Sciences

Singapore Singapore USA USA USA USA Australia Australia USA Switzerland UK Finland UK UK Switzerland UK UK Switzerland Sweden Denmark Netherlands USA Switzerland Denmark Finland UK Netherlands USA UK Australia Australia Australia Denmark Switzerland Canada Denmark Germany Ireland Singapore Switzerland Sweden China Greece Ireland France Ireland Norway Canada Belgium Canada Denmark Norway Germany Canada Norway Germany Belgium Greece Germany Canada Australia Belgium Italy France France Canada Denmark Netherlands Singapore France

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

2.3.3 Evolution

An analysis of the evolution of impact by field of research shows that Switzerland has been performing very well since the 2006 2010 period (Fig. 24), with six of the seven research fields above the world average of 100.

Figure 24: Evolution of the impact of research fields in Switzerland

160

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology

120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

Life Sciences 80

Clinical Medicine 60

Social and 40 Behavioral Sciences

Arts and Humanities 20 World 0

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Impact of institutional sectors in Switzerland

As the higher education sector produces most publications in Switzerland, the impact of its publications is critical to the impact of all Switzerland's publications. And indeed, Figure 25 shows that Switzerland's curve is almost identical to that of the higher education sector. The impact of the four institutional sectors in Switzerland is currently above the world average.

Figure 25: Evolution of the impact of institutional sectors in Switzerland

140

120 Higher education

100 Research institutes

80 Private businesses

60 International organisations

40 Switzerland World 20

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Impact

2.5.1 Impact by region

the 2011 2015 period: Zurich (121), the Lake Geneva region (119), North-Western Switzerland (110) and the Espace Mittelland (109). Figure 26 shows that this has been the case for around a decade. It is interesting to note that the impact of the Zurich and Lake Geneva regions is higher than that of Switzerland overall (118).

Figure 26: Evolution

140 Zurich 120 Lake Geneva region North-Western Switzerland 100 Espace Mittelland 80 Eastern Switzerland Ticino 60 Central Switzerland

40 Switzerland World 20

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

2.5.2 Analysis of the two most productive Swiss regions

Zurich (canton of Zurich)

The research field with the greatest impact is Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, followed by Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences. With the exception of Arts & Humanities, all fields exceed the world average of 100.

Figure 27: Evolution of the impact of research fields in the Zurich region

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology 120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine

40 Social and Behavioral Sciences Arts and Humanities 20

Zurich 0

World

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017 N.B.: The small number of publications in the field of Arts & Humanities means the results are not very robust.

Lake Geneva region (cantons of Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

All the research fields have an impact above the world average of 100, except Arts & Humanities. The field of Engineering, Computing & Technology has seen strong growth since the first study period, joining the two other fields with an impact score of over 120, Life Sciences and Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences.

Figure 28: Evolution of the impact of research fields in the Lake Geneva region

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology 120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine

40 Social and Behavioral Sciences Arts and Humanities 20

Lake Geneva region 0

World

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017 N.B.: The small number of publications in the field of Arts & Humanities means the results are not very robust.

3 Most cited publications (Top 10% publications)

The first two chapters take account of all publications, from the least cited to the most cited. The impact of publications can be examined at the level of an individual country by using an additional measurement looking only at the most cited publications ('Top 10% publications').

Method used to determine the most cited publications

After breaking down worldwide publications into sub-fields of research, the number of citations of each publication (by other authors) is counted for the five-year period following the year in which the publication appeared. These publications are then classified in descending order of citations, retaining only those which are in the top ten per cent of this classification (Top 10% Publications). The 10% threshold is a convention, selected to mirror other studies.

Periods of Top 10% publications: The database used in this report contains publications until the end of 2015. Only publications which appeared in 2011 can be taken into account as citations have to be

calculated on the basis of a five-year period. This means that the most recent period for Top 10% publications is 2007 2011, not 2011 2015.

This report draws a distinction between the world share of Top 10% publications by a country (chapter 3.1) and the proportion of the national output of a country which falls into the Top 10% publications category (chapter 3.3). The former gives an indication of the production performance of a country on a global scale, and the second gives an indication of the effectiveness of national production. For the method, see Appendix B.4 and the SERI 2015 report Most cited publications: Switzerland's performance 1997 2011 .

Breakdown of Top 10% publications by country

Switzerland's share of the most cited publications worldwide (Top 10% publications) stood at 1.5% in the 2007 2011 period (Fig. 29). As its world share of total publication production in 2007 2011 is 1.1%, we can conclude that a larger proportion of its production is among the most recognised publications at a global level.

The United States remains the country with the highest share of Top 10% publications, despite a fall from 37.4% to 36.3%. Like Switzerland, its share of most cited publications is higher than its share of all publications (25.1% for the period 2007 2011).

Figure 29: World shares of Top 10% publications by country for the periods 2006 2010 and 2007 2011 for the top 20 countries in the period 2007 2011

36.3% USA 37.4% 6.6% UK 6.7% 6.4% China 5.8% 5.5% Germany 5.6% 5.2% France 5.2% 4.0% Canada 4.0% 3.7% Italy 3.7% 3.4% Japan 3.7% 3.0% Australia 2.8% 2.4% Netherlands 2.3% 2.1% Spain 2.0% 1.7% South Korea 1.6% 1.5% Switzerland 1.5% 1.3% Sweden 1.3% 1.3% Taiwan 1.2% 1.0% Belgium 1.0% 1.0% India 1.0% 0.8% Denmark 0.8% 2007-2011 0.8% Brazil 0.8% 2006-2010 Finland 0.8% 0.8%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

The top-ranking countries in this table are among 'traditional' producers of scientific publications, such as the United Kingdom, France and Germany. China, which has significantly increased its total output in recent years (Fig. 2), has also seen growth in most cited publications and is currently ranked third. A table in Appendix A.5 shows the numbers and world shares of Top 10% publications of 43 countries.

Top 10% publications by number of inhabitants and researchers

As with the total number of publications, the absolute number of Top 10% publications depends on the size of the country, and so is skewed towards large countries. Using the number of Top 10% publications by number of inhabitants or researchers avoids the size factor and allows countries to be compared for effectiveness.

3.2.1 Top 10% publications by number of inhabitants

Switzerland produces the most Top 10% publications per million inhabitants (560 Top 10% publications during the period 2007 2011; Fig. 30), followed by Denmark, the Netherlands and Finland. The top places in the ranking are therefore occupied by relatively small countries. The United States, a large country which dominates the rankings in absolute terms, is only in eighth p top 20 is also worthy of note.

Figure 30: Number of Top 10% publications per million inhabitants and per year, 2007 2011

The top 20 countries

Switzerland 560 Denmark 435 Netherlands 407 Finland 401 Australia 392 Sweden 391 Norway 384 USA 336 Canada 336 Singapore 303 UK 303 Belgium 275 France 229 Other countries

Israel 214 South Korea 97 New Zealand 212 Japan 76 Austria 210 South Africa 17 Ireland 205 China 14 Germany 193 Brazil 12 Italy 178 Russia 9 Taiwan 155 India 2

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

3.2.2 Top 10% publications by number of researchers

Switzerland is at the head of the pack with 172 Top 10% publications per 1,000 researchers per year (Fig. 31), followed by the Netherlands (128 Top 10% publications) and Italy (105 Top 10% publications). Researchers in Switzerland are among the most productive, whether this is measured by the total number of publications (see chapter 1.3.2) or the most cited publications.

Figure 31: Top 10% publications per year per 1,000 researchers, 2007 2011

The top 20 countries

Switzerland 172 Netherlands 128 Italy 105 Australia 88 USA 85 Belgium 76 Chile 76 Sweden 75 UK 74 Canada 72 Norway 71 Denmark 67 Other countries

Ireland 65 South Africa 45 France 63 Taiwan 30 New Zealand 58 South Korea 19 Greece 54 Brazil 18 Finland 53 India 15 Austria 50 Japan 15 Germany 50 China 13 Singapore 49 Russia 3

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Top 10% publications as a proportion of the total output of a country

What proportion of all publications produced in Switzerland do the Top 10% publications represent? The answer to this question helps us determine Switzerland s performance (see box). Switzerland is in second place, with 16.4% of its national publication output being among the most cited publications worldwide (Fig. 32). The United States comes top, as 17.2% of its national publication output consists of Top 10% publications. However, the US is less dominant here than in a classification based on world share of Top 10% publications (Fig. 29). Most of the top 20 places in this table are also occupied by countries with a tradition of publication, with the addition of China, which has entered the top 20 for the first time.

Figure 32: Proportion of countries publications which are Top 10% publications, 2007 2011

The top 20 countries

0% 10%

USA 17.2% Switzerland 16.4% Denmark 15.3% UK 15.3% Australia 14.6% Singapore 14.5% Netherlands 14.4% Canada 13.8% Belgium 13.5% Sweden 13.5% Norway 13.3% Other countries Germany 13.0% 0% 10% Finland 12.7% France 12.4% South Africa 9.3% Austria 12.4% Taiwan 7.9% Ireland 12.3% South Korea 7.7% Italy 11.2% Japan 7.5% New Zealand 11.1% India 5.7% China 9.9% Brazil 4.5% Portugal 9.7% Russia 4.1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

10% threshold Fixing a 10% threshold to demarcate the most cited publications also means fixing a global performance threshold. If the Top 10% publications of a country account for 10% of all its publications, this means that the country is performing as well as the rest of the world. A country which exceeds this threshold, i.e. which has more than 10% of its publications among the most cited publications, is performing better than average; conversely, a country which does not reach this 10% score is performing worse than average. This performance criterion is independent of country size.

Top 10% publications by institutional sector in Switzerland

The breakdown of most cited publications in Switzerland follows the same pattern as for total publications (see chapter 1.5), with the higher education sector producing 71.8% of Top 10% publications, followed by research institutes (14.1%), private businesses (8.0%) and international organisations (6.2%) (Fig. 33). As the shares of publications and of Top 10% publications are almost identical, we can conclude that the sectors readership is proportional to their effort.

Figure 33: Proportion of publications produced by institutional sectors in Switzerland which are Top 10% publications, 2007 2011

71.8% 14.1% 8.0% 6.2%

Higher education Research institutes Private businesses International organisations

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Proportion of publications produced by each institutional sector in Switzerland which are Top 10% publications

We have already seen that 16.4% of Switzerland s production falls under the category of most cited publications (see chapter 3.3). The result for the country as a whole is also more or less valid for each institutional sector (Fig. 34). All Swiss institutional sectors are well above the 10% threshold, showing that they are all efficient. The best-performing sector is the international organisations sector, where 18.6% of publications are in the world Top 10%. The higher education sector scores 16.5%, practically identical to the overall figure for Switzerland. The Swiss sector with the lowest score is private businesses, although even this is doing well at 15.3%.

Figure 34: Proportion of publications produced by each institutional sector in Switzerland which are world Top 10%publications, 2007 2011

Institutional sector Share of Top 10% publications in production of institutional sector

Higher education 16.5%

Research institutes 15.4% Private sector 15.3% International organisations 18.6%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Top 10% publications by Swiss region

publications (almost 68%, see Fig. 35), which is slightly higher than their share of total publications (64%, see Fig. 8). The regions North-Western Top 10% publications, while the three remaining regions (Eastern Switzerland, Ticino and Central Switzerland) account for 4.7%.

Figure 35: 2011 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

Zurich 34.1% Lake Geneva region 33.6% North-Western Switzerland 15.4% Espace Mittelland 12.3% Eastern Switzerland 2.1% Ticino 1.3% Central Switzerland 1.2%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Top 10% publications as a proportion of the total output of each region

s strong result in terms of the proportion of Top 10% publications in total output (16.4%, see chapter 3.3) also applies to the regions, which all exceed the 10% threshold (Fig. 36), showing that they are all efficient.

Figure 36: Proportion of Top 10% publications in total production of each region, 2007 2011

0% 10%

Zurich 17.6% Lake Geneva region 16.8% Switzerland 16.4% North-Western Switzerland 15.4% Central Switzerland 15.3% Ticino 14.5% Espace Mittelland 14.4% Eastern Switzerland 13.7%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

4 Publication partnerships

This chapter only looks at publications involving cooperation (for Switzerland this represents about 4/5 of all publications7). Publications without cooperation are ruled out in advance. The aim is to highlight the characteristics of partnerships among institutions when they work together on a publication (see box for the definition of partnerships).

Rates of national and international partnership

In the 2006 2010 period, Switzerland recorded a rate of international partnership of 70% (Fig. 37). This figure rose to 84% in 2011 2015. International partnerships significantly increased in all countries and there are now only four countries in this group which have a rate of national partnership that is higher than their rate of international partnership (United States, South Korea, China and Taiwan).

Figure 37: Rates of national and international partnership for a group of 25 countries for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

2006-2010 2011-2015

Russia 77% 23% Russia 89% 11% Switzerland 70% 30% South Africa 85% 15% Sweden 63% 37% Switzerland 84% 16% UK 63% 37% Sweden 80% 20% Denmark 59% 41% Turkey 78% 22% Germany 58% 42% Israel 76% 24% South Africa 58% 42% UK 75% 25% Netherlands 54% 46% Germany 73% 27% Italy 53% 47% Italy 73% 27% Spain 51% 49% Finland 71% 29% Finland 49% 51% Denmark 70% 30% Singapore 49% 51% India 69% 31% Israel 48% 52% Spain 68% 32% Canada 48% 52% Netherlands 67% 33% France 48% 52% Canada 63% 37% India 47% 53% France 63% 37% Australia 42% 58% Singapore 61% 39% Brazil 35% 65% Brazil 60% 40% South Korea 34% 66% Japan 57% 43% USA 32% 68% Australia 56% 44% Japan 30% 70% Iran 52% 48% Turkey 29% 71% USA 49% 51% China 27% 73% South Korea 48% 52% Iran 19% 81% China 39% 61% Taiwan 19% 81% Taiwan 36% 64% 0% 50% 100% 0% 50% 100%

International National International National

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

7 S in Switzerland, 1981 .

Until recently, researchers working in Switzerland would mainly collaborate with other researchers in Switzerland: almost 30% of partnerships were national in 2006 2010. A decade later, the situation is completely different: in 2011 2015 researchers in Switzerland mainly collaborated with researchers in the United States (16.2%), followed by those in Switzerland (16.1%).

Partnerships with countries in Europe prima of Germany, Italy and France have remained more or less stable.

Figure 38: 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

2006 2010 2011 2015

Switzerland 29.9% USA 16.2% USA 14.1% Switzerland 16.1% Germany 9.4% Italy 10.9% Italy 7.4% Germany 7.2% France 7.2% France 6.0% UK 5.2% UK 5.3% Spain 2.0% Spain 2.8% Canada 1.9% Japan 2.5% Netherlands 1.9% Russia 2.3% Japan 1.9% Turkey 2.1% Russia 1.3% Canada 2.1% Belgium 1.3% Netherlands 1.7% Australia 1.2% China 1.6% Austria 1.1% Belgium 1.2% Sweden 1.1% Brazil 1.2% China 0.9% Australia 1.1% South Korea 0.7% Sweden 1.1% Poland 0.7% India 1.0% Finland 0.7% South Korea 0.9% Poland 0.9% Denmark 0.6%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Publication partnership For each institution mentioned on a publication we look for the other institutions with which it has cooperated, and depending on the country of origin of these partner institutions we classify the partnership as either national or international. The partnership percentages are calculated from the total of the country s partnership pairs. Consequently, this indicator refers to the total of partnership pairs and not to total publications.

Looking at Switzerland s partnerships by major region (see Appendix A.1 for the definition), we note that the percentage of nearly every region increased between 2006 2010 and 2011 2015 (to the detriment of national collaborations) s main partner, accounting for 44.4% of its partnerships in 2006 2010 and almost half of partnerships (48.7%) in 2011 2015. The next in line is North America, accounting for 16.1% and 18.2% respectively. Asia increased from 5.0% of Swiss partnerships to 7.3% (Fig. 39). The Middle East also saw a strong increase, from 1.1% to 4.4%, mainly due to collaborations with Turkey, and to a lesser extent with Egypt, Morocco, Iran and Israel. It comes as no surprise to see that Switzerland has a high level of cooperation with the European Union (EU 28 = 42.1% in 2006 2010 and 44.4% in 2011 2015).

Figure 39: partnerships, periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

2006 2010

Europe EU 28 = 42,1% 44.4% North America 16.1% Asia 5.0% Middle East & North Africa 1.1% Latin America & Caribbean 1.3% Oceania 1.4% Africa 0.8%

2011 2015

Europe EU 28 = 44.4% 48.7% North America 18.2% Asia 7.3% Middle East & North Africa 4.4% Latin America & Caribbean 2.7% Oceania 1.4% Africa 1.1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Publication partnerships by Swiss region

4.3.1 National and international partnerships by region

Like Switzerland as a whole, the regions all have a high level of international partnership. Some regions saw a significant increase in their rate of international partnership in 2006 2010 and 2011 2015, such as the Espace Mittelland (rising from 63% to 88%). Others have remained about the same, such as Ticino (63% to 65%), or even slightly decreased, such as Central Switzerland (falling from 61% to 57%).

Figure 40: Rate of national and international partnership for the seven Swiss regions, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

2006 2010 2011 2015

Lake Geneva region 75% 25% Espace Mittelland 88% 12% North-Western Switzerland 69% 31% Lake Geneva region 87% 13% Zurich 68% 32% North-Western Switzerland 80% 20% Espace Mittelland 63% 37% Zurich 80% 20% Ticino 63% 37% Ticino 65% 35% Central Switzerland 61% 39% Central Switzerland 57% 43% Eastern Switzerland 55% 45% Eastern Switzerland 57% 43%

0% 50% 100% 0% 50% 100% International National International National

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

4.3.2 Partnerships by country for the Zurich and Lake Geneva regions

Zurich (canton of Zurich)

National collaboration declined in 2006 2010 and 2011 2015, from 31.8% to 20.1%. Cooperation with the United States increased, as did collaboration with Italy and Turkey as well as with South Korea and India.

Figure 41: Origin of partnersZurich of researchers in the Zurich region, as a percentageZurich of total partnerships in the Zurich region, top 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015 0% 50% 0% 2006 2010 50% 2011 2015 Switzerland 31.8% Switzerland 20.1% USA 14.7% USA 16.2% Germany 12.4% Italy 11.5% Italy 6.1% Germany 8.4% France 6.0% France 4.8% UK 4.6% UK 4.5% Netherlands 2.1% Turkey 2.5% Canada 1.9% Spain 2.4% Spain 1.7% Russia 2.0% Russia 1.3% Belgium 1.7% Austria 1.2% Netherlands 1.5% Belgium 1.2% South Korea 1.3% Sweden 1.1% India 1.3% Australia 1.1% China 1.3% Japan 1.0% Brazil 1.3% China 0.9% Canada 1.2% Denmark 0.6% Austria 1.1% Poland 0.6% Australia 1.0% Finland 0.6% Egypt 0.9% Poland 0.9% Czech Republic 0.6% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

If we look at national collaboration (31.8% in 2006 2010 and 20.1% in 2011 2015; Fig. 41) by region (interregional cooperation), we note that intraregional collaboration makes up the greatest share.

Figure 42: Origin (Swiss region) of partners of researchers in the Zurich region as a percentage of total Zurich partnerships in the Zurich region, for the periods 2006 2010 andZurich 2011 2015 0% 2006 201020% 40% 0% 2011 201520% 40%

Zurich 21.2% Zurich 13.2% North-Western Switzerland 3.6% North-Western Switzerland 2.1% Lake Geneva region 2.8% Lake Geneva region 2.0% Espace Mittelland 2.6% Espace Mittelland 1.8% Eastern Switzerland 1.0% Eastern Switzerland 0.6% Central Switzerland 0.4% Central Switzerland 0.3% Ticino 0.3% Ticino 0.2% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Lake Geneva region (cantons of Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

In 2006 2010, national collaboration occupied the top spot (nearly 25%), followed by collaboration with the United States. While cooperation with the US has increased somewhat in recent years, moving ahead of Switzerland, it is mainly the increase in collaboration with other countries that has caused the decline in national collaboration.

Figure 43: Origin of partners of researchers in the Lake Geneva region as a percentage of total partnerships in the Lake Geneva region, the top 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015 0% 2006 2010 50% 0% 2011 2015 50% Switzerland 24.9% USA 16.7% USA 15.6% Switzerland 13.4% Italy 9.5% Italy 11.5% France 9.2% France 7.3% UK 5.7% UK 6.0% Germany 5.5% Germany 5.6% Japan 3.0% Spain 3.1% Spain 2.4% Japan 3.0% Canada 2.0% Russia 2.6% Netherlands 1.6% Canada 2.3% Russia 1.5% Turkey 1.8% Belgium 1.4% Netherlands 1.7% South Korea 1.2% China 1.6% Australia 1.2% Brazil 1.2% Sweden 1.0% Sweden 1.2% China 0.9% Australia 1.2% Finland 0.8% Belgium 1.0% Poland 0.8% Poland 1.0% Austria 0.7% Portugal 1.0% India 0.7% India 0.9%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

As for Zurich, intraregional collaboration makes up the greatest share, with interregional cooperation only playing a small role (Fig. 44).

Figure 44: Origin (Swiss region) of partners of researchers in the Lake Geneva region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the Lake Geneva region, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015 0% 2006 201020% 40% 0% 2011 201520% 40%

Lake Geneva region 19.5% Lake Geneva region 10.0% Zurich 1.8% Espace Mittelland 1.2% Espace Mittelland 1.5% Zurich 1.1% North-Western Switzerland 1.4% North-Western Switzerland 0.7% Eastern Switzerland 0.3% Eastern Switzerland 0.2% Ticino 0.2% Ticino 0.1% Central Switzerland 0.1% Central Switzerland 0.1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

4.4.1 National and international partnerships by research field

In Switzerland, international partnerships make up the majority of partnerships in all research fields. The field with the highest rate of international partnership is Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, where the rate was 96% for the 2011 2015 period (Fig. 45). The field where the rate of national partnership is still high is Clinical Medicine (39%).

A specific feature of the field of Arts & Humanities is the high number of publications written without any institutional cooperation (more than 60% of publications, see 2016 SERI report, Fig. 24). However, of the 40% of publications in this field that are written in collaboration, the international partnership rate is very high (63%).

Figure 45: National and international partnership rates by research field in Switzerland, 2011 2015

96% 4% Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

70% 30% Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

68% 32% Life Sciences

66% 34% Engineering, Computing and Technology

63% 37% Social and Behavioral Sciences

63% 37% Arts and Humanities

61% 39% Clinical Medicine

0% 50% 100% International National

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

4.4.2

Taking all research fields together, researchers in Switzerland cooperate mainly with researchers in other countries (Fig. 45), but a detailed analysis by country shows that, in six of the seven fields of research, researchers in Switzerland cooperate primarily with other researchers in Switzerland, followed by researchers in the United States and Germany (Fig. 46). However, in the field of Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, researchers in Switzerland cooperate primarily with the United States, then Italy, France, Germany and the UK, while partnerships with other researchers in Switzerland in this field come only in sixth place.

Figure 46: Origin of partners of researchers in Switzerland (top 10 countries) by field of research, 2011 2015

Engineering, Physical, Agriculture, Life Sciences Clinical Social and Arts and Computing Chemical and Biology and Medicine Behavioural Humanities and Earth Environmental Sciences Technology Sciences Sciences

Switzerland USA Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland USA Italy USA USA USA USA USA Germany France Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Italy Germany UK UK UK UK France France UK France France France France UK UK Switzerland Italy Italy Italy Netherlands Italy Spain Russia Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Italy Austria Netherlands Japan Spain Spain Canada Canada Japan China Spain Australia Canada Australia Australia Netherlands Canada Turkey Canada Australia Spain Spain Canada

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

4.5.1 National and international partnerships by institutional sector

In Switzerland, international partnerships are more common than national partnerships in all institutional sectors (Fig. 47). The sector with the highest rate of international partnership is international organisations, where the rate for the period 2011 2015 is 97%.

Figure 47: National and international partnership rates by institutional sector in Switzerland, 2011 2015

97% 3% International organisations

83% 17% Higher education

77% 23% Research institutes

74% 26% Private businesses

0% 50% 100% International National

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

4.5.2 Partner countries of institutional sectors of Switzerland

Three sectors (higher education, research institutes and private businesses) cooperate primarily with other researchers in Switzerland, then the United States, and then countries bordering Switzerland (Italy, Germany and France) and the United Kingdom (Fig. 48). The only sector with a different pattern is the international organisations sector, which cooperates primarily with the United States, then with adjacent countries, followed by the United Kingdom, Russia, Spain and only then with other researchers in Switzerland.

Figure 48: Origin of partners of researchers in Switzerland, by institutional sector, 2011 2015, top 20 countries Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche Higher education Research institutes

Switzerland 17.4% Switzerland 22.5% USA 16.0% USA 14.9% Italy 10.4% Italy 10.4% Germany 7.4% Germany 7.0% France 6.2% France 4.7% UK 5.3% UK 4.2% Spain 2.9% Turkey 2.3% Japan 2.7% Spain 2.3% Russia 2.3% Netherlands 1.7% Canada 2.2% Belgium 1.6% Turkey 2.0% Russia 1.5% Netherlands 1.7% India 1.4% China 1.6% China 1.4% Sweden 1.1% Australia 1.4% Brazil 1.1% South Korea 1.2% Belgium 1.1% Finland 1.2% Australia 1.1% Canada 1.1% Portugal 0.9% Brazil 1.1% Poland 0.9% Austria 1.0% South Korea 0.9% Sweden 1.0%

Entreprises privées Organisations internationales Private businesses International organisations

Switzerland 26.1% USA 17.7% USA 17.2% Italy 15.3% Germany 11.5% France 6.0% UK 6.9% UK 5.6% France 6.4% Germany 5.3% Italy 4.4% Russia 3.6% Netherlands 2.8% Spain 3.2% Canada 2.3% Switzerland 3.1% Spain 2.2% Turkey 3.1% Belgium 2.1% Japan 3.0% Australia 1.7% Canada 2.1% Austria 1.6% China 1.8% Sweden 1.4% India 1.7% China 1.3% Brazil 1.7% Japan 1.1% Poland 1.2% Denmark 1.0% South Korea 1.2% Finland 0.8% Portugal 1.1% Brazil 0.6% Belgium 1.1% South Korea 0.5% Netherlands 1.1% Norway 0.5% Sweden 1.0%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 201

Appendices

A Results

A. 1 Publications by world region

The regions were compiled according to a classification taken from United Nations directories: Africa, North America, Latin America and Caribbean, Asia, Europe, Middle East and North Africa and Oceania.8

Figure 49: Volume of publications by world region, as a percentage of the world total, 2011 2015

Europe 35%

North America 26%

Asia 24%

Middle East and North Africa 5%

Latin America and Caribbean 4%

Oceania 3%

Africa 1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 50: Evolution of world shares of publications by region

40%

35% Europe

30% North America

25% Asia

20% Middle East and North Africa Latin America and Caribbean 15% Oceania 10% Africa 5%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

8 United Nations: composition of macro geographical regions http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm. The regions covered in this report are: Africa (Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Southern Africa and Western Africa), North America (Northern America), Latin America and Caribbean (Central America, South America and Caribbean), Asia (Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southern Asia and South-Eastern Asia), Europe (Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe and Western Europe), Middle East and North Africa (Western Asia and Northern Africa) and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia).

A. 2 Evolution

The evolution of shares of publications for the top 60 countries in terms of publications in the period 2011 2015 is presented below. For ease of reading, the countries have been divided into six graphs. N.B.: in order to make the graphs easier to read, they do not all use the same scale.

Figure 51 a: Evolution of world shares of publications by the 10 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

30%

25%

USA 20% China UK Germany 15% France Japan Italy 10% Canada Spain South Korea 5%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 51 b: Evolution of world shares of publications by the 11 to 20 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

3.0% Australia India Brazil 2.0% Netherlands Taiwan Turkey 1.0% Iran Russia Switzerland 0.0% Sweden

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 51 c: Evolution of world shares of publications by the 21 to 30 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

1.6% Poland Belgium 1.2% Denmark Finland

0.8% Portugal Israel Norway 0.4% Mexico Austria 0.0% Czech Republic

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 51 d: Evolution of world shares of publications by the 31 to 40 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

1.0% Greece Singapore 0.8% South Africa

0.6% Argentina Malaysia 0.4% New Zealand Thailand 0.2% Saudi Arabia Romania 0.0% Ireland

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 51 e: Evolution of world shares of publications by the 41 to 50 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

0.5% Egypt Chile 0.4% Pakistan Hungary 0.3% Serbia Croatia 0.2% Ukraine Slovenia 0.1% Colombia Slovakia 0.0%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 51 f: Evolution of world shares of publications by the 51 to 60 most productive countries in the period 2011 2015

0.20% Tunisia Nigeria 0.15% Bulgaria Algeria

0.10% Vietnam Morocco Lithuania 0.05% Kenya Estonia 0.00% Indonesia

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

A. 3 Volume and world shares of publications

The 60 countries selected are the top 60 in terms of publication volume for the period 2011 2015. The table compares the first and the most recent periods.

Figure 52: Volume and share of world publications of 60 countries, in alphabetical order

Number of publications World share of publications (rounded figures) Country 2006 2010 2011 2015 2006 2010 2011 2015 Algeria 8.000 13.000 0.1% 0.1% Argentina 54.800 69.700 0.5% 0.5% Australia 283.400 435.800 2.4% 2.8% Austria 72.400 87.200 0.6% 0.6% Belgium 111.000 141.200 0.9% 0.9% Brazil 241.900 344.400 2.0% 2.2% Bulgaria 13.400 13.000 0.1% 0.1% Canada 420.000 504.000 3.5% 3.3% Chile 29.500 47.900 0.2% 0.3% China 866.700 1.711.400 7.2% 11.1% Colombia 12.100 20.500 0.1% 0.1% Croatia 21.300 25.400 0.2% 0.2% Czech Republic 60.000 78.100 0.5% 0.5% Denmark 77.900 113.600 0.6% 0.7% Egypt 26.300 49.400 0.2% 0.3% Estonia 6.900 9.500 0.1% 0.1% Finland 88.000 100.500 0.7% 0.7% France 610.000 703.300 5.1% 4.6% Germany 620.300 735.600 5.1% 4.8% Greece 76.000 75.200 0.6% 0.5% Hungary 40.800 45.700 0.3% 0.3% India 242.100 350.000 2.0% 2.3% Indonesia 4.700 8.700 0.04% 0.1% Iran 88.600 198.600 0.7% 1.3% Ireland 36.800 49.700 0.3% 0.3% Israel 90.300 92.400 0.7% 0.6% Italy 487.000 583.000 4.0% 3.8% Japan 700.600 675.900 5.8% 4.4% Kenya 6.000 9.700 0.05% 0.1% Lithuania 10.900 12.200 0.1% 0.1% Malaysia 22.100 64.900 0.2% 0.4% Mexico 64.500 87.800 0.5% 0.6% Morocco 8.000 12.300 0.1% 0.1% Netherlands 235.000 303.500 2.0% 2.0% New Zealand 41.100 53.100 0.3% 0.3% Nigeria 14.000 14.900 0.1% 0.1% Norway 68.600 91.600 0.6% 0.6% Pakistan 21.200 47.000 0.2% 0.3% Poland 117.100 156.200 1.0% 1.0% Portugal 59.100 98.900 0.5% 0.6% Romania 32.600 50.100 0.3% 0.3% Russia 161.700 188.300 1.3% 1.2% Saudi Arabia 12.200 50.900 0.1% 0.3% Serbia 21.200 38.800 0.2% 0.3%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 52 (cont.): Volume and share of world publications of 60 countries, in alphabetical order

Number of publications World share of publications (rounded figures) Country 2006 2010 2011 2015 2006 2010 2011 2015 Singapore 52.200 74.600 0.4% 0.5% Slovakia 17.700 20.400 0.1% 0.1% Slovenia 18.700 24.300 0.2% 0.2% South Africa 45.000 69.900 0.4% 0.5% South Korea 304.100 441.700 2.5% 2.9% Spain 325.600 451.800 2.7% 2.9% Sweden 140.400 169.400 1.2% 1.1% Switzerland 134.100 173.500 1.1% 1.1% Taiwan 221.100 290.500 1.8% 1.9% Thailand 33.200 51.800 0.3% 0.3% Tunisia 14.300 20.100 0.1% 0.1% Turkey 160.800 220.000 1.3% 1.4% UK 638.500 743.600 5.3% 4.8% Ukraine 24.100 24.400 0.2% 0.2% USA 3.112.700 3.526.200 25.8% 22.9% Vietnam 5.400 12.300 0.04% 0.1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

A. 4 Impact

The impact is presented for the same countries and periods for which publication volume is given (Fig. 52).

Figure 53: Impact of 60 countries, in alphabetical order

Impact Country 2006 2010 2011 2015 Algeria 60 51 Argentina 73 73 Australia 114 111 Austria 100 102 Belgium 95 105 Brazil 57 56 Bulgaria 54 64 Canada 107 110 Chile 63 57 China 88 79 Colombia 47 41 Croatia 64 62 Czech Republic 89 80 Denmark 120 113 Egypt 64 53 Estonia 79 88

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 53 (cont.): Impact of 60 countries, in alphabetical order

Impact Country 2006 2010 2011 2015 Finland 101 108 France 92 104 Germany 106 106 Greece 75 98 Hungary 58 76 India 76 75 Indonesia - 59 Iran 74 69 Ireland 92 103 Israel 76 91 Italy 95 95 Japan 76 89 Kenya 81 71 Lithuania 62 54 Malaysia 56 66 Mexico 21 21 Morocco 43 56 Netherlands 106 108 New Zealand 104 102 Nigeria 38 43 Norway 98 107 Pakistan 55 61 Poland 69 61 Portugal 86 87 Romania 62 63 Russia 51 62 Saudi Arabia 53 58 Serbia 73 57 Singapore 103 118 Slovakia 69 69 Slovenia 72 84 South Africa 93 72 South Korea 83 89 Spain 70 71 Sweden 103 108 Switzerland 116 118 Taiwan 82 89 Thailand 76 74 Tunisia 54 55 Turkey 63 62 UK 117 119 Ukraine 56 53 USA 120 124 Vietnam 60 57

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

A. 5 Top 10% publications

Top 10% publications for the 43 countries meeting the selection criteria (see Appendix B.4).

Figure 54: World share of Top 10% publications and proportion 10% category, for 43 countries, in alphabetical order World share of Top 10% Top 10% publications as a publications percentage of the publications produced by a country Country 2006-2010 2007-2011 2006-2010 2007-2011 Argentina 0.2% 0.2% 6.0% 6.0% Australia 2.8% 3.0% 14.0% 14.6% Austria 0.6% 0.6% 12.1% 12.4% Belgium 1.0% 1.0% 13.3% 13.5% Brazil 0.8% 0.8% 4.6% 4.5% Canada 4.0% 4.0% 13.6% 13.8% Chile 0.1% 0.1% 6.6% 6.9% China 5.8% 6.4% 9.6% 9.9% Czech Republic 0.3% 0.3% 7.8% 7.7% Denmark 0.8% 0.8% 15.0% 15.3% Egypt 0.1% 0.1% 4.5% 4.8% Finland 0.8% 0.8% 12.4% 12.7% France 5.2% 5.2% 12.0% 12.4% Germany 5.6% 5.5% 12.8% 13.0% Greece 0.4% 0.4% 8.2% 8.5% Hungary 0.2% 0.2% 6.9% 7.0% India 1.0% 1.0% 5.7% 5.7% Iran 0.4% 0.5% 6.3% 6.3% Ireland 0.3% 0.3% 12.0% 12.3% Israel 0.6% 0.6% 9.3% 9.5% Italy 3.7% 3.7% 10.8% 11.2% Japan 3.7% 3.4% 7.4% 7.5% Malaysia - 0.1% - 6.5% Mexico 0.2% 0.2% 3.8% 3.8% Netherlands 2.3% 2.4% 13.9% 14.4% New Zealand 0.3% 0.3% 11.0% 11.1% Norway 0.6% 0.7% 13.1% 13.3% Pakistan - 0.1% - 5.5% Poland 0.4% 0.4% 4.8% 4.8% Portugal 0.4% 0.4% 9.4% 9.7% Romania 0.1% 0.1% 4.6% 4.9% Russia 0.4% 0.5% 3.9% 4.1% Singapore 0.5% 0.5% 13.4% 14.5% South Africa 0.3% 0.3% 9.4% 9.3% South Korea 1.6% 1.7% 7.5% 7.7% Spain 2.0% 2.1% 8.7% 8.9% Sweden 1.3% 1.3% 13.2% 13.5% Switzerland 1.5% 1.5% 16.1% 16.4% Taiwan 1.2% 1.3% 7.8% 7.9% Thailand 0.2% 0.2% 7.2% 6.9% Turkey 0.5% 0.5% 4.6% 4.8% United Kingdom 6.7% 6.6% 14.8% 15.3% United States 37.4% 36.3% 17.1% 17.2%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

A. 6 Publication profiles of countries

The publication profiles of the top 60 countries in terms of publication volume for the period 2011 2015 are presented in alphabetical order.

Figure 55: Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Algeria Argentina

Algeria World Argentina World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

7% Physical, Chemical 21% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% 41% Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 23% 28% and Earth Sciences 24% 0.1% 24% 1% 1% 2%

9% 9% Social and Behavioral 21% Social and Behavioral 21% 1% Clinical Medicine 5% Clinical Medicine Sciences 4% Sciences 9% 11% 11% 11% 11% 8% 36% 11% 28% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Australia Austria

Australia World Austria World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

21% 25% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 1% 14% 1% 1% 1% 21% Social and Behavioral 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 9% 16% Clinical Medicine 6% 24% Clinical Medicine Sciences 27% Sciences 11% 11% 11% 11% 10% 8% 14% 11% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Belgium Brazil

Belgium World Brazil World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

24% 21% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 18% 16% 2% 1% 1% 1% 21% 21% Social and Behavioral 9% Social and Behavioral 7% 9% 10% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 23% Sciences 19% 11% 11% 11% 9% 13% 7% 11% 28% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Bulgaria Canada

Bulgaria World Canada World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

17% 41% Physical, Chemical 24% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 1% 14% 1% 1% 1% 9% 9% Social and Behavioral 2% 21% Social and Behavioral 21% Clinical Medicine 13% Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 11% 8% 11% 11% 27% 11% 13% 9% 18% 12% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Chile China

Chile World China World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

18% Physical, Chemical 20% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities 37% 27% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 3% 0.2% 1% 1%

9% Social and Behavioral 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 2% 21% 9% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 14% Sciences 11% 11% 11% 11% 11% 7% 10% 21% 20% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Colombia Croatia

Colombia World Croatia World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

16% Physical, Chemical 15% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 22% 21% 24% 24% 1% 2% 1% 1% 21% 9% Social and Behavioral 11% 9% Social and Behavioral 21% Clinical Medicine 13% Clinical Medicine Sciences 18% Sciences 11% 22% 11% 11% 11% 10% 16% 13% 19% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Czech Republic Denmark

Czech Republic World Denmark World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

23% Physical, Chemical 30% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% 23% 32%and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 24% 2% 24% 1% 14% 1% 1% 9% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 4% 21% Social and Behavioral Clinical Medicine 9% Clinical Medicine Sciences 11% 13% Sciences 28% 11% 11% 11% 10% 16% 6% 12%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Egypt Estonia

Egypt World Estonia World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

23% Physical, Chemical 22% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities 23% 30% and Earth Sciences 26% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 0.3% 3% 1% 1% 9% Social and Behavioral 2% 21% Social and Behavioral 10% 9% 21% 18% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 11% 12% 11% 11% 11% 15% 12% 8% 20% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Finland France

Finland World France World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

27% Physical, Chemical 24% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 23% 29% and Earth Sciences 24% 17% 24% 1% 1% 1% 1% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 11% 21% Social and Behavioral 4%9% Clinical Medicine 21% Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 11% 11% 24% 11% 11% 8% 12% 10% 10%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Germany Greece

Germany World Greece World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

26% Physical, Chemical 21% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 28% 20% 24% 24% 1% 1% 1% 1% 21% Social and Behavioral 7% 9% Social and Behavioral 9% 21% Clinical Medicine 6% Clinical Medicine Sciences 21% Sciences 11% 11% 11% 11% 28% 8% 9% 13% 11%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Hungary India

Hungary World India World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

19% 25% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities 23% 36% 30%and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 1% 0.2% 1% 1% 21% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 5% 9% Social and Behavioral 2% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 17% Sciences 13% 11% 11% 11% 11% 8% 14% 17% 13%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Indonesia Iran

Indonesia World Iran World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

15% Physical, Chemical 16% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 23% 26% and Earth Sciences 24% 19% 24% 1% 0.2% 1% 1% 9% Social and Behavioral 10% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 3% 21% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 17% 11% 16% 11% 11% 12% 11% 12% 28% 24% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Ireland Israel

Ireland World Israel World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

23% Physical, Chemical 25% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 18% 20% 1% 2% 1% 1% 9% 21% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral Social and Behavioral 12% 12% 23% Clinical Medicine 26% Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 11% 11% 11% 11% 9% 14% 8% 8%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Italy Japan

Italy World Japan World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

27% 24% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% 23% and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 30% 29% 24% 24% 0.2% 1% 1% 1% 21% 9% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 5% Social and Behavioral 2% 24% Clinical Medicine 23% Clinical Medicine Sciences 11% 11% Sciences 11% 11% 8% 8% 9% 9%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Kenya Lituania

Kenya World Lithuania World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

21% Physical, Chemical 10% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 27% 24% 24% 0.5% 7% 4% 1% 1% 9% Social and Behavioral 14% 21% Social and Behavioral 8% 9% 21% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 28% Sciences 15% 11% 11% 11% 11% 1% 21% 14% 29% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Malaysia Mexico

Malaysia World Mexico World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

15% Physical, Chemical 18% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% 24% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 25% 23% 24% 1% 1% 1% 1% 21% Social and Behavioral 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 5% 9% 6% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 13% 13% 11% 11% 11% 11% 17% 13% 26% 25% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Morocco Netherlands

Morocco World Netherlands World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

27% 11% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% 23% and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 12% 0.2% 1% 1% 1% 9% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 2% 21% Social and Behavioral Clinical Medicine 14% 32%Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 11% 11% 17% 11% 11% 11% 11% 6% 9%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

New Zealand Nigeria

New Zealand World Nigeria World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

19% Physical, Chemical 17% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 1% 15% 1% 11% 1% 1% 9% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 14% 21% Social and Behavioral 12% Clinical Medicine 31%Clinical Medicine Sciences 20% Sciences 11% 11% 11% 6% 11% 6% 24% 21% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Norway Pakistan

Norway World Pakistan World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

23% Physical, Chemical 18% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 1% 15% 25% 0.1% 1% 1% 9% 21% 9% Social and Behavioral 14% Social and Behavioral 3% 21% 26% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 13% 11% 11% 11% 7% 14% 12% 11% 27% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Poland Portugal

Poland World Portugal World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

21% Physical, Chemical 20% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 29% 25% 24% 1% 24% 1% 1% 1% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 3% Social and Behavioral 8% 9% 21% 17% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 15% 11% 11% 11% 11% 13% 16% 14% 17%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Romania Russia

Romania World Russia World

Life Sciences Life Sciences 64% 15% Physical, Chemical 11% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% 36%and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences

24% 24% 1% 1% 1% 1% 9% 9% Social and Behavioral 5% 21% Social and Behavioral 2% 21% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 11% Sciences 3% 11% 11% 11% 11% 21% 10% 13% 6%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Saudi Arabia Serbia

Saudi Arabia World Serbia World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

19% Physical, Chemical 14% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 33% 25% 24% 24% 0.1% 4% 1% 1% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 2% Social and Behavioral 5% 9% 21% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 18% Sciences 20% 11% 11% 11% 11% 19% 9% 16% 15%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Singapore Slovakia

Singapore World Slovakia World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

22% Physical, Chemical 19% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 28% 35% 24% 24% 0.4% 2% 1% 1% 21% Social and Behavioral 7% 9% Social and Behavioral 9% 21% Clinical Medicine 6% Clinical Medicine Sciences 16% Sciences 10% 11% 11% 11% 11% 5% 12% 16% 20% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Slovenia South Africa

Slovenia World South Africa World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

16% Physical, Chemical 15% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 30% 24% 24% 20% 3% 3% 1% 1% 21% 9% Social and Behavioral 8% 9% Social and Behavioral 21% Clinical Medicine 14% Clinical Medicine Sciences 12% Sciences 18% 11% 11% 11% 20% 11% 7% 11% 22% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

South Korea Spain

South Korea World Spain World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

23% Physical, Chemical 21% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 25% 23% 24% 0.4% 1% 24% 1% 1% 21% 9% Social and Behavioral 4% 21% Social and Behavioral 9% 22% Clinical Medicine 9% Clinical Medicine Sciences 21% Sciences 11% 11% 11% 11% 18% 9% 10% 13%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Sweden Switzerland

Sweden World Switzerland World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

25% Physical, Chemical 26% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities 17% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 23% 24% 24% 1% 1% 1% 1% 21% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 12% Social and Behavioral 8% 9% Clinical Medicine 24% Clinical Medicine Sciences 25% Sciences 11% 11% 11% 11% 8% 10% 7% 11%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Taiwan Thailand

Taiwan World Thailand World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

24% Physical, Chemical 25% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 20% 24% 24% 19% 0.3% 0.1% 1% 1% 21% 9% 21% Social and Behavioral 8% 9% Social and Behavioral 4% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 23% Sciences 20% 11% 11% 11% 11% 18% 7% 13% 19% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Figure 55 (cont.): Breakdown by field of research of world publications (blue line) and publications by country selected (pink line) for the period 2011 2015

Tunisia Turkey

Tunisia World Turkey World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

20% Physical, Chemical 15% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 24% 24% 17% 0.2% 1% 1% 1% 21% 9% 9% Social and Behavioral 3% 21% Social and Behavioral 6% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 38% 11% 15% 11% 11% 16% 11% 12% 11% 21% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Ukraine United Kingdom

Ukraine World UK World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

64% 7% Physical, Chemical 24% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 23% and Earth Sciences 23% and Earth Sciences 24% 19% 0.2% 24% 2% 1% 1% 9% 9% Social and Behavioral 3% 21% Social and Behavioral 14% 21% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 3% Sciences 25% 11% 11% 11% 11% 18% 5% 8% 9%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

United States Vietnam

USA World Vietnam World

Life Sciences Life Sciences

28% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 23% Arts and Humanities 13% and Earth Sciences 23% 34% and Earth Sciences 24% 1% 17% 0.2% 24% 1% 1% 9% 9% Social and Behavioral 13% Social and Behavioral 6% 21% 25% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences Sciences 11% 11% 11% 21% 11% 11% 7% 10% 16% 19% Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

A. 7 Publications of Swiss regions by institutional sector

Figure 56: Publications of Swiss regions by institutional sector, 2011 2015

Lake Geneva region (Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

74.8% 5.1% 5.0% 15.1%

Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche Zurich (Zurich) Entreprises privées Organisations internationales

83.0% 11.4% 5.5% 0.2%

North-Western Switzerland Hautes écoles (Aargau, Basel -InstitutsStadt deand recherche Basel-Landschaft) Entreprises privées Organisations internationales

51.3% 28.6% 19.1% 1.0%

Espace Mittelland Hautes (Bern écoles, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel Instituts deand recherche Solothurn) Entreprises privées Organisations internationales

85.2% 8.9% 4.8% 1.1%

Eastern Switzerland Hautes (Schaff écoles hausen, Appenzell Instituts Ausserrhoden de recherche , Appenzell Innerrhoden, Entreprises privées Organisations internationales Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden)

17.3% 69.8% 12.8% 0.1%

Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche Ticino (Ticino) Entreprises privées Organisations internationales

32.8% 56.4% 10.3% 0.5%

Hautes écoles Instituts de recherche Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug) Entreprises privées Organisations internationales 74.1% 5.3% 4.8% 15.8% 14.4% 58.6% 24.0% 3.0%

Higher education Hautes écoles Research Instituts institutes de recherche Private businesses Entreprises privées International Organisations organisations internationales

A. 8 Publications of the main institutions by Swiss region

Lake Geneva region (Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

Higher education sector: University of Geneva (and teaching hospital), University of Lausanne (and teaching hospital), EPFL, HES-SO, IHEID Research institute sector: Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), ISREC (has been part of EPFL since 2008), Institutions of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER (primarily Agroscope Changins and Avenches), Hôpital du Valais, Idiap Research Institute Private businesses sector: Nestlé, Merck, Genolier Clinique, Firmenich International organisations sector: CERN, World Health Organisation (WHO), United Nations (UNAIDS, UNHCR, Unesco, etc. ), the World Bank, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Médecins sans frontières

Figure 58: Publications of the Lake Geneva0% region, 20%top 10 institutions,40% 2011 2015

University of Geneva 30% University of Lausanne 22% EPFL 20% CERN 7% WHO 5% Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics 1% Nestlé 1% United Nations 1% HES-SO 1% ISREC 0.4%

Zurich (Zurich)

Higher education sector: University of Zurich (and teaching hospitals), ETHZ, Zurich University of Applied Sciences Research institutes sector: Empa (Dubendorf), Eawag (Dubendorf), WSL (Birmensdorf), institutions of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER (primarily Agroscope Reckenholz and Wädenswil), institutions of the Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA (primarily MeteoSchweiz), Triemli City Hospital, Winterthur Cantonal Hospital, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Swiss Finance Institute (SFI) Private businesses sector: IBM, Schulthess Klinik, Hirslanden Private Hospital, Disney Research Zurich, Givaudan International organisations sector: World Health Organization (WHO)

Figure 57: Publications of the Zurich region, the top0% 10 institutions, 201150% 2015 University of Zurich 45% ETHZ 36% Empa (Dubendorf) 3% Eawag (Dubendorf) 2% WSL (Birmensdorf) 2% Institutions of the EAER* 1% Zurich University of Applied Sciences 1% IBM 1% Schulthess Klinik 1% Triemli City Hospital 1%

Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017 * primarily Agroscope (Reckenholz, Wädenswil)

North-Western Switzerland (Aargau, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft)

Higher education sector: University of Basel (and teaching hospital), University of Applied Sciences and Arts North- Western Switzerland FHNW, ETHZ (Basel) Research institutes sector: Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Aarau Cantonal Hospital, Friedrich Miescher Institute, Baselland Cantonal Hospital, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) Private businesses sector: Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, ABB, Actelion Pharma Schweiz AG, DSM Nutritional Products AG, Syngenta International organisations sector: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL

Figure 59: Publications of the North-Western Switzerland0% region,50% the100% top 10 institutions, 2011 2015 University of Basel 48% PSI 15% Novartis 6% Swiss TPH 6% F. Hoffmann-La Roche 4% Aarau Cantonal Hospital 2% ETHZ (Basel) 2% Friedrich Miescher Institute 1% Baselland Cantonal Hospital 1% Univ. of Appl. Sci & Arts FHNW 1%

Espace Mittelland (Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn)

Higher education sector: University of Bern (and teaching hospital), University of Fribourg, University of Neuchâtel, Bern University of Applied Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, University of Applied Sciences and Arts North-Westernern Switzerland, EPFL (Neuchâtel campus) Research institutes sector: Institutions of the Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA (primarily Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, Swissmedic, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO), Institutions of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER (primarily Agroscope Liebefeld and Posieux), Empa (Thun), Hôpital fribourgeois (HFR), CSEM, Hôpital Neuchatelois, Spitalzentrum Biel Private businesses sector: Philip Morris SA, Lindenhof Group International organisations sector: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), International Space Science Institute (ISSI)

Figure 60: Publications of the Espace Mittelland region,0% the50% top 10 institutions,100% 2011 2015

University of Bern 68% University of Fribourg 9% University of Neuchâtel 5% Bern University of Applied Sciences 1% Institutions of the FDHA* 1% Institutions of the EAER** 1% EPFL (campus Neuchâtel) 1% Empa (Thun) 1% Hôpital fribourgeois 1% CSEM 1%

* primarily Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, Swissmedic, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO ** primarily Agroscope Liebefeld and Posieux

Eastern Switzerland (Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden)

Higher education sector: University of St Gallen, University of Applied Sciences of Eastern Switzerland Research institutes sector: St Gallen Cantonal Hospital, Empa (St Gallen), AO Foundation, WSL (Davos), Graubünden Cantonal Hospital, Thurgau Hospital, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos (PMOD), Swiss Insitute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), institutions of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER (primarily Agroscope Ettenhausen)

Figure 61: Publications of the Eastern Switzerland0% region, the20% top 10 40%institutions, 2011 2015

St Gallen Cantonal Hospital 26% University of St Gallen 14% Empa (St Gallen) 9% AO Foundation 5% WSL (Davos) 5% Graubünden Cantonal Hospital 4% Thurgau Hospital 3% Univ. of Applied Sci FHO 3% PMOD 2% SIAF 2%

Ticino (Ticino)

Higher education sector: University of Lugano, Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana (SUPSI), ETHZ (Lugano) Research institutes sector: Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Cardiocentro Ticino, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Istituto cantonale di patologia International organisations sector: European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)

Figure 62: Publications of the Ticino region, the top0% 9 institutions20% , 201140% 2015

Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale 34% University of Lugano 21% SUPSI 7% IDSIA 4% Cardiocentro Ticino 4% Institute for Research in Biomedicine 3% ETHZ (Lugano) 3% Istituto cantonale di patologia 2% European Society for Medical Oncology 0.4%

Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug)

Higher education sector: University of Lucerne, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts Research institutes sector: Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Swiss Paraplegic Research, Eawag (Kastanienbaum), Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Private businesses sector: Amgen Inc., Hirslanden Private Hospital Group International organisations sector: World Health Organization (WHO)

Figure 63: Publications of the Central Switzerland0% region, the20% top 10 40%institutions, 2011 2015

Lucerne Cantonal Hospital 22% Swiss Paraplegic Research 13% University of Lucerne 10% Eawag (Kastanienbaum) 9% Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach 5% Swiss Paraplegic Centre 5% Lucerne University of Applied Sci & Arts 3% Amgen Inc. 3% WHO 3% Hirslanden Private Hospital Group 2%

Abreviations list

CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research CSEM Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology EAER Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne ETHZ Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich FDHA Federal Department of Home Affairs HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland IDSIA Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale IHEID Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies ISREC Institute for Experimental Cancer Research PMOD Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos PSI Paul Scherrer Institute SIAF Swiss Insitute of Allergy and Asthma Research SUPSI Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana Swiss TPH Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute WHO World Health Organization WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research)

A. 9 Publications by Swiss region and research field

Figure 64: Publication profiles of Swiss regions, 2011 2015

Lake Geneva region Zurich (Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

Life Sciences Life Sciences

26% 24% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 26% Arts and Humanities 26% and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 26% 25% 1% 23% 1% 23% 1% 1%

8% 8% Social and Behavioral 8% 24% Social and Behavioral 8% 19% 24% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 7% Sciences 24% 11% 7% 11% 8% 7% 9% 14%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Lake Geneva region Switzerland Zurich Switzerland

North-Western Switzerland Espace Mittelland (Aargau, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land) (Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn)

Life Sciences Life Sciences 33% 23% 26% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities Arts and Humanities 26% and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 21% 23% 1% 23% 1% 23% 1% 1%

8% 8% Social and Behavioral 5% Social and Behavioral 8% 27% 27% Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine Sciences 24% Sciences 24% 7% 11% 7% 11% 5% 8% 4% 14%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Espace Mittelland Switzerland North-Western Switzerland Switzerland

Figure 64 (cont.): Publication profiles of Swiss regions, 2011 2015

Eastern Switzerland Ticino (Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden)

Life Sciences Life Sciences

21% 25% Physical, Chemical Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 26% Arts and Humanities 26% and Earth Sciences and Earth Sciences 21% 13% 23% 1% 23% 1% 1% 1%

8% 8% Social and Behavioral 5% Social and Behavioral 10% 34% 24%27% Clinical Medicine 24% Clinical Medicine Sciences 7% 11% Sciences 7% 11% 5% 8% 12% 5%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences and Technology Environmental Sciences

Ticino Switzerland Eastern Switzerland Switzerland

Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug)

Life Sciences

16% Physical, Chemical Arts and Humanities 26% and Earth Sciences 5% 23% 1% 1%

Social and Behavioral 8% 12% Clinical Medicine Sciences 7% 11% 24% 46% 5% 15%

Engineering, Computing Agriculture, Biology and and Technology Environmental Sciences

Central Switzerland Switzerland

A. 10 Impact of Swiss regions by research field

Under a certain number of publications (see Appendix B.3), the non-significant impact is not presented on the chart, and when the number of publications is just sufficient, the curve is shown as a dotted line; these small figures should always be interpreted with caution.

Figure 65: Evolution of the impact of Swiss regions by research field

Lake Geneva region (Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology 120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine

40 Social and Behavioral Sciences Arts and Humanities 20

Lake Geneva region 0

World

Zurich (Zurich)

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology 120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine

40 Social and Behavioral Sciences Arts and Humanities 20

Zurich 0

World

Figure 65 (cont.): Evolution of the impact of Swiss regions by research field

North-Western Switzerland (Aargau, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land)

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology 120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences 100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences 80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine

40 Social and Behavioral Sciences

20 Arts and Humanities

North-Western Switzerland 0

World

Espace Mittelland (Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn)

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology 120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences

100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences

80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine

40 Social and Behavioral Sciences Arts and Humanities 20

Espace Mittelland 0

World

Figure 65 (cont.): Evolution of the impact of Swiss regions by research field

Eastern Switzerland (Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden)

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology

120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences 100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences 80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine 40 Social and 20 Behavioral Sciences Eastern Switzerland 0

World

Ticino (Ticino)

140 Engineering, Computing and Technology

120 Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences 100 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences 80 Life Sciences

60 Clinical Medicine 40 Social and 20 Behavioral Sciences Ticino 0

World

Figure 65 (cont.): Evolution of the impact of Swiss regions by research field

Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug)

140

120 Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences 100 Life Sciences

80 Clinical Medicine

60 Social and Behavioral Sciences Central Switzerland 40 World 20

A. 11 Partner countries by Swiss region

Figure 66: Origin of partners of researchers in the region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, top 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

Lake Geneva region (Geneva, Vaud and Valais) 0%2006-2010 50% 0%2011-2015 50%

Switzerland 24.9% USA 16.7% USA 15.6% Switzerland 13.4% Italy 9.5% Italy 11.5% France 9.2% France 7.3% UK 5.7% UK 6.0% Germany 5.5% Germany 5.6% Japan 3.0% Spain 3.1% Spain 2.4% Japan 3.0% Canada 2.0% Russia 2.6% Netherlands 1.6% Canada 2.3% Russia 1.5% Turkey 1.8% Belgium 1.4% Netherlands 1.7% South Korea 1.2% China 1.6% Australia 1.2% Brazil 1.2% Sweden 1.0% Sweden 1.2% China 0.9% Australia 1.2% Finland 0.8% Belgium 1.0% Poland 0.8% Poland 1.0% Austria 0.7% Portugal 1.0% India 0.7% India 0.9% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Zurich Zurich Zurich (Zurich) 0%2006-2010 50% 0%2011-2015 50%

Switzerland 31.8% Switzerland 20.1% USA 14.7% USA 16.2% Germany 12.4% Italy 11.5% Italy 6.1% Germany 8.4% France 6.0% France 4.8% UK 4.6% UK 4.5% Netherlands 2.1% Turkey 2.5% Canada 1.9% Spain 2.4% Spain 1.7% Russia 2.0% Russia 1.3% Belgium 1.7% Austria 1.2% Netherlands 1.5% Belgium 1.2% South Korea 1.3% Sweden 1.1% India 1.3% Australia 1.1% China 1.3% Japan 1.0% Brazil 1.3% China 0.9% Canada 1.2% Denmark 0.6% Austria 1.1% Poland 0.6% Australia 1.0% Finland 0.6% Egypt 0.9% Czech Republic 0.6% Poland 0.9% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 66 (cont.): Origin of partners of researchers in the region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, top 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

North-Western Switzerland (Aargau, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land)

0%2006-2010 50% 0% 2011-2015 50%

Switzerland 31.2% Switzerland 19.6% USA 13.1% USA 16.6% Germany 12.5% Italy 9.2% France 6.2% Germany 8.6% Italy 6.0% UK 5.0% UK 5.4% France 4.6% Netherlands 1.9% Spain 2.4% Spain 1.7% Turkey 2.2% Canada 1.7% Netherlands 1.9% Austria 1.6% Belgium 1.7% Japan 1.5% Russia 1.5% Russia 1.4% China 1.5% Belgium 1.3% Canada 1.5% Australia 1.2% India 1.4% Sweden 1.2% Australia 1.4% China 0.8% South Korea 1.2% Poland 0.8% Austria 1.2% Denmark 0.8% Finland 1.1% Finland 0.6% Brazil 1.0% India 0.5% Sweden 1.0% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Espace Mittelland (Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn) 0%2006-2010 50% 0% 2011-2015 50% Switzerland 36.6% USA 16.0% USA 11.1% Switzerland 12.0% Germany 10.4% Italy 10.5% France 6.5% Germany 7.4% UK 5.5% France 5.8% Italy 5.1% UK 5.1% Netherlands 2.2% Japan 4.4% Canada 2.0% Spain 3.2% Spain 1.8% Canada 2.9% Austria 1.6% Russia 2.9% Australia 1.5% Turkey 2.6% Japan 1.3% China 2.0% Sweden 1.2% Portugal 1.6% Belgium 1.1% Sweden 1.5% China 0.9% Netherlands 1.4% Russia 0.9% Morocco 1.2% Denmark 0.8% Brazil 1.2% Poland 0.7% Australia 1.1% Ticino 0.7% Czech Republic 1.1% Finland 0.7% Greece 1.0% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Figure 66 (cont.): Origin of partners of researchers in the region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, top 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

Eastern Switzerland (Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden)

-10% 200610%-2010 30% 50% -10% 201110%-201530% 50%

Switzerland 45.3% Switzerland 43.5% Germany 15.3% Germany 14.3% USA 8.8% USA 7.2% UK 4.5% UK 4.7% Italy 3.2% France 3.6% France 3.2% Italy 3.1% Canada 2.0% Netherlands 2.8% Netherlands 2.0% Austria 1.8% Austria 1.9% Spain 1.8% Australia 1.8% Canada 1.7% Belgium 1.2% Australia 1.6% Sweden 1.1% Belgium 1.5% Spain 1.0% Sweden 1.3% Japan 0.7% Norway 1.1% Norway 0.6% Finland 0.9% Russia 0.6% Denmark 0.8% Denmark 0.5% Japan 0.7% Finland 0.5% Portugal 0.5% Poland 0.4% Greece 0.5% Turkey 0.4% Turkey 0.4% Source: Clarivate Analytics (SCIE/SSCIE/A&HCI), graphic by SERI © SERI 2017

Ticino (Ticino)

0%2006-2010 50% 0% 2011-2015 50% Switzerland 37.3% Switzerland 34.6% Italy 22.0% Italy 23.4% USA 9.4% USA 9.2% Germany 6.6% Germany 5.3% France 3.3% UK 4.2% UK 3.3% France 3.8% Australia 2.1% Spain 2.7% Spain 1.8% Netherlands 1.8% Netherlands 1.3% Belgium 1.3% Belgium 1.2% Canada 1.3% Canada 1.2% Australia 1.2% Denmark 0.9% Sweden 0.8% Austria 0.8% Denmark 0.8% Sweden 0.8% Austria 0.7% Ukraine 0.7% Iran 0.7% Japan 0.5% Greece 0.6% Greece 0.4% China 0.6% Israel 0.4% Israel 0.6% China 0.4% Czech Republic 0.4% Norway 0.4% Poland 0.4%

Figure 66 (cont.): Origin of partners of researchers in the region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, top 20 countries, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug)

0%2006-2010 50% 0% 2011-2015 50% Switzerland 39.1% Switzerland 43.0% Germany 14.5% Germany 13.0% USA 11.4% USA 7.4% UK 4.2% Netherlands 5.2% France 3.8% UK 4.7% Netherlands 2.9% Canada 3.4% Canada 2.5% France 2.9% Spain 1.8% Italy 2.2% Italy 1.4% Spain 1.8% Australia 1.2% Australia 1.7% Austria 1.0% Austria 1.7% Sweden 0.9% Sweden 1.6% Brazil 0.9% Belgium 1.2% China 0.9% China 1.2% Belgium 0.8% Denmark 0.7% Czech Republic 0.8% Norway 0.7% Poland 0.7% Taiwan 0.7% Denmark 0.6% Finland 0.6% Japan 0.6% Poland 0.5% Portugal 0.6% Czech Republic 0.5%

A. 12 Interregional partnerships in Switzerland

Figure 67: Origin (Swiss region) of partners of researchers in region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

Lake Geneva region (Geneva, Vaud and Valais)

0%2006-201020% 40% 0% 2011-2015 20% 40%

Zurich (Zurich) Zurich Zurich

0%2006-201020% 40% 0% 2011-2015 20% 40%

North-Western Switzerland (Aargau, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land)

0%2006-201020% 40% 0% 2011-2015 20% 40%

North-Western Switzerland 17.4% North-Western Switzerland 10.5% Zurich 5.9% Zurich 3.6% Lake Geneva region 3.5% Lake Geneva region 2.3% Espace Mittelland 2.7% Espace Mittelland 2.0% Eastern Switzerland 0.9% Eastern Switzerland 0.6% Ticino 0.3% Central Switzerland 0.3% Central Switzerland 0.3% Ticino 0.2%

Figure 67 (cont.): Origin (Swiss region) of partners of researchers in region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

Espace Mittelland (Bern, Fribourg, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn)

0%2006-201020% 40% 0% 2011-2015 20% 40%

Espace Mittelland 18.9% Espace Mittelland 5.9% Zurich 6.0% Lake Geneva region 2.2% Lake Geneva region 5.4% Zurich 1.8% North-Western Switzerland 3.8% North-Western Switzerland 1.2% Eastern Switzerland 1.3% Eastern Switzerland 0.4% Ticino 0.7% Central Switzerland 0.3% Central Switzerland 0.7% Ticino 0.2%

Eastern Switzerland (Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Thurgau, St Gallen, Glarus and Graubünden)

0%2006-201020% 40% 0% 2011-2015 20% 40%

Zurich 12.6% Zurich 12.4% Eastern Switzerland 11.2% Eastern Switzerland 8.9% Espace Mittelland 7.0% Espace Mittelland 7.3% North-Western Switzerland 6.8% North-Western Switzerland 7.0% Lake Geneva region 5.2% Lake Geneva region 5.5% Ticino 1.6% Ticino 1.3% Central Switzerland 0.9% Central Switzerland 1.2%

Ticino (Ticino)

0%2006-201020% 40% 0% 2011-2015 20% 40%

Ticino 11.6% Ticino 12.5% Lake Geneva region 7.2% Lake Geneva region 7.1% Espace Mittelland 6.1% Zurich 5.0% Zurich 5.5% Espace Mittelland 4.7% North-Western Switzerland 4.1% North-Western Switzerland 3.2% Eastern Switzerland 2.5% Eastern Switzerland 1.7% Central Switzerland 0.3% Central Switzerland 0.4%

Figure 67 (cont.): Origin (Swiss region) of partners of researchers in region, as a percentage of total partnerships in the region, for the periods 2006 2010 and 2011 2015

Central Switzerland (Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz, Uri and Zug)

0%2006-201020% 40% 0%2011-2015 20% 40%

Central Switzerland 10.9% Central Switzerland 13.0% Zurich 9.4% Zurich 9.2% Espace Mittelland 7.1% Espace Mittelland 8.8% North-Western Switzerland 5.0% North-Western Switzerland 5.6% Lake Geneva region 4.4% Lake Geneva region 3.8% Eastern Switzerland 1.8% Eastern Switzerland 2.0% Ticino 0.4% Ticino 0.6%

B Methods

Databases

The databases used in this report are as follows: the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), the Social Science Citation Index Expanded (SSCIE) and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) produced by Clarivate Analytics for the years 2006 to 2015. These databases contain the bibliographical references of articles published in almost 15,000 peer-reviewed scientific journals, most of which have an international readership. Journals are selected by Clarivate Analytics according to an evaluation process.9 Consequently, the bibliometric analysis does not take account of articles which are not recorded in this database, or articles printed in general-interest magazines, books or at conferences.

In previous reports, the SERI database was made up of data contained on the Thomson Reuters DVD versions of the Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), since 1981. The expanded versions, comprising more journals, were then made available. For this report, the expanded versions were only purchased for the years since 2006. So unlike previous reports, the analysis now only covers one decade, from 2006 2015. Nonetheless, the analysis shows that although the number of journals included is greater, the results at country level are consistent with previous analyses.

Volume of publications

The method used to enumerate publications is one of the key methodological issues. This is because a scientific article usually has multiple authors, can contain one or more institutional addresses (institutional affiliation of the researchers), and authors can come from one or more countries. Attributing this article to a single author, institution or country would be unfair to the other authors, countries or institutions. Bibliometric experts generally use two methods for enumerating scientific publications:

Full counting, in which each address referred to in the article is counted as one unit. If an article has only one author who is affiliated to one institution in one country, it will be counted only once. If multiple institutions were involved (even with the same authors), the number of times that an article is counted will match the number of institutional addresses appearing in it. Fractional counting divides each article by the number of institutional addresses referred to by its authors, so that the sum of the fractions relating to each publications is 1. In the case of multiple institutions or countries, an article will be counted once, but a share of this article (the relevant percentage) will be assigned to each institution and country.

In order to obtain comparable data it is vital that scientific production is classified in the same way for all institutions and all countries. One way of achieving this is to classify research activities by fields and sub- fields of research, which then allows them to be compared on the basis of their contribution to each of these fields of research. The system used is the Current Contents (CC) classification system. This breaks research activities down into seven research fields (Engineering, Computing & Technology, Physical,

9 See 'journal selection': https://clarivate.com/essays/journal-selection-process/

Chemical & Earth Sciences, Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Social & Behavioural Sciences, Arts & Humanities), which are in turn sub-divided into 109 sub-fields (see list below).

List of the seven research fields and 109 sub-fields

Engineering, Computing & Technology Clinical Medicine AI, Robotics & Automatic Control Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Aerospace Engineering Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Chemical Engineering Clinical Immunology & Infectious Disease Civil Engineering Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry Computer Science & Engineering Dentistry / Oral Surgery & Medicine Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dermatology Engineering Management / General Clin. Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition Engineering Mathematics Environmental Medicine & Public Health Environmental Engineering & Energy Gastroenterology & Hepatology Geological, Petroleum & Mining Engineering General & Internal Medicine Information Technology & Communications Systems Health Care Sciences & Services Instrumentation & Measurement Haematology Materials Science & Engineering Neurology Mechanical Engineering Nursing Metallurgy Oncology Nuclear Engineering Ophthalmology Optics & Acoustics Orthopaedics, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences Paediatrics Applied Physics / Condensed Matter / Materials Science Clin. Pharmacology / Toxicology Chemistry Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Imaging Earth Sciences Reproductive Medicine Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry Research / Laboratory Medicine & Medical Technology Mathematics Rheumatology Multidisciplinary in Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences Surgery Organic Chemistry / Polymer Science Urology & Nephrology Physical Chemistry / Chemical Physics Physics Social & Behavioural Sciences Space Science Anthropology Spectroscopy / Instrumentation / Analytical Sciences Communication Economics Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Education Sciences Environmental Studies, Geography & Development Law Agricultural Chemistry Library & Information Sciences Agriculture / Agronomy Management Animal Sciences Political Science & Public Administration Aquatic Sciences Psychiatry Biology Psychology Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology Public Health & Health Care Science Entomology / Pest Control Rehabilitation Environment / Ecology Social Work & Social Policy Food Science / Nutrition Sociology & Social Sciences Multidisciplinary in Agriculture, Biology and Environmental

Sciences Plant Sciences Arts & Humanities Veterinary Medicine / Animal Health Archaeology Art & Architecture Life Sciences Classical Studies General Animal & Plant Science History Biochemistry & Biophysics Language & Linguistics Cardiovascular & Haematology Research Literature Cell & Developmental Biology Performing Arts Chemistry & Analysis Philosophy Endocrinology, Nutrition & Metabolism Religion & Theology Experimental Biology Immunology Medical Research, Diagnosis & Treatment Medical Research, General Topics Medical Research, Organs & Systems Microbiology Molecular Biology & Genetics Multidisciplinary in Life Sciences Neurosciences & Behaviour Oncogenesis & Cancer Research Pharmacology & Toxicology Physiology

Impact (relative citation indicator)

A scientific publication usually cites other publications on which it is based. Impact is calculated by the number of citations received per publication. In principle, the more a publication is cited, the more impact it is considered to have. This could lead to the conclusion that the absolute number of citations is an adequate measurement of impact. This is true within a field of research, but not among different fields. As the number of citations depends on publication and citation practices, which can vary considerably according to the field of research, a more sophisticated and standardised indicator is needed to allow individual fields to be compared fairly with one another. The absolute number of citations received by publications is set against the world average of citations per publication for each research field, and then this relative indicator is standardised on a scale of 0 to 200, where 100 represents the world average.

For the calculation of this indicator, a minimum of 50 publications per year is required.

Top 10% publications

The Top 10% publications were calculated by classifying all the publications in each sub-field by year and by descending order of citations, retaining only those which were in the top 10% of this ranking. Setting the bar at 10% of most cited publications also theoretically sets a 'world average' at 10%. If the distribution of Top 10% publications among countries were even, each country should have 10% of its publications among the most cited. In order to obtain results by country or by field of research, we need to (a) enumerate citations by year and by sub-field, and (b) select the Top 10% publications of each sub-field, so that we can then (c) calculate the average of these Top 10% publications over five years of publications.

The country selection criterion for this indicator is a minimum of 4,000 publications a year.

Partnerships

This indicator only takes jointly written articles into account. Partnerships are determined by the number of pairs of partnerships between the institutional addresses of authors appearing on the same publication. For this indicator, publications are enumerated by the full counting method: a jointly written article is attributed to each institutional address and to each contributing country. Consequently, the number of partnerships does not designate a number of articles, but how often a country is involved in cooperation. Enumerating addresses allows us to calculate both national collaborations and collaborations with other countries, with the respective results (international or national) being expressed as a percentage of the total partnerships in which the country is involved.

Institutional sectors

Research institutions in Switzerland were divided into four institutional sectors:  Higher education: cantonal universities, Swiss federal institutes of technology, universities of applied sciences, private schools or universities, and teaching hospitals.  Private businesses: major corporations in Switzerland (such as Novartis, Hoffmann-La-Roche, ABB, IBM, Nestlé, small and medium-sized enterprises and clinics, veterinary practices and private hospitals.  Research institutes: research facilities of the ETH Domain (PSI, Eawag, WSL and Empa), cantonal laboratories, the research institutes of the Confederation (such as Agroscope), foundations (such as the Friedrich Miescher Institute, ISREC), and public hospitals that are not teaching hospitals.  International organisations: institutions such as CERN, WHO, Unicef and other various United Nations agencies, the Ludwig Institute, the World Bank, etc.

C References

 Analyse bibliométrique de la recherche scientifique en Suisse 1981-2009 [Bibliometric analysis of scientific research in Switzerland, 1981-2009]. This study is available in German and French on the SERI website under Publications & Services/Research and Innovation or at https://www.sbfi.admin.ch/dam/sbfi/fr/dokumente/bibliometrische_untersuchungzurforschungind erschweiz1981- 2009.pdf.download.pdf/analyse_bibliometriquedelarecherchescientifiqueensuisse1981-2009.pdf

 Analyse bibliométrique de la recherche scientifique en Suisse 1981-2011 analysis of scientific research in Switzerland, 1981-2011]. This study is available in German and French on the SERI website under Publications & Services/Research and Innovation or at https://www.sbfi.admin.ch/dam/sbfi/fr/dokumente/bibliometrische_untersuchungzurforschungind erschweiz19812011.pdf.download.pdf/analyse_bibliometriquedelarecherchescientifiqueensuisse1 981-2011.pdf

 1997 2011 . This study is available on the SERI websites under Publications & Services/Research and Innovation or at https://www.sbfi.admin.ch/dam/sbfi/en/dokumente/meist_zitierte_publikationenleistungderschwei z1997-2011.pdf.download.pdf/most_cited_publicationsswitzerlandsperformance19972011.pdf

 available on the SERI website under Publications & Services/Research and Innovation or at https://www.sbfi.admin.ch/dam/sbfi/en/dokumente/bibliometrische_untersuchungzurforschungin derschweiz19812013.pdf.download.pdf/bibliometric_analysisofscientificresearchinswitzerland198 12013.pdf