Ir I ~ ~ T I Rl R

Ir I ~ ~ t I rl r ~ r I' I I II I I'' r I II I ' I I II I I I I I r I ~ ~ I I I I I ' ~ ' r ' ' I ~ I I I I ' I I I I I I r I I ' ' I l I I I I ~ I ~ I ~ ~ I I I ~ I I' ' r ' r ' ll ' I I I I " I I I I I r ' ~ ~ I ~ I I t I I I I 'r rl I'Ii I ' ~ I I ~ I 'I r' I I . I .II II . I ' i I I I I. I I I I r ' I I 1 I I I" I II' I ~ ' I t ~ r ' ' I I '' I. I tr I r I I I ~ I II I r I rl I I I ~ ~ 1 I ~ I II I r II' r I ' I ' ' ll I' I I .. I I l ~ I ~ I ~ I I I I . l I, I I 'l l I I I r ' I II r ~ Il . I CD I I I I I I r I I'. I I ' I'I . ~ I i I ", I r I I I ll I I I ~ I r' ll I r I ~ I I. I I I I I I ' I I I I I I ~ Il' ~ I I I I I I I II ~ I ~ II II I I" r I ~ I I r I ' r I II I I 'r ' ' I, I I ' I

I ' I I I I I I~ ~ I I I I r I I I I I ' ' ~ I I ' I ~ I I I ~ I r I I I I I I I I I I I ~ lrl ' ~ I ~ ~ r I I r II' I

I ' l I ~ lr I ~ I r l',mL't!I.NIj'"3 "~7 Sss9r".r,t 6:p::;tery

GOVERNING PllGET SOUND

LgAN CPPY ONLY

I' in

I}ielrilnit ;clhe }ioi

.o}!<-r!~~l!t < }082 he U

.'rniIU «I ir I<'ul!ii!11}t<.'rl ill dnSfor<>i i!l' I!V un%

I'ul!lin<>t this h<> >kiioie si<}>}!L 'ollllo .li'

I'hi. II.S. I}o'1'ernmvnt is authorizerel!r ic!leI'1!< 8 ii ii« !1>sri8hlniiti

Library nf :n>igrvss :ntu}nging in I'ubliuntinn Oatn liish, RohvrtL. o'92' '"i I Ho ini< 'LV 8!rt !HH!j << :X :R2 to ftlC 11! .'JTI !l% Of I . I.. 'Bud',ut~! i%I;~cEVright Hist!

in lian Reservations anH Origi»S ol'Tribdl Gov ;r»>»e»l» 6tt lf> i>;11>Rallizatlon 72 'l'hn 1960» Philosophy 74 T>'ih; I C»v !rnnze>its anrO!'Ct»>eMdl>dt> !n> !r>'I>r> 6>d»l>lnt>tor> State H.'> F ;rior;>ICoastal k[anagr;r» ;r>t 92 Spar ializatiorr. Cooperation, anlatorySr>bsyste!T>s 10'l Er>hen<:e>»a» iatorySysten> 1 !tt hldjor Der .lot»r> :»tS 107 Constlt>itin»» l is»> 110 Evaluating the Governance System 111 Vvai»ativ ; Crit !ria 111 'l'he Q»e»t f,' 1 18 Cor> ;lrr»ior>» l 20 Hit>li<> n>t>hy 12;f C;>» !s Cit ; t> t :» C i t ! i t d 1 1» i

ProjectStaff Kc!it»rial 8<>a> I Al«ri l!irvhl» < l,,lc!gi'a!i!lii :»1iissic>n X»el< .i< Jr>1rto>E I', tit>soil A!i :e Speci 0 es 1I I I 'I! I'c> :ific; Searoh I'ress Sc.citllc, IV.'7 Produotiol> Staff For this Volume !a>»« I ! « c!» Ic !rm<>r!y.Kital>1> :n in sor> I.I'ii!r,»I!»I 3, oli»!>I %»tel s <.sir r>str;>tor Spatt!p, YA Snpl>nrti»y,Staft' Xt i .hae! Y«!c!ic.h I! Fiaherii!S «n t p ii>S f'E»>a ter L«bor ilur< ;ciiii Icl«oL!un,>fc! Y .s V,lil< c!ii«I!r, I3. ;. >1i P Vitt A. !. I!pr>r>is ' Yil!A<< s Fri liiv llilrhbur;>tetc!>E

Sponsor'sRepresentatives I IA»;ir l '5, Hai'I'is L!ireult!C!»II!l!cI' ' »E! iir> l Atmnaph< ri< A I»>i»intr;It>AEE !»hn AIE!rit,tit,»i t R»lii rt :. I »list> !I f>O !Ol I la I'I» P.Vi!!ill' lull AS! I'Ssnl<'»t IX';>ti !n;>I !< Pant . an l Atni<>SV!ieriC:Ai<»s>iati

~~Fiincls to s»PI>Il!ie Pug»I SA»lid 13A !ks1«PI' 1>rrt' 'I !!V lhf Rat>A»af Ot»latr,itton IKOAA! a>>clhv the !,"r>1in»>ment«l Pr~~

'1'his book is one of a svriv» of li !oks that have brriissioned tn provide r ,;«lors cvith useful i>iforiabout 1'ugl>of II>eSoun<1. th ! physical >ir ol' its xv >t rs,;««I tl!e h!t ra<.;tin>> ol the»t, v it ! <'»<'v i Ih thP.»IE>'i'oil! i<1 th pla>1kto»that Iiin thi» i>>i;>i!se«; the region's n>ari»e birds and >»an»n;>is;,>»cIthe habit,it»11>lil>iour- ish «nc1protr c:t it» !vilcjlite About man's uses of the Sound liis h«rv sts ot fi»tish. »li!sport !f I!c!OI>lea» tc!rs; c>nd thc, pursuit !f ruc:ro'>lio>> ancl estl>Tlentin this i» ll'IJ«'. »et tl>1g About man and his relationships to this region - the ch i>a<:l>I >I>oils whi :11»UI'rou» I V >gc!lll» : '.ol man's a !tivities i»id the mana@ i»«!»Iof tlie regio»»»at»<1>l <' : »getS<»

'I' ! I!rod>< :ethesv hooks h«s rcctuired morv th<1>!Ii> ««>» ancl thv I ;«.»orc!thLl»cllecil!popl '. 111>»~ !r> '.» va»»1>- li;>t ;dr's<«i><1 ~vide-rangi»I i»l<;r .sts. '1'li : ,»Ill!< tive prefermi< e» ol tl! ese indiviclu>>1»I!! i>i<; I h »l«n- ff,l»cj tlie e litorial /><> i>!i>>e I the scopeof c,«:h volume and dvc;iI!onI th ' stylv encl ki» !I 1!r<- s !>>I.at«»1ap I»' !I!!'>« I > lot thp. »pi >vs. In thv, Spri» < ol 1978, a prosp<.ctusolitliili>!« these. riterili,»i<>! !»<' of thv VO1 in>CS>va» hstr>butedto >ii>v!»;ils,institutions, a»»i Yvc>shinton. ! tl ! i>le no I !xv .r than tao ai>vi»id !r;>1 i»» by the staff;>i><1 >ho Ill» s 'A'ho vere.sub»crine;»t ly chosenxvcrv, si;I«;:le l>iot o»jq for thc,'ircxI!e> li» ; iii a parti<.ular fivdd b»t also for thvir ability t<><:»r>v< > i»1»r<»>tiri>i ii> thv »>a»Ilerreetuested. >Vcvcrthclcss, each book has a distinct flavor thv resj«:t f>cin<;xa ritl<>» >h<»>tAl- thou<>heach volume is part of a series, there 1>asbve» 1itllv desire o» th<: part of thc staff to eliminate the india idu;>1ity ol' ea<:iii o1 >»»<..1»<>d, crcativ<> y»t r<>sponsible vxprvssion ha» hv<>n<»>< o»r'>«'.

This scrivs xvould riot havv, bc<»i unt tlic substan- tial suf>port of thv P»g<>t>»e>nd Wtarin<. 1'.«ihyst<'ms Analxsis fhtl SAl 1'roject >vill>i» ll>v.Oflice »1 N$<»'i»<:Volliilio>i Ass<>ssiue»tol the iXa- tioiial ?ce'»>i<;,>»hcri<: A»ol this»fti<:c liave siipportcrl the conceptiial dvsi<;n ol this series. the u riti»g, a»<1thv, pr»alsupport fo>'tliv. prolcc'l Ivl>s;>Iso re»vie <><1fro<» 1 h<>t:nvironmc>xtal 1 rotcction A<>eii<.y and lr<>r>ith< IV»sf>in@ton5 ',rant Vrogra>n.All thvse a<;v>i<:i<.sliav<> supportvd llic series .is part natio» th,>l is useful i»,>ss<.ssi»g<,misting and pot<.ntia! cni iro»e»<.>ital prohlvms, str<'.ss<'s,Hn ll»s<'.s»1' Vuct >o»nrl.

ni >>1'>jorunde< t'iki»g siicli as this seri'ls»l';i great many p<>»pl<>. !»Iy tliv ii;i»ivs of those most < los<,!x iss»<.i<> 'it<>rs.th<> edit<>rs, tlie illust> ndcarto<>r;iphers. liiv vdit1hoa> rh tiiv project's;idium»istr;>tore;>i»1 its sf>eris»ra hav<>hvv>i list<.rl hv>'v. Ail these' p<»pl<1»> i>iv i>iore have co»lrib»te<1 to this s<><'.1! who 1ii c, tvnlax on and beside Pu~~>vtSou»

~~~~Alv» Huxt>»> v;»>d Patnc>a Pevloi> Jan<>ely 1~!82 Preface~~~~

8 s iake, a tree.,!bia!I>k .t,a i!>aii thI>s !ivi»a Piepha»t>»t '.I'l>I' '.t '.d by tli ! I' !ur blind me>i »f',iii;iii .iei!t ili!id« liii<:. Siii>ilariy, tiii: b!si : i<: gal stiti>tional frai» »cwork uithin x .hi :1> «ici resourc:Ps ;Ii>vi»ter pretatio»s. HLE»th1>S Suffic.i i»t iy CO!npleXtliat Iio»i»ate i»di><'id«af<. !I! <'. 'Crco>ni!I' !ii !nci all of its n ii :esand int! i :ar;i ;s, ioy,ipproac;h has i! !I et the frainIf> >ra! ition,] p hi- h!SOi!hy.,i»d theOry Of Anl iri :;!» federaliSn!. 'I'his bool i» ndy of i><! i< :i»ion» ar 1»a i ; ti», t ! a» thc' i<>c.'»soi C. !c »t<>iIt sonic P l.>Se: 1!«.:I»ic!I>s or> P ><>etSo«» i!; if is 1>;II!SiS Of the fran!<»v »k !viti>in yhi ..hd<: .isio«-r» >ki !t. oc<:iirs.XX'herc exaiiipies of conflicts sionsarr: p>osiIil«i, they are iilustrativ : c>f'~ei>eral pri!!c:it!i ;»f so>rl .oi fh top>cs rhs ;1>ss<'ciiri thi» hc!ok.Cspoci;!ilx so i!is,ti!ere is di»I!g>'«,.><.i>ta»10»<> sprioi>s»c.iic>iars, l haye tried tO «X,iii>iiie, differing l!r!rsp !<.ti!!l ~f>'ll I h ii v . is thP most appr»1!riatP ;oncinsio>1h!is a>!cith<; i»ipii ation» oi ciii'frludcd drSC!ii!ti<>iiSOl' la VS Or pro . ;ssout yhicli no sys- t !Ii»ti<: I<.s .ar :h or c.ons<;>!»i>» < vists. in»1>c.h ca»<1». I!>! c!f!» '.rvations »!i>stb : «.>IisiderecitP>!ti>ti»c. it siiould aisob! ! LiI I re.,so thai <;vistingh>it «n»ac»tinnedIa!vs r<.IT!aina signifir!ant pIiipi .;t .!d prie!r to deveiopI<'.»I of RPagan ! ciIT>i I! i»t ras bee!! i»te<>v>t ;<1ii!to !s to press, prop»» !d I:hang<.»arP still j»st tli it- g!i»pc!SPA.it is si Iiifi s>rlt, ho% 'ver. that e' > !»1>!gl!jy P!s>ble .'Il<>»g !ssl>cil as thP. p>'ot!o» ! fph<'Is »'>olll. ot thP, f«; ierai :<».st;II 7onc stan !t><1»><;»iPio<>r >n are all xv<.ii ~itj!ii> lhe ic<>al ;ii!ri politic;>1 trame ! ork that iias r <>ti!~e s aie i>iiiik< ly to »>ah ;sit>nificant diff<,>' .L,!rr;»ot iulfijlint> very us<:f<>lfunotions, b<>ti>v<;a<>s<, ti>o o~< rail syst<.n> is sulli<.i<.ntl< ><, n<>jori>nportan<:v to bv >ssu>n<.thor<>r~">- nizatinns. 'I'hat is the very nat»rv nf the isoxvhy tl>er<:is so n>u<:i>vari<;ty <>nt>l<,x>tv u iti>in it. Eavh rvaclv>xvili imari>xgitis or hvr oem Eaavkgro<>n<>rtirnlarisa»vs. ll>lv r<'1I's '~~Ill }>i<%'vn>nr<' 411< n i t!<>ss<>ss. it is n>i <>t>j«,:tie<,t<> i><>li> i>l»«:> <1ifl< r<>nl iss<>< s inl<», i>ro,><»- st>«.:tiin <>nr<>visik» int<> tf>«t«<>l<>t>r<>< nt nt l<.t;alanosl >tn Il<>n» i > »g<>n ><>nts > <'»'>'< l > < > Ll<'n «>st«.> I>>t>l I'x <'Ilh'><'<> »nl<'» >ts- tho «:»,'st -xvitt>si>«,:ifi<:;>g>y>li<:;>ti<>ns t<>V<><~<,t i<>n<>

~~~~Rot> :rt L. Hisi> U' t >!! c to~~~~

This t!roje'ct ives iii> lcrtaken n itli tl>e support,iod assist;»! '. i! >nanx pcoi!i ;. instreirn »it,! I in its cori«!pl ioi>,ir>d u irn! I-' it i i- cia I'evtor>,Alyn l!uvhory, and the slshii>gton.'ii a Gr int Go>I!l!llli! i .<>tlo>ls 1 ro<>r<'ve!ekirk , Jsor!, :arol ! s, Alice Vitt, and Di!ri;1 Jcnsc>iPast SGr.u>t-fui! li!d>vork <»i Vu,>ol li<>ur! Ial thP lir>ivashir>gtonLvith R !l! .rt Karrcr>. J !ines Giuti.lifield. Louis K'Ueschler.'<>iorlunity to t ;;>ch ibout a»iveranri I'atricisprovided bL Glirislii>c Ilag- P»'nan,Janis Yhitehenr> r l vie!vs oi , 1r.lii r drafts by Robert KV!i'reri, Ralph Json,Robert Gooin, Ruth ittr!< r'. Itot!ert Pcaly. Garrctl Power, WI;!rk Sproulc-!o!!cs, P itrici, 1'lori!st,is ol lh ! Pul' .t OL!lidbook !it.'rieseriitori; is<:ripttliro>igh ill I drafts. Every <:Il'ort has heh t !rprctationsprLri;iri iiiiiii> errors. I assii!n

PLi'Io iar!cl r i<:IiI!i«'»re»orrr<: !»I<>r iil! !'<,or!Or!!i<:I?»»o ;irirIL!is@re-tir!r<.;« tivitic,s. 'I'Iir!n are te11otlr< r plec!rs it> X >rth 'IL!acl tl»!! 1'I»ill!I'a I »L!I'r<>llr»I<» '» I sor' <,v<' hi!» I! ' '.11as ; I os ' ls on 1 LrI' !'I SoLl n LI, I!irr irrg tire Iatt<.rIi;ill c!I the t vI!tol'CIhv»!< al P»vrl'<>i!- 111Pnt,hlolo i :al c;omn!lliiitiu», ancI hlr»»rii Lises of tli«,r!x irollrllel!t. II h;!s r!ls ! I><'. : >!nec:o1»'i ! to Lr»clc!I'Ii>k<'.»1l 'lrRnaly» '»a» It th<' »1osl <:orllI?Iexh! Iur'rulc troll»I!rl>» vere tll<>slbr Br! d LLith th< rlatllral Pi!vir<>!1r» 'Iltthat iir'L!tll ! Il!OSI :Or!!i?1tlii<>l<>pi<:alc.on1»!r al an ] Ie al tr;iri!r»v»iri'ILIauoiLI tf»!ii Lc;urrecl,;1rir! >I f'.ri- <;lish ;on?!non Inxv, th ! prinoip!es I>!rig>lri»oil?Ic!s, J'Iii; »s» l' HI Sli system. hovvever, is the >nultipli iity of lava»and il eilcr< s n>lg t t>cil>, I hp.1 lxa[»>1>1»gaI>4 :on>$!IE!x sv»tpin Is that d<.'- SCI'lpt>O»Slvh> ;tiI»u»t n ! : ls»i»'>IVhc I>b»II'<3 .'II !»s 1>iak thel SVStrl alit>cnr simpler thnn it rcnlly is. 'I'hc nppcnrnncc nf simplicity thvn lea ts I» t ti l h !I II!I I hi>I It> »V!it ! I!»I ;i>i! I>i [iI I»>I«t '.d I » pic, »ia»- nl I arid 'Iti I I«!I Ii , <»i[.ilak Ii. 1 t ilila I I b< int,» i[>vnlv ! <;o[r>I!Ig ![ri ,nl» ox at ivc. anv I!<; II> viirtc l '.iuIt! ',» I!Wvtlu»1 l» »l 'ategv Cl,ievvtl !I'C I» It> !,'iVste»i. I hi.'iph !- no[i is rriticnl in t<.»igni»g riilnil>>usc ot » It»mt rcsnurcvs. It is t><>l!i»ho«l,»i<: !;i»;it>pr«;.i>itin»f<>r thv, dit'fi ;ul- tiVSOf ICgata>id juriSdiotiuri >l «I«!Sip[iIi u»i tiii<-nf ttlr! <:ur- rvnt system on PL>I, t 'Sou»«t. Readers are :autior>ed, holvever. Ih«l thi» «tlI!II<> «!»v ;y,i» i»i- d :rstarl«li»I< of the currcrrt systcr» >vill rrol ««>vcr «very I,I v, .i>I>u>'<:es.Su ctstill I> !t eXllaL St.ev<'I'y nape .'I Of 1'OLVthe Sy»tCI>IOpei'<[I>l I;>3 snnrl court te :isinns and most ji<;liii thv ct<.>each Chapler I'OI ltioSC > liO ivisli to p>i .sucn particular pnint furthvr. :hapter ~ provides a dP,.<:ription of tl>e P»<»fur g<><<,!'»i»g;I c<»nplvx rvsoL>T :P..This dis iussion [aisc» ns I 1»>t>vill n!nppr. >r Il>rougho«>tthe analysis, '1'he text i> !xl t!ro :cc l» Io,>» si» ol' thP .Orl»trtut>un«l1< %VSOl S< >v '.['Ci"i>ly. pt'OI! !I'IV.;u> S I'I"hts '>Sthey ;ipply to mlio[>tc, I»< il,;i»n tribal nircr>ls rcspccli clv. ,hailt<;r» 8 3[il< 6< .n<:i s jrl I»ot! !I"It !S, i ltt>V, firlal Chapter retur»S tO ba»ie v l>r.ll thr. ICgnt nnrl jirr>Srlintional tram lv Ct S«>u»

~~~~~~PugetSound and Its Uses~~~~~~

Pu~et Sound >» a Ito>'k>>Ii>>><1sl'a, It >» f>i>ke<:>I><; Ooe irabin~ w<.stbetw«;!h,mpie P<.»ir>»i>laand the southern shore nt Va»«:>uv<.'.r1»la>lcl, and >loltfr tfu'ougf> Rosar>oSI>'a>I. tl>e Saii Ju;i>i I»- larids, ii>h<;Iwc!c<> X';>ncou~<.r Island anla»mhia. I''>'<»»l f>>anc a encl Rn- sario Slrait, Put>et Souiid exti;i> for over a huiicfrec1 >nil<:» b<: tw«!n lfie C as<;adeand Olympi» inoiirit»iris. The So<>nd'ir> th00snile. and ii>o><; Ilia>! 200 isl»»cf». P»y<.ISoiind has always been tli» <;crit<;rI'nent in %%@stern WVa»f>ii>~<~ton,Its abunriant rcso»ri:li»h, sh, ils >!»Id cliti>ate. a>id thi; t!' »1»p<»'li>lio»alfoi adethe Snuncf;>ttrr><:tii.a>i<.cArne.ri< uns prior to its cf>s<:ovclJ y t!y Vc»opeans. I h<'.se»'»» <'. !'I»>l a <'I<'rl»t l<'» attra<.t<'idsettlers froi>i tfie East ancl fvc»» Fur<>pi;,>i<«l toio! lwo-tfiir<1» of RVB»hir>pionState s populatic»> fit<;» iri lfie I>vcfc«.. ounties sc>rroun<1- > >>g'II> l» > I< a n cfge>1 eral I y referrecl tn »s t I> !Vl>g 'I, in<»> <1>' o». Al lhougf> tf>e re~ion >s '<<'<',ll>>tf>o<>~I< l ol a» a sint.f<;iiriit, tl>errsiti w ilfiii> it. Xfc>c:I>of this diversity i» r the physical str»<>I»r<»>'n Putt<.'I S<>u»d, or ll>e >nain ba»iii. id»lr<»>i A»ir';>ftx 1»l< t i>i the north lo th» T itfi» 00 t<> 80<> lect are oom- mo>l > <1I I><'. I>as> n, w>tl> a clepth ot 0,30 I«'.!I »I i»~ oil Vo>n I I<'.Itel »c!n. T1>i!»ho>cfi»u and estuaries,cluny, tti< i!a»t »ir<>x i<1a>- f>ors.<;»I>«;:i;>1ly E11iott I3ay in Seattfc, and ;<<»»»<.r>:<>y i» T;>- ill'»>n Ihe estc>al'>esavl<.'c!for ii>du»trial an agri<:uftu>'«I .i;lol»»s>!rrtatin!i «» rifu»>f>ia. a<.r Porlfa»cf iii>cl beyoiic1. This ..><><>rn S»ohonzish <;ount>es has be- e:c>metl>e urban anc1pop>> fat>ci» «:;>it< p»~~elS<>>in<1 >.a<~i<>n. On the wc!sitel<.'» ia»> bas>0 ls tile k>tsap Poult>sula [kr Isap :o3>nty! >vith H>'e>nertc>nari~<;rt<>nNav>f Shipyarcl. 'I'hv Kit- '~.yX~ W.~W WA

~~~~~~K 4~~~~~~

~~~~~~~ ' X t.'»e» ol PelSr>d~~~~~~

»c IJVen>I>sula lia» i>ot !xi«!r > r>oed a» riiu h >roc,Pi !r :,;iri I Snohomish <:ouiitivs h ; :,ius ! of its relative isolati iri,irid ils d<.,pcr>- rien ;rimarily or! th ;,if>il>yari! I !v ! fol!rrierit is oc .urrir!g arouri I tli ! 'l ff>c;»>dbetsyriort !i! 1!r»ari»lease at Hanoi' <>r>Ho<>r'r!rr»>i!>i tli only s>xvable .ily on lli» vlSour!<1. So«thvrn I'uf><;tSo<.I'a«:>r»,i X,!>re vs to thr. Nist!lx rr>liiaar! .t :>'iz .dl!y lar .' tidal f iii«itiori ivith >nanz sn»; ll sh;>Il >l,>r>di Hr'!orvia>lets a!' ', <> !'Ia» »»ital!l > for inrfu stria I cl vcl- ol>r!i :i!l;>s are. ll>e sliorela>i»rri Puet Sound. but th ;y l!rovi l<' sul!ms.oystv>rs, «r«f wvn- IJ><»,» I I>L>rilor'>C ou>lty. arid,!l> ,'It !r», I> f C !ur>tv. bc>l rlc.'>tll<.r l«ii i ri,itarbor nor is vithvr onc ii»r<>i!i>decl I!< urb,'>r>ixation as i» tl>a»irr. I'he Xiscfuallv f!vita, or><:i!f tfi ! I've far< st Ivss rfcvvl- ol! !d ,'»t>iT '. a>il'.it»F>l«'i. XV<r<,'c ;<>ur>ty,r>!iticSou»al >s a rvla'tlvelv»l!" !'l Sound tllat I><;i beta «;;r>t lie Olympic fifou>zt iin» to tli<; n !»I,!nil. H ! ! f C,H>>al'<1t I > !i '. d,>ir! l ll>vre are feiver mudflat» tli ir> !i! ! !uth,'>our>. Il I>>oxides ari tf>«bit<>t for oysters an flood Canal i» l!ri!riarilv r<:ii f !nlial, an cn>enthat is c one'itr »tlu!rn l ! : l!ortiori aii f !ri tl! : Mason Cou»tv. I fl ! orllv olh !'r .'»g- iiificant usr is thUrir!v 13c>s<' .at Ban<>oro>i thc fait»il! oi>tv s>cfe0'f th ! < I!Pcfo-tc'still@fa<.1l>t!v!s ori ljaL>obBay, a bay tliat. ;xter«I» ir! t ! l !If»>'su!>Coou»vr st bc- txv r> XVI!ieyIsla»et of island t;oi>»tvl <>ritli >i»l;>ri f ii!< I<.it»at! Peiiiiisul ; Pencri»ula ori tlie n :»t to A f>r»r<>lt , Irilel, vrh !n! il jr!irii thc Strait of Juan clc I'r>ca.'I'o tlic <;nit of XX'I!iPa»»ap H>1 sf'I ~ verel Iar~<>psflaIIohv hays '>>'!S!lol>o>lsh Sk!pit <.c>i!iiti >».XVitf! tl>u cxueptio>i of Everett. cvlii<:lr I>a» ae . .»» to lli<> rii li>i IMsiri s !iltli of AVhidf!cw Island, there;lrc no Ill,ljor ports on tl!vs ' inri .r passao ;s.'I'hxvancf the Stiffagrra>nish ar!cl Ska~<>it >'stuarir«! 'ann<>» I!rovi I ., eturariru.' life and waterfowl. t3p thos» ri< ;ri frorri llic > !ur>a ehave be<»i!rr!k ri t» riosl I!,irt dovofol>merit cvithir! th .sc ir! iurr»>i<» horn<; :r»»r>itin» on XVhicfh .x and Cantano islanrls. OutSide Of Pu~~etSnu>i<1 itsct Soun rpginn. arv. thr; Saii Jiiiiri Isl »Iris Sa» J»an ;oiintyj uh ;r< th Strait oi Juan <3e 1'ii<.ii <:<>i>r>«:lslo Ihe'. Strait OStrn xt!' !»I !Iv pop liar lo at>l !i i»l I' ' .< s>tluila1 boi>ti»t,. 1'.;isl ol' Ros;curio Strait lic svxcr!I !si;i>iIVI» KYJ!at :o!!! ,o»nty t!osScsS !S«".<: !11 '.»l i! >I"I la II

J!ai!> area is J >rg ,r;>n »Il »' ! <1 !»!v ollie'I' ar a of thc Soll <1 cxecpt for Scattiv 1 <> :o»Iil, 'cll..h>!a .'ofles, th ' sile of trav<>oil rpiineri .s, is on Fi J;>l<>uIsli>ntli of 13 llingha>T! 13 ixin lloi'tilcI'I! bka" It C !»>>tv. h !'rrv Poll!i i>l'l I'ci'Ii iaie, a>iso lht! '1o ;at>oil ol oil r fineries. arv.just nCO»vVI' Isla>> an l ti!i«Ii!>i! C'ull' isla>iris. To tlie; soutiiivest tii ! Sli.,>it ol' Juan lv. Fii :a vxtv»pci! to 1'aoifie:storiz>s,;In mvri :an sirlv. is Port Ai!t, .J !s ori tii< I!»i C:I;>iiaiii C on»tv. Developmenton PugetSound 13vcai!ssp'>I'ts of Pu~~ctSou>! l possr!<.- t !ristins. th<.y hav ! Iin»<1ir! J»sti'ializatioi! are eo»cei!trateei arouii tiie p irt aic;Is uf Sc;>tth; <>Ii1:11ii>l t 13 >y'i» Taco»>y. 'lvitll 1 'ss ,1 J .v<.le!t!ma. Most ot t lir.1>on ell.,>iial. h<;tivccn XVI>i<11!cyIsl>i>i<1 >neJ tlic ciistcrn shore, n l in thc san Jiians > .'.. Kfost oi the !v >st '.r» sllore'llup. 01 tile li»l I I! hi>s I» I'c »1

s 0 I 1y spa>sc1v '1cvclo pc. cI " I0! pr>IIlarl ly lv it 1> S Il>i!ni '.I i!n!11 ".s, 111»> I 1'I' ! '.11cs Ili pallerns oi urf>au!i at>o>1all eievelop>lieut heive; feei lO nelit! I'E!Snui' :CS, Th ! p »'ts I<:sser !xi<:>! I Purl A»~~elesa»<1.%»a .ortes,flax a Inajor role in ti!eir lo<.:II . !<>» »»I .s;inef policics affcetint< eirce1n- trast, Ii!!ls ot Soutii Souiiei, 11oo C;a»al, a»eJ aloi it!I,X ISI,>»<1SCV li>C SOO» J,>S,>rCII>live l < n;>l1hu iy, uSC- fii»11>uatin, shpplllg logs. ! scs of f klu<.'I Sc!L<» f
1» tfiscs di ! i>f >Tost ex .I<>s>vI>!»>af.k».r .:isaliiion kl fisfkin . TI>rouho '.si>uii !. fioi>Ith<:has 'iy,JIarIIorn> I'riday !!arbor. oni: fincjs ;Just«isol .:okiii>! ;Iid! fishi»g t!llu' Fort!> I';k ..ilie. or i» AI!!skai! !!,i- tr<><.r<:iaf fiSh ,rnIPn, a!»i>X rtin»i>I liah 'rmen. pose ',ss;>fiigli 1 i <:!o! co»«:r>i et>vlfkc!s I h itI cn '.>Sitesiftcili » i »f siilnl ! ! st!k>ivn>n''Lik' sisoi' lJ>dt ! >s- ri!pt sal>T>oiimior>titan. A!an tf>T»k>ghc!utVut,ii>«iii<:ipdfities iiiin Iicfil.'i- !re, kilt!>ok><>hin c»kil»'st to Ihc !!;>St,Ilk»st »! Ij>cscsI 'sdfe novv In;;it<; ! Prior to thc!ir Pis<:bar@ii!it ! vraters Of tlk<'Si!unc!. Vk>~~~etSock» f.'i I'v I !a»cfs,ai>c! Ti>i>ikv»I its Liscsci ' T>t !rcfepe» fc»t,As e<;c»!»l»»'1 l>vil v. pi!IILllat>o>k, a» !I » :On!P!IIIaV I' >S 'Ii,PVPT> I,'r 'ate>' lk111ai> I>< lsV<' I!< 'ii p!I«.'k'd On its >'CSL!urucs.Part ol thc >i>c:I'!s«;! ! > ico>«PI»'s <.»<>ictf>rokkckh <>istr>af>zI- tioki and jIrav>c;I cise of port t;«:>fili<.'s,If>< hcoknc s»> tk» i>J!avc r !- sii! t !c! in gi'c!t ardemanr! for f!f<.as'»Pboats. Tndrinas,!!a< ks. Skim«Icr ho>i>cs. a>kd otficr 1'e<..r !etio>!1! «Se» of tfiLJ.'f'h ;s<; risin<~ clc- maffi :tsth !v .'.»< :cf>i'i!vv bkkk' I 'I>sOIIp>'o- C:gh Xvf>i< h thP «SCS nf V«I,'<'tSO«n !i>r<' f 't 'I'nlin '.C!. ResourceUse Decision-Making kirtk>aflak af! nl th ! <>sPscif vki I sni>nri i>ix'II<>tc! <>v ',I'ki<»pf ..tjke oo !» SI>il!prc!ut.t> tfis<,. ~ r !sh>IIpcc! >n ' !spo»sclo Inr>I'kcl I .>na>! il, ipsi T' I>rlvatcIX'' »Id. 'I'hP ~ni! IS are tranaf !rn!vill!in tfitct>k>c:h or rail. 'I'Ii«: !»lire port operation.J!r! !~~i>>I> pro- ~<~ran!s,cvith tf> ! C east i>iaI' ! s nIaintenanr'i '. »I navi~~atii!I'iii! >tf>C>t'I'. :»>>ki le, a>! J!it >I :ok>st>'u,' tio>1 <>I«j >>Id> !l e>id>1 »f: ', I i!So invo! vrs 1Tk! izture of pri1,>lc1>ncf pub!i . alspi>r<:hase plPasur<. :raft, hkit hn i» macIPnkk><:k> n> !rP. C»jOyablebI' U»ver»>1>e»t-J'k«.I>i»raii!ps. >>iids, i>T> J TI!>T inP parks. Hi ffcr<'.nt iiscs Tiev;>iso cok!I !'inl o .:onffict. is kvI> c» bc!itnari>ia!Wf CfeatrOV f SI>.nk WVhPna liar i fi if> !1' i! !IiI' .sLIJts ii> i] s i!i!i! cr a!! c> at «!i> to other fishSCSt nit!i n s»iiicvh<;rk>tri.V<>r <,!'i>k»I!l<., sp<> t fiSfieriCS OIIC>ICCJat %westportai>d X' ,,If! ff;iv, sports salmnn fishin- effort <»>P>kg<.t Soi»!d cfP<,lined; anc! x! hen : an- acila Jcc:i fc!LJlo c«rtail c:rue!aoil si>pt!lies tc! iiic tcr>i>i ity. G<><'»gI «get '>no»
It i!I I I !In l» ls pl l ' , I o» I t«1u! s >ot I »I> t NOL!l!cl !esne»'Lvsn'el' ! fut I'iI in !rt;i»l;ispi! :ts < >I't I!io»s that som it»»1 ut i!t lo ;i>t»»1 »' Vi>t» lf g» ust Ii!k ! I>li» ! i>»»»!g'Ih !»1's, .>I! d 1»»1»!i' . !s !s 1'eso«!' ;C! Anh'in :en! ,'nt to In- c;rvas ' lh '. ili's<;No»» < 'sI r<.sn»rr ! »>«st f;iii!i I i ir I'or!» nt' r!! I i !i i i i!g>i» lt>r ! iigt!»>;» k ts. Iic!ti«nin tak! v<, ;s tu i!s !r» O'I!u are n'ilt- i»<>t<> p!i ti!i! n!ost. Thn !n;!rknt systen! works re !sun,ibli «c11 ii tier i .l«»'Is iii;i i'ery ctv :c;1!trlt ized n!armer ii llile proi'idio<> i ii for!»; ! II o» ii I! irh indi i'id!>at cons»mvrs and prorlci<:vrs < an t!as<.t harkvt IV»'<:esaftec:t al I OI the «se.s uf Pc!«g by inarketS alOne Will nnt ii'Ork fOr COn!mOnn;it u!;! I aa Pugnund. 'I'On !Zany rr SOL!rnviiSe intvrd< I» i!d< !i iarket pcnc:e!sses.Thus»ia rkvl fc>r<«s !i «sl t> ; SL!ppli' '>gl'V,:!t deaI Of nnn-market Or gui> .',r»iiie!i I,! I;i<:I ii'I I i . Cyni' '.!'»»lentS Ctnfinl; inn<1vnt'Orc;v prnperty ri< htS and < n!itr 1<:Is. ;< >i :r!i- Ill<.'.» Is :ilh»c,e; >'es »ll' :P,Lises n ith i!>i est»!ei>ts i p L',<»I,>lI» ; ii;!t ; i<:- ti vit V With ril 1<.Sand pPrnlit re l I ! wit t!out L!nderstandtng the public sector as ii sn!,!rkr«li<: s« I >v, ho i vi vr, onv st!ould !Lot forget thai »!ark«I I'o>ces. v i :h;!r<; i» I i!r» c.re purchases peop lv, «I!oose lo c»;>k<;,;»'t <»! ty alii ays presvnt. but t hey a ISOvs<.r<,is1' I ! s . >!sisg >i'i'ec' tl!e usus uf Pl>- get.Sou» s r!!sI tvl'nls of :0 !stat zon<.'n!g ;- »!ii<.i> !r,in!plies a rcIatii Ply t!igh Iv! PI ot agr»it !I i<>11tlirough ii hic:h goal Inlpten!cntation is directly ii!»I»! t;!k<; i. Rc!sou!'r<1Llse ctc ;i- sion-makin ~ c!nI'uge;t Socind is ii!ci <:I>to< > :<»»I>t .xto he rat lvrt manage- »ient. Tl!ere are !!either w!clety sl1<«an>rat!o>ic.apa- ble of i»11!I !in ! nli » < si»:I> g k in»Iis»>« .l> !»<»'<.,»-.r»!'atelyposed as a probl< n! nl "gni <;v i- ancc'. It!'I u l'I >u» !» wtl! ;tl tl> c!ou!fl!«tn!g a!!LI L u»>pl !»»:»Ir»'y go «Is ot' tiff«re;!it l>oopte n!ust he !eroneilect. tv«cI<. t-nl'I',;»:<:<>»! »c>- dat !!g>Ierirg>i»i i n>,»>;!gv, I tins«processes un Puget Sou!id, but or >,!»I i;>Iiu»s dusigi>ed tu n!ana >e ;ive seldom si! itable for fa .:ilitOPL1tat iOnSi» a CIii i irn» iii<;!it. I sps of P»gpt S !i>net
Alth<>ugt!ttiis t!ook focusespri>ii;irily oi>h !<>existing i>!»tit I! i»i!» fun<.'tion.it <>ill i>tsoiutrodu c <,1il»eilio>is u'tier . ai!pr<>pri.ilv..Several etuPstionsai'i. >' ,I <'>>Ilt! in this !'cg,'!r I: ~ Dt structure pro! i lc > ,leva»t iiiforiuati<»i I'<>r,ill roiicrriii! ts Ii «l gin»ps to >n~!krI ti !ir l!r fcicnecs tor I ti< U»getSo»nd'» ri!So»revski>o>ai»; i»f < e>»si tercet'? ~ t!oe» the institi>tional stri> ti>rcI>r !>i l the.i!!ran» I ! tiil into ac- eOu»ta lVider;iiigV Ol'alter!!utile <.i>ursusof a tin>i iii r<:»po»»eto tt>cs !t!r f .rennesanil to :o>T>t!ananrt t»!re the tinlr; ailstsof decisioii-in;iki!>g niasonahlc. in rcli>li I tie I>1 ign>tudcof ll>»suii pro essPSI!i'oil>». ! auttiplicity of p .r»1!«;:tiivs? ~ I3o iu til:> foals parti .ipatii!g iii t ti : systein etev :t >p . >»ip,>lit>le»i» :rtgh to conlpcli»>il< for fail- Llr !s a» l to Hvo>el clan!ag>I>g 1>'I'I',v .'I'siblea tio>1». ,>!» >! »!' ki»>!!'I- PdgP,h<. >ntrr! lii . !d a>id »sert iln t c I>i » 'o' l!l'ohl 'il!s t> '!'csol>'c l? ~ AI'c tt>e ii!stitutional str >i:t irv, its proces»c»,»> f <>»ti.e!>>!osie- ger tcr >m !tv,a high tcvct ot I! r I» !nt iis that result? ~ I! >vs lhv institi>tioii;!I sir»et»re, prorf»cc deci»i<>ii»Ihat t!alance.h»- i>>aarac- teristirs II>i iit? Tt>O i>>sti'trit!on1 St>'ll .:tiiI '. «n l gOVCri!anC !l!I'>»' an l ttic ti.'1'tiis Iraniv- u!<>1>idesfor a r ;lativcty <.Io>ir lelineation ot prot!<,>ti rigt!ts '!iid government >I'>»th, t! '.<',xer :is>d in a Variety of !%rtai! t et >estiou is, hole n' !r, ti >u «nil l!a> e. thv. cori!»i >I! liie> ;11!dconstituti i>i,il fr,>nle!vork be!ona<1;! litget !OLII'> lr :PS.
Notes h >r> !>PPvl n»i! r. anaII;sis of tt>e :Ii ir i I ri»li :s ot I'ii,"ct go>i!i l aii t ils rv- souf r!s ii! l ri!»»>>i' !'l!Us 's is pr el,il. 1'» l,iii l ttli.' otf!I- »mes of' lho I'»get <»>i!shinge~ 'oiiil I-'rogr;>I».;Kn!or Ivlaile l ily»is of ratio>!ing allei»;i>i< !.«>» l i nrclimir~~~~! apl!ro;i I! I»- Zti< o fue»ti »>» i» .<»>I,>i»eeti» 8' rreu :t I!. f1 I72i. CHAPTER 3~~~~
~~~~The Constitutional Framework~~~~
'I'he ;or!»titutiur!«l f>»u!! «1>i<.t! d< ,i»ionpfvx. anct ha» '1 tcnlg>hls- tnry. 'I'hv. naturV. anrl Op'Vratinn Of »ueh a Systrm Can he E>ndvrstonrt only I >I'1«tlor! to i!tt 'I>!! I! t» Io I' ,".inI v 'II!!OI't«Ill! p! ot!h!In.'i«I'!;ill!g 1vlthl>J e;!rtivr legal fra>ncnvork».In this Chapter the history t COJ>»tit<>tiOJ>«IprineiplP» unrIP! ly!rl tt1P opPI'at>on of goverr!n! :J!t» ur! Vugvt,!ou>J f Evitt be evan>inect.Or!ly after»cleiJ alJ E,»an1inatior>ct>EIpE!Ot! !rat!on ol go'1'el'nr11CntSEul lgovernII>ent Elgen ;>USel>« b<.'. Ul>d .'>'.ituod. Historical Origins The»>E>slirr>purll Iv<»; I Eior><.E!I!ts;!r> Iiti»tt>,!t <><>i<1g<.t !rr> :ontir>t !I IIi»rn hrougf>t t > Ent:orr!J!!or! la, tf! . Xta >, C; rt,« f l2'l.". I',r>- gli»h I;!w tr;!J!»furred te I:olor!ie» <>r>llirn;rl< ty t<>tt»; H.,'!. Cur!»ti- t>Itic>r>,»tr!tc .Or>Stitutiur>S, riI gislation in Amvrira. I Jrl l !r I I :u l«l i»rr>, l.i>! .la ting lidd»,I not r!;rgre<;rn !I>tarith thv king Evvrv. c:or>»i tiS l!r'<!;rty, Her>r: ;tt><1 kinw;!s IJotIJthv, sovv>'PIn ol governor r>r> tl I! :rr> ! jor I!J'ut!ri !tur'J>. Su!ne ot tt!v, vrrrlivst <:or!itic:tsin thi» sy»tvn>1vvrcbc!tu ccn fi»heriv» ac> l 1>a1>'igat lv!' of sul!>nPJ'gPrl I a!!rl» an l hPn : ' of th<; I!»h >r! tl!v<>t ;J'»«f!uv ! t h !In. g>'«tct» to f>»h ar>d lo <:<>r>struc:t fish Evcir» in infanct watvrs anct on navi< >bi< ri< vr»»E>E:I> lf>V,'I'hameS. '1't1P grant» OfPXC:IE!»fw P.fiSherie» PX :l«d<' I'o>IIII>o1! !Oi!I : fr u>J>a< e»». ar!Ci the fi»h JVeir» Ob»truC ted >rawi >el iur!. TI>e «! <>I I itionE>p thc Thar>Jc»to I.o!!rr!<»tty impc>rtant that the.City ot l,oncton»r>1>l!urlror>»;>g>in»t th< king Ir! t Z l 0 > r!order lo <>etst>c<. > >E.I pI'or I'.i I«I'Is I I!lu t tl 'kt! lgr1« ,al l« 'lo In- nr>»lr<> :tior!StEI< atiOJ! On rnajOr riE rr». By the timI<>r!i<;»w< r ! »tahlishvrt, th . Ia>v har1 Pcofvecl »o lhat even lhoo "I! subrr>er E'd lar> ts <:o»ti ra> ;, If> !>I » :ur! titior!<>l urr r>ot rr>tv!'tv>'!ng E!ith navi<>ation, and f, 0 i !i' I i !J IJ 0J l >/ f' r >J! ! v i vu J'k
cv ;1!!siyrgrants to fist!criesu<1rtsrcn!aii! st<'0!!gfy !»t rene:hvif in la~'!s gr>'' anrl C.itri- t!»»i t- sions «r ! fc!undi!! i!i isl.19th-«:;J!li!ry I..I.S. <:J!s<>» disputJ<',1S! !;3f. f! fa!!i uf thc isf!cites dur!J!g tf!c evufuti<»! >EL'iigfiifi gt<,s >cur ri 1!l» of tiie.ki!!U, or sc!~c!<1iU», J;is r'J i ii th rights of <:itii !Os.I.in!it !lions on the ri hts uf tl!e ki!!U tu seiz !f>ri>fiiit<1ue 1<.g,!f fir»< esi ii Prv imposlann n!ost i!ii!l t <'.J'iof 'go'Uv!i'J>J>J!«'',. !au!'i!!UIf!c estdbfiif»!!eitt <>fAi»i!! icaii <.Ofuiii :.i,tl!e I'» fiifi ki «s ancfI'arlian!,!ined,ii<.ci!- fan<:y,it I!<'.ga!!t«vsfor thr. «:!funivs. Hoci< v<'r,th ! <.ofoiii '.si!ad hl! !n !fr'i!'I !u Jld i' g!i! ts L!y'Iilu k iJig a!ld th<' > . '!lionhy th ! I',J!glish f'i>rfi,!J»<~J!I. !'h! .1! 1!i!if i!u right t > afli I<> r>tf!cr I<>J»»insEhtrfl!~ iin 1!tail !'drf! l>ll !Jlls dtten!l!I Iiies 1 tfi< A!neri<.,!J> H<» u- flltlon !Yf! lr 'bv th ' sli! Inonii! ie J'ill!t sfo> n!<'.rl c liefd hy tfi ! Brit ish mona!' fi, inhii!urged 1;!i! n fiat had I>i»«: upyiiig tfii;<.iaffy thus<; i!>! »lied in prof!- ter»i of qoycrnr» f!isturic;,11,!tt'Ci knl> J!ui'dll .'lc ;I ! f!ai'1>dl!lent<.Ol! f IJc'.Irllst«'1 I!»t lu "0 I! '.Woii tf!l ! laxY, I 11 !yHjso r '. . !gi!i/ccl.hover»mentt0!ignpou'PJ's a!«f tu f!J v '.»ttfi<'. i J! fi- i ir> iiig a!nun@ If! .JJ!Seizesfiki: lfic. ,'!ftv! faifi!r ! Of thP, ;onfccf< ration. thc <:oiistitutio!!al,iliu<.:tcr ',arith iti attempt tn !<.f!iCVCnlLlitif!fu ubjectiV<:s.iiiiiuftaiieuuify, ii fvv.f Jnrlv!fying this roJJ!f!f !vity,howe !!c:r, is vf!ficit ri!«:ignition uf tfile>niii politi<:;il theuly a» f <: !J!stitii- tiu!i:if dCSign:f! !ver»»1CJ!tuffi<:iiifs fru!n dbiisi» > lheir >iitf!oixcr to fllrtfii;i!I i. <'!'hile at tf!v'I J!g a govern»1io'ill Jli fd :I gu'0»g vi!<'Pt ! !L>» hH!sf>
.he ;k» al> l balan : 's> I>I> !rf!ilt> sharing afo>i ' u ith lh ! Hill ot' R>f hts H» iittvlilpt H'cfsIi!afi» I !I!oi ..>'I>/L'.»s ri>ts «1>ilf still nI' g»y»rnmeiit strsfi o! for l>gn alfairs throii" h 1<><:;iliit», II u'as re : of forI'I,>irsLyl>e>e II>» presicleritu,is giuf>nc.o>isidf:r;ihfi><»sbefore ii»po! l »il ii<;i.i»i !»seo»l I Ia di!.'1'1>is ti<»i: >ndeffort ki<1 in muitii!lf I'in»u,is lo;i»»iir titat <>np oonjrl ncit <.vf!joit othvr» an I I !»>i» lny po<»I» !I y> !>y I lanlii'l !t> !t al. 17871,The n ;>plusI '. I I ! thv. d !I ejol! ii ',»I of a <,omplei goy rnmvntaf systi!ni that in<:iiidf » r>id Ho»sv. I;>tiy<.»,bc>t a Ii!<1»r ; >urt si sti!»>.stat .' gte !ffi :Lais.St;>'I Il '. !L sesL»!c1 s '>i,>If!s.st'lie :oi>rtsand i mi! ltipli ,ity of c:itisf!yBI' lhe L>s» !I I L>gel.!o >» I !- s ! L>rces, 4'Vf>il<.tjiis mu1tii!ii<:ity of foyer»ments oftJ! .ais 'haoli< to tiiosv»ni >!nifiar «ith it» <>I! !ration,thv. Iiri>i<:il!le»»l f,!u »»Lier«Iiif.li it ope>'el»»h >'L'i; sl>ong h>sti>s lnd are!'f!'Is »!ablyLIP i I hc! systeni1>i>s also d nioiistratecleon»i»rahl adapt ii e e!pa !itytlfiv, pi!iles<>1!ficand tlie If:;il liri»- .iplesL!»d !'rlyii>glllls syste>lliu'<.' L!»»rstou klli ' : !»sec}L>e» :<:»»tad- just>»n h<. hvtt i> !ntir>slllaciP, as 'oi>Iol' th<;ii!ajor bodii!s <>flacy <'rili .;>Ito uiiin<.thoritytf!,oyvrn, i» If!i i»ost iifti L!II t»iirial ancf i.o>n»io>i jaLy Loii<.i;I>tto iiit» r;iti; inlo lli» A>»<;ri- <,a>!sysl. Frotn ot>ep l hc!>M:v.'I ! .It» a >na J !r 'oust it» t ibl »>tlo <.x<:r :i»eit> cf<. eot'ciiin:e iyilli tr;igi !-A>»eric:;»>I!iibli , laLy 'x ,ept a» li r>- itecihy procisio» in thv.T>nil< d,'!tatvs ;>tion»po»» I! Ilions ' >1g 11970, p, .0!. V>'o!T>il» !'I1! !>'per»I! ' :I!yf!, 1>pJ!ropriate IU yle!u' the 1 '>iit»tes,>s,>goy- I!In>nental»ystvm uh r !in soIvrvi nly rvsidvs iri tjiv, pv !l!l ! uho tiirough«i>istit»tional iin><: »res i iay<1»1 !galeor n!y !keaulii»particu1<>r V !yf.ri>n!ent».II' this I iecy»sfvrPI! : !I'. c;oni!»on layy tr niitio»s !f soy<;r»igiity- leriL» .<»> i»est.by fi ,onstit!
ki»g III i 1!isarr»ii..s- is not !t>firopriatpt ernilig Pug !I .'!oun I'H>sh spvndiiig to achievr.enumerate i«:!n<: !r is%'irtu illy «II l«l !r >1!<:lici- t iesin!<1 >'<'.go I,!t >ou»on I'u«et Souu I «ri. <1 !ric <:tro1 tile»u I !iv c.ui>»ti- tutioncil ci>i!i;it is. KVhile thu iinplicninatiuii;>I el'giligIn1! lr<' ty >i i lcou>nler :eco>lccravebc 'n uxleilslv ' > >ycindivll ll was !u vi»iigc! I in th ! Co>i- !itltul>01!al C ! l v ul'l io .
Treaties The f .clcr«1govcrrirn !iit is th . only govvrnm !!lt ! >ipuiv '.!redto p>l- I !r into lreatic» c itli 1'i<1th» lv.isla- lii>n neueS»arylO i>!>pluiiiei>ttliein prvempt St ile ur lc><:,>11<.giSlatiOn.that would be in < onl'li<:l.A i «arly vxampiv. of f !d' ..vnipl >t<', ! ! !cvl11 oc:c:ur> e I l li '. " i'ly I i C! 1 1l 11<' S S C]e a I a V t' o i'Cg ClI iI >g rat 0r y b i1 ClS bC t, b !- .ause. this <>r !s outsidr: enumerated fed< rislitiitiLJ .'> 101k!. Tliu gov ir>un<'.>1tthen negotiate;i ln,',ity on mig! on hr;half of Canada! «nd so was ahlv, to ias iivcessaryan<1 prot! .r lu iiienttliu ln!>d t<0!..'!u<:h treaty p »! <:ris iniportant for Puget > !und.'I'rc,ativs ivith lri

axebeers tlitopic to bc!examinecl nu!r closely in Cl!aptcr 7 ,i>id lreati s could bi; cise<1to obtain federal r exainplv treaties cvith Ca>i;iiis on. oil mo! e urid <:liir <.tvrizvd hy intern«ti<>riiil i>itvrclvpvnden<.eiii rcsoiir ,v. usvs.
C:on! merce. 'I'liv,dvlvgation oi aulhori ly tu rvgulatv.i>!tcrstalc. ;Ii<.giilation of Pcigcl Sound resou!ce uses. 'I'tic! original purpos ;» <>1ital gating authcirilv I ! n!gulate inter»talc ;oi!>n! ;r : ! to tl!e !«lioii il gov !'rnn!ent w !oth .ras xv!th tariff» IVirginia's tolls on > !d»shipped to Marylau I c ii! Ch !»apeak I3ay,. lc!r !x uuple! anil ll u rc:»ulti»glarge free trii!el trade on «p«i' willi tlie I'uropea>!countries; an i third. a na'lii itnportiinl n!v !nu ; »c!urcc. It !v«s r ! :or>sv. t>glatin>i of commerc:e,it !voulcl b : i!st it I>tin»of I're>rzzvrvn< k
ventobstruction» in navigahlvwatvrs. It is thv.rclatinr>ship bvtxv«,!r> na- vig;>l!lczvaters a»d commr>ccthat prnvi l<>sthe cnn»titutinnal h«»isfor thnlrnnn l«w. naxigzlzlc u;atcrs verethos !;>floutedby th : :bb and flow of thv, ti lc. The II»it !d Statvs, hocvvvel, .or>lrliI>zsv 1st inlar>drivers suitablefor con>m ',rcialtraffi<:, »r!d irz;1 r, navigahl watrrs'. werc define I'>s thosv. Ic> bv. 'naviglblc ir>Iac;t" an i r!ot limit<',rllo tidaI Ev>>ters The f!crnivl BOII I H71I.I'urthcr cvp, nsionof thc concol!tof navigablc!vater», »<>n>e vviti! i cry terri>01>'i c:nnnectinns t<>intvrstat<; commcrc! !, has contirrucd ovvr tir»c. Foliow- ing "rzaxigni>lc! irz fac:t." :«me"fnrlrril th ' watc>'S ~vereno longtion Ariz !r><>v, CGI>I !r»iolq:It!; "availahlv.for r!avigatinr!."even if s>rc:havailabi lit! rcquir !'d ',@tensive improve»lent»lI'rzitecI St >lesv. AI>E!c>loc>fziorzI I«:Irir Po< 'prt.n. 1,>-'0 !!: and lakesxvitl>in a singleslate fl rtc>l>v. Lr>>iteclSItn rvgulatinn nl "navigati zrz,'flitx> <- olatic!rzIz;E»»ler>zrzze frnr» I <:orr!r!zvn:eI!ow !>»,'I'h ' tirst I«:I ,r'!I u a!t 'r quc!Iitylc!gisl»lion nas tl> !Ielv .rsal!LI ll<11'l!or» i»>!<.:I pro- hihitvci thc di»<:hargv.Of 1'!z ki»1t l>i>lI'1 zw- i>zgfrc!n>»tn!! ;nrps c>t I'nginnorS pit.Thin p; rl Ol tl>Ca<.t, alor>g !c ill> rts oli> !r»«; I i »>s. Eas elva>lx nzz i >lion-nrivnttil tctrzrzthat Iiquitior>w«s irzterprctn II ! fall ur! l '1'll! ' I>sv. Sl<11>. 19GGI. In 1latinn Act n irvd that Ii»h an E uildlifc: c>II r ir>l<»,c.count i!ln>Z< !V Et l! I' r>V «atro>1 V>Z I "..i >» ,CI! S Oi I ~»gl 1> 'I !S l!vrr>I I ' <»i» "i.IIZ 1 J70.Ill>S !>unlO nnr!-1>ac>gal>un 1nt !r !'»I»11'I 1'cg>c latu>g«vrgl>i><>idin i'.nlzcI 1 . Tcrhb !1I arz i tlr< E 'd zr>l X'I'c tzerz l»>1!'>!I»72 irzcli .,zt . « EI irrterpret,lti<>r> pOSSible c!f >I<>!ig >l>lcw«lcr'» for f ! I<'.1"I I rVgul«tory prrrl!n» !S. Hroacte>zi!zgr<:g latin»I ti tv l 'r>1lnti>>gI o 1 a! vigabif- ity havv.b ! !n vffnctiv ',ly defi>En awayI If>>ittc.sv. A»III<>rzOil I 'I'rorz»pc!rlcrlionCc»z>p<>r!E 1r!thp I considcratior!sof navigr>tiorlas nc«.!»szstcadfocus dir<.oily on poll»tier! pvr sc as af- IC<:tir>girlterst!tc comnzerco>vvrs : ! ca» <; >rrcntlybc usc I to justify,>r>yfederal rngul !lion uf;Er!x > .Iivity tl>at >rffvct»lhclc>r its trihz>t
Power to Spend 'I'hv,treatv ar>d<:nnlrncrcv, pnxvvrs provid<'. thv. major <:tio» of Pug ;I Sourrd rvso«r<:v».Irr additin>Etn roc' .v<.!. th< tcclvral go>PIn- mei>t l»» tl> ! >utl!ority tu sp !Iid. Jan>esXfactisui>'s i!itliui! uf the spcn tiiig 1!c!~vcrn.,>s that it xmasno»1ore than ai>ls<',E>11cl a' htc only as a ir!Panstu 1!rjv tix es tl>al wur, es !>>ui>!le'»s. I!i .ui! lri!»t I ', I! faCIiSuni<>nuir<>S1 I '. pPndent !f Il>il! '.I'O'I !I!u>vc> I s an I hPnce .ong I!I!i'u- I!riate and spe>!d nul just lu a<..hi<;' '<: ,n»!<,ratecl uu!>Cur>>sbut tu 1!ruii!ote >eh vr objectives it I»ight r ti»osc that >ccrc consist !>il irith t tic Hill of Kights an't hv,gcnrral xevlfar ., Kt!it<1 tl>e Ma tisc!nian vie>!.. ul' sl!cn uic v of thc! federal tion an t ii>hcrcnt in thv ;onstitutivtli;!t speiigi» i>ot li!uitvcl tu tice achie>'<:n>c>!t utenui>!eralc<1 I!un crs IL'nit!! I S ntrs y, Butler 19j6: L'1>itc StI !t ;»u. D1 941J.I'lic rvsult iS th<>tthV. tedCral gn1iiy oh- jective,»»I it in !x regulate i!> virtually ii!y a>' !aof ii>lercst l!y i>i>kiii" coulpl i;in '.tiuns;«ui»tition ot state or l»c,il go 'crn- nlent» ric'ingf<.rIPI'al lunrla, I'1»"Ill<>I'n>OI'v,thP. I'E'"1>la'll !n»nv '. I not bear a iy r<;l,iti»i>shiptu the purl!us<:f»r 1>'I>ic;1>lui!ds a>' gr! !iit ! l. Of rou>svit' t tii;statv. or local gurcri> iici>tshould >gist>tu rc;fuses»c;h fvcl- crat n;g»Ianatot t'li<.rc:ent ii> KV,>shingtonin 1977! ul' I!;!i!ystate and loc.algc!v< rii>iicnt budgets. this us»tonof fvrlvral gui- er»inent re ulatiu» far li<;yuii l tti ! conc;erns ul' lru iti !» a»d coin»>cree. Ttlls %>!asthe nl !i!l!st >ken to c>lcouragc I<',w'c'lop»lentancl in!I!le i>aSt;>Ironagvment prc!g a >iSin the states.
Preemption I <. I<.r<>Igo>;crnn!Pnt lairs crit !s wru tti !»upr .'Iue la>~ ul' tl! ! lan i an preen!lit c v»cxrcpt in thc. i> »is»alcase in >yhich th isc stat . nr local go>,er > n<.ntIll>vs aiP,nP ' !»sarytu tt>c opera- tioi> of t t>i>ie»l Xotiunul Le > ' 197t>; Hurktcy 19<7J, Th}s !.'i AT>cf, !»rt Iiullifi d thos< parts of Kashington State's'I'a»teer Safety A :t tu 1<.g»I;>tv. oil transl!urta- tiui! ui> I'uget Sou»et, Tlic fc!it ! Iocean shipping [H >> c. Atlni!tie flic hei7H]. Unite I Sl'crmnvnttreatiptiuii uf st;>te fisheries regutiiti»ns i'olluiyii!» tl>sf>I'ngton 't >74!.;Xt lliv, samv. timi e saine activities regulated by the I!!unt ;o>>SI ilutfo»uf f ru!! !>! !!h.
'lvhen th .'1's >lo l re I : !>!Il!Ll f!etxv : !!l Ill ' !P«<>Ibifity f !r <' >terx s C!f!lc!vs I,'473] ir> a I fition I1!- pos ! I13i' th ! I ; Ie>'alI>ov !>'!!l<'litIol' ll! ! .ostsof >I»I< rfi. XVashir> ,hi !1< higher luvr!I» !I' saf .tv oi! nl< .rsentv!'i»Vuget,!o>»>it» Il> .'.feel !r;il!>>n!ei!t I ! II1 .', !cI prn>li!I!'1>nI >' i i! Ion;i<'i! <>II!!i i », in trv!- ties. or i» interstate <; >irnerce the s ;opv c!f I'«;Ivral n!<>ul,>!ihas ..ti in !t' navis >I!l<'v! atrrs, ln a fcfiti !!!, thv.b!' !,! Iurinterpr !Ii of tli : p !!ve>to sp :>i ai! the i>T>portn!>v«:>I fecfvral ;rdnts to st.>I«.;ncf loc:al <> ! vrnments Iii I'i!rll>erexp<'.nt. I hv spe<.ifi . r<,jul,>tion a>i<1p!'o>!'an>s ut if iaaf»<>tlii» ,!stituti !>!, I,< >tl>oritz. to influene . thv usc of f'uI>etSou!>j ILls, ti I lf<»>el»,dll l lh '. »ulJ>1!eT<><'I>ill I Is beneathnavi «hie vvatersvvith!n their I! >!i as >Ilaclefor f , l<',raI <>ove»'!! >o»the strnrnonI !n role as pr !firifi<.Iancls !vitl>in their borders Af >rffnv. Less r ot lk'c>cICierth ! : !>n>nu>1fa'4v, Sldl .'.s nldi' !!v l Ial> I i» I<;it i !s: as a p1' !rivtor or !s > tr >stee.L !>i<>1!rietor <1> i» I!v a!i1>ia<, hr, solate1 stat '.ou>iurship. WK'ithI;ir>CI» hei f is>I!ul> . trust. h!< !CIto a parti<:i>larincliviCI iS 1! !1 fi >iI >uS I ISC:ho !>if!;iu1>i 177!. In XVashingtr! stat< I!;>rf.sas a pr<>- l>ri<:titti lc I;i<><.'l'ust.13e :du»i oo»1- ii>on la!v lish ancI shvllf ish havv h !c!1>Ireat cf as h>i >in< to tfi«; !iv!ert>ecf !r ti fdl lancfs, fisli 'in l shellfisfi '>rpubli : I >uste»el ofI ! <.>1!- not he sofcf I'sive 1>svthv state shin«to»sI Iancfsout»iar :;!»Ii fleeurrentl> Ivisvs lands fuses su .11!llur<'.,Iog ster !p., anrl thv installation of n! ! !ri«hl>ox'» a>lcf II ig Pug< .'ISoi>»d 'II>»I> do<:ks. LJnder the corn i i !it tn i»stall im- p>'uv !>1>e!lt»such as do .'ks. fills, ur lf >rlga c.'han»ulsto e!! llilncn acc ',ss to water, or draw vrat !r for doriic»tie;, agriculture!. or iridi>strial p>ir- po»es! ale. held bv the o wnui» »»n>!anil Guhl»iiiith 1977!. hi additioi> to tliu n;ctuirvn>entof > le'isefbmvrgvses of tidal rrgvd lane»t it»el!' i!>i!»tre- oeiv .'p :riui»sion fro>n the federal go~vinii! ;>it t >be sure.that t!i ;r<; is rio inter!'vre»ce >vith navigation and tn complv x>ith other f dt>nns. Tliu «:!nti>tuit> of state owi>vrsliil> <>Itidal a»el subi» ;rgserious!a Iu<;»tin»> the I!nited Stat !s. I!ntil >947. it divasalso as»i»!i !»erg<><1!a»era!!yrecognized as :~as under s «..h1>pliul> I!!at sti>les Ili>dbec!n leas>1>gsub»! !!'gc!d la»cia anil oo!! '.II i ilg nil rove!ties froi!i ,S, govern>n !>>I .Iai!i>eel nxv>lelshll! ol all »uhnlvrged!al~d» a»d ' !»n !l'ces under lerritur'i'>I w,>l !rs and heuov, t lie rig!it to all lo,ise fees;!i!<1 ! !ority nf the I J.S.'Si! p! !n<.I;nurt rlllecl that !! ! .;>iisc.the I..J.r>.govern»>t i>rilv ! i>atio»» <>v<;rtl>i: three->nile zo!io. it;>Iso had "ii;>tioii,>l Ii»ion" Ii,v.. ow iership! over the submerg !53,the, I J.S.G l igi' ss! Pffe<:t i v4 / ;oui't.d '. :! sinn a!!d r»eelal! subiii !rgecl lai> l» and re»our . !'» >aithii> Jhn!c', iniles <>fshore. to st;it<:n vnv>.shi!![,'!»hmvrge 1,~3!,'I hiis 4X'a»hingtonStat .!!r !sent!yoxv»s as a public:triist thetidal'««I» i>et for- »acr!vsold ai!d sub»>ergedla!!avigi>ble>vater» :x ,vpt thosv so!cl ii> harbor areasto prornot<; !ovelopme>ged :n»tl!le>ital »li !It lin!» beyond th;it Iiinit are on iii!d bg' thv.fudi!ral gover>i»i !tinnprovid !s t vo cape :itics in u hich t lie.fvdera! usedwith llir. !onsenluf tlie Iegislatun!ol the st'>I !in uliic:h ll>trc!fnr thv.<:rc:rtinn of fn! I», n>agazin<;s,!rsr. r>als,clo :kI,'i!rdsancl otti !r nceclfulbu i!gs jt .'.S,Gnii»titut o».,'>rti<:le I. Seotiu» VIII!. These,!><:,!s are essonti;!I!y remov ; I from st;!t ! gvrn- nent j !risc!iction in a!! rvspects - and acl iii!>i»t !i otlier lands Art! .le IV, Se<:t!onVIII! but in the ap,!<:>tvc>f a lpl!car, hoiv<.v<.r, that it >h<;snthe> lan!led'I'itin I!' propertio»,were u» .d f !>'a>> e ll!l !r~!tedp>'I! !» !Iinter- st;>le .o!>i»! .r :c>,fulfill»!a>it of treaties,n>ilitari u» ',!fvder«1 n!0>1 1t I' rc!n
t'of k
acallystn! I;ir lo Ti I I»I propert t t>t »tale le<>i»l>I ix ! <:c!nsvt!t. EVI>ilethstitutio»,>J prus i»i »i» I'!Trfed :>T>fyocle>!'I fti!I<.r»hi 1> ;ls in thv.thirt! Onorit,i!»!I st;it !s,thv, I'Igut.er>T>T! !tttalso obtai teel :c!ntrol ttd h ts I!rooeed><,r»f>ippat- I<. '>t»,ott n has ;«ondisrft>imc,'r» nmt st ilei>Tggr,!ttt<.«»tatvhoo«. Jn ;>ddttton.st;tt<> IOI>tslatu>c!s also »urn!» tiot! til Park ii! ;» :hit>><'vfn> I' «r.,r;tl c!xf!<.t> fit»re»itt Ifteir»tatv.. '1'he result is I f>atit is Petr< t><'ly diffic:till to id !t>t i I'ylhc! 'prc <:iselo<>al st;tlus of tna»y f<:>'. :t it 7<''allI e>lilt>iI>v!Ttc~>tlt le t l1S :Otl»t >l ul>ollal ly Sub!outlo»t >toIa >!' »1»pit OI! T t!y the I'tthli<:J,and Lani R ni !cc'C.o>T!>»i»»iott tf;ress :ai! f!ass!axles t'IcclStatvs '>Ittu >>lay>!it<',t'lore 8'>tft 'Ill .' <'xc!I ;tseol I l!<:lviir and IT,!vc,uot biav»,tcljudiuatt.t»t>er I,"t>g- faflf I 370, 1!J!. 1 7!! 1 c>!. 1 !t d> > i'I t c se e1 a%' «!I I s! 0 >1»3 tt 1!t !»t 1 aI Il0 It v1 I'k Itl «of p I'o !I !!'I x' oIT I 1>- gvt Soui>e- gin>T,elvvt of tc hirft - arT : <.loseto tli ; Suitttdn» rfx'<.r»fit!T'ai>Tg ii!tc! it. 1»dit>sof thly l>etta ,' .»Ih<; !>if!«<;» in f !dcral I >tv.I'oc ting at>- thot'ity ucr r Incli,>ttlitnds, l!ul in %'VasJ>it!UIO»Slate. r !1,!lio»sltipsr<:- g!ref!»<:uastafrvsc>c>rc:Ps havv. !!nt all beencfflu :ati>!>the rif,ftl tllotlthe>I >nlgrilt !I f>rougf1all It!d tans Usll1»lull I sites >u!tjttst resvrv tio>Ts!,and procf fin< In lint!» n.ith a n>ajo! vttltal cvoulcf affv<:I »almon rt> t» in- clucfin< ' off-rc»ere<>tin»cl !iolopn!vnts - Io, J!otic',ido a ti>t>jot. role!Iot tribal g<>cc.rnments irt <:c!astalres<>c>r ttsv. ; !t!tc:>!tsis nut cci id beoaxis<;uf thvir n nv iinportanr<'..Ch, '.», J>ug Sound!I '>t<',!t lat>d. in<:lt>cfi»t> liclal;ti!eelI;tt!«, ntay be oxvnvdin»<.vvraf oa!! ><:ities,In I><;ntel» f are I> !1«i» I>ol>li<:lrtist by! he state,anTcfsar<; h !I«in puhli :trit»t by thv. statIx sold Io ittcfiii fuel» apl!to~it»atelyt3 !
ConstiilI'>' >rr!e>!n> k
r!Ir., Hy. :n. v. I/c>ck»s'I8<30!. !n thc'I ', >>lay r !g»l'!I«, to a .,' ,o>llptist!its ei!«>nit«;I < o» I state gnv<.r»>i>cntsm;i! rvg<>lateto !i!l>;i»cc or pr»Ic publi<; vitt in r stri tinnsni»!s s ntpm!>i!> Ix aiid cvcii t tie«Ii>niri,>lin of all us !s!I>at ll>ak It«!! I!iopvl"Ivvahii>t!l !. For cxampl«, in Califnri>i;ithc statv,s»prcnxc court iipticld thi z<»!i» of hea<:hfrn»tI!rnperty tnr t! .a<:h»scnnl> as nnt <:nnstil«I>nga tak>>l'cvoug>lith<; zoi>i»g «.»»I!tctely davit!«; I <»il an<. v >Iiii!Inr prop !rtyvereb ing ti;>iiv. ;il> of' A»t>c>tttl«>eh >!! I'~,issrct ir> Hagma>aI!>711. Th ' XYisrc!r>si» Stilt« Supf !l!!d zo»ll'Ig »pl li!B ,v.It> v>entiii r!i«rsh arras i» 1.000 fcI' ii l ikcfro»t- even if it p>' »sv.nf th 1972!. In ;ontrast,other casesI»; .v.dcclarccl icgiil;!Iioi>s to I!n!vtItic di!- > e!op>nentof n>arshlandas > taki>ighera>!sc'. ll»'.s left thc'.so»I!0!. I!»spile <:ons>tionof costi : !It»lines I» still;ippro- priat '.:"The gcnst is ttxat, wt>it '.I!r»I!<'rty >nay I! '.n"»- 1,>teillo a Lertai» .'xt>oes too fir it vill be re«.!gr!ix ! »!i i Coal Cn. v. %fat>on1!3'!. I'I! ! Iaositionn«:!t! !I1 th ! g !'<' >lme>lt.I s I!n>v !rtn regiili>tatis >»oat<. !!!sist«li'I>v>th I!ftutln»i>l prccvdcnts in the.coin>iics and thc philnsophx of thc ; »istilulion is a stri t intcrlirvtatioll nt iin taking uitt>n 3'.>HIII.<4 strict i»tsatiiig" uvtic>i »cu regulations"tvay a prot!i!rtyo vner'srit>l tn !n snmrtt>i»gthat avesformerly pmitted.hc: wpsIvc t!orrii. dispropnrtis!»I> .'or a fplv t!r !pl'rt>, nxv>1e>'sl!lit voul t i>is cadbi'. bic by thc g<',»cr;ittreasury. Tlius t tieI!ubli<: d<: .i- sinn-rn»svv !'ll'>s treat all <:itix<;»sfair!a Bish I <>7>>],
Fair Decision-Making B hen<;itixciis are aft'vc:Ioveri!mv>it;«:I ivardand to t>ctrvated f,iirly i>decisioi> prrnm ntofficials tinld hrnpte.thc t><>arings»!uslbe fair;;i»i>ic i>I>it ntli<:ials n>ust alsl all ti>i>es.Kh't>il«su«li traditions !xtT!n»IaA', Ih ' %Vast>!>!gtnnS«J!r ;»1 ; Court ties extei>d«. concept nf ";!I!pcaranceof t;>i>.ri !ss"lo inclur>s;ind has c!»for<:vd a str>ct star>ala -not hesilati»<>lo overtur» zo»i»>"i>I«l I!»«l >»s'- i»it decisions on Vugct Sound whc>t tlic appc«rat>;c of I' iirric.. w;>s lacking Wi<;nker, n,d,; l3ish et al. 1975!. Irvampl», oiirls r<.v<.rs<.« Ska it C:ou>tty'srezoning to permit Northwest r!tri alutninum reduction plant on Gucmcs Isl,tn I 1St»illi v, Skogil Gout>li 196!I} an«Snohomish ;ounty's rezoning to permit an ot> I'ort Susai! Bay GI>rob >ck v. S!>oj!o>!>isj>Gou!>l» I'.>71! oi> >rou!tds that thc appear an<.c of fairness ii as lackitt<> in cou»ty dc<.isio» processes,
Political Participation In Vashingtot>,'!tnajor rol» in n < ri>r»crit i!ro- < !sscs.'I'he@ not only >,'oteto elect federal. st«te, «i«i lo<:«1of'I'i<:iala, bul h;>v , rigitts of referenda, initiative, and re : tll ts proeirlcd ii! tlic sl,'!l c<>ristitt>tion, 'I'hc initiative process, for examph, I!I!l!ro i- surc becon!cs law .on1plctcly bypassin<> tlic Ic<>isl,!liirc »i»l boa < rr!or. I!t>c version of the shoreline roan«g >menthill ol I!}71, fi!r cxcltr>pic,was ;i c>t!zen-sporlsol ed >r>!tl«t> <'e,Li l I'/ !»s. lh I'o»><>h 'ot »<>,»>»st;>Iso a p- provc all chal>g>cstl! 'the st«'tc »or!st!lu I >o». In addition to clc<:.tor«l I!arlici»!tint>. <,Itizc>lsmay attend pt>hlic hearings that «r > I! irt ol' rr>!r!y t'<,gt>I;>torvpermit pro< ess s at lhd lo .al l<,v<:I. 'I'hose llcafillgs provide alt oppo!'IL>»lly for citizens to > oi<:ctli'ocesscs,>u<'.h ho >riilgs ha%' playa, I a >najor rol» ir> brir!<>i»<>toy ;ther cor!cerr>c«i@i«u;!Is;»! difficult co»l'Ii<.ls or<,t th ! usc of P igct !o»!xd resources and the dci eloprn<»t of its shoreline manag - m .>il I !roccsses. I'h ! I ,'grec of citizen parlicipatio!i is o>ic,ispc<.t of At»eric«>t <>o '- er»tncnt. especially in wester» st»>t»;»,I li >t«iftcrs signific- glish corn>nonIaw. In most c !n>rrioiil,!a <.oiintries,parli«i»crit sir»I!IY «ssurui:d tl>e prerogati>.es fort»crly !x<;><:is :by I thc kin>, Citizc»s,>t<, generally li>nited to clccting r .I!r s !r>t!tix' !s rather than I!<>rlicil><>lir>" « irectly in law-makit>I!r
Role of the Courts I h>sr<'. '><',<% !I Ih<.h!!s! . .oncepts of so<'ereig>r> I y, I! B!l! !i'I i, '!Ilail '.!ll- zet> rights illustr»>l !'sthc itt>portance of thc <.:ou!'lsltlic 41.,'!.I:onstitution, laws. and regulatid<«lji!«icating disputes ii! th<;A!»crimean federal systerr!.Ir> suhs»vill be!<..o>»<; cv :!t more apparent that spur ific court <1t!sh.tvc made r>!ajor«il'- fcrcnccs in thc iisc of Piig !l S<»>n«'s resources. Irt tltc «raftin<>of laws and <;onstitutio»s, il is i>!»I!ossiblelo antiLi- I!allir>g illa]ly <'ases,<'.hiri<> .; >nSli[
«:»!on,or « IeprPSPI!t1tiV '.ol !n '. "at 11am!h ! sl!L>ivnto permit a soil tovvrnn!cntc!nt«blefor their acti !ns, «nd it is even possit!l ! lol a citizen to hav<: entire lay b<>ll! houses of ;<>!LUr :ss«nt de fared null a!!n. The preeiSe rOl«; >I lhu Courts fOr interpn;tir!g tile Constitl!r!L. Mnrfison f18031. thv. .'ourts l!aL' ! 1!ke!! upu!L tl!enIselvn>!lLi1< in !L ry <:on- Ceivable;!SpoutOf tl!e Col!st it u tier! to reSulVedisput<:1LL<:l:l> the slate anc]f ;<1 ;ra!< overnn>cntancl bel<.h,!nUi!!g <.c»!diliol!s, 0th<.rs haL ! :oncfudcd that "tl!c singlr lh ! .:ban<>esin tlL , .'o!Lstftin>soc;ial !Le<:ds;il h,!s l!ee!! intr lfvctual cool'usion' EngdLhf i<374,1>. ix!. ln either case. thc trv!!cis have clearly <;xt<;!!c} . thef authority of thc !! !ti !L'PI'nlentrefatiL c to authority of th<>!«'.litin a complex fecleraisystc!o. 11!s hard to ln1ag>!rlea SVSten!Of gOVr!rnc!!L!!!l In Lvh!eltgOL'el'ILlnitl !<S«lid legisl«tivI!cn- for«::«1>f<;l!v citizens fun :tin<>i!!g» ill!ol!l tl!p :oL!rts. Philosophyof a ConstitutionalSystem '1'h ! dr!ft<;rs ol' ll!e 1 J,S.Constitution halo!n of g>overnance:th<; abuse <>f;!ull!<>rityI>L'1roth a monarc:h and parlia!n< nt. 11ives their ;ontrihution to thv tl!«>!y <>1 govern!nent to desi@!!,! svst ;ILtx resideVOi>le.;!ndin LVhieh tl! ! SrilL >f ov«g>nilu les. T11is is thv systvr!! <1'PL!get ,'>ound's reso <~f iL >v t ir c>r r> «J ' i! r sJ >
'J'htvrs xro<'rar!>s a <>e ferleral, state. arid local go< err»»ants as !i>ay utilize their r:Onstlt«ltlontrl aut01'it>,' to Dl<>ulatc an«l nl>lkc >'esotl '««' else d«'«,is>o»». J'n! !ox@in!: these des<:ri Jltinns. a» vxa>T>i»at!r>n r>f t h< in!< ra< t i<>» an«>r> <.»>»@orle»ts .il! atte»1t>tto make cor»pre!le»si!j!l. tl>rkon Pu<ctBoun«J,
Notes t Jl«' !J!>r J«IS«>p!>Voi the <<«u»Stltut> s>«» > sst i !I bted irr 'I'!><' Veder<>!ist bx A!ex<>r>rrr i !t<>r>J<>hr> J;ri a!>»r>es !>»! is<>r>. «»>< !ac Jeri<»tin» <>fthv pn!iti<.a! theo>X r Fy Vi»«::>rt !str<>!>l irl '!'!><.P<>!if><:ui '!'!>< ur < o! u L«>rr>pv<>» Jttepr>b!><.' J ><>71!. t t,>»y i >r>!sort'>littot!i< s»r« I r«s>! !is i:!»!>1 '<'>'- 'i»r>stit>>ti<>r»! iss tat><>r»>! ! r»> <'r'. I'<,'tv J 1,4!, ant! Ciarrett J'nesnp< rrkr Jt rx r» !.r r>I F< esp<< t>> < l 1t0! t>!' >visa hist<>ry <>f t>r<>!><>rtxand soi'ur«'i~»>t>,'issues u i l!> n sil< < t «'.>aatal rl;Sour :<>S. L>n ren»m< ntr< t!>77! b< 0'i! li,»» K. R<>eri, J>»a»!1<'f. »«mr! J'o!>c<'l t'.>77! r'ditvri i!y R IJ I>!>XV. J<>!> r>s< >r>»»J Rir E>l> l lsmit!»r> Jude r»ore d«!t.»ter»@or,rrv<.;>se ses. CI IAI'TER 0
Exerciseof Federal Authority
!n , r»i!st I><,lrss, the. Vv ' :- r!tiv<. t>ran !Ii. arid tli<: .ourts,ir» iri h! I!<'.» I 'rltof orl ! al!other. I've!l ori- g>1on;!tL,!!! I Ilousc. Ei!!d !rldividual <.OIIln!!tteesw it hi a»!/a Iir '.»Is.111 l»V >I w Ill 'I! <>I!1>sid .rabf<,;!E!I<>r!1' !ssfol' pi'ogrllrn sill!l!or'I w f1risl,!ti<>rr hi!t r>utsi li; tli< day-to-clay :ontrol ot eith .r .orlgrcss or thv, cv l .i! til v. hra!1 !h. .'vier!y observers <:riti<:ize federal pr<>grarris or r ! ufatior!s for i!in v '.1111E1I of '. I h ! I,'riitCCI,'>tatVS is a 1111!ltiO!'g!l!II/r'EIEfat!or!Sr !/LEE!'1,' ;Or! ,'1!1'1'>r' !<,'1!!»!rior!" !1!I Soi!i .'SubS<.'t Of Or'>arlr- /.!tions, XVhvn there is disagrvy another fed<.ral ,!g<,r!cl as by a private citizen. It is a systerir in lvliicli the exe! L:ise of oii ! riuthority is constr'iinecl by the auth !rity of otllcr s. I!<'.si!it<'Ili !ir rnultil!li :ity, ler!>i!<1!/'i!i!i/cat i» ns s >tliat prog>rains,!r!d poli»i !s b !<.oiii<;pr<.dr<:tabf<. Oriou»h tli,it offici,ils iinclerstand holi> their agency's actions will aff . :t others. Thv rvl«tion- s hips alilo'> a<'Pll<:Iesat'P. a rllalol tactor' 1H i!cog!'arrl des1g». rlrld I I is eldoii! l!ossi!!l! to i! rid >rstin d tli '. « ..Ilvitl .. f,!»y sir! I .! 1'" !r!I/ ilr II w ilf!OErtknew ing itS rr:I !tinr!SI!il! tn Other' Organi/atIOEES,'I'his pOSC'Sa s .vrr>ir!g Pi>< el So md,>isl!
Sider Ca>1pOSSVSS aS rnuCh k>Lb »it,>»V siiigl ! ;iS those participating in it, At the slmv. tim<'. ho>l vl r. !ri tsiOlvagelleieS relate and h >i the Si stt is.Oute»r» !S Cii be unrlvrstoorl instead of hving viva'vd as a scrivs !t iiri<; !nr«;<;t;ir;itCbrarreheS Of the U, S, GOLCrnmnt <>Xereiaiild ; ;p !ii- denl a«tli !rily, I;ar:h j!rngranl, lVhvthvr propOSvcl by i1 vX .V»til <. braii<:li lor a co!iga>1,1»L«is !<>I tf> :»mmittvvs dnd sub<:ommittPP» that Pxanlinv thv, sr>j!st,>r>tiL' , »i>tore ol' j>rospeclive leisldtioii. It is conlriioii for : !»- gr !ssri! !ri Lilith > spvL:irilcor!cern or constituerrcx to obtair! rnenlbcrship On th ! CO»!triittdt tiedla th»S ! mdtt !ra, dnd h !r!«! :OmmittPPS arP. s !hl»111 I'v j!r !sc»'i it <'U ,'»I I hl! L!1! t ire 'GL>I>+~>'ess.l h ! 'v i>' '. >It ! > 1,i »stud I. iten;sts. 'I'liis structi>ri;, liy itself. »»trib»l s Significantly to the dvsign of progr>ins tor St!vicifi : c >r!stitii<» :i s 1 itli little con eri! for ai!y "pub>l>c o>' 11dtiorial" i»t r ; ..i!i!t y ,;>rs the rest!onsiveness of congrvssrncn to specific constituencies h,ls bvvi! important for < iiiding federal policies on I'iiget Sounrl. In thv. 1'PC:vilt j>ast. KVashington Senators 5,1ag»Lad sullici ;ilt s !- r>iority to guid Senate legislation affecting thc Sound. lnd thr v of 6 ash>I>gto!l s s '.vP»>PI!rPsPntati UPS sPI vP orl thP, I jo»SP..'vjPr 'ha>itt 'ja- rine dr!d Fisheries Co>runiltee xvhich sL perl ises all actil ilies of tlie I?ej!i>rt>r> !r>t<>I' Co»i>»vice and its Ration'>I ?cvanir a>!d At»losphcric A lrll I rl lat I' i, V> ! s j! ! .I> v ! I ',g sI >I <01>I! i '.i.'i ', I I I!I'o«gl > . ! >1>1 lhv! .'»>s '.!<rl the SV» lte, rr!»iitt» !S <:O»Slati»g»t >I! :rri- h !rs uf both bodies ar! :ili! diff> ir>L. ! s. C»ilf !I' !Ii . ! , !Ii>- inittee agrevments are usually pass ld lvithout further debatr by vach body. Alter j!rospP :tive legislation is passed bv both houses, it «o is to tl!e Preside»t. vho r>iust sigri it before it becori>vs la l, If he vetoes a lau.. <1t>v»-thir Is 1 otv, in «ach house ma1 override th !, !to. 'I'I><. !r! i<:trr> !nl il d I>rogrdrn into Ian., I>» ! v r, l i !» r> it » !<: !Xsdr- ily ii><!ri tl>;>t;>r>Ii»g vill b<: lo»c il llic j!rog>l»» r .i< :s,>r> .xj! :»- re. Sine<. thv. total l>tsof >ll progriirris iii!tli»- rlz ld N'oujd gI'vatlL vxc l ld 6 h;!t 111hi,! gr '»to spend, Separate apprupriatiis i. passed d< ain,and forxvarded to the presider!t. 'I'hus it is quite possible to authorize programs that are ncl er funded, This separate;ipproj!ria- tiOns j!rO !VSSplaeea SOme Cheek On COmmittveS of :Ongr sa>ner> uho f' I !nil .huff
»uppo>tI!,irti<.:ula1 ii! t !n!»lsi i th ; .» i<>r ssi»>i;Il- >~<> c;css, !I! . ! I'>lv» have. h '. '.I>f!i>ssc I<>»d»i< nc I I»I' il v 'lo h» h ! '.n ov<',r- rid l !III <»!dapp!»$!r!<>'I>o>ls ll<' a<~>Pn '.v ci .sif;natcdfor implc>iiui>tationd ii !topsth ; r ,»ulalio!!sto ii»I>ler»<;I>t thP.plogr~l l>.''>1,Pock r '.l,»lat>o>> pro<: !»sc o o>1!pl' ilt pi' sl ! Ive I'! i>lalio»s >1>iI I ublish tli;r i i the F . I r >I 13P.is !r, r> IIotlicr or<>anil;>tfons affc<:t !ri»1, in<;ludi»g other <>x<. :<:h a<'encl<1»»i>< h as th ! !Ilio<' it XI.»! Id thci! !ral,state or I» :al >t»,priv!t ! I'irins. i itcr< st pro»I!s.;>ncl eve!» cont>rc!ssn! !r>invoiLv !'d in ll>c initi<>l lgi»I tion may con>nu!nton th ! r 'l>»Ii«istthc n hc: I' :si!»»dcdto. a»d Ihc rea»o»s Ioi reje :tior> ol a <:rit»:isn! Inodifica- t i»» if i proposcrl I<;f>Ulationto t>ikc thc criti<:isiii ii>lo a :<:o»»l Uc also 1»>hli»h ! inI the I'r I r il HPgist '.rp ior to issn<>n<:of ' thc firi il rc!»i>»dcr vvhi :h t lie progr !!>! vill be ruii. 'I'hu», <»Pn th<;«I>r>inistra- liv<; in>1!lcn!cntatior>ol laxvshy;»! If>cncyis; > hi!>hlyin !r I<.li c pro- «:!s» a>1>l sct of i>!tc;r .stsis »!Orei>if luc;nlial i>! tli<: .»Ilatio» tha» conf,res»i»»elf'o :Pss, I!ial»o possihlc;I» isc rcf;Iil,>tior!sto altar tlic cionf>1 !ssion,ilii>tent of tli ! I<:!>is- I;! tion. Vi»ally, prov>s!>n»are readyto I! '.<>in.KVh» '>n a ,'Pncyhc! ins a<'ti>al o p 'I' 1 >'I 0»,1 tI nU tS k «', ! pi 1r I!!nI Clt h i t I I It an l' I' !» I /» sa» 0 lt Ic I'!! ,ll y o>. <:onstitiicri<:y,those: injiirccl may hopi» proccssc»I»;il ter ag ..1!c:xlich,>v- i! !»theragcnci<»' r» IPsIsiirh;1» not p>'Oyirling;!»ive ,Itair<>iir ic;>italir»pa .t»late»!cut tor iriy sl<>r>!f> '.antn<'. :It>7c!ls on»lItut!onal I if,'his ililcdud>n<> lue IJIo ,'Ps»!,it r iay fincl its ! I I in .:ourt I,'! ll <;overnment otti :ials must ol! rate..'!I l fc l ;r il I,ovc! nn1<>nl;> :tivitics,ci>hai> iny, or r<.~»latin@Uses»l 1'uf,etsoi>r>rcr » li ivcf>onc thrr! utah I liis lcgish!I ii c ancladn> i >i is! r;i ti ve p>o . !s». Direct Uses of Puget Sound '1'hctSouiid rcsourc<>sl!v I'cdcralat,c» .i :sis a very sniall 1!artof fcdcr<>la<:tivity aff«::tin< thc Soi>ri l.Thc most »if,i>ili- :a>!tdir ! :t u»esare t!v<;nty-eif,htn>ilitarx re»P!'vati»n», espP<:iallv th1 Shipy,!I'cf, the Naval SubinarincH,!s ,Il Bai!or i>1kit- sap ;onnty oi> Hood '.1111<11,ancl seve>'al» iI!marine a>id lorpcdo tcsti»< areasin nearhi a>eas.Th» Ar ny's Fort 1.<,>visin I'ier<.c, '.»iinty is also;> »1<>for i nstallati<>ri.Other t!a»us;>resniallcr, su<.:11as Fort L,! >l u» in Seat- t Iover »>!<.»tand th »1»!rtanceof i>ilional security. thc military orU;>r>i!'ations ;<<,r :isc coi!si
~~l' > Ierot A»[ hority~~
atifthe Initrct Sta»is I o>l thL>d ls :tier<>eul scili <. s [>ui I s, ic«I nul upon Iiqc>i1tution,Ontv ivererrqiiir<.<1 f >r"U!nto navi<>'It!t waters,: an<[ tt>U :url>! I>«..Ii»i lt>e major retiui! discharges i>ito w > UrA'av!. - m<>1>tati»t»vvere pic.',!s<> xvith t havin>th<'. : !rp» as th ' n»l[ » f '.ctrratu a- ter putlutioi! U<>i>t>!uy he ,;i»!<.»I' th» pc>tei!ti,itIrustbctnec,n t»>tlution control ut!j«..:tiius.». 1U f'eder,>l 6">t<>r Potl»tiun ,'«:t,!cn!e>icl»».r>ts Upermits <;»!!I'I>rriii!U»- lat Vr '.»>xiU;it!ll'. ' ve- tcr» ii»U,i1 lispos.il. 0<;Iil»u- «:i»»i>i th»»i<»1»,the .'OrpSsOIi< i[» opinionSfrOITI ilt- I ><:t >da!>U» .>Us«>1>ulu Ii!>[>t tiu LJ,S. I >sjl 1<11>'[U Sel"v>UP., ttl» National tvt,iri»U I'Ishcrics S<>ri!ts.'I'tii>!, rps'permit is not th redfur u>isIn nav!~~i>t>lu alers.: >t re»!i»>!» tli<: piiary :oor- dinator for t;!kic![, th v iews <>I'ulher a<>Unc:iesinto;«. .1.>i>t in it! reg»latory pr<>«:iss s. t!.S, :oast >»a> ct 'I'he 1 [.S. : !«!t 'uerrt >vc>sost;It!lis» > I as th "Isrv<.n» . ;i>ttf'1',>Pr- x iu<>"i>i !I [. Its rule ivas [!ii»>,»'iti tu Ui!forre tii <.UIIU<.ti<»iuf <»»- toms revenues a>i<1its home divasth< 'I'!<,;>»>»1l!e[>irtmrnt. Sii» i; ils he<>inning, it has assn>» > niajort rotes in Ii>irili>n III >rit. saci>>t> ai!d prute<:tii>gI i[Ua>i<' piupertv. <>'>>I!i>i<:i>i<> <»>d r ><>c>tati>>gi>ii i- < «[i<>r>,i>id c'nforrii!f, fctI;Ives on n'Ivi«at!I< ti> .;Uast '»arrl iva» n»!x i I to the I!cpa>'tn».r>><>I Transportation >Il I!I >7, i!>let[>iven tli . ii»>j<>rfedU>al resp >1>!it!itity I >r ntrota>1l%Pater I'olI!iiti<>I,XLt as ;»nenrlerl hi lt> >4'ster Q>!at[tv Iici[!r iv .ment 3 :t ot l!l !. [1>r> ;ua»t Juard re<>ut<>t<>S tl!U sll! pl!le!>l ul I'uus oar<<>us« in<:I » l»>gt I . rU<>il- lation of anrl i>isp ..i«;ti »i. The Coast ,u,>r<1is;>iso rest!u»siblefor <;nf»r<:ir!t>I.'I'>>c rc>les I;Ii>»ir!,It[i>[. i>1>tr ates»ere ag ' 'uln Iilarnl<.' ll< r«ISOll pleas1' ' t!»<>ii. I u I n'>prov '.Ilavl[>i! lion >IJI I n!«11t>n!csill ,ty. t t«', .»,!s I . >is,'l1! >xt '.I>slve s< st '.n> !I »I>vi[»>t>01!at air[», > I»1» Ii~<>[>v 'tv >»ta- t>ons or Il[>tilhuc>sesna tlac I'u<> >[Suu»d ! ."'!un. 1<,lu!tUI lt»;! . <>«I!t>nrdto foci litI I>;Ii>!<~>i! t i !I»>1 hi>7«irrl5 UI clct 'I'»!I- itin>i I if U's loc:etio>i. Hi.gic> i>i>! <> in t >7~,ho+ < v >r,I I»' :»«st '1>arrl I!iiS n!OX» I !u >rd a nauru lire .l n>a»a[>en! :nt»I' st>i[!»>»i .ii>UI!ts uii Go ' !1'11 gPl get !o iT1 fHist>
<:rO«'Clvd V!at»lr>VayS. !n I'»get Suun I, f >r i!X 1 TTI!I , i-«;i! st>i I!I>i T>g l,>T!vsn!u !h like l>it«f>««avtrat'fic la>!es t>ax1I1>!Ti TT<: .h,!rtS and marked VVithbunyS, Larg TShi pS .>re >ISOr . lu in! I lu 1 >1i <:;>t I<; t h>arrl ! ' .Ss<.I Tra I Ii<: !yst r> oft i .; iu Svattle c!r the, Ca»acl ian Coast Guarcl static TT i » ' 1 . v»T. Th !se tvvo Coast Guard stations are in cli>ecl co>»»T >11! i .:>>is « it I> lderl to in ;lu I< ra I ar T»itT. Tunnituring SyStenlShould further in!pru> C Tu!!i,>l ir»1>!Is;Tt ;t! ln»» tl>
Supporting Agencies The Corps of E>!g«ineersa!>d Coast Gua>' Ia!'< T>I gove>nnle>lt aento'Llgl>t l»n >l ;u» ; !1'>isol> l uget !ound. Thv, Maritimv A tminiatrati !T> !I' t t>>t ot Commervv ;>ids the LJ. S. Merchaul M»>ri»c a>»I is t I!jor I :I >g« «>Uthor>tvto eng >ge>n po>'l l!l>>»»I ng. 8 !<:Tu>sT»'t pl«>nn>ng1s » :ts T>s1> 1' l! » Ic to1'V ag .T! :<»<; >t »I 1»u I i»!< il fr<.ig«t> I »!<>ve>nentscan have a major inlpact on port vul u »nta ind«;I i T!!c! lttlc. i>1plv skipping Portland as a regulc>r port;>cl u 1!to,1'1'atv, for the »!ulti>nocfal trip. it is unlikel! tt>at su :I>tr >T>sfken t!ecause the c.:ombi»at io of the Se;>t l I ; !v;>t !rt!<>r>«! r,!tv and tile Se lt tie tO J'ortlan t tr T :k ratnorv vxpvnsivP,. Contin»P l at!- I!ro! al of at I-«ater r,>t»:sfiulti>»o l !l ship»>»'.ntshas the pole>>tiaI ol' conce» t r >lin«st> it!l!i r>gin 1!fe«n!ajor ports such as S ".>ttlve i»i l!l!u I I ! tranSf<.r <:or> t >i»C!ra <.ftici cut ly AT'Tult> !1' ! l ! I'«1l«!gC!» :yVngag !d>!! Sup pO l>ng 0»1>» ! ' '««l: ! u«!V> gati<>T!is the Depart>nvnt of Commerce's Nc>tion«1 0< ;;»!i<;,inl>itio>!el t!<:ean serve! a»cl the National KVe<>tt!erSe>'vice!, Tt>1i<»! >I Oc:<.'a>!Sur'i ey cnpilesand publishes navigation t> ct>tio» ot!servat iuse sc;rvi<.us;>n! l l'o ' both cu>>1- »el'c>«llships <1»d1 !c! <',at>ont !rs. I" ! Iv> >I8 «I h !rily
Fisheries Fish w itliiri Ilirec >nil .'sof tli<; I';i<:ilic!L'east, includiiig tlilliii> Viigvt Souncl, i <: !nimo!i law b«t,ne sf><> dial>li'''livatv i! !>!Is.I ti<' 7>< «sll!i>gtoii !Ial govern»!e»ts! h<>sb n the. i»ajor res !iir<;e- !I»per and r !g«l'!Ior of saltwater lisli !ri !x'ertln>c,»ti»c< !lv . ment with fisli<',ries. I>owever, h ic!ation tu s rc .r il f : 'erlled wit ll g i ll! ! « Ild fish»ia»a<>v»>»>it < cli,i» trust lands, and it >ils<>I»i»>I piog>rai»ssucli as tl! : Alla li' !rilous !' >ah ,ons '.ii'atlo>i Act to p!'oh'i l > I «<1 lal !r stat ' age»c% activities. '1'he I! !p,»'Ii»e<>t ol C:n»><;rce'sN'it i !r>«l Marinv Vish ;ririgst f !r ,'<»>1- liivrcial fisllpl >esres >g»be'< 0>ld tlie '0 i>- ters of d sin<>lv,stat i iis I ! sdlmon spaw»ecl idtributaries. I3eginni>ig witli Ihe F>sh and %VII IIIIdtioi> A :t II iing in II><: :orps of I nginec.rs ironmvntal I'rotc!e- tio>>Ag>enc:y per!>!it-issui>i» a»d e»piro»»»;»la! iriipdc:.Istateine»t r<'- x'icw processes, tli ! Fisli and AVildlifc S !rvi«:,,»>d XatiL»>aI i«1v<; assiimed an aclclitior«il imp irtant role ii>!'isli- pries manage»>e!it;»icl er>c'iro>ime>ita!prot ancl coi»>ii»ntiri<>on the impact of er,!ctic Ilies oi> fish a>iirces ho»> ddi»dgeis a» impn>ti>rit un .;dc>d is absorbing;i>ii<> proportion of these cicncics' rcsoiir<:cs. For example th ; iiiiiiihi;r uf C;orps pernxit dppli<;«ti !ns !n I'»get Sound w«tc;rs reviewed by Vish <>i> KYild!ifI ' i»- enn: !s ! I fri lower ll!an t !II i Iit!I! ii> I!>7!>. H itli Ihc Fish and KViI I!ifd the iX'atinnal Iri»u Fisli- operate with 'vV»st>ingtonStatv departments. <>»rt c»l ol State in i>eg !ti;i!i»g «»d imp!a!»enti»g lish< ri»Uouiltrips. At picseril, tli ' I J lcri>dlional 1'ac:ifie Sa I <»»i! I'is lii, established joiiitly tiy tlie Jnitcd States ai>d :ari;> rc ><>I,>tcthe cat<:h«ncl vscapement of Vr«s !r River sockeye. both pro@iptlo»of YVaslllclgt !I!St'it ! s i»'»ia e»IVugct Sound, 1>i Ic>76 the federal Vishery :riatie»t,> :I IF '!vIA! c!xtcnded the auth !rity Iu re ulale fisherivs hvtweei! tl!<: tr;!di- ti !iial lhr ; !-»iile limit and th<,' »-h>i!idrccl mile li>nit ! coast to thc: N;!Ii !nal Marine Vishvrics S<.rvi :<.and :r<'.atedregional lislierics iiid»ag<;iii«;it cuui>oils 1'c>s!>ingt<>»I, i !«posill>n <0>'e<'n>1>g Pug !I Sou <1 t 977!, [3ecg ghthis 3 <->T>i le 70»<.',the <.'Iai>nhds I>ee>1inade 'thdtthe reg>0< >a I I '.»'<1<:>ls n>av n>anJgv, sal>l>on a>lyhvherc, IY1>ile I Ii is i. I,>i>» is l<>ssI ikx'v. th<. right to regulate saII1>o»fish>»<> a>ave.hi>re he<:«i>s<; it»».»s I'iah spaw<>vdo'<'<;r its submvrged. lands Shiriot< s <'. I lc» i<[sc. a trvaty poxver rational< to [iirn s<>I <- ager»<'.rit<>g»t Sou»r to the. reg>o»aIt>sI><>r».s rii«»ag«; i»;i< t e <>u» u i I . I' «.I<.ra[ proc m ption must bc. < onsidervossihi I i[ >'.< s[>e<'in[ I y foIIoivl tv, bet <'«>1aty-guara» tvocl fishin<> ri "1>ts. Ii> [ [i is l<'d in 1'H7'1 5'nitv[shing[on]anc1 thv I J. <. Su p>'<,»>e :ourt upheld in 197<3 EV<>sl< i»g[»» w'. 'LU>s[>i» <'t»n 5 t«te Co>»- i>ie><.i<>1 Pc>ssenger Fishi>> %'essef;Xss'>>.! tli;it trvatx inclians <>.ere< nti- tl«. I to one-half thv salmon <:«t<:h «r»l ot subject to steel hat tliu de[>;it» i!f V>sh<>ries«nd C e»ut or>I x prvoluded Indians frorri <>ht> r>i ing t hvir share. hiit th«t st«t'nt,x> ere h ig[>[x dis<:ri>i>i>i;>tory af> I'ish eri>i<><>. [3«;:,> i>sv, <,oiirt siiits hr ought hy <'<'hitefis hvrrnvn pres<;»t«.I I li« I< [>iirtmvnts of ;arne «>id I'i ah<;ri<;sI'r»i>i ahi

>g 1>v [udge Ho[>.I<><1 !ox c r all salmon fishery i e«clertr< aty athorit y >tiI st<>tc<>gcneivs ice>v ah[ v to r>ridded1<>'riesregulatioii «oui<1 Ii;>[>pi;n agni>i. Water Quality Management I'.T'r!1>though tin oil poll»[< 0<><'0<> I rol ii<:t had bee>lpdsseil <» [ 0»[r<[vra I ril - ter <[i>aI ity <'ore a<.eur» 1>y-p>'oduetsu! >'<,gu1 I> i i»i foi othe'r purposes. The d is<.:[iit process o[ the «»rps of I'.» i- n<.crs to pre<'<'ntint<'.r['<'r« i«; i ivith navigation is «g»»I <.. .'orps itv[0 <>rg< s >>>to na'v>Ie w'Cate<'s 'lv<>s gi'«II% < t<>ndedto <.:ux'<.'r,>II i »>I>ac'ts from changesi» n i[ i:r <[»,i1ity ineludi»[,' imp«<:ts»n lish a>>i[ <'<'i le[life ~vhi<.hre irg<>[>>. H<,gii>ningin 19tid»vitI> the pn>«:;I<',I Ii>il I ity sta»I I.:»- »><;»talPuli<'y,'hut of [ 9' 9>,t [><:fi,'e» I !><'g<<»t» Io<;iis di- r<;ctly o» <<;it<,ri.c stahli sh- m«'>t »I t Ii<:Kr>'<'iror>me» ta[ I'r etc<:ti »» Ag<.»<«7 I'.'I'A! in 197<>. >>11<1 <<'l>t«.' <}i>[eut>R'es <'<'ere p>' >'L'> [1>i,' I''»dural KV<i[il o>l- I' PclP!'clI iA i>f ho>'1f '<'
II'ol > < AT»<'.T>rjnlv»ls:I ol 1ai!sl rrpFI pol- lutionelis l»,r>inist! etio» Io LP,X;u>n>latP »!I?>at!IP xv;>I< rs. 'I'h i» iiof fish, evil>ii;i!l, fo> fli<. first tiriie. h'T l i!i a<>e» .y anrl 1'<'sf»ratio>1f,>Ictu,!lily. I h . <11h>t lons sf if<1 >T1I <>l >'Iv le<»!slat> ll, 'tll1 !I pc!ll<>finr lis<:har s into naIt I!< rovert>>n!t ot'H ancl l 'rhan I!evPlop»1 !T>f fit TI?!prov1 I '.s.'<»»1 >T!atch- '. >»g gr Ji! Is lo .otistl'u :t »' IT»I>r !vs;Tni!sh;iv!ffi<:i l ,!!iy Jil faoilities to >«.:»orlateI!»ro!vth must hr. m<.f I'rom local f>!» Is. Such costs ::Ti>be vera hi»li. II is unlike!lv that the "» ie vPFI, a>iliromiS 'S rti :ipatnrl, !» i!>ajorarea isesaro likPlv is on PT>I>t Sounrl. siri in sevT»s1ox ernr>ii!r>l I!as IPgislatc.alitygls ,analpro virl !d f.,"V>!with thPauth !ri I vlo ii!ipl :Tii!ilso propprox< sl,>i<.-clove'.lop<'.rl oval<;Tty plans;1>ulations,n> I Irn arln>inistr!ili !n Lllsohar3>l' I!>en !y. !» Pu>~>et Souncltho 'LV >shingfonSt<>tI I !B!i:e L11'Psl a »rl >s l «I »11T! 1 st P1'!ng the I !1> I- tint; pron»ss lor EPik, 'l'hus i 1» a linii»s- tPFPFIhy a shari!sihilifx bet~veentI>I< ior '. F<'g»I;>I<1!'!vi'a>ion ;iri llislieries and to preserve'Fa!>>s1 l 'I '1'Tnsof fho>r 1llilen :<.on I L>3', Sii!r!ia<>y other p>' !Ura!T>s,hourir!o<;in >iparti<:Ular Fl<;nisi or AispntP. h>it tlieir imI!;>clits envir ii»»r!t i» ii!likely I c!be n!;!j»r.ancl n ill be <:O>iStr'Tinedby I lie»et!igation. fishnri er>i ing I'ug ! t S
Several federal a«v>i ie» are cu»cerncai >ly I !iclu»- >iivnt or. rv«ulation of physical projects, Onv is the Dvp »- i»g and ltrhan I!exelop>T>ent'sFlood In»»ranini»t>atiice. ai>d lienc:e niay eri«uura e d veiils i>i flood- pronv areas. Another progra>n has bcvn thc L'<:unu>»ic,Dvvclupmcnt Adm>ni»tratiun's Ici>rrently schvd<>lerl f'a>itsa>ld luaiis to stiniulate job ruje>uploy- >nent rates. Th< Ku< lear Rc; ulatory Commission both promotes ind regal<>t ',»>ll> :I !ai'p' [!Iar>t» of ivhieh th r ar<» !t y !t I<- get Sou»d u> its lribularies; aiid tlie Office ul Pipe!i»c Saf<.ls i>i ll'> ! Hc- partn>vnl ol' Tr >nspurlalion sets st<»>cl;>rdsfor >» ;ti !n. It» r<>le! :E!vt it thi Tier or Traits I!»lri><.l«;I I><»» lli ; Olympic Pe>iinsulid. Other federal ai»d'» r<» !i>r :. Thol lvrit >gv,U<»>sc!> v»t ion. »nd Rc«rcation Scrvi c scheduled for vlimii»; liu» i i tc>HIur 1r>82!of thv, Depart nant of Interior administer» t h i,ar>d ann»<.>'v"'>- liui> Fui>d fur clirecl federal !!ur«bases uf liisturic. or 'uvidcs matching grants to state and lo« >l guver» >i<; it»fur i!i>EI!I>!>» >! >>I!'ii'<>zllru>xfor 201 prole«ts i>i llie Puget Soi>nd >cg>c!>!.Vn!I«;.t» r!g<; I'ruin boat ra>nps to entire state parks. Thv N >tiun,!I P,>rk S>»di!ational liislori«sites of w}riel> tl>v>v, ar<; lw S;i>i ]u,i>i I»la>id. Tliv Advisory Cuuru.il on Ilisluric Pre»en iti<»i, i» <-.»operationvrith state ant !»;>» I>'<'.gul;!te» change i» histori- <:al areas. Tli<.: tirst »aliu>i;>I histurii:al re»<:rv,>tin» ui>der tire Natiu>ral I'ark»»r>tio>i A >t uf 1!37th has brm! rstablished at F!bc> 's I.an I- ing WVhiv I»I >nd. UViIcling th!d ad»i»lister»d I!z th ! Dcpartincnt of thc I>xterior, And finally. the Dcp i>lni !»I uf I»t :>'ior's I'i»h and Ar !r!encl rvgulalus Iiu>iti»g n.>d!,>XI :xiistrati !>i '<;g»I;itiousi» shared with the state's Ueparlii>ei>t ul C'a»>e. O>i ! a hlition >I;>gm>cyxv!>use poli :ies affect I'ugvt S'vi«.; of the Depart>T>e>ltot Agric»It>>r<'. Baker, S>!uqu<>I>i!><>»I» : National Forests ei> .oii>pass»>uii»- tain >rra» oi> thc wc»t slope of thv, l.ascades and Ihi>pi<;Ianag !i>i<;»t,»!dlogging poli«ies affv«l. water quality a»cl I isli pro

<:tivityin the rivers draii>i>rg into the Sui>nd. f' . lei >i rkutfi ?r itv
Federal Coordination Processes 'I'here nrc n rli«ltil>li<:ity of aqel!civs troni ri<:<>rll,ill feiit»involv ! I ir! ariln ~ orreglil,itiriy, ti«; I!»I P ig>etSou id's rv,- sources. Most <>I'li!c;igcncics disc:uss«. I »»re .i>sgthPII' llilss«!rl BIIect» other l>s ! I>l '.I> other!e ieclernlng<;ri<:iph,xit>,Ol I !dural g>ol'rrlillclit a<:tivit> i» tvidefor fully iilariri<>rcfinatio!1. n variety of rr> ' :h reated to fac-.ilit;itwation Binor>g l!g- <.ic!sanci tc>i»<:rcas< the chan<.c»tli,it tlil;lni»a>Id poli .ic» OI' ;or>if!cytli,it w<>uld bc particularf>, h,>rnif>if to iiiiotiicr. ;oorclinntirlg «ri clvv<;s.,'> !I!«.Blc <>cue eland v oilg>r<.»sin>>Bi »ld VXCCutiV»pi!rl!IC o» Striotli fun<.- tionnl lines, other» ari>idivi II>,II proje t». Primaryr<;spur>sibilitv for :o<>rdili iti<>iiof' cxpeiidituie» iii tlifr<'sthe :ir :ulatioil !I infOrlnatiOn fOrn>S <:,>IICdA- j~ furntSI t<>;Iff'<:<:te

cue>cs wllericver federal funds nrc hc!irig spent or are I?cing grnnt a state or local go1errlioent. 'Phe .'<>>>g <.s»also has the .'Ongl'<.ssi<»!< it !ftic:e, General Accoun tiny, Office. arid Cong>ressioiialKc»c ii<.iiS tkic relationship among progr li!i». There is iiotliiria»»pe<.ifi<:as thv,A-rtant <:ourcli»ag>cncv for fcdcrai lviit,!. 'I'Iineilc;onsists effnrc.Bnd th<; I ccfcral I>ocracyKcqufntorv :orri- OI>»»«! I! I?I li» a»so :IBtP.I!lel!>hrri the Depa>'tII>Pnt of .o1>11 '.I' : !, I.PA, tliu AttOrneV General, lfi, <»id the Cllairinen of thc»o1<:li I<; gio>1nlriver ha»in c;ornzrlissions, I hc WV<1t<:rR satir><> thv costs and hen- !fitS Of 1vatcr rOSOurii !f projects proposerl by diffrn.r>t l!g«r>cie». In;lddition. thcro i>rl', two Icdcral coordinatin > at hoth nrc I«rgcr than thv, Vugvt Sol>n f nrva. 'I'hc Vn ,ifi<: Northlv '.st KaI Coll<;>I ;ollsists of 1<;!>ior>,ilI'cut heads Ii«»i»- C;tg Vi>g<..I Sou>>cl Uisf> sion I'.'!I'O'Itli resuurceS >118I E>~~toit, Oi «~~!I>Etc>. 1>ithr; latv. 1'Ihtls an I varly ]c}70s. tl>< V.'!'K%I II ;.> !its !n!cl th I'ttgvt '!outtrl and Adja :ent K'>'aters!!tt>dy lc l>iUtillliorti»iit! l !r Ic! I»1'111offi- c:i;ils anrl in the :asv of thv, I'UX'E'Ilcl i!»Ill disi 'u!S>o»! ov !'I' l!I O'< 'I!Ills il »<1I!» I I ;I !!. til»r>iirit>on.htit th .y lo not sen e as nlajor I»ruins loi I !soli i»g> li!I!iit ;! or pf,«1»in<< Io«it J :t>V>t><',S.L!ISI!ute I'OSolutio>>aiid Ioi»t I!l,ii>»i»I<,>1»It>ore, III;ely tO b<; i>!tcfvrtakvn by thv. fvlv ag.»r ii»,!tinta! I! ! hrr!tlt'ht to bc' :ifi : I i i>elioatio»s or pr<>jo :t!it> Iiavi«able ivatvr! Io t lie fi!il- ral I'ish ancl KYil Ilil ;,'1<.r! i ; '.. thr. National ! Iarin< F'isfiT>ti»T>! il ol!Irot t» a permit bi»r!!t I:asvsa»obje ;tio»! l bvthc c oI'l!s, b >'I II!! ",Il! 111Jybe El>IIElIo ! I»'o<'I' '!sively highvr Ivvvf» in th< Dc.p<>rt>T».T>t<>t >ttlty anrl 11 pI lo» o IIh ' >!!ll !. Tlii! I:oOnli»atint< prOCO Iuiu -cc lii<,h iS E!a :I.<.db<, tlte potu»li,tl Irc!j«:I.! -<;Ic',trlx introchtvvs tish anil u il lliic ron»vms I» a stattts !ronmvntal impa t !t;It»»i !tte»lal Quality I!uISI>'!'I.Pit>el assPS.vI 'tlific,i1!,<.I !t;iti!- Ttli'nt nit>St h<; p>'epari! I and :ir :i>ti>tvrf tn affv :ts!al.J p lbl i : ht ol;ill< r>t;tti>v polioic.s <111dcva>V! t ! ITI>I iI»i <'lli' '.t!, thv statPT»enl is cle.sip»<; oitlvI to Ior ;tivv pt'o la . tlo» »><'lt!0» Igl ni Ics, It clo1 !lI I! its .t,I! ! tl«' »!ost. s>I<»it«a»'I !I I I«! I tg 1!n!«:!Ss !».
:3 I'l Acitl
6 lttird fun :tioila!ly nrimit ! I uordinatin<> age>le>,that cut>Id I!» impurtaiil or!. Pug«I St<.rgy."I i»>t Hunt'Lt, 'I'tliS bnard lt-aSC;r«at !it IyprojeLts iii kt ress aild th«1'rcsict<»it tn t>cluu poorly administvr«1mb .rsnnlvto perform su :tl a fiiri<:Ii!>Rat>unl3»ar f th it is i»sistg't!it!1'» I l ,'1'P>ppa>!ltt> th prn ;VSSingC!f t ti<.;irp .rmitS fnr a pnrt faci! I IC',!»d 1!i!!>I i» . tu tliii>S- »hit! oil from k'ni't <>1<><;I<.sto Xtinnesnta. It shnii Itat>Oil lui!» >>ut «I 1 li'l1!>i'il il!!pi'»va! pruuess. Thc fourth f«deral!y spn!>s»r» ;»ordioalin<> prn : .ss is ttl« :n >stll Zone Management Act of 1!'~, «tiiiinist !r A. I'hrnttgh this p 1'ugra>nthc fe «ra I gl >u»1'1! 1 !1 Ui 1 'Ipi'u <'1L!Us p Ia >1>ii>gi ai!L! u p» 1'it 1 11 g grantS far Stat«Stn del«!n!> th«ir» et> <:OaSt!!7 >tt matlagcm«nt prn- <,ectures.T!i . state of X'Pa»hi»gtc»tIi;is !cttt>k>or> thU stat ! Sh»r !!>1>I>rtgu»>UI>I. >'><;I ul 1971, %la»i>i>i >ion's xc'ast h<,riiii iii thri»i!is a piiinary coordinating pn>i:vs»I»i,ill IOver>ttiil!til acti%'!t! .'S in .Oa»t il iiil!! I t>Ur!<>i! I > 'rcc!iit lut'lh>'1 d«t ii! i i :tiapler H.
Summary Although thv fvrlvra! !rt»n<»Ii» i>a!pmi">itis,itat a iiiajur role iii eiihait :iiig ail l 1'g»l Nu II>n,>l «>ti«: rii t! iIh nnrnrntded tn iilclitclc. >>avigatint!,»ax igatlli » 1- ters a>id ater el»a!ity regulatioii» a>id fi»h<:ri<.s.;X v,!ti<:tl uf utlii;r prot>r;»>>S1»;iy iit»O influCn ;C »pe<'ifi ;rCSOur : uSC' dc«i»iOnS. 31»<'Ig» it ti tll ! >1!I>pl< !'itynt ft>tl !'tlonal!y ot '«all>7edl ;>Ps, lilt'Ud a IIL>f1!1atluil Bit I»nx iclv for colif!ict r«snit>tin»tii»li»ilii»t ii vine»ts for rc 1 i«tv nf prujed XLI'rX'» gl!lie>'al !1><'iru»>tt !>>tallit>pa .'I statpatio i 1!y aftc etc slate and I >»lemma»t agan ies, Tli ! <><>xtIRK'O Uliiip'lL!1'S RV>t! U>ca>I» t>U»1 Ll>'tall aulivit USOI »li!IU ai'lcl tu- 'il I g» V «11 I1 1> ll ' I ». 0 r' Pl'n 1 ll<> f Ir >P t S 0 I Irl < '/ HJ sJ>
Notes Tlti'<,Ilr>r><;nt,I<,tixitii> ! Irgvt hoLlrldIs t>1vav!>tt ! In t l I! o !a to tli<.'4' lat>II><>t ir> o<1Ãtal Zoot Mg '.m '.nt!'! history of 1 vr> ivs >r>dth ir;> :li< it i1' ! t<.'1'OiI Ol t VO!i<.'92I!! il!II: t II!t '!. t'ist!OI I s ias,IIVZV th Itn>,ion s FiahV>ivs.'>< rrit>i>siiirr> is- «iiv t'!97 >!,!rid iri Jr!d!< Uoldt'a'. d ! !ision in t l>it< trit s <. t4'os!>ir><iri t!!< t!. tVatvr t ralitx an'Ilt;iiv>roi>r!>not!I av>ili ii in KognrS t n> !roon>vr>ti< s ot < irtu<>ill,ill r~ ir l.;int t'.,'i I ,Orltnrrr ,' j ln tk>v. .111!tlvi'.oil Xtvr'I.h,i>it. t f Lolrl- pi!l>tiOn Oi f . tera! ! arl niviita I i!i I >,,- phy, Vt>r!v. Ot!lns Oi L!A'S. OOOaint>San ! S<>11>V'till>vs><.< hist >1'Ivs.t>lv.ther v is lit lh t!»t!!iah ' ! mqvt,'i<>nn l, Irif >rrriatii!ii on,><,Vrioy,r .. ia<.ol»t>! tod trorrr r>o ons.anri »it<>rrr>alr»atvrials t!ro~ ix,>~vr> < <>fti< i;ils.
in 1!>3-t. c thv, r> 1 9t. I » I'>!I I: n >t >a tI '<'osal 's! Li13n! itt @I u I e may <;I»> :Ithlar vote lik«: i Iirect initiati!;e. ur sob>nit il ,!I<»!t, >xilh» I<:gistetixe-cle- si«»v I alter» >tive to thv, cc>tc,rs.Yt'hvn c !t< >s,>i bott> an ir>itiatiC an t a IP iSlatia atternatia ., t«O X !t .S;>r . ",>Sl; »r>st butt!". the !tliiti;!tix<,>II<.>», is cast "for c itl! !r." tl>eri tjii; I;>n !vith lti< rri<'.t l III, th ! forty-foi>r inctireot initiati <'vso»t<< tix «. it ttiir>I terr!slices Irate passed. 1'1!is is ttii .I! tlae St><.lit»>1<><ce to In i Ii<>t > v 43! I! ! :<»n ', le A >I>IVHshi>1<~<>0!l. 6 ref<;ii I>>r» is <>t>r'oecss tu»crtlifx Iet.islet<>re-passecl laces. Sub- r» iss>on of I!c titi sigr> >t t I<' >stfour Iaerc:<'ntof lh» c'otes cast for I; nurin t h. rxv hv s>!I!r!!rtt !' I tu cutr>lcrly ut ll>e roles nasl, il is nnllifiect. RIso t!roc i I<1«I'or iri th«:u»- stit>ition, h»t r>o»!ajor statr. I t»«:,uns is nlul' ,' u>ril>ru».A»><>to!'>ty ! I th<.'I <> u»!<> ,>ly ! L!I'> l.I n. s<>r>i< e I,! > ; :;>II <>I >rtion ri! 1!-,!. In eel«itin» tc! tl!ist iti! tiu>!>l pr !i isi<»!s t t»il f !!ii l :itizvn c:ontrol of qovc;rnn>vnt.the st>» >t>!rvoI sr>I»;>visior>ior s hei.;il state ctet!artments hy at!pot»tv@i oo!»missions tiirtj>vr lro<»tr»liz»s the t! !I!cy-l>lakin<~1>!SA!ul>, lu>' !xpl !.A- oies for >ii sr>1! ar!isvs the De@ >rtmentof 'am , an<1th !3o'sr<:s. I''. :uloor> .'! tx isin<:il, encI tl»' C >»I»!,I' '.,! <>»I I'.cu»ul»>c, Dec !Iup>»c!'I' >l W IR'sur'y uu > .>I el I I!le> inaI!t>t t!oti<.! r ! >s<, lh >I >I tf> .,'ir >I ; I'; >ks encl Rerrvat>ur! .'>!>r>jssi<»>,tl»; '. !r»rr>issis;>ctr»i»isli'i>k>I!goti~ itivs. I hP.Pxisterl .'P uf lnctet!enly PIP :tP lstetP exec»>t>ceoft> :I»Is encl a ptauinte l < On11>SSiOnS.ancl alSo thV. pole>1ti rl I'Or'll>e uSCul' inilia- ti>,<.». r !I< rill t!x c:it iz !r>s all !»sir<>i» sl;>t< oil i<:i>>Is I ! I!tu c itizer><.»ri<»r>is ii> t t!<;ir 1! :>Sr irl-!llaklllga , ;IS ul!! »1 tll ! c!'s clirprtty and attvrnpt to gc t thv>t> passecl, I he potential oI !nfl»p>! :111"statp. c,'o el'Ilnle>lt l!ul> !c I!x so » iarlv Ciiffvrer>t aCCeSSpuintS COuld t!e reclu eCI b> Stru>><~<.ccc! I I-Oi~«<>» iz Cl I!O- liti«: il t!I>rti<;s. t!i>I politi el 1!erti< s <>1' >1»t! str 0'»sl>ii!t;t, 'I'h ;! Itx trois! w stt><:rr!v l>sc;rpli»e !x er utl>- ,!Dls elc!ctc!clto off> ;v,>lrlclol' ttlv, I!arty I'1l! !l. tV»SI>i» iIO» Sluta J'o <.>I>»i !!it
I hi! stdtu lory vlv :lion riilr s >»!i< li I>;irti! s ot!tiihiilVirivodk>IUSS a»el IIIdk<. it ItI'or t I>U»tl>vir 1>o- siti<»ss.:%11I ! :al gc!vvrnmvnt r.ls<:s< i!1!l I'rv no>>1!drtisdi>, No partv atliliatinn i» listii Ilii! I>i>II»t,ii><1 dii iicldtvs afU 1!r>I'I'<, I 'Ii'Oin Sol!U>tin~o>' i! ! ii t!t>»g sl>I!I!ol''I I t'ol>1 Ilo1i I> >I I!al'I>US. Thosi! riilp- p their f>rst atti!>I!l!t;it i!IU<.t !iillv i>t thv. IoUdJ lvvvl, '1'I>us Io<,dl cvI!o»! :ac> li late:sft ' c!r fc'elvraI offinvs»s»allx' r!mvr v.. I»;i < i«> sir»c!g I!drt v; II<.gaia»«:.dn ultan hax a thai>' o>vn p»litii!rt!, sul! I!o>'t. Iri a I lit i pi! I'IV t» .»!it n! I v'villo ~~~a>I!st h8 paI'lv nolllil>at!»1>f»I' : !ll I>tv, St.!L'ItiZUI>S arU not reCluirUCl to rU.iStords»i ! >iil!i;rs c!f a I!arty tn vntn in I>i>rtx i!rimarivs. Instvaci. a votr r c:an votv in xchic;I>- l!l ! to cv! rl ~>I!l'111! irVXvitl> I< l!OIIeilar bdsv, eIUV .'i ipU i e>sdn Ul .' .'to I ii<>npi!rtisi!n Innal oft i< i»l iiist< a1 iip thro»gh p<>Iiti .al p;>rtv. Pi»lv ri<>iriiridti»ns dre. really :dpture clhv d iinn1inaa r;itlior tliaii t! ;st»cv ; I I!y tliV. p >rtX'. 1IUII .U ili ~~~UI>Ural<.1Uetions. i luntifi- s>t>0>1vvlth othnr' l!ilrtx i!»ir>ir>>n stre»!pp!irt Ic!r;I I!e>rtx's plat- I»i'inbv its ocvil .di»li<'.s nrs<'.i!!hl Uoal- . itir>I>s to assist ,d»t ,s iii fin,il st>>> I'<>cll !! >Ir I<:i.tioi!s ir>sloe>!I ol' »rganizatic!ns uith i I< ntili!t!l< l>i>siti<>i>s<>r! I>oli< y issii< s siil>I!»rt«l hi i>1 Ipdl'tu :a!!el1 h!tas.I i! th !,i sVst ! I l, 'U '» i I i> slI >~I< I!r»'IV t i. I' 'I» »'>'V tl>UllOuSU. Sondte di>elg»V .ir><>rsl»p.thi!ro,>ssi!r!» ! Il>,!t,> majc!rity lrl aiipport thv partx. plattc!rm c!r a<>v wilh»ii :;i!i»tl! !r oi! iiidjor I>oliov isscias, Tl>U :.O>nbinalioI> Of IIO»p II'tise>I>IOUdl UIUUtiO >S,>»ri- nIary l!nn !>>t» I» ! i> f>i>rtx»ra >izt i>tt<'.Il i pt I» .o!i.'i»I! li! t ! I ! .'i!i I »i!-iilrikl I ><»t ! r<1 l!l :U tl>v.I i>flu ~n .<;ol I:- I >I si sH I! >S dI Icl I >> Ut I's ! tgr o Ii pS I' ', p I' ! S !» ti I1 g> nI Ie! pe! II elU n't '.o nS >t ut U> I'i US . VVI>en vn>nhinvrl with initiativns, rvfvrc nrla. ancj rv<:«Il, pc!li y makin. is I ti! :>tizv» anrl intvrvst gro»p illfliipl>UH, aI> l!otl> I!I>IVa!1>ii- j<>rrOle in. r >iSiIIc~publiC: pOliuv <1»UStiO»S«nei r»i»i» I!iil>li<: I!t :om s. Th»>1t;>vi!'0!1!i!U!!tiilo>'~ !! iziiti »>st, t !r i:x- «inplo, plax'Uel d oriti .>l rolU I» r,>isi»g>tli< issii»»f slior ;liii<; »>;»>; j~ !- rnvnt i>n h its ir!itiativ<;. pi >i il!»>i»>ilg !>1!i>ll !I>'I!r»i>t>v» a>ftaI st!v !'al vUdrsof IU<>- isl > Iivies st' ll ! Ii>i>i >. >Vaahinotnn s lrain<1»tc.ti!rv anrl Itists c»!eI >n;>nyrc>oornmoi! >tioiis fi'crniilg PI,'>»<11>d ! Hist> t >»i> t><>v'b ! !' !'n I» 111 Xf utte>> et al. 197>tt. Rt'.for>» re ;on»nen l iti !>is, t> !>v !ver.offered no proof tt>at st;itc 'vi th stl'n>lgI>art i re .att are anv n>ore r ..sp !i>si><: t ! :itis ;1!s s«>r«.!t'fi;<:liv resolving complex problcins tli;iii,si< tlios<; !str<» t75] si!<:li is washington s. Citizrns havr. »nt l! ! r- pos!cettie>r inttuvn<;«,>»u>r<;l!gt!Its l '.<>»v '.rni»ent.2'urthernlOrC,. Stu lica I»,>t<,lii>ig<.ilia .n l» !t'er .»«.!s xvith tfit t to! titty st«ti s had 1>i<>lier levels nf aore!u;1st b t! ilia :»s,»!I't'ils ll!a» KV >Sf>i ng>tO» Pierce in %tulle>SCt al. I ,!» <»Ii<> i »lcgi-,it i;<;ra<:iSn Stancts ni!t fnr its nt!c!1»>rS»,ll si- t>ility, arid respo»siveness. It iS sVitt>IISthiS pOpulariSti .,SI>dl!luraliati<. Stiii<.ti»i!ttiiit sl,it< g>eneing I'»grt Soi>IS t'S rvao>irreS ar< n>ai>has >i>orea ; .ess poii>ts for :itiz<.i>stl!i!i> th ! f<>d<;r,>l<»u, but, >s svith fcclcral officials' aetio>ss, state offi .ials ay t hv,authority an t intrrVStS Ot Ottl .rs ls >thi>l thr. statv. govern- >»ei>l. I>! addition, state offi :ials are :o»strai»eel bs tvclvral rules or rvg- ulatio»s ii>;ircas of cnumcratcd federal Cunstit >tionat,>uttsority, 'tVithin thi» systvm, hnlvvvvr, thv departments a»el prngranss sce on Puget So»i>d resour :e-use de .isioi>s are .teart< idci>lifivill be oxen!in .d»<..xt. Management of State Property 4't>e» %V;>st>in<>ton i>lti>i>ie t sli!lchoo t, il t!<>dI;iniii! i;ihl< >v;it !is;iont t!r !'vin»sty s !ld l!y lit : ti; I !'ri>l g !v :»'>n> !I!t. 'I'he Division of Xf;>rior I.an i Ma>!'sgr>S!r>ltOf thr. 4t Str, l!rp Srt>S>rntof N ltliral Rvsn»n:vs IINR!. lt s !M'Iiei' ai>d pilt>li . 'Ii'uslI»d '.stlsv, sl >tv. gnvrn>me>sts< ith oiiv, ol its major x oicc.sfor influrneing thr usr of I'ugct HO<>net's resn>irrvs. It is also as thr ounvr nt shnrelancls, ticlvlancls. an t si>t!<11 !rgrdla»cl» that the st;>t .:»>i :urreut< oi .exvitt> the f idite a fectvrat Corps nf vngi>seers permit is a rv ti>irvrn !nl tn assiir ! »onii>terlerenee vrith I>avigatiu». a developer >»usl also ublaiii a I ,'>se t'rom the Ocpis lti< lan t» iili»n whi :h ths!1!rnv >m<,ntsxvnul t li ! Oi «I ! >SS>III>pl>C!I'IOl OS'Vii 'I'it'Iip !I St!OI' !1,>>>'g ! II s» !sl,>tc i» st,itr t i»; rti ltr, X <'ll ot' thc %Vast>ingt s!>Stat<; ;Iso sets o»t a I!asi frais>cwork for slate policies iis harbor areas, Other poli .ies a!<: >«.U<»t!i- nati !n nf sl t ! h,gislation an DNR r .gut >tin >s.Th sc:pnliries sr>> 1I >r> Stole l,I
~~~~~~ptiuilly r«lated t«. Io ati«l«lids in rota> ii lo c:itic» a»« kiri Is ol usesthat ar ..most appropr i,'! lc in diffcr !rit;ir«a»,~~~~~~
Harbors Xrtir lc XV of ttiv, EVashingt >l>Stl>tc Constit>itio>l dir tirovide for thitm !nt !I a <:oninii»»in«si ll fr'ont.of !r wilhlll on ! >1»1«ol>e>tht!>' »> Ic.'.oj the c: J1'I> >>'a>tIl>ll>ts '. of «ny city. Thc iriri«r harbor liiiv is r>sualtytti« tow' water Iiiin :ompas»It>c h«rhor arva. I'hiIl>en forbi ls seltint> !r I> .>'>><:I«»ds I dir ! :tlat ti!r h;>rbol'liru.' I!«;:ause a<:tiiities in this >irtcfporc;rili«ljy intvrfcrc;with naviatter»;«;- ss tu tt!e harbor or witt! fulur . Ii;!rt! >r«s.pan»i »>.'I'ti <.oristituti !>i>il» fort!irts setting or rc!fir>ctuishing c<>nlrot ovvr tho ti!>dsbe inr> !r h«rbor lir>i;, I his area "sh;>II t! forevc'.I'r >»c'.rvcdfor Iar'> Iir>'», w'Ill>rv«s. »treet» lf let oilier :o»v :» ii!>>i.c.sof nax i~;it ii! L'ommissior>;«c «.,'r'ri !d out t!i thv,H >'>r otI Natural k '.» !ilrces,anct I >«» ',»to pron!o><><. >m1>1elYv.ar! f nav>~>>at> !»4«t>!nd wilhlll I>alt! >>'a> «c s are « Ii>i l i i»i<'>'«d bv tjNk iftcr cor>i:>rrr !n :v.x~ it!i port c.om>ni»»i<.,rsif thc arc»l i» « iltiin a loc:;it pol't cfistri :t. t:or rent I!Nk peti<:yallows I<»>»<'.»irsfor con- stitutionally I>uriliilled u»c!s.C;I>ar''es are b i»«t o»;i pi.n; :i!t;i is.XVhcn no constiti!t>or>«tlydesigr» t<. tuse is p>'acti >I,: f!Nk wilt;il»<>prc>vicl ' sllorlcl' le«scsf !>'othel' publ> :r>sus. su .,has >iI >»I> r!'' pier { tV ;1<.t>I 979!, Th ! < Iv«r prio>it>, for harbor arc>is, hocvcvcr, i» f;>» I »;>wi- >>«ti.Tl>is pri the. oonstitiitihj,!r!gllv by :ii!r> fr>lent.r;>lt!<:r lti«ii bv»iir>pt«r. <,t>ange»ir> Ic!'istatior! or l!NR r .qulati
Tidelands, Shorelands, and Beds I''or rn»n«gvmcnt I!iirposes. aquati<: I;iilds havv tii;<;ii severalcat ,g >ries.Ticlc.t;>r!ds are the Ianhti lv to ttic linc where ttiuanri<>t i«asoil«bly b<:«! p«ote I t ! n!'<;«I' irtl>er. Shor lands ar<. Iiffcrentiatv I froin tidvlands c>rc l>n!ds «cljac:ent taxi>>ahtv, w>>lvrs xw here ttiIt>>cn :P. Shill! erat«r >nark,>r!<1w here th<.'w>il«r he- i:omr:» gh f<>rnavigatior>. Thc beds of » > it;i»tv >vatvr»,in! vt>vn!th«cv«ter is tvi;I>enough foi' r>av>~»atior>actja<:< nt Iteror bcyc>n iri salt water. 'I'irid shorvt,>r>ctsarc fur thvr dc!»ig»»t«da» fiisl «lass <>r sec:or!dclass. I'irst-rta»» tideta>>in I shorndsarc tfiri»c ivithir> lcvo r»il<>sof' an in ;orporatecf <:ily. Prinavfr,;>- tion. c:o>nrnc>cc,or other dv ctopmclit i>scs,Lcas<>» I'<.>r first-c:I iss tidc- Designationof HarborLines and Tidelandsin WashingtonState Dock
~~~~~~la!tds;>ndshor»1'«i~~~~~~

nay be for ul>to .'!;iyears,,ir>c1 lvases I' !r i<1jaovnt h 'di >Tl lyh ' fo>»I! to 1 ! y ;e>r»,'I'hn Depart»><:ntot Nat»r'>IRv»our e». civ<,»prefe uater-dc!I!<:nd i»tusei i>i» ',riratll !>' tile>i to s»!I>1» i»c!i'». AII tid l >nelsancI »h !n;lancl» not x>nithiri txvo >nil ,i !lass,l Tl«;iicli ai>d,ic. budi»!t !!>,nalso b ! I»a»eelfor ul>trs, li it 1!NRI!oli :y i» to vonci l pro@id<,t!ri !ritx lor r !<.n!I ..»t>ll' a>ld>', I! ' t! !' .t>ol! !f tile >ii ir»le el>'<'II' !ill>! ull!>>ts ' . !>!d- ,lass lands.Tlio dep !rt»i »t also has sli !nial leasvl!»1 i »ivs for r;>iii i oy»tcri on r >c:k»encl fi»e ..o>id- .1ai» ticlela»di I» !' , bee>>d :x' !I»t!ed sil!<. : I!171, I>riids .'ouldb<'. sold to priv;!t . oxvncrs.B . ai>»c' ol I!r<.-t!1 sal 'i, inly ahoiit4 >I!>;»> >ge> >e>lt,Tl«! n;i!iai!!dei »»u,>llxbelui! >t >the oi!»<;>of the adli«: !>lt»I!la>id» %'t'hiI 1!NR'. ii I!rirnarilx t h!;n!,»!at,er i>it !»'»l>i>blie la>i >sbeLu>nc! in@»lx'ed I» <,»<,ourat>in >»l! !<,ifieusvs narkinp I!rot;ram is I >n Ivrhyayon» .' .A>i@I- :la»»I io >ri l!i ! that re.i »»; ' easi1<' i! Iify I!»bl>e ii dc»t!!> >uxshlr >i>i!t ,t!d !lands.I li !d !I>;irt!n<1!ortvcltho rv ition of artifi :i >l rvvf» to in>I!rovv.»1! !rtli»hint;, ;ind ii>lil!o>teelre»var<:h oi!»h .lllisli;»i l »ea!r '. , t. > ' > >I !». I i ke 0 11> >'U n i I'i !le res 0u I' .' !> ll J liat>e» «!» I, ~>re s UI !I !! f t ;c I L!XR ll;a»v. !>ad c>i '> <,h lr >v rvA> lnu !'».
Governing Pi>getSr>unci>'Hist>
S>iohomish, Whit , [»c! v rc vn! and Nis i>I avvre devvi !riesin <>real«iPugvt Stctierii;s,althniigh ope>aty thv, I!vpa»it ;r Cre~k hatcheries iveie >Vpr! projects ii> itic I!330s. The Cits' ot' Sv,>tttv, rontributed to funcrxto n! ri>n r !cli!ctions rlue to hydroii <»i ttiGisti clam. 'I'vvo of thv, Iiatcheries Garriso>i SI!rings and lti<: Si <,o,S,Departme>it nf thc. Intvrior. Thc 1!cpartmcnt oi I ish !ries t!at«heryprogram has b ien ritiral for mainlai>»>igsalmon. runs as Iug- girig. <»>!urban dei etoi>rii<>i!ttrave redo»«; I n,itii- ral rcprocluction in sal nnii streamsaronost L!e!iiartnientof Visherivsrir! tianc:eminent 1>rparti»cutassist . ]wvith the transl !r ,>! :<'.of Japanes rsto Pii- gvl Sound to rept i :c thc declining storks of nati! ! Ily>npia oysters, rhrc>nghnatiiral pi'cI!tenting iii l}ie s«uthcrn Gull «I' Georgia,Jape!!use !ysl irs have noiv spread as f ii »orlli as L!osolatior> So«nci in Britist> :nli>n!bia- anci arc thv. basis of;» c:n»irnrrrial shvlllish inch>stryin t!otti 8';!shington and 13>it isti Colu nbia. 'I'he Dep;irtiiieiit of Fisheries is ;>!gagedis! evt .iisivo rv<>ulalio>ll!s i ctl as vnhi!ciitof salmon iii;i i>«tieing a<>enci. B .cause oi' ils »>cvrn ivith sat»in>!ii! KVashingtissv is.Iti<: D !part- i»en ol' Visl!eries cooporiiti>s with thv N;iti<»!al M;irinv 2'istivriv» Ser- vicv. iiici has a rvi!rcsvntativv on thc Ir!tvrnatinnal P;»:itic Vishe.ri :,s .'onir»ission, the Inter»>itin>ial. Nortt! Va :ific Fish<:ri :s Co!n>uission. encl lli ! fvderal Pacifi<.:<'i>'ld Nor! Pac:iti<.regional iistii;ri "s >Ilani>g !n»»>t co i»<,i Is. l>i;ictcIitiontiti;iiic:in ~ <»i<1regni iliiig st> !ilt'isli'>i!iicirivs.alo>i xvith tt!v,B ,'partmv»Iof ' arne, playsa !najorrulc; in siipthsvs Tlagt tie ',f!shery, A>%% diect i!lg !i' p l>111!!n.'oi ivat !>'fr«»1 slal ! river»,for e!',»npte.requi>'c,s a hvdi;iulics pviri>it from tt»; tholdpermits it el ies a i !ork i «I>itive, to fist! ru>is.Tt>is permit ti>!g activity i» a i>iajoroii :I'o>. Vishil v ;ars. ',Ioselyr«lated to t ti :for>nat p :ri>iilti!xg«f ii!-stree>ii!vries 'lf'osl!in<~ t ' n]pnl
revie]v» .orpi !I I'.n<'inevr» I!crrnit req]i<'..iti. I ! ferally ']»np;> :t»late»>c!il» >iii,>r~>c»t of Fi»hcri<;»was reipo'»la- agin!; all fish >i !» ancll!vI!'!rt<'»t of Ian]v. to ~>ivca iri,i»;i < »eiit.'t'll ! mission ot tfi ! Depart»]vnt ol' 'an]e is to»!,>» >pcuil llil'c r !ioiirc 's iri order to priniriin]al». birds. a!id as an, tliosv. of thc: Dcp;irl»rcr>t of Fi»hcrf .s. bul .';iiii<: I ! !» regulate. sport fishing for stcclhc>ind huntin~> fo<.!vr!t rfoiil. It co- operates closelv !Aith lhe ferlvril Viih and KVIIla>la@el»or>t,>!i>' .'o»ti'ii 'I to Fish ati I XViIi»t :r» part !I thv Xlarinv,hl»»>n]al Prot .rtiit initcnancc vilcllife refur.<.»,it» ad>r>rnistr;!ti<»!. afor>~ uith I''ishvrivs.of hydraiilic; I>'psvironrneiit;il i!»pa t state»i ! II Dvl t;i an i I'aiti .antfor I!rv»<;r ing those arc:,ii in a natural st;]t»]c plays a!»!<.:tive.pro-ci>air<>!»>icr>tal rol ! iri iti >c iciv of p<;r- o»r : !rt:ar>izediotiar> Ithe KXashl»gt'sC:oui>cil, also providvs a networkof <~>'a»sr'oots supp »'l loi. its policies thi]t gives it c;onsicler>]hlv.impact in rrivir<»imvntalcii»I!iilcs. Prior t.nt cr]tsof ,aiii<,iiiirinstituvn<]i :s !I hunters, ro<;rral I>d !s ivatc!i' Iullfity, Their as»ig»«;I rolesin p i'riiit-iiiui» ~ pro- !vss .shy Ii<»iist role, on Pug»I Sound.
Rv,crr.ation :I !»<.l] assoc:iated]vitI> I'ish !riesand ] ilcllifc; ii»f st ito residents arc; st>!l : prograr»s to il'ilp>'>tior>alac:- cess to Pugvt So in I. I ive state.agc.»<:i .spl iy an intportaiit r. three th<>I»t<.ra!Jency C'on]n]ittc!<; f inmissiori, ari l t l>cDcpal'tr>l .'>llof » I!»!'I ;<» n>c><~I'E!q>L!I ho >T!»J> hP :au»< !Tih'i>i<:m!!<>;>I'K' >n>»»>o I> i> I'> It Lv ! t hu !i!t.'i !t I' >»h !'»e» a>>El Ndt<> T >>I R ".inu»er .',g>>1,!tio»or l>;i<>«:T»<:ti>'ili<.», I't><.»<.fi><;,>y< n<:i>ith tP<1in<1lo al >Eo!' !'I>t».hi>>.' .!''. »!t I> !'1>>'o>'kL!I »>lL.< !s ancl «olioi>Ih»l tit>iii;i!ts !f ',a>n L>nLII'i»I>criL» c»- bar! : !TT!<'.T>t i> T> I r '.pi>I dt T I! r >>»<:I o»rly to t h» oth 'r t hr '<'.d " 'T><:i !», f hc I!>t !> d'jcr>LW' Col»' ll» I I : '. o» !ut I !o>' Re ,n!dt>o>> IA l xva» .>'<,' iitccl ds p'>Etof thc M'Trine Rc<.:r !;>ti<>T!I.,ii>» A ,t 1!x Initi >ti>c '> I:! in I!>h4. It» m 'mf! ',r»hif! :o>!»i»l»ot th ! Iirector» of the I ',I>,'Trln>«'.>t»ot Cc!>T!>OL!CL!d<>dRLE»>o>>ii: J!CL>e!I pcri ... I;;»» ., iU,>t- >ircil Rcsouroes;t<;viirk» i!nrl Rcc!rv.;>tionCoinili>s I I'EP C'itl/ 'T>»a[!J!O>T>l<'. h% 'Ith ' go' ' PitE >»tr! '!clmi>>i»tc>' I'L»ld» I'Ton> i>>ili;>I i! <;». th ; ui!<:ldiii!cd tdx rclu<><1» ln!T!> T>ia- ri>lc fuel sales, and JJT',>T>tsfi tli ! I'crlcral LL>E!LJar>d 0';>t '>'co»»c>'x'a- tion Vi>n<1,trch!»Pof ma>'inP,rc<:n dtio<».11 nec>Lie»or loud l L!x'<:r<>T!><;nt».'I'he»tate LJOJ>«rl>»<;i>t»tl>at rn>c,Fislio>ios, X,!tural Rcsoc>!.E;c».,!T> tlitate Vil>'k»dn i!i»» ion. In gPnPra1, t hnor><~ rLEJL><:»t» lrc!TT> th<: .»,w!th J!r> >r>tx~'>v .E> t<>purch;>sL» of I;»>c>~visb< ! rocccl Iro>ii potential futt» P E>»P.fc!r rr>dri T> !rc<:rn. Tlie Stdt ! Vi>rk»,in<1 R ! .r>!atio>i Conn>>is»iTi»i»t»ol' »even ap- I>ointcd riiepcrviscgcncEE>J I!oli<:irtm !T>I. ,'!tate Vdrk» i» th ' >T!u!jo>'f!rnvi>tti<: »tatP.ancl o<>I'E><~< t .!nLJ YI!<:T't h'!» e»tabl>»1>e l fo>'tV-On ! Tndr!>! ! pdi'k» !E'1th I!L><>l nloo>"igcs, >11>lcLuldc>xvatcr' p'i>'k». i>I! I Tn!n%' boat I>>E>>1 :hi<>y,r >>nps. St;>t>T :hd» -.»J!ti;il J!>rk lancls >xll othec' a"e»c>c» TT> !'IL> hingth ! I' >deral Dure<>E!ol I.i>>ld Rial>a" c- >'T> ,nt,Co> p» ol I' » I~~><> ld oast GL>ard lor < cwI c: lop>T>< >lt ac!d acl- TT!inistrdti<>nd» rc<:r!'Pas.I>x adclitio>! I'oui»ion ol' Iidrk», the, lepd>'I» >CT>t i! I» ! J!u>'<:hd»esd>ld EE>a!>>>~~h >»to!'>E, !» p>'OpL'E't>C» ti>>y, s!fete J!>ogram.State v !rks >vasalso instr>>TT>i>!gthc: %washingtonI'drk» V>i!iin tcj72, E lii ,h h ;- :dnl .'.>nt.i>!. 1j7 4, The fuu» d;>ti >T>reer i>'C» >» and pucoliascspotential park I!roI><;rty vl!cn it bP<;omc»;>iail> le<>t»t,iti>s, it <:an E>T>k<,J!i!T' :hdses n>oi !>k»,!E>dReo>'eatiun CO<>>T»i»»ion. Euh!ej> >s!cl ,>lto>1 nlu eh» loL>'L>rIc',g>s lilt>c'c pTEt OI it» TT!ilnagP>11P!ltol »tali! 'h><> l».the Ijepart<1> '.ot of' i»Jatu>.'dlRe»ou>'<'CS h >Si>><,r !a»iEE~'l~'beeo>E] C >>i 'olvr!d >n E'c<'E'Catio>>. Jt I!D!x'>clcsson>c B;<:rT>ckndraT!.»tr<>n> I l<.lanclsand »L>br»cry<;li>ncI» I i>i fro<>tof J!i>rlc»;>;irt>n !nt.thrOu ~1> it» E! ,,>r'h-lnark i»t: I!royram. i» also attn»>J!tin<~to i» :r>!dsethv»s ' <>tstat<1- !w'nIiu>ialuae oi>I'up<:t Sou>!LI. IVasi1ingtl>y a majih,»i' >-! tio»ij !ra>'Va Ot Pui !vl!i :h statea .tisilies hd1«:I- clii!ea f»I I'oi>e harl! pre.',>I<,r impa<:t.
Tra nsportation Therolv, sf!ortatin» >sI<'sa Ionllna>lt oonlp »' ! I to Lltl»!>'goY'Urn>»1 it is i» t l>earvas of prol!< rty n!a!>ay n1vnt, fishcrivs,;!»v»t's pree>»ptiI «;!mme>'i>lax'i "<>tia>19,'<>Il!on, a» i l ! ,»II!ort list>'jeti!rovisio» Lif port t ><:iljti»,>n >t;c,n><,»Iof Io<.,!l harlior»I!a! v. Ivtt the stat<. s ith t ! o J!ri>»arx .nn !ms -hi<hivays,tn- <.I>«II»gbriclgvs,,>r>LI tf! , f<:rri a! ate»>.J3otl! of th<:sc!doti!sti<;s dre»ld>l- agvclI y the Stat<1nvf>art»1 !»tof 'I'>'a»sJJ<1s IJo> tat h! <1C,on>nl >ss loll. Jlil!>vdys,> ! »ot ei»:»; lh- thouoht >!<,-r<.lateuse. I I!i>l thorelinosites a!ici I,!<.ilil,ite th» sl>it!- J!i»g thv. J k'iic!t S<»»1clrvvio». ! 8 >'voulcj I! !g}1!v<>v »L.lxvorl >s i>iI the i!rhot!onlish tllv..'I'a .o>»< <>ncl. } yvrnainbasi>1 et S»ajor la>iI! thv 1!'ostsii>iS»ld,the >!<1st siclv. Ot I'»~>»1CI, a!iaNarro1vs H>.ilxIJriclg<,><:tu;>Ilx :rossi»I it hdsori<.»t ! ,'row!'th o» t h 'k'its»I! Y<'.»ins>>la to 'I'a :o>i> i»atua> I of SteJIOOLI .,'a»»I JJ>.i<~ !eln!from th< J<.its;>pI' ;>iii>a»la dLrossto lvft'vrsla1'«IOIy!T>J!lo Y<'»In- sul,>lo ..ationsi»u 'l1 >nor >«.'Osaibl ,'I ! <:itli .r Seattl<. rid ferry! I a- «:!>»>. 'I'hv I@stra :ti'o~>- sinil<'.servi<:v ! ilh ferries 'u :IL!l>dy I ! . !l"Ii>l»ly I'a>s ! I I»' I'isibilily oI t l!e Dep;»'t»ie>it !n as impo>'lant in th l>s ' of Pu"vt Soll <»I s >'c!sou!'<: !a. I I»! <»'dnsp ! 'ti>tl !n 1 sv.< vt Souncf > stl>c RV sj!in~to>!il >to fer>'v5'!'s I I> Tl> sosI »» H'asII»! Id ~~ !st in throrlcI in Ic>51xrhv» Ih ! state' pi>r<;his<; Iit, a>i!ti»u ! I It IJroy><'esIo>' lius»lesstt!r} 13ish and r ommtit ts a<:ross 'lh< >out> } <»id l '1!ri } . 'tVhi }h x, ;ind l}tc Sa > Judo lsldni}s. T}i>s lids Iat:ilitalc l sot>i i! .» i- tion of the Kitsap Peninsula, the !Vest side of tl>c Sot>»d,,»!d t}ic ist,it!r}s !arith thv urban core. I t< rs n ti} ir}y ri }n AVi!>alon and 13remerto>!. lo Sedttle dnd ba I ., Th . secoi>d major rulc of thc ferry systcri> hds been tu in rcasc de. r .ss to attra<:tive I ss d<'.vvlopvd arvas fnr r :r .'!a}»s !» }iy r si<1 nts frn>n the u>bat! i ore. In sun!mer. for exa>nt>le,Ierrx ..Ilechantsnl for limiting tl>e re :re i } us s i}' is};iri } r is cx}i,»i<}ci}! pricvs raise }, in addition tn thv provision ys»i! important deter>iiitidi>l »I t}i ! }itli»s ' !I Vltg !I ,'!c!und resources is> lesser dentelope },>re;is.
Waste Disposal anrl Water Quality f»atuf use uf Pc]~' I < }'<1>dKvilst c}>s}!os ll. 'I'o st n<>t un}i<>!it< d, <'xtr'~vof xvastvs into the ho»ltd t s o<>11>lc N' < l }! !t }'I '.t'us !s il Ill ! ~ I> I ts lI>eIedst [:nally a> uf dispusi»I, of soul;. I!. Suc} li.,l, rg is. hoxyev<.r,hayc the potentia} tn dama<,«ith» I! ;I!,>rt>» ;»I >I'I' ;»in< v IHOI!! ai>d tlie Of- fice ol' I.n> iron>»c}He;>It li ol' tli ; I!cparttnent of >u :iaI '>nd IIc tlth ,'!er~icvs IHNHSJ.}'.ts tiinrtinns un }vr thv, sulivr- visiot> ot'dti al I i it !1 .; r I ll>: I':. !I i .al nn>t!>isslonfor' DO}',atirl thc St;!tc B !,>rit<>111ctittli. 'I'li< eater po}1>ition cnntrn} acti!.itivs ol }!Ol', an<} th< 1}i«. »I I',»- wire>it»ci>t;!I Health arv :Insely rvldted. C;t.ealioit o} t}t ' >t<>t , Hn}Hn,!ttt> appr<>yesanrl monitors puhlir ~vatvr s ipp}i s, ~v;>st lis}>ns, systenis, I! !st> :>desdnd san>latin» fa ;>lilies < 'II>l< i'>It»>p<' utile>' rt!rr<,ation fa .ilities, Its main objc .tiilian h !alth, It rnrvssing 'ls1!y :ot>titll!«} sa>i>1!li»<<,>»t I.still},' tu dssu>e tliat ri ! lt !!>}th har.;trds vs}>c<.i!illyp;!! alytir. shellfish }!oisonin<,tr<; I!r :s .t>t.Other I;ov .rn>r> !t!ts,as nell as prix atv actix ities, < nrnv t»i h!r I;t!!n>e»tal I Icls. XVaterpollution control in XVashingtVatvrI'ollution C<>ld »1 1345. A d>schi>f"t' pcr>>iit syst !<>!<' <'as be"u» !n 1 j~>5,a»d >il 1971 the 11cp trtl»e>1tof I', :n} >t,'y» t»;!g i»> i»t, «n<}1 .'»»tfol. I !>' tile regulat >ul>ul } tsl.l>to nay>~ 'It'ashington S tate "orv>» <»<;»t
able w ilcr, DOE operates ui>dcr both state law,>i>d as thv. ad>n»i>st»"'l. of thyst<»nlor the ferlcral I >ivi- ron>»c»tal Protectioi> Agc»r v. EVhile thv. >b!ective <>Ithv, Nation<>lPol- lution D>schargeI'er»iil Syste>nis to cli»>i»atc >vasted>s .h<>rgcsby 1985 regardlvssof the <:ostor quality of rc<;civing~caters an l r<.gird- lessof tlie a~ailabilit<, of federalfu»rls statv.Iaw requirest!i!I', to c<>m- parc carefullv the b<'.>icl'itsfrom reducing the disci>argvith ll> ! costs of vliminatin< it in its p<.rrr>ilde<:ision proresses. A» part of its»><»>itorinl, of all dischargesii>to state waters, Ut!I': is also responsibletor apl>rov- ing sewage ancl instctreat>iic>il fa<.ilities and wasl<. dis- <:bar@;sint<> public sr»il a>idapproval prograr»s,1! !E is respo»sible Iur coordinating pl<»ining to improve >v;>I<;rquality througl>out tl>e stat !, Vor m<>starvov !r>iri>c»ts,but in soi»'cas il coopvratvsu, ith local governments arid I hcI>ovcrnor to drsig >ale subareas for spe<.i<>Ijoi» t.-ao»>isl>,a»d Snoquali»ie River basins and thv. :> , ;»-Cedar Basin h;>ve been d !signatcd regional pl,>i>riin«areas, It is i»iportai>t tu note tl>at although I! !E is a state Ila~vs. I le»rr; ollu!r fei<.ies as u<>ll,» .i<;sare. subject to DOE per>riil requirements. This gives DOE rclativ .Ix»> »c authority than nthvr st itc agvncieson major pr<>jectv~aluations >'<> I»iringepvi»>i'ls.
Related Agencies The stat ! d ! p«fl>nenls B»d Bg<;f><.iic !I1>ed vlth II> !»>!I»;tiu», Ir«nsportation, and u'at<.rquality all possvss<:lear >nandates anrl constit»her ol',>ission-tvdstate agenc>es i>iso >nflucncv, I'ug !t S<>»I>lc.in 'l Jt>7, thv state creatvrl thv. !«:»ai><>graphi<: ',omn>issio» sl»» t»og»'aI>I>icI»stitutv gl<»i.I li»>issio» Inot fundvd for 1<382-83!>v >sa s>ngle-purposi!,i »<.yt ! pro>note. o<:ea»ographi<:a :tix itv i» tVashin tit u»d<,rl<><>krdcd ication on spc rcsourc i>s p>ohl ;>»s.Ils r : s s>I .11h Ilportant 'soll>'<:e ! I I I>lor»> on on sev .!ia! I »l>l >I' issi> !»ifwhi >h I»<.I»» I bs and tl>e lia>x !st ii» ol :1>lll>s a» d I» usscls. Thc Tr;>dc Division of the Dvpa>'tn> !»tof . !l> !i' .e d E«:>»u»>l : Dvv ! Ioprr>nvstic trarle anrl max work witli I<> .'ilport >uthority to solve a shippirig problvni <>rt > fi>id i lo ; ilio» for a ncxv fir>n in a 1>ort ng Puget Si>und BISh
I!<.part»1e»tof Ecology may also ii>flupn ; ! tin! Io ,, tio» of; »> oil tr;>i>s- sJii[!»! ! it f;«:ility lhroug>li its control o1cr air pollution c>nissious 'uld stancisting in thc rcgioi>, Jii general, however. 1vhile a lditioi>al agen :ivs !»ai ii>flu- r!ucc or even be, critical for a single. de .ision, it is tl>c policios of ti>c! n1orv,dire<;tly concerned agencies and coordinatio!1 proc, ;ssvsthat p>o- vide stale g>overnmvntu ith its grv.,>tvstinfhieii :toshingt<»i St,it<,[i fr,i<>- ri>ented gnvern>nentre Organize!ron >iis vS> St»;it i<: iS wO CO- !rd!nation anlong !ts coul pone»is. 'I'hP. <>ovPriio>'s office, h >s dvv ,IO[! ! I lwo :oor ll» ill»i! lg !n '!I '.s ' i» Ia Cab>n ,tStl"1> t Ur !l o >SS St the c'x !Cut vo I o1. >»I' Il;>tI l! Sl !1l !'y l>rOgralrls, !nV, ag .noy, thC. !ffio<1Of [ i»an<;i >I M1» >g uii lluclgpt and poli .y >!>alysis iri>i !I 1 h st ti g<>i!Cy'Scapon fitu> .». Tli . [!r>i!>! ii>;iyn!SUII i>i somv. coordination. h >t its focus is i!r. Pugvt So »i l re soll!' .S. l he Se .'OnrlOXOC'u t>VO t ['o>llotC!S g !» !1'<>I<.'o »'d il<>'I> ! is lhc I'lanning and ;ommunity I!vvvlopn>»t Affairs Agency. 'I'his office iui> :tions spe<:ifi :ally to pro>nolv, intvgratioi> ai>»cuts. As the distrihritor of federal Depart>nent of I lousing and !rhan 1!eve[- op»i c»t 70 I plan> !tllg>fun ls, P! ai>I>!iig and Con i>l !i i I> A I'fairs i!as plavcd;iii iniportant role in thc devclopnacnt of loc,il siiorel iiic m; ii;i<>c- mvnt file is f!y all<><:atin[,Itinc<:ifii:ally t<>foal«t »n'>tion k!rr!>s whc>i lo<:,>I g»x i!ply for fed !r1> lsfaling process at th» sl,it ; I r< !I is tli : over»or's scp ir;>lion ol thc cabi»ct i»to I'ivc sectic!is. All <>ftlic;igc i<.ime! Ior xvith >n>j !r i n[! 1 :t or! V> g '.tSouncl's rose! ir .cs e! : :[!I tra>is[!»d hc >lth ire [!;irl of thv, N>!ti>ralR !s«»rc ;s ini !eti !g» rOVirlr! an OppOr- l>II! >tv to clls ,uss the l>npacts of agency progran>s on I ngPt,>o1»1d. Beginning in 197 t. four major state pro :esseshave been developed lo coordinate state agency ac:tivities where there arc import;i >t cns iron- »pntal impacts, '[ hpsp.pro ,esses or programs arv. th ! F ><.rgyFa ility Site I<,valu<>t o>i ol>il .ll l!cg'ui! I>tvS>t ,'Evalilatic!n Coii !<-.ilin 1<0!, tlic statv, vnvironmv»tal impact statcnrvnt procvss I't >sI >> i»"I or S Io le < !<' 'rnn P» I
I197I j. tl>eShorelir> !,'vt,>r>a ; »c»IAc:I of 1!I,,!»asterpermit procedures of the F»l iror! Incr!lal Coordinati»r! I' o cdurcs Act of t!! 7:I. 'I'hv administratior>»l I hrc!eof thvsc:procvss< s !nl ironnu.ntal iml!act stat P»!P» I s,ah<>1' I >» ! 1>la'. ridge»le»t, ill> rr>;1stl !r I!errnits rests bruitI> t h< 13 !part!nent »I I'Culogy, Thus th ', I1 !I!'! 'l»!CI!l Of Euilo«v, 'rnbinrng state !rate r rrr< r>agcmvnt.!eater poll»tior> :o»lrol, ar>ir p<>lh>liorl o»trol agv» :i .» ir> I!I7 I, has l3v .o»'»!tl»! rr>ajorad- »>i!!istr;!IOr Of COOrdIIIati»gprOO !SSCsaS Sycll d» lhc 1 .guj;>I >rof a!r an!I<.rquality in 4VState and for major l«.isi »>s or>Vr - «el <>u» l,Ir> this chaptvr;>ll >Ith '. :Oorclinatulgst; tepr<> : !ss !s,',x<'et>t Shurelir!C »la»age»le>!t. ivill l>C CfiSE,uSSCd,Sh»I'eli»c I» >».!gc»>cr>t u hich r !fates to both f'e lcral <1 r If !cdl acti> itivs as w!'c.tj -is th<;I !I!i : !I a letter,
State Environmental Policy Art of 1cf71 'I'I>cState E>3>;ir»mv»talV<>fi :y;'r Cn>'irO»»!C»tal in!pa t Stat!r! !r>t S r»1» »I is inr»ll . I in a project or actiyitl Ihsefederal er>x iror>»!v»t; I in!p;!ut St;!ICI»Cntrequirernir!IS Of tho Xi'I!t unal Elll!I'onnluntdl I'»li<.y I> :I !f 196cI.Sin '.e 1'.1 thv, stilt . <»'.Iha.'i b !vn !nodifivd lvgislatixely f474! a > lir>terpretecl to at!I>fwto;>r> I>r»j '.cl OI' IO ,ill g<31'ru»u» I! IS ISslrepCI'IIIIIS cX , .'ptc;»»sl!'»el o» of a singl > dxvvlling unit, th ! i»islcrcby l thc Depart»!c!!I ot E<.»l- ogy sinu ; I cJ7t>, Thc slate a<:t,likv. thv, f ! IIf<'., Ioes»o'I dl3I>eai'lo al3ply 1»>y C»'<'iiO»r»C»tal Sldnda!'CIS.Tl! ! pr!l!l i OI'f'iuid1rCSpO»Sible Ior th '. p!<>j- >rissr ing thv pv!'n!it for the i>n!j<; :I r»»st first n!ak a clctvr- »!i» >ti >»;>slo»whether the projvct is,! rr!i»»r >!'»>dj»r >r>e. Il thp proje t iS i!»!i>jor O»C, then. the Official n!uSt irur»»V»tal vffe 'tS dre signifiC!nt !r!ti ~ clescribes thP,Pr!x i>l>»rr>tdl i»>pa :tol' lhe pl»pose l;lctior>s ' ~»oles ail ve>sv. !»! I!i»:Is t haI <'ar!r>o'I t!e avo!dPd ~ i»dic:ates alterru>tix<;s Iprnshil!I>Ptuven short- anct lor!g-t !rrrr i»>I!;«:Is ~ incjicatVS r»X irr .v<,rSiblv. Pff ;Cta roject is far en<>u h;!long to mak ; a stat<.me»t possil>h!. I>»I l>ri >r to mdkrr><'Ir»a I de .:isior>sor> thv, I>r<>j!cnt of io'L'er» >»L' Pu<' !t S
Ec !I !gy. I! !L c:>r .»fi>t :s I IIt :t» :»t I~>II'c'<>I I ; .I it>l'or<»;>tio».c! II oi II!l! >>gc!» :IesI»'UK'l !l>slh >nvt>tio»«.I in this :h !pli lh ti nl I',t!>c'.rg '.n<'yi 'rvl '<'s al>cf Apt'> .t' '. >' !eetc'e iu .l'> state>l>e>tts Io<' rcE >v«'. Th 'idi>ffrt les lt>v»»»;kv, their o«'» «riltc» <.:oc»»!ct>tso» t1>ci»>- pa :t it >I fir>al il >t ! n!e»t a»cf it. tc! ether « itic previous co»tt»c»ls. a .c:pa»ies the projcc I propos;>I thtough;>II permit p>occsscs. st>ch c>sthose by DOE for di»- nharg !» i»l, 'ac» ac>clI'ish .ri s f !r >»x «<>rk I» «'>I !r s«<:h as clu<:k or i!'rig >ticlivc!rsio» «:!»ilru<:ti c»f !o "I>in > tI o c u! t ! I hi> I«' h >I ! I h ! s itt t 4' t c' !»t >1I >!tall >»1p il .'t stat<'.11>I !II!I!r t<1 tl»1!oi ! 1% .»»it!' »nt s 0th tl'>a'I !f i>l'!>»lpa "I i'Ii>I !»l»»'I fo>' »li>I .'i>t! 'ff ! :Is. the l>ro<:vss«s>s dvsfgt!vtie itt :rvasv,th». k»art ins, 'I'hts inrrvas< d I !xllakc!s>I Il : : !ssi»"v I !I' Ih ! ! :Ittlg <>g !» .v'Io atilt .'>pat<;p>'oble>» areas an!t!iti<»ttc tl>vtt> I»ring projv<.t rlvsign bvcausv.if it dovs n'olv<.t>st>nl>kvly to t'vrvlvv. tlcv. »v<'.Pessarypvr»1! ts frc»» af- fectet !'r »!. Tltc it>tpa ;t statet» !'ttt pc'o :essitself ll>e» pt'o- vicfes fniI<»' for>t> 1!or»tits are.stth!nittrcl. 'I'he Natio»al Et»I ! I >ted'i- rot>!nvntalPolic.'y .!et ISEPr'c!,>rv,nnt prvc;iscly clr'tfted I >«s. I»iti;!I prohfv>T>soc ct>crvc4 «ith,'!I VA ov<.r cchvthvr nr n!!'vt» !»ti Kclstlc!kel.,oc>tt>l, Ltie'c fisc:rvtion in defining "sig»ifiostr<.«. »t la', i Idi » it foc a huildi>tg t»evti»g all i:o<1»!>td zottillg !'e"c>li>ill»!'i ldI!<'d on purcn!cntal gr it>ct I»>tt>clcr SEP,! IV<>Ic<»> t:c!> I! »<>tin»c, ! t>' ! I, ice I tlv 1 H7!I!. Ic> 'a h i>ic,th<, 'ot! I'ts rf!spIs XI!at «' as ol'!gncally alt l»fol'Il>i>tto»pl'o lit< >»" pul ><«'lli>i been todef'invd by the eourti to hv< !tc>c;'> llew constraint !c»t>c strailtts exist II»'ouolt !ttt tl!e svstvln, SEP<' lt >i E!<,' !»>nnl'e di»- ruptive th >c»»ost hrrat>se of the t>t>< rt ir>ty surrouncfi»g ili ;>pplic:atil-cactci»gI!v Ic!»Utl>k<» >! !wmc if a I>rc!jrrt meeting all rcg>>latin»a«ilf hv.permiftvcf. 'I'his. t>»fort>t- »atsvlythe kic>cl !I' I<;gisf;>tint!and tin»that Ilav ! ; !>it!'ibuted so 11!uehI! :rt.'>stllg costs of »c!!; Bish;liar c;o»s- hl h ; attti !ipatecl tlt XVasl»». H<,spite so»le rcx isiu>!i of SEP,!< si»c; . its introclttc;tion. thc >n : ;rl»inty introduc;rd hy :c>t>rtI»- te>'p>v'tat>ons has «>' s>t<'.a Is>tl!a'f n» >n xvtlich tt>v.t h «-y !<>I's'I«dy cu> rot!vtully to be follnrvvd bv 1<.yistati c clariticatin» and a returnto its nrigi»;!lpur pose.xx oui !hif>1> ly blc,
Master Permits For any major I!rojc<:t on Pugct Snun l, »>;«!>I!c>»>its from scvvral state a»vncies arr, r«. I«ir .a»y >!st»»it process ad- ministered h>,thc I! !I! >rt>n nt of I <:ntngy. Thv n>aster pit t!ro<;css is esse!>tially a pro ,cssi»g ol >II state age»<:xpermits sintultancn»sly >vith one .omprvhcnsivv, s»I nl' hv,;>r- ings, hn applicant, at his nxv»sis t!ro- :ess, First the apt>li .a»t ot!tai»s any ue .essary local ov r»»!c»t t!vr- nxissions. Ile then sub»!its I» application dircctlv to t! !t'.. Tt>c information required is vsse»tiatly th same as xvnutd he req»irnd I!s >II of thv a»cncies that n>ust issu»>its for tl>e project but tl«»,pt!li«,>- tion goes to a single rlcpa! t>nc»t. Thc Department of 1«olngy ci>«ul,>tcs fhv,application tn atI aft'«',.t»hii« I!;>r- t> ,'s,A s>ngle to>nt publ «. t«>ar>»gI olio vs. aft el' Xvhl >halt slat .';!>g>l:»<:Init-pro«assi»g t«i«k r and tacilitat<»egntiatinn t!t!li«a»t i» a ss.A» > it t> imt!;«:I sl«tc>T!cnts,howcvvr. the «>!st !r per nit process is onv.of «no> ti- natio» not ot substit»tinn nr vti>r>i»>tin» nl <.nnstraints and potential vetoes by individual reguiatinf ;>g :>«:ics.
Energy Vacttity Siting La>'gee»orgy facilitivs are both ir»porta»t a»d ;o»t>o crsi!>!. Tt>vy also possrss thc pntr ntial for major environ>»cntat i>nparts;>»i»anystatr, I«!rg<'. '.»<: gxf;>oil ilies. tl>v.Icg>islature established tl«; 'H«:r- mal Fa«ility Site Evaluat>nn :n>««;i 1 in 1 0 «nd amc»dvd it to bvcnn!c the I',»er ~>yFacilitv S>teEvah>ation '.o«n<:II in I >7rt>»v»tsor I!.oiogy. C' «nv.. Fishin«!r«v,>n l t.«o- r>o»>icI!vvvl»t!n«!»t, F>r>erg>eni Services. Social and Health Scn i :<;», Plan»in and C:o»!n>u»ity Affairs. Financial Wiana c>ncnt, thc I»t»>»ittev. f<>r ! >Iinissinn,a»d tt«>'I'ra»st!ortat«»> Co<»»>issio».I>l»s a >»ember of the city or county,111 I!ort dist> ict u itt!i» vt>ic/>lt>c prot>oscd p>oj- cct ~vn»ld hv located. 'Ihis «n«»«il t><>stt«! >'«>tl«!rityt»it i» lic» of other stoic permits. n
'I'he processes nf the I',nei'gy I'aritity site }''La}i!ation :oL>nril al'P, s in!>l1' to thosP.of thc nia it i! }!c>n>1tplug!an! >n 'Ihii'l first tliitS anrt ttitinn, Lvitt> an ar.- :o>I>panyingyiroiimnntal in»!;>rt Stat .!n<;nt,tc! tt> . t.'vi>tiii>tinn :ni!!i- ci}. I h ; Ippt«'ii't!ou !n I',i! i!le«»!nt i! ! '!tic <'!i<' ,ul !t !d l« !tti!it» a b!ivy ;r t !,i :t in <>na<}L i»nry rapacity as th ! "I! !o}>l<.'sadvo ;at l" gl}> ! }!i!titi : h !«rii>gs, A first hearing is iield to dvtcr!nine if tliv proposal is iii I' lOCalZOning and pernlit rec}uirementS Such <>SSliu! Iian77,Kn. l, lh» I,'!I- ergV }'ac.itity Site },vali!atiun C;ou!!<.il <.Ii if su :li COnSiStci>LyiS nOt tOund. bul it iS virtue!}IL ;crt iin ttiiit Sii :I>a 1!crmit Lvn !I<}I! ! :tie}I !ngv<}in :overt,fA» !«: in l t»! iring is thin! hole! to c vali>- ate thL! proposa} -a!id if il is vivivcd f iv I!stitft i :ts u it I>Inc!at laLv,it cannot suh- stitutv, for Ec }Cral l«LL L VV>!LV}>CO It!<: fed by the State. Tli»S DOF.'SLva!'gepr! >T>itSare Still !equired be- raiisniniste!'eel hy a state agen<:y.}t is !lso possible thai shoreline u>ana v>i>ciit p .!'»» coL>lcl bP.inter}!i'eted in a similar li g}!f I!L;«n«r>. 'I'ti i» liii, ti<1 cVer, tl>ere iS i!isuffi< ienl CX}!C!ic!>Cc >! i i}i ltireCCClent.OI' COL!rt interpretationCo !n :it has cori»ic Council is itself' <. »!>I!ect cnorcli- n,!ting forun>designed specifically for a sirigt ! fuii :tioii. KY}I<:theror not siich a forum really speeds up pernto <:ourt challengv,. >longer encl cnstlicr clccision process in Lvtiich th ls nn prorrctiire rather than on the >nerits ol' lli'spcctivc of ii>st}tutic>n>I ai»lysis. they arc ccl«tivOLv- Pvvr. that as the master p !r!nit process and Linergy I';!<:}tits Site I'L alua- tio!> l.;oui>cil operate agto>! St rte ,'
<.antre i>ltn »SCf!!l ~~rnentej rue CteoiSt<>r>S<>>1 i'ug ,t S<>ur!d.',!Et'A, in C!trast,1!aS Iuli. wet .V Ir>r><.tier> S!uootlljy, >11!C1ItS C:OstS11 1 '» h<'.Cr>nluCh hi/hei' tharl S1101>1b l'. rl !' !'SSlll ' to de- .onlpiish its purl>
6 ast!ill/I >11 State go' 'P!'null»t poSS<'.Ss ar>'s 1'Y ',Pt!t>0>lativet>'Bg- n> >r!t» } opc StruCture. '1'j!i» str'u :tu«': t>r<'i lcs <..itizensand int !'r- CStg>'Oups Ot inur><1 ir> r»OStStatCS nOI' at thn fe f .r II 1<.I'<.I,AS orth thP,fPCtPI'at gOV rr'Ir!I>t, lh ! » rr>i»ar! t State a'1V <>!i<;»1«:t,>» t possess their olvn 1»>SSnstitueIloiCS,4'ithin this SI'st<',»!,tfl ! Il>»It ;r!t»proter t the interests oi' 11 rr»;j<>e»s !rssr! j 1 !< p. : I>tcI'dcpd!'lllle11'tdj II >g !t!r! t! I! >1e sae. Several r»OICfOrmal COO!'Cfirlatinpt!r C bCCndCVClnpCCj fnr n! >kin<'decisions on »la jor t!r<3j<.c!t», '1'h >tr .s<>jt is all c'>pP>lancj visi- ble, but Col!lpl»X ar> ! >Surr>ir>garC ~vurk,
Notes A re<:e>! t» ilurr»ation on ll>e <.»»Stit»t>u»altrl»ner urk an p»1>tr<:s>o tYast>r»~~it<»i.V!!r »- l'»rnlatinn O» +hat;>g< n i»s do. on . must qOdirectt> tO at;ency Sc!!rr vs I» sr- l>1»mentd >S :riptiu»s t>r»vid i» the iYashington ;Oastai Zur>< !ie» e»t 1'lan.'I'he tjep >rtm !<3»«':vs haa S»Ver;>I »>»1! .uyr;>t!hpap»ra .d oo tir>'gecl1;>orts 1;r»;rr«t l>»li< ,,>r»1 r»ost;«>crl- <:.ieshaec sor»e i»tu>'!r!ation ur> !erS»»»s u'irh federal agon<:x a<:tivities, most i»tormatioo i» the haptar onmes frnn< an- n»,>t repOrtS, internal VI'Orkir>t,t>at!ers, rr>e»»!s, ar>u»C CO>! CCs,>tiO»Suith <>r>el. Table 6,1 l,ocal governments in the Ptrgat Sottnr} region
Countygovernments 1 1,1 1 .1 1 1 1 'l, $,1 t. 12 Cityrtowngovernments 3 3 1 '29 '4 "1' 16' ''t tf 'i9 7 7 100 Cities'lownsadhacenh hoPuge! Srrund 4 f 9 f Z 4 f.Z Ze
SpecialDistricts Totalpart districts 3 2 .1 'V 6 1' 3 2 2 1 1 46 hnacnveport districts 7tf'c'''2 15 Waterdistricts 2 53 18 -1 4' 1 12 2 'I 110 Sewagedistricts 19 7 4.,1 2 7 42 Dikingdistricts 1 15 5, 1 25 Drainagedistricts 9 8 10 5 9 50 Floodcontrol districts 2,2 15 Soil.'waterconservation 1'" 1 '1 ''l 1 1 '1 1 '1 1 l '1 12 Park;recreation Publicuti ity districts 2 ....t 1,1- 1 9 16 ' 12 11 67 26 'Z 40 ' 9 33 32 26 '39 332' Tata 26 33 26 199 V 33 65 17 71 92 44 73. 761
Sourciu vVaatrtirgtorrState Research Council. The Research Courrcips tfarrctbook State rind Local Government in tVashingtorr. t!i7ti l Jtrrtate,pp 547-5%8.ivith sonic correr.tions.
' l'rimnrily school, fire, hospital. or cemetery districts ivhich are unlikely to use or hovr Qu impact on Pugn'tSollllrt rpsourcos CHAPT'.R ti
Local Governments
Al last c i»lit, thpl'p,wvrv, >I> >i'> lian> 7.'>>!l<> .'aI g >v<'.rni the Puget Sound region. l'hey arc tli<>govv>.»n><;»ts ol tliv, 12 couiitivs th«t delineate the region: 1 !t! incorporatewns.»I whi<:h 2B arv, adjacent to the Sound, and fi4!! sl>v<.ialdisiri :ts. W]i>r>><>i' >}i !spvci«l listricts have no rffcct on P>igot Souiid's resuurcvs tscl>uul distri<.ts. l'irv,districts. hospital iistricts!. However. tli<.rc irc 308 sf>cci il dist>i ts lirvctly <:oncernedivith ports, ivatvr rvsour<.vs,<>r rii; iu>d >>><>st <>fthese districts carry on tlieir;ictivities a tli<>So ind, So>nc.si>ch as thc 2;> active port districts, arv, dirvctly iiivnlvvd i>i tli ! >is ; >f Vi>gunnorcc, and r '.creational bo«ti>ig,,>i>dtl>vy;>r<.,> critical part of the governance. procr ss. Othe>s. incli>ding ninny ot thc 42 sewer districts. discharge wastes into the S >und.or its trihutarivs; and 90 diking, drainage, and flood control districts, l irrigation districts all in Clal la>n County!, and all 110 avatar districts affect the flow of v ater in tributaries to the S<>und. The activities of these special districts, plus the activities of the city ity govern>nvnts si>rroiin iing th Sound, creat a <:onat>l<;x sysi<;ni that pl'iys < ni >jur role it> vol>«>icing th .; use uf pug .> Suu»d's resources. Special Districts Washington State law provides for citizens, through petitions and a vote, to establish special districts for a variety nf purposes under a iuniher of different statutes. 'f'hese districts are cre ted where people sharc a cons>nonproblem or want a public service provided. but their geographic arva of ;on :em m'>y not bv.thv, seine as that ol an in<.orpo- rated city or cou»ty. Tlie most »u>nerous special districts «rv.tliose cre- ated to l>rovivi>s[t'irv tiosliil ils, w;>I ;i. sul>i>lv, scw >gcan<>sal,f>arksj >r I<>il> ini>le>it dikiiig. lr;>ig<»,;»d flood cu»i> ul! ii>;igricul> i>ral i>rc>s. O>icv established, sl>vciil distri<:ts irv. gox vrnvd by a sinall board of ;l >cted officials. 'I'heir taxing authority varies; soparv. pp>'nlitted to levx a luvr rate of propertv taxation, utliers are fi»ancvd prii»arily lru»i user h«rg ;s. Surnv also receive gr«nts fru1g<>v<',r»- Co< I!>»i»g P» c l S »ii> } }3}s}>
Iii<:iitI<>r iii itor Ia .:>I>l>vs. Sp ! :>a} I>str».ls p>'ov> 'ze»sxv>th,»> <>r- g»!ization;!I fr,»neuork for ciclr}ressirig}>roI!IO»!s aiid payiii t'»i tl!>hie<1gspec.ial s .r1i .es to sf»<>II areas. '}'}1» x erictv of p»rpn!scilve, rommon pn!f!}c Ins arc fi>rther rrlfingt ?»'s gover»>i>e»tal struc ti»r to

! :t < itiz » i»lliie»ce and involve»lent. Many spc'cial }istricts c}o use or have;1>i i»ip»l»!rta>»tlo»ole., llo u>ever,I h'al lacvs r>nreSOun C', uSr;,i}iply IO thC.SeCliStri tS,1>i<} t}»!ii,>< lie ilieS juSt aS tliey app}y to othe!' 1' ".so»n: usPI's.! l' 01'exa>11p I .. <1%va I 'I } i sir>c:Ireriuires a per>»it fron> tli I»lr} a hyrf1">ul>OS pCI I>lit f'rum the }'iahr! I'I»!lltSto instal} r}ivcrsio>i vrorks; se1ver }istricts fiiist rn< Pt the. stan- Iarr}s of th<. }!'t»>cutof 5 ! ;ia} a» I H !'»Ilb,'? v> . !sa» } anv cl>s- <.Ii;irgeSintter iiiuSt haae a per>iiit fr !»i 1!OI', A II »>aloI'pi'OteetS. 111 I >rt, reciuirc !i> < ni ircinmental in!pact staten>crit. }'hiis thi» ii< tivork of sp<;ri;>I Iistri<:ts serves to enhance, access to pug !t Soon } resour :ps. cvhile st>!teor Iedur,i} agenei >s1< ith differ ;iit «iissi<»is n. >Iil;ite pote»- t i 1}}V arlverSMetropolitan Municipal Corporations I>i ].~7 thtio>i il Iiisl !ii«.»>i I»>ss t u:oV r>i ! Iiy} a citI>d i Ih !i<' bOii>ig ! fisliosal. >v!t;>rku,>y»,or <..on>prehensivep}anni»<'. A»v fu»clio>i »ot Iur»>C. } bV th«; IiSI>i«t ren1aina VV>th the> Othi!»>etropo}ita»-uide spe<.:ialdistri :ts }?n!vide» a» iriStitutinnal n!erli;iiiiSI» fOr d ali>ig u ith prOblen1Si»urban areaSthat rncornpass areas larger thaii a sin I Isoh<: :ross<; I. T}le ML1111 '1pai!tv Ot IC» ?I tI ! !vaS ' I' I 0!!8a >>C} VoterS ac>tho>iZPC}itS aSS>i»1ptinn Of Sewstrisl< }is- posal. Tt>e.ori<>ina} ho»»daric!s co>it»i»e } 2',3t sr}>i,» !»!i}<,"sol u'» King Couiity and 14 cities, At that time, over one-fourth ot the st1te s p ip<>I>tinrlaries. Since its creation, i>1}."I'Rc!}1as <} !ve}opeda» I!xt .»siv<. s !xv its 'in;>i.;i» resi>lt <} i>i a n>aj<>ri»il» C!C! Loc»I Go«!r»mci>ts mci>t in the take's w«tcr vc shi«. t!cc» cr>- 1«rgvdto in<:h>rie«11 ot King :rior «rid :nord<»»>tofor ' i>»proving xv,>t ;r its «r».«.It h«s also assumed resp<»isit>ility for public trar>st!orI;itioii. Port Districts Ill 1011, I t>cEVto legislature. passe laws !>i;>t>ti>ig11>c Cr .ationof port I i stri :tS,C;rv« tin>> St b ' app>'o>P t1!y vot- n tl> !distri<.l. a>id up until 1!2 .! >str><.t :.ould vn :omp rssp,ir t <>r. >ill of a coi>»t<. Siri<.'c 1072»c»v port iislri<.:ls >nust be .'Ou!>tv-t l!ort iistri :ts havv hvcri ix !sh- ir>gt !l>s 'It>it"Iv-l!i>le Lou>!ties >n I fort < l!«vc bee>l OI'g«n>ze Iir> tt> ! twct< c counties of tt>ct Sorir>ion. Sou! ! Ot th!.iil !'r l!ort Iistrirts h«vv t>r :»me in«ctivv, or t!cci> I!t><>s '.o Ilt unde> thP. I!17I legislation pr !vidii>g for lt>e dissolotior> of ir!;!<.tive dislri ts. Some «pt!p«r tn have brvn <-.r<.'>tedlo prevent locai tiort d !vclop>nc>>t.At presr!nt there are tiind ranging in size fron>ti>c Ports of Sc«ttle«nd T« ; !mad<>wi! to C.',o >pcvitteon Khid- hvy Istand a»<113rourisville in Kitsap C:ou»ty. No Pug>»t Sound county is without an,>ctiv< Iiort ctistrict although tti >v>dvlv. Port distri<:ts ti;>vc a governi>tg body of tt!n!c rioriparlis,issionvrs I ivc I<>rSvattlv! '<»ho arc iess. '1'he Iistri ,ts»i;ri fc>icr >lport pur- l!nsPs,'I'hPV >nIy i>tso l n y pto siLxyc forinatio» of i»dustri; I h!v ;lop i> !rit districts. Additional tin>itvit I>ropcrty taxes >naybc lvv ini i><>, I<»>d I'ills. and canat construct iori s<>hjvctto voter approval. hut this <><>thorityh«s yet to be used. IVIowever, :oli> ,'f>'o»1 :t>»»g !sto f«- cility users. inctudir!g 10 percent of thc state Depart»>c»t <>I'N;>to ;>IRc- soi>n;e»'Ivase fevS ro! tent !nay 1>!aint«ir> foreign trade z !ncs: and they rn«y vit h «I I forms 11«rir>e.Or l«ri tr«r>sfer f«<:iI riol !rit airt>o>ts, irl>ors, t!i>t 'sc's, .'OI l stol'><>its, t>r!Il r;iit- c ilit ivs for procr ssing nr Ir !cr ir>g«grim> ltriral prorli>cts A port distri t in«y «Iso prox i ie its own ii>dustri«l waste disposal, sc w«» p«ss»'d in 172 permitting> por> >slri<.ls lo isso ! rcv !riur. bonds to fin«no ! poll«lio» at!;>tern >ntla ititi ',s for private ;n>1>pan>PS,b >t su ;h uSP.Oi govPr>>n>P>ltCredit fol' privatP, pi>rposP, vv«S 01 !f>o! Prning Puget Sound> Bish Table D.2 Active I>iilili« port districts ii! the Pi!g<11S Port Year Purl Year County District Established County District Established C laliam PodAr!pele 1923 Mason ;I 1921 Ue S<»ir<:vs:i!el>art<»»11111: .Ht» 1»iliistri,!i rli vi< 1;ils« Oper;tt<. 1!yI p«rt declare<1ut! :utlstitutiunal by lhe 5Vashington Stale Suprenlc courl ill tile 1D74 P !rt et I.oil<>l'ielvUaSC. There iS Curr !ntlat lindC! II ti in t h 1.311, itnmvcjiatcly llpon passage;f «nabling legislation. Since then it has clvvPlopPd I'I liott Hay, thv, Ll«vva!nish Hasi, and Shilshole as >veil I,n«:! I Ciovrrnn><.»! s as I'<><:ilitin» u» t t>cI,aku Washing>tu» Sl>ip ;an«l. L«hc I» iu», ai>d I.al c 6c»tpurl u» It!c 6 st >! I!> tt> ! vvurld as «< u»t«incr 1!urt se ately u>!e-1>all' of It». !nr>t!i >»rs entering Can«da from the I'ac>fi .,'oast,'I'hr I'ort of Se«tlIvarehuuses anaintains unc uf thc lurcig>!. tr,>dc zun :s on th 4'cst C.:uast,It also provide.s facilitics fnr naval x css .lsand the :o«»t .h>«r i's vessel traffi : svstem. In aclditinn tn its industrial ancl sl>ippi»g f;!«i lilies, it operates tl>e secu>td lar<>est uarina un Pugel Su >ntShi l»hule I3 >yneith slips for l,50 > tau«tsand th .',f' I«rgcst m«rina >t V>st>crr» !r>'»'I itt> thc Iiug ul' fist>i»g vcsscls i i> tl>c st«lc. Tt c pu>'t has also ;c rt xvi th t hc ere«ti uI > ivat .rfrunt p«rk «»d «rc .ruat iunal ii»hing pi !r, 'I'h ! pu>I nl Sc«ll lc is 'and use>'ul Pugcl Suu »'d re»cur 'cs. Wt>>I Vu>t uI S >i>tth!oper '.»II!plrti<.»i; r «>'oils. I l!c Port !I I i! !u»><'!hi>s t!» '!u»>c lt>l.!»>i>I<»'.'«!rthw !st pu<"I I »' t>r !ak-t>utkcargo. a<nnt!ilci>»ports, i>». It n>v»s >! s>!'Iyt4vice as >u»ci>in lust ri«I t I,!>! :tn tt t!c I>arb- orf i>s !cilttt ! i»!c I Iu> Irc» : '»<>.'i'>»- ! dustrial i »porterts. Itt!nilar or rnnrr. specialize<-.ilitics. 'I'hs.I'nrt Tuw»s >n I, 13 .Iti»ghin», Ev !r» I !ti n>I!i;>«ll dcatersa» l f>sl>em>en. Although the port district» are major entrcprcncurs. lik» other governments, they are involved in a network nf relationships >vith other ,>gen<:ies,The port districts themselves maintain the 'ash ingtun Pub- lic Ports Association, and since lcj/a their <.uupcrativc »c»l con>mitt ! ! h«s rcvinvc t «11 proposals for n<»v pn> I I<> ;ilil i !». 1'his rc- vie>v I!ruch i» still »u nc v tt>«l nu I!ruplsh; c I!slhc pote»tia1 ul prove»ti»g uvcri»vest»! !»t i» «:!»>p !ti»g fa- cililirs as Iong >sthr. I!rt>n<»>t nt I cnlngy >n t thc ;nrps nt tnginre>'s u» ! the <:0»1>nittees reco>n>lip>ldat>ons>n per>11itapp>oval die '>s>uns. Port activities. like those of all other local governments, rectui rc. pcn»its Irnm relevant agencies such as DOE for dischergrs !ntn ~vat<;r»,<>r Irurr> the 'orps uf Engineers for dred<>in<>,E«< h port also m url » <.1e business <.omntunity and «ity or local <>u>.cr!»»c»l !< it t! i» wl! ic h it operates and the port distri<:ts pruviIth<: i»el»»trial ctci einp- n>ent activities fur lu !Ya»t! i»gt<»>tI!;!t u nulci be assumed by «ity ur coun tx «geneics i» utheasureof econorni<: i thv '.I ning I Ugvl S ! If! l >Dish districts arv. the nlv ;lop<.rs >lid !'Illlan i .i'» >I Pug>ct Sound's resourres. General Purpose Local Governments :!r i ii !nt in VVaslllngtoI!Stiilo, Pl'oVISionl»I' Oig>< ili/ationa!Hi op !I'i!I oil of ea ll Is tound in thc st itv. ,.Onstitutioii. All 1Z .Ountics in tlic I'ug>ctSound region possess !xtcnsive shorvlaiinly >Hof tlic 10 ! <.itivs in thv, rvgion fr»!it lircclly o» Pug !t S!n,Kitsap, M so»,,ind San Juan co«v .r, Cboth I!»lit ical sns. As i»uiiicipal corporations, thev nlav transact business nvcvssary 1'ortlicir oper;ition. but is politi<.al subdivi- sions of the state.,coiintivs tiavsepowers directly specifivrl or necessarilv implivd in stat<: stat«tv». ;oonlies have Sin ays poss ;ssv I suffi ivnt authority to govvrn rur;Il;irc;is, bllie 4'ashin ton State Constit«tion pn>- vidcd for homv. rulc fi>r coryauthority in t ie I;il ! 19!>Os,indcarly 1 j70s has also permitted goi- <;rn!»ents to engag» in i i<>stsliiiipoi lani to tlie use of I'uget Sound are constructing bridgvs, prox i a»doperating wat .!;! n I s<:iv :rsysl :I!ls. Cities Citi/ciis ol cities in Washingtoi! n!,!i vvrn!t! .nt!l »lr I,c iii any number ol I!ctivitics to pro- note the u elfare ot thvir citizvi!», As wltll ,ounti !s, l! >!v !voI',lllc < Ily activities wI!h tile g<'eatestI' '.Ia- tionship to Puget Sound are rr;lated to pn>viding>for publi<.:Iivalth and storr» ivater control, planning a!i<1/oiiii!g, l!rovi e I'1111I atiun faCilitieS. arid ti>ning and Oporatiiig ~vlrterarid SV>vcrsl steiriS, it should bv.noted th>itcities. anrl coi!»ty guvvrnmP»tsin iiiiii>«>«tivities undertakv>i t!x sl!!t port di»- tricts vvithin th !ir industriat ttv t tlatin«iud vs 1!la»r» rig a>?dzo»11'! g, it I sHls ?t1 >!'o»gt1 1 I! ilI!- liing 'lnd zur!ing that CO>ilitiVSand .itieSUX»r«iSC «uusiderabti; regula- tory authority over thv,usc ot lao i surroundi»g pi>gvt?outed. Land torsoPlanning and Zoning I!nrtcr state «onstituti ir!l a!ld statutory f>rovisions,couiltivs a»sv.i!f lan l in thP.t?est f»t<'I' !'stuta :omlnu»fty. Tl!i» regulation. usually <.xeicisvdthrough z<»ii»g. is the Inajor lv'!y that loc il governments can irif i»ence or rcgul iti; >he lisv of t'r>gct ..!»»» ls I' !sIIces. Tlvo appl' ia«hesto zoning 111'vhivtl 'l«tlvltleS arV,tu 1!e p<>'I'I»i'ttedln differ !>!t lircas, '1't>isrScantlanrt v<.n r !Stri«tively a»d ttivii pruCVSSreZOning appl iCatiO!lsfOr ear.h I» lfuf f!i'ut?USeduse. iri tlic extr<:in<:, l,very signit'icant tevl!topment bc, ;orr!cs a nv< otiat .rl o»c. Willi either approa«h,tli ! bas!«plo«PSSPsusc t f !i'zoI»g i»both col>»- ties ai!d cities arv,: Pn!p»1oriof o ii!»ster pf eitf!e>.,> :on- siifting firm or the fI>gco»1<11 sslsr h»It?tiehearii>gs tiptor< thr master pl,iri is r «ommcn tc f to ri!, t!oof' tfle 111 >Stf!for<. !I Tf!e govcrll>llg I?o fhn!ost also li»li»g>!I!P m.is>cr fifa». prcporl!e ii!Ss!e»ani»sr<.rrilS!>h»1Tl»! pl Ill>!i>>g .'Ui>ln!I!I i!of i llc il'!ll" s [!I'l»I' t» I'elo r!men tir>g the znriirig orrtin >n< !sro the goor! cs.'1'hc goveri!i»g>t!»., An i»ire lie »ova»<>esmust be consirlvrc f t Itiv, l!la>»!ing rolnrr!ission, hearings hclit,;ir!'nlilgt!urly, The gOVer'nil!g t>o ty It!ust 1'lold hearings c planning corn»!issioo rer onarncnrlations t?ctur th<.;y< anbe >doptc t. tt thP. ]JlannllEg .»111»<11!datiOI!s;i»g body are ne«I <1 g ! Vu>i If there is a coi>lli :I bclwcct! the n>asterplai> gurdii!ice. it is the zoning ore!i<:cthat is legally binding «id zu 1» >pipl to use a in,isl<',i' plan as a giiiclr. for z<>ningde :isinns. Coordination and Constraints With '<',rnmcntsin thc Pugct Sound r >«i >i>, it is not stir!>risin ~ that a net~vork o! syst<.rr«>ti<;rclatispecific kinds of spe :ial dist!i<:t» port. water. waste dis- 1>osal,vtr..! as w<',ll as <'uuntics and c.ities !naint!i<:iat iona provide for info>'matin>ivx liar>g >«>d l<>hhyin< thc stat , Iegisl;iti!rc fur legislation thev desirc. 'I' ! siippl .i!i<.!>l general organizations. eoiis, in<:liiding emergencysrrvirv, di>v<..tungi- »ccfs, park iiii<1rccrvatiu!> boards. pla's.;>ii<1le<.al 1> .a!tli uffir.ia ls. I.oral g<>v .rnmentsmay also entvr into sperili< jui»t s<,rvi<:ing >r pur ;liasiiig iigrcc other govern!nents. Tlic 1»t<:rlu<;;>1C:u<>pther to perform jointly u hat they hai'uw<>r t > <4! individu,!IIy. Aii cxa>i!pie of this kind of agr >en! iit is tli > pi>r .ll'!s > of water fron! the C:ity uf Scuttle by inust of thc xvatvr districts ai> l <;itics on the east side of I.eke Washi igt<>n. Another ki»d <>f lu :al ,'uulat!u>i has been tlie for»>ation utn>- gional organizations surh as thc Pi>gvt Sound Cifvr- enr !, whi :h is made up ot Snoho!n<: .and Kitsap cfa rcgi<>i!el .u!il'c! c!icc, as are m >ny c:ities, special districts. ancI Indian tribe>s.Thus<> r<.gi >1 urg<>nl- zati »is arc. ind lan<1us > uv<.>iiiulti<.uu tr,!iispurt i- tion or majo>'fac;i lity I>lan»in< . While local go@ ;rr>»! ;nts,especially cities and home-riile c:oiintivs, possess considerable iiiclelic»dc»l authoritI,, lliey also interact. re ti<>!ilimits su irccs and rates of taxation I'ur local governments. It is ronin>o>i jur th >slat< legislature to !nandatc particular activitivs, surli <>stiii; Iiru<.cssirig uf act statements under the Stat<,I nvi>onmrnt Poli :y A<:I or local plan!gfn .!!t, t1>r D<.partm<.nt of C,u>!>!nunity Affairs. also atten!pts tu assist lu :;il g<>v ;rn- nlplannin«, All local govern»tents, cities, aiiilies as ~c11 as special clis- tri<:t», jcct to the same pvrlnit rvctuirrn!vnts tor strid Icl ag :» :i ',»es relating to uatvr ti» v require peri»its from the Corps <>fEng>iuccrs and th '. stat ','s [J !, Vishy the Department of H ;alt[> and So :ial >ervic !s >vli<;!i ;vts <>rr ;ons- tri!, ivil[>in tl> li!i»its >f ih ! < »>alii it>on, :I»lf>g ![li ! I .'g>siatlonun fr!rishi :f! [0 !'a[ govcI'n»1cnts op !1«il !.TI»!s ! <;linngesc;ike s [>unific actions. Kith tlic n>ajor ex<;eptio»s of :itv and :ou»t!, land use control a!>ne»t /Rut. 1OC'>l<>O'VVI'nl» !J>ts ar ! firirr!arilx users ot' CIPvelopvrsol Pugind s r .sou>rcPsinst«'.>rl ol regulators. Port distri :ts arr: thv. i>i»j<>rdcvclo[>ers of Port fa :i[itivs; >i»rethC n>ajOrdCX elOperS uf !v,>1ly svstvrns. selvage disposal, parks, diking and rlrainage. 'I'hase a<: tivitics arv. often undertakm! <.o<>[><;>at[eely,a>id tl!ere is an acti» ; nvt- xvork ol' rci'>tionships an1ong tl>r! 7: lo<:,>Ig>u! clnn>cuts in thc i'ugct Sou!! i» svsteii! and t tie activities of local guverliinuntS;lre State and federll;>gr;i! :ius, >vliiul> require pernlitS xvh !nvvt i>;hioh i»Lludes Pot aitial vt'f ! ,ts >i> Pugls, operate in an opvn hut <:onstraine l environ»>ent. Notes [nfnrmation nn thv a :>ivilies nt I > :algovvrnhas »P>er been systematically : !»![>[le I. The i»<>sl<..or»plat !sii>gle source is the Kasi>- in' rchC;oun :I['s l [<>»dt>«ot,h«t inf»r»>a>i<>r>»»s[>v .if[ !,> .tivities n>ust hv oht >iiiessrx i;>ti»»s',»>- »ual 1' ![>ortsan I l>l! >» !<.a[ ls. 6 des 1'>[J lie!! ol [G<,'aigo<, c>'iu>!ei>t Pl«i>»u!" <>»d 7ioning »>thor[>@is pro>.ided in M<»>i ,i[>i>I«nd HP i >»n H «shi» ton S< >t»<01. Tril! il Gls tin». at any point in tin>c. h<.sc!-<.:,!lied Ir>diobler»" IStriel land 1!9, p. 475!, rois nhscrvatim<'rated ;hangvs in f ; leral poli<:y, an l j isi- hility nf thv. Svcrvt>irv uf 6'ar. In 1925 the Hu>'paunf I»cli >r>AII;>irs H[AI w:is crc.atc!nent to adrrii»ist< r tliesc i»alters. Iri those; early years. c:ourt dvcisinns macle it . id<;rit th!it st'itv laws did riot apl!ly !r> lr>c1ianreservations IK'c!rcvst r v. ,' ! !rgi r !832! an l Iur- tlier th it such reservations a>i tlieir gnv<:rr»>! rits w !>e "do»restie de- pericl :ritnations in thv. «arc, of the J.S. '»v<;rr>r»er>t."Di>ring this pv- riod I' !r l s !I!ar it idians frn>» tlie rest ol'A>»ericari so<:iety. In 184ct the Bureau of Inclian Alf>irs w is trarisi'vrred from thv VVar Departr»crit to the Depart»>mt nt' I»tc;rid Iil >tiur>xmas I'natured prir>iar- ily by thv, allotin mt of rescrvatin» lari ls t ! iri livi liial Indians, This proc;essbegan on eastern rescrv>tin»s ir! 1854, pri !r > !thv. I»U>'egvnv>'al Dawes Act of 1887, in a»tici t!at io>i th >t Iri l i i» h»>d 1>oldvrswould be- comv, farmvrs like wvstvrn home,steaclvcs.It w is l iriri> this periocl.that Isaac Stevens was appnintecI ',nvvrnnr;iriil! rir>t'I'<.rritory. The Puget Sound regin» lid nnt h>ive i hist !r>, ol' Indi !ii rva>..but now ttiat thv boundary disputes with Hrit;>ir>adian-t.!,S. bouridary Iracl beei> resolved ir> 184 i, >slv'is Lc!rite>'»e that the growing population of sc ttlcrs wnr>l l I<:illvss agr«.;r»<.r>ts<:ould be reached quickly with I<>c!aIIr> trib<;s. '['»war I tliis !r>>egutiated five major treaties witl> "Iii>riins in western washington ancl with the Y>kim.>, IJ!r>!- till>!, an l N<;r.puree tribes in Eastern KVashingtnn 'I'lirec. nf the VV XV >sh»lgtnr> t>'eseovere 'I 1all5 adla :ei>t. to I'»get S !UI> I i>>'I .>i><.: ;r<;rk. Point Elliott. and Point Nn Vnintl. 'I'he Makah 'I're.ity <: ».»i !rthwest tip of the OIy>upi<:Vvnirisiila, lrnritirig th ! Slr,>it of ]i>,ii> 2» I uea and the Pacific O .ean. an l tli ! Quir>;»>It Ieiity<.nv<>rc!d a w ;stern portion of the Olympic. 1'eninsula. 'I'lrv, trib !s»l' Vuget Sound were divided into three treat<,grni>l!s hy ;rive!r»d vacli group included tribes that wi:r<; i>istc!ri .,!lly iinh'ivndly. In additi»n. it appears that the "lvadcrs" nf these thrcc. groups a vrv. nftv» arl!itrarily desi»nated by the C'over»or ancl u crv. nnt riecessarily thc. Ic,'.!n. tre>ty ru;goti.itions vrerv :onducted in ,hinnnk jar- gon a tradv,"Ia>!gu'>g ."0worcls that was ir!aclv,- clu;>t ! to <.:o»vey precise ter>ns selves wI in>ilier t<;arlyall g ki~x~xXXXXxi%i", ',"'!g:. !."Ag~'44@gi '@p:. ."9@/ig jQ'g.'.g."~:8 %"'- SW'."4Q:."4~N ~g'@@@i~ W4'C'Y, ~ '. ÃKi,"!ii C ~:&,WA':AM% V WXX VXX MW X WM'O'C",'O'C'.'CM Trr[! >[ fr»cuts of thc Indian signers. It vvas prohlcr»s of these kiI>ds vvhich eventually led to the I[.'S. Suprnzc ,'o>>rt <:trinethat: ... iii the i»t irprel,lt>on of <>gree>>ieritsali i Ir[i [I><[i,>»s,,>ln[if>H1 Thc provisio>!s of all fivs treaties were siinilar. Iridi- an» >veretn eerie their rights to most oi' l[>c i 'xch >ngcfor lvhich thc [[,5, .ov .rnrnent would protect tl>em irorr»vhi[P settlers if the [ncii- ar!s lu stored ioether on r is ir1 at ioiis d sigr>at d b> the overninent.. Iri ad [itiori, ! II of ihc Puget Sound treaties inc iu i !cl iirt i .ics similar to Ar- ti :in [I! ni thc M ;di :ir!e ' reek 'I'reatv of 1H.': Ttie right of taking fish at aii i!siral ari<1>I,<:»st<>r>». grc!iinds [ an sta- tioiis is further sc< urcd to said [ndiaris ii! «:»»rn<»i hoiises for the piirpose vith the [ir iviiege. s- taring tlicir horses on oper! aii ur! .1 iii> .[1 i> 1!eVr .id k 1 o . r. Ihi»ter[ tiv < itizens, ,iri i >h,it >1>eysliall;ilier all stallions not ii!tI> <:ciriiirietii .. latter. [ e[!rint '. [in:Kn>eri :an1:rienc[s ger- Viop t:Ommittee tc>70, p. 2,~.! Tiirougl! t t>csc articles, Indiar!s reserved their rights t ! fisti;it tiicir Ira- diii<>ri:ii fishinf< sites and to hunt on unclai>ncd iar>cltl>rri,>vhil >graritin ' ton iv it t! the Ir>dians on non-reservation fisl!ing sit !s,ir!d hrr><1». 'I'iiesc! trc!V.S. ,«v ir«<>!cnt could unila- tcranges see Article i'I, Medic[i><;C;ruck Trca[I, as an exarnpI '.!. I>i n!<:og»itiori of [1>c nssinliiation philosophy ho[el i>y the HIA. the Stevens treaties <>iso[!n!- vicled for the alintrr!crit of reservations lands in sm. Not ail lands o>iginally scli[ation or for agricultural [!irr[»is»s. Sosor>ic reservattions we>'elatP>' moved. Other reservations >vere rositr t tie coi>icr>icncc and 1vcll bein <>[nvl>en lar'aclurin 4'orld hVari, the portic!r! ot' tt!<:Nis«ally Res- i;rvation o» tlic north side of the Nisqually River divasv;li:ati;d t'<>rtiis. the suhseqLLP»t. attc!r!ts to locate reservations n litl!cconlc f irmcrs vvas :[Athr>ist tr I[r! ii !r> assiriiila- tior! as ii> i>ltcrr>ative to separation. I he ass>nlii >tronI! hi loso[!hy of BIA 1'vasgiven nl;>[01'inlpctc>s w>th the passage of the I;cur>'a[ Ailotin ir>t A< t oi [8h7 [[awes A :t!. I [ndPT 71 :> er»i !g P«g !I Soiiii<{'I3isf! lt>is 3 t, many Ii! <>I !><;»lsof reservation lancl. hut <31»11y olvne t li!nd to no»-I>i«;I iii tl>i» i>i<»inprhail I>artiC:ula!'Vilfu< lo i>O>>I»ella»», SL!i !I!li»'yl»vv» vp the tl'!sf !>'pl'0 :css. Siich a sp !<:ivv, fi»pie, >vas passedin 1 tt!3:It!on-Ind ia»s to pi>>' I. i>i» I ia» Re»- !rviitl>1 li!nd» fi'oi» Ind!all ovv>lt',!'saft !I' nilly 10 x asserth . .<'1 !sof thP importannc. nf V»3»3!f»I> Ib,» ;rv>!ion I;>ndslvhioh !n :o>I!p«:!T»aoli C.oln- iri ',ni:c!»lo>itH;!y :!»>erioa>3I riends Servi :i! ,o»!»! i Il4!, In this instannronly 200 to 300 acre» of thc: originll 23.000- i<:n; re»erva- I!O>1re»!a!i! il l1 I ! I' l !vv i»A<.3,»ir>»of' r<'.»ervationlan Is juctgectby I! I,'y Iiicliiin» I!;!vo-tf>irlio!i Iarids in the United Stat<:» to iii>i!-Iiip, 4VIlpre I!! Iil tis inhabited reservation la»ct, »i>nh ii» oi> lf>< Puv- altL>p Re»rVat!<»1, Sllt» !'Xt !»dether Indians or non-Inclians hrfcl titfr, to iii- dividual lot». Iilly,i>l Ieas>froin so!ne persp ctiv ;». India>is !vor : I>ii» lti3gpinturr lnCIian» vvrrv<;»I .<.L>no»lie. strata. 'I'heir natural rr»oi!r : !-t!;i» ; I .iiltiin! >va»j i»l iiOl 1!ning i>S»iiiiilated intO the Anleri a>3 SOOiety;in»!q IVI<,>i;ii» I!1213!, 'I'hr, f1rei>indy divasto reverse the assinlilatioiiist 131!itosopliv vvith thC, enaC;t!iiifOl l he Ii!a>3RCOrgO>3,"Let in 1034. I '>lder this aet, transfrr nf r<.»ervali in la»its to non-Indian» divas halted. tribat rolls lvere upclate!idtiit!al go em<>ients >werereorganixed. 'I'ribat gvel'nnlents veer» llgl>l>i to t!e do»>est iL: Ief!e!!de>>t. !lations." in keep- inq lvith original trratics. I<> I46 lti : In tia i :Iaim» :nmmi»sion divas established lo hear a»d actjulo <.I;>ii>i»lI»; l;ire assimi- latiOniSI I!eriOd againSI the g13iitn !r iiii»iii;!ii,ig»iii»iil ol' I>i>ii Ia>ig it» v2.Iel t iri><; tf»;>'<'. ! as a return to an assi>i!ii>it i<>i> I>f> i Iosot!hy ,>pt!,>re»llylvith the aim of simply redi>ning fe trrat rxpc i> tiliir th ! < arly t !rminati >n nt I I'I l! ll v !< .'I » >!lent ! resertatioi>s ;>ltlio'f!sortdti>I<>dI» 'tK'asj» I i>gt<>» Stateduring I liis t!eriod as i» Oricltlii <»igli tl! ! transfva' of civil an i ri»liriiil jcirisdi ;tior> o«r Jiidians an l ftion la»cls Io stv' 8CI VV1» :li !»>1!c! lieIliis l .'ill>it>» 1!i>>i !so- phy rvoogr>in',<1th ' inlporl i»c v of natut'aI n souf<; '! to li>r><:ultdiii<:lurlin''1'lgl its I »<><' .Ol'dar! : ! %%Itl> pl'lt!I'll' ,'riil ofc!p .rtyfight!, I!I to any In li;I»',l t< tlirt i.'i1!vi<1 iil i I'll!iI.J!t thv, 1!r»ti I St<!i!»h!v I Io a rvstfi ti;ig;>instalia»ari»» irntit s: . nr sl>all tepri< ! any Jiior '<>»yJnri tlor <«i»»i«i<vright. pl ilail .'gi' of 1»1»»»i!Ig>'vv»>v»I «r s<~>I«I ' !vith f<.!I! ' I to hJ!pint<,lishir>g ;rposv,of J'I,-'HO, hox>pvvr. >r>sfprr:ivil arfcJ r fin>i»al jiiriscliutioil !v !'r lr>T>vnts. I'lie l,ltv. passv0 n.' Se tion ' grantf iriirriecl iate Jcirisdietion to five st>tcs t :;!li!', Min»esota, ski<. Of<;gol<. a»cl Kris :o>lsi»I, 13»tin I 1»',s !! Ia I '.! exempted several speoif'i< fesert ations that harl vvjj-oi~;I>iix<. vpl'»nip»t s. SP :tlof> i p l!'I>litt s'IatP, :onstltutlo»i>l oli>»!v! Il- ing juriSdi :tiO» SSunleui< il and :riininal jurisili<: I i in dSSOOn aS thOSP :lans !!n i permitterl StatVs tv it J><» lsal disojai>>>vrS to «SSuill 'IuFISd>ation O'V 'I'Jl >dill I lo»8, Hale XX C'I ot tl>v.8 asti l»gto» State t.;onstitcI'ili 13lti» th>s stdte Ii JI ' .Jdfv.tl>dt IJ>eyf I .< .f Iis I >irnalt fight a>!CJtitlv tI>I!r»tiri >t I t!O«nd,ifieSOf thiS State, dr> l I» dl1 h»i<1!lyiii tt'ithi» ! ii l Ii»iita o« i>c l »f tivht l>t iiiiv J<> ti,m or Jn liantil Ihv Iirlv Ihvrv!» !h;avvhev» extingiii! Iivit hy Ihr 11»itv ht >tr>ctfv>nai» a it>]er t to the, of tl>v I,'»I>v<1 SI,!ti.!, !!> I !,dia» lar>tls sii >ll >err»!in irejiifis anil <:»nrf<>1»t thv ;»i> fv!!»I Ihv 11riiti!<1St,'>IC!S. One attempt xvas n>acl ,t» !J>l<»gtl»! ! Evasl>J»gt»f>Stat !!L c!HSIIIH- tiOn tO enable aSSumptinn Of <.iVil;iIi<1 <.riliii!i:>I juriS pt tailvft at lvast Jiafti<>lly I! ' .<111! ol' lrtl><1< s!, IJ», I gisldt«ie. did lads! d ldtv i» tcr:~7per>nit- ting aSSumptiOnOf StatV,jy n!vol»r»elitS, Go< erning Vugvt Sou ><1/JJish and tt!cn iii 1 law L>nildtalscholars is that this legislative action did not InVVt tt!V. lf thv. Iedvr«l VJ,-28 !; hcxvvL.cv.tiip f!.S. Su- prc!nc Court has re78;Ha!i!hvr«vss, juLenite ctelix! JL ency.adoption proceeclings, dvl> !Iidi;nt chil l rcn, arid operation of motor Lct!i<»tc» over publi<' roacls, It mst h<. notositioii !f sls.Jt is 'ilso <.'Ic>r that if xvashing>- t >n had t!cc!i on<»is LvoulcxL;ILILIL! sl«t ! Jiirisd!clioE!itioi! of th !;id7I, I t>iis. X'Vaat!ii!gtoi!StE>yco isi ici' loubttul I !g><>lp!'o- <;vsscs did not rvassurc indians tt>at thvy could "trust" statv. got'P.l'>in!v,ilt. The l960s Philosophy 'I hv t96us broi>ght another change in federal 1!olicy to!vaid tndi- 8O Wa»a<»CI!<]ed in t<8 SOthat any furtl!Cr a»SL!mJ!tiOnsriiscnl <>I t li ! I!idi i!is, %or<, iii!p !rt<'.g<>r!usi!>g I<:g!!- ncl» to clxallciig ! x iolatiots, witt> t ti ;ir ou <>1,!Levers i!i dg those on fist!eric» rights ii! WVashiixgt<»!statail 1'1gtlts. 1 his !lltPIPat >n protPctl llg treat% 1!ghtst!P,- caine a North Axx!cricaxx nlovenxent, paralleling> ixi ti!xie the, 1>aliox>s civil righls !»over»oct. Thc results For JndiI!i>it ic. A Iax'<> ni!! Int! ',I' !I :tlaI I '.I!g<;s,!net il l I !!y,ctl» I le!igst!iE>gl !E!St !EI'I, Lv. Silpl' !nlv th! oi!gh u hirh fi! tore. ronflirts x!lust I!v,1'PsolvPcl. Ox! l uget Sound thv, n!ost significant of these challenges on l'u>vt Sou!!ct has focused on. fisheries, 7 <'III! iI ~0<'el no>put» Fisheries :asvs In thc St !l !Iis treaties, Incfi,>nsgr,>iitc l ri hts tu»u»-I» fi,>»s tu fisli in ;lmon fisheriesn!lieilv oii fivv l iilv traps;i>i<1»ets,an1 fl'o!ll lals 'I here aiv. three nlajor a» taking saln!un ilt l!»ilk 'glil -just aftcy hdvccf full gro ill> i» tile oceanhiit h lfpatio!n rnIg]'ilt>on lvh< n th ciui I'ish. I ell cr rciour< es a»»ifiarisoiitnl l,>bur iiee l«:l lor seinvri a» l trotters.,'<» thirI f, trap ancl f>xc I site nvt fishcrics aro f!>ulogi x>I!v tlic >>lostelflaiil- ing maxi»lou! tish runs. 'I'hii is hcoai>s»criton e,!<:f>rurl <:an b . «»itroffecf. Iht thv, tini<.',lh '. tro;it ics wer > ni I'iilierics uii»ia<>e- rnent »l xva» forusvnindi> icl c!»»s.Manv ul tfie best tral! encl net .iilvere.»U n > I thru c by tli ! s;i>ilcfainilici gcneratioii iftci gviicr,iti»». I'hii» there u'I>» ;onsicferabltiii iin< fliture .i»is si»<:cthe bv>u!li<>aries ivv>'the fiiliiiiembers of flic. tribe.'fisl> i» > thesan><,' I'iver, Ill su>» .' :i>»I's Incfi,!»s lv<>rfar as to rc lilate vsoal!c n>if fciii ! f<:s, recognizi» that f.»iales tli;i i fv'In I tages.I ii<; both I aii rffertivr. fi»hil set-' tle»le»t. EVhvnsct tfcrs arrive, 1»iii>y uf th»c non-In lla»s toI ile lIll i>i>»»»ilhe ll'»lie>"V.H V common agre;c!inc!nt.proprivl'iry rights nizecfancl ol't !nsolcl hy thelsites uff l,uiiinli lsli»> l are to Iav I'«::ug«i7ecfbv tr;igingto partirular fisher>>ic i lvho cali "icll" thc sit l;Il »ii»a liighly f!I» fuctive»it<: »>ient holo»cclby otliTle fish .' I'>tc 1800s, ivl!c;» the valuon i!u r<:;!icti<»lof can»<;ries.manx Xortficvcst iminigi,iiils, familial lvitl> Iiuropean»alaan i <. toit!m<.I!tancf be l tile I ivi>i»<» u as recturv f. y !<' !riIIII>gVl!gvl ! !u!I f.'8!sf 1 WV1«.»s;ilt-n"i!t<>i iiiil gfor tish in t1i '. i J«rth VH<:ili !<: .Hn. Tli !s ; 1S1! !r ! I >St>esk!i H»Hdru!i!u>id t 1> ;1gieatls; inc.rvasv the diff!cult@ of ma!sagsnglh,sg<,»t t!rSP it i» n<>t1!c!ssihle tc! limit sf>iiig tgle iclei>lifiabl iui! i»dige»uus lo H strecif>e strVanSOI' riVVI': I»at»ii<1IISh;II' ' ai.'visif thuinf! .r »r l!rof!<>rtic!i>< lish 1 lr1s u»<.e <.,!ugt>t i.i>>tiiiec1, it is still i!»possible to take cliifereiit t!r»t!OS'tin>SSOf fiSh Iruri> differ<'ISt runS tu >C;hie>'e !t>tim; eSe'Ip 'ment I ! n!t>sti!>» Ht l ik», 1»st ',H Hl :Iu d ' H'c'Piag ! Is Hlt !11>1!t 'd, whi :h»l»H>1s tl>iil 'l >i! tew f!S1>«S ..at!e lo !»HI»lain souse I'ill>s <'<11!lesui'plsl> es- :Hf!<1sn 0th !.I's. 1 hP,rlil H<:V ! Salus»». 1'HI' f<,'A !I' 11!'u»'I !»Hitti! !» '.-l !I11 r>s»>H»'I'1 l«itrhery fiah neVSiri«:! 1>C!t<:1>CrC.Sriiull }>;IV a high<.r Surs iVH1ratit<:I> !rytl>an d»»ati1<' ! Iis !it >» lii !t»I'iil !I>vis' !»I!'I '.Ilt. T1!uS II!ii»c!'g 'Is iil' '. II'«'}u !»sly h! .tii;i! < 1iiiii>!iitii!iii' >i>it<».;ilr«»s s>sP»Paaal'Xs>lr plus of h;i tet!<1>'Vfist> if ii;it I >11!I I'sI< ! <'<:i ! > !!<: 1!r ! it l is1> i !!g ! I> t I>1i>!If!ah»I !» >d. 0» ! r ! SS »! wi>S th !y 1!i ;kit!sssvsst4'hilr tratss < an h»! »oust ri> :trcl witt> vvry tittle rl»11;sr<»Ith>y, ;1» I i1»rs u ith !r ssithout sma11boats, offshorv, boats a>Kf equip>1!<,>1tusuall1 r .qui>e OS>taidefinanc:ing f so>11fish COnlpa>siva Or hanks. %either has a history !f exte»di>!g sueii Lredit lo I»dian fisl!ernseii. t!artiafly be»ause reser<.H- tiOn Jiidi;>»Sin;Iy 1!avevery little pruperty that could be »1! <:Hi>sI n» !t 1! ! 1 H! s ! 'dI ! I Ic!» -1>! d !H»» >>/» ion-tnriiana isncl hi.<.;si>aeOi rVg!ih>tiStl>at ignore<11»<1ia!I ri hts to I lail a!SVW11 ;r<,'XC:I;t!t : u» r !'S<;re !t!u»S. Il!d>il»S SY<:r<,'K'll'tuafEV ex .Jude<1 I'rosnthv. eomn1vreial saln1o fishvry os'uget Sound t. nitvd .'!tc!tes >;. Bc<>shinht!-1974. h1dians H1 ra P<1lf t!cree>il ol lliv statewide sali!>os>1>ar<'est fBHrs1! I'j79, p. cjl!. Hi'Id i» 1374 liie liidi;iii shiire n'is 2.4 peroent ol the < uini»crc;icil ; it :I!. 1!uri»g th>!ttsHi>d 1'17>!s, wf!il !t !t;sl :;>t :ii w;!s d<: .tiiii»g. lii : t w» st,!l ! >»I!»- ;igeinent agenCieS FiShe>ih >1C< !ve»'rrl> f'rl ts sa!»ion rnanagvrncnt ivs XI iiiagement C: >i»t :ilarid intern iti >i>al treaty orga»izatio»s als > h» : !rn >involve l iii;illocating salrnori;irrtong fisli<'.rr»<>» uith diffm ;rit gvar lypes. 1» thcsv,managvmvnt systvrns Incitatus >vcr< n >ithvr>vi>r<;s ;»tcnor I their Ir »ty rights recog>r!ir ;d,so it erasi»>t surprising< that t >xvlish Even'l ',ft 1!ythv, tiritc tlte runs rc,'> .'hcdtra liti! >1lrtdia» fisliirig sitvs or xvat !rs.It wis als<>riot st>rprisingthat state agcri<:icsdvclarc l th it those fvru vs- :;>pir>gfish were ri ;<>dedto pvrp ;tiiate the stocks;>» I that lnrliar> :,>I<:hcson the rive>rscould thcrcfon>ati<>r>that Indiaits h gan fightii>g 1!oth through Icg;>I rn<.ans a!tr1 tltroug!t ilh;gal 'fisli-iris" ir> tlie t j5 >s ar>»os, Iridividual ftshvr>c',s l!sputes at>d .ourl < ascstv >r !»u>i> !iousdur- ing th '. 1!t'!Os and 1!If>Osanrl in these cases Irirlians rlvfe» l<; I lhcir ocvn rigllls 92vill>outfederal assista»c.e,At thv,s;irii< lirr><'I>1any vril<>n:i>ii!<>nt I>rac:tiovs<>f slate agencies, esl>cciallv thos ! >ftlic Dcparttn<:i>tol ;,«»c, violaterl ittdit iclual Indian rights to due prov<.ss<>riel involvcrl ill<.g!I :»»fisc:atiott if fricliaii prop ;rty, Iri o»e 1 j >7disl>iil , a 'I'ac:ontaj >ventso far >slo resolvea fish»riesproblem on tli<'.I'uy rllup by sir»ply de<:laring that thtir,'l!c.'po> ti»enl ol f < J»>v, .' The Put' ill«I>I« I> ifi I i'>l!e1!>>>71. Although this dcr'ision u'as I;>ter ovcrtur>t !d. su :I> dc .'isiotts did r«>t rontrihutr. to In linn faith in the stat c:ourtsystvn>. I'iri<>lly in I!37M,or! hei>elf of tn!aty Ir!diaos. tl!e 11riitcd Slates i»itiat ;d I riited Stcrtvs v. LVoshingtor! ir! ltte federal 13istrict C;ourt i>t 'I'ac:<>tr»i.It tvas tilts ; is<> over vh ivh j ririg<> Hol rjt p resi rlc! :dsegments of,«il ii!<>li >lo«y,his- toryy,I ave sscience l.'rti tc; Slut os v. 1>>'osfti> ><>I<>» 1 974 I, Its rnosl ir»I!trliatis <>ni »ti- tled l > tl>c oppc!rtur!ity to Lateh «p t »:" ! 1> >r .:vritof the trv >li;ir<>a har- v !st >hli; salmon uitdvr B',tshittgton Stat ; ji! risdi ..'tier>and 12! lli;it tc lic>1 Iri li>!ri tribal governm '.rits are organizvrj to r > iilat tr ihal fish .ri<'.s<>r> l fisl> !r»i !>itlicv. ratl>er tl>;ir! II>c slate, ~cill «» ;rial '. that regt>lati !>i ~vithi»all i>s i;>Iand a ;c:ust<>rricdplaces and gro«riler1that the salnton cat ;h on rvservatioiis t >rc ir monial 11>>r- poses a>id subsisler>ce divasnot t's sl>are. I'ost- ponvd for a latrr r rlir>gxvcrv qt>vstio»s<.ortc 'minguli<;tlii;r Iiidians xv .r t ! I!» perinitte t ! ;at :hone-half of lh<'.hat ;heryfish Iwvl>i<;hii! the ir!l !r ir» lhcy vere p >r!r>illcd lo dol a!id >vl><>lli >rIndia>is li;id !> I : al r'ight to l>r !lc :t fish runs I'roc»c1cstructiori hv gover>tmcntallys,>i«:- tioned activiti !s siic h as riarrts. 1 >ging.or strv>n>I> .«; It<.ration.KVhilv. judge Boldt's dc ..isiott>vould f >r . .:ri>ajor «haiigcs iri lisli<:ri s Iilarlage- mvnt. it shoulrl riot h >cr. hceo c>r! :ip ; :t ;clas it sir»pit foll !iv ; I tl«' rri<>rv.r<>«:;rit legal preentsof recog>tizingr>i> l1>n>tv :tin lt] lia!t trvaty rights by ll!e fed '.ral «.>urt systeiu Soi><>pl!i'v. Sr»illi I jb jl. 77 r0 ve f11 il1> g VLI ~ >PI .! 0 LI> < > I,' H s> I! Reactions to thv 13oldt de<:isi<>ntk thrsistiitr. tishcry nla»>!gv>!>vl>tagPI! ;IPsand tlslie>'I>IPIIs o>gall>/s>I«!»s iI>>li ! nOii-Iridian fiSJIVr>nV»C:Ontinu id fiShing iil Opei! l » an l !YI>ai>d Ik>' tisi!e>'i>»PI> tsys I '.Ins, E!util lv!I1!II>ill f>v!LI»i>It >L!at v i>r '.r>si» i I >I»'I kv till'Uu" h tk! ', N'tk>xv» L>r;»>in,!l i<>>! VStalilishe!S«1I Ii! ; furtL!pl!r ILI Iucl'>ef3 !IIII's --»<>'I i»g 'Ih>lt ... Ihe re «!r ilie h>st<>n set t'... n!>k» it L >xst,! I <.Ii!,» tti!I it h!s hnv!gt«c> St,i!» heir x !<:II n >n-In II;>» <'Omm<'r :i >Ia»d Spoi S Iialiii>g .>IIii s! nhi<:I> I!r >CIL . ' I the cIP»iakot I» lian rights «Ii>iriiter <»t i<»i t>xthP p»<>tI< »o<' he fgottrn II!. a'!!! 'I'lie I!.S. Sl>I!>'»IllI>>I<>ftl»» d :<:isi >n. XVI>as uplivi<1, r«»i.kiiirations hronrt t>jniiinpleliieiiting tk«! Jurd<.'r !'LlLlivis!o!i ok the I'ishc!ryk!vtcve !nIndians ancl no>l-I>idiiris Stilt<.rol>rts, ultimately uf>k>de Illa I sk>e>'yb<,''I tv ; !» Illdlil!ls a!ld >ioil- lndiiiris heeiiuse that u ould inc olc c viol iti<»! cif cI tli . 14tk>An!vncf>nvntl for all :itizens, I k>i»si< s rt cle :isilwi»g Ilidiail treaty r!<>1>ts- ;»>igIu Ia>th Iv'al scholars, <»i<1th.S. S I I! rP n!P. .0 urt Johnson a11 g> II I>> I i!IIO» V, H' >SJ>ingICr»Stnil>ier<,i<1'uSSe»<.> I isl>i» X'<,SS d ASSn, 1<9J. Tkie Sl it«:ii;ii!;>g<;>nvnt fron! the state a !»<.i»St<>;1 t1 <.i»tedIL>aSIer i» «.><>p !!atiuli!Vill! tl!v. fvdc!I >I fishvn<'rivsSvrvic.e an I I >.S. I'iski >icvil I'ishvries 'or>i- !!> i Ssi< >»,;!! >i/at iu»s. .' notk!v!r oolnplic.ation !vas intro luovrl ~vhvn Ihi»;iclian n!Pm- hers !f thP. :anadian-I!,S, 1»! ;r>iiiti ii:ki regulates Fraser Riv»r s,iliiion runs, >efi>s '. toI In;rmit the CurnrniSSiOntO arljuSt its rvgi!lati>so in tliv, India» ..at<:h r»I;itive to the noii-l»diail <.It :ll wvitklil! tki<: t.'.S. sllace of the fisl>ory. In rssiiriiec1n!c>nage- nPnt I;>tions as xvPII.,!«:< >rlgto a I hS, Inc»it«!r <>fth!. .omlnissio». " .ar»!clian reluetan< e I<>«.>c>I! !rateili !I>akin<> : !ililnission regulatio>lsthi>l specifically rc!<;c><»iz >nited ! ''!tat<.s In lian trvaty ri hts al!li irilar rigl>ts" V ;Itis 1979 p. 4,I. ill 107!! Ill« f I.S. Sut>r»<;IL'ourt rule i on thi O'Hs!>i»tonStat '. «liial 1>r1!id;iffirn>cd thc d«:iii<>iis idl !lid<>cDoldt diiit :o<>rt xvit!> lr>ii>»r < hangvs tisli t<>k'vn»>'!idl fisli Hrv.t<> b ', :i>»Ill 'd ds l!drt of thv. lricliails;>01><'rccnt sharc, iiiilclid of counted s .'1!;!>,Il<.,IL. I hc!Sill>r<'.mf' ,oi>rt LagI » i ! f I :fti- <.ivilt sall»<>i> to indintaiii;! >iibstitute for tl>i! .' pvl'c; !»t I'll I<'but I ls ni li ldlll l .i>- lion L'vill harv.. 'I'he Supe«i»cC:ourt rvje<:I«:1 liiti inton Stat> on equal lirotcction. as con!t!l«tel@ LL'ithout pr !«:!ili;»I dild con- trary t» ]!reviotls d ! ;iiions, 1'he l I.'S. Siipr n1<' :ollrt alio hclpoli :ivs of 'LV;>s!>ii>gton'sState.;>g<;»<:i !s,;Mt the end of its dvrisic>ii tllv. Court ohsc!rl cd: Tt>v.State,'i extraocctindry i»>i<.i>i>i;it>oi>»in n!»isti»; the I I!41 to :rBehdx'e tor<:erg ,ihare nf the»><>gtthe »t,>te'»fi»h ! I L I I>Ord<.'I' tc !»f<>r d!i ti <1!», l.Xr <.t! I toi' »<>i»e.< I«i«greg.>lion < uses citations <>i>iitte l!, lho ctistrlc'.t < oi>rt liiii I,« ! I the >»oii i t <> lc terai nnrt « itI>t lrV. I!id'1!3!!I! decisioi>s, Ilibdl goL'vrnmvnts1>iil their ocr» I'iilitv arv,,'1vlvi:t«d a fisheriei n!»ii;I «r,;iud pr<>f !sii >r»;1I'isll- ir cl. The ixoi'tl><.ri » ;olin»is»i»i> LL'Hscr !Htc:d t>y th« treaty tribei to i»r«< as d :i!or li»;itic><> bocly, Kvl>i!<;Ihis c:omlnissii>riis g>ox'ernedbL >t,>tiL«s from vac.ht>'<';>ty drva, it also has drotr<.1>H»d nldnag ',ni ',»t.Tl>i. 'Fisheric;s ;<»lii»ission also lccl thc!Lcay to c,ncoiir igctrib;il fish<»i !j ;<,ts.;oldbx' 'I!H Hf!t!roxinaate!V25 1! >rcvntof hat<1!> .rysalmon r aaci ii> tri aty dr«!> triba! llalclierics JH<:;>!ir»i oii Holt!>< <,st Sdlii>on >dSt ! !I ii!!!. Ji>clgv,H»J lt's original d« isic!n left tLvo isiiiirc. r<.i<>lii- li >n tlilro>i> state sall»oil li il<:I>vries a>icl tli<; rights of lncli iris to protert thc fisticries environ»I<;»I.1» Septet>b<;I 1 jHpc.died! i» thi>tI>'<.'It@ hidi- ans do haLv thv. ri lit lo onc-half of all l«.ir< .st >b!fish. . iiii:tuding hat :hery fish. '1'his ii <:<>nsistentnith thr; x iiili'nl-Hp pl'»L'»d tiL it i !i si> :h as logging. stre iiii bcd Hlt ration. or ox !rt'ishing, Juclg !Or- ri k, J>o c<;>'<.r,dlso riiled ti>at th ! Stk- ing or appl'<>L'i»ga ;tions that ;oiilirc h.lr»i lhi; I islier! !nvironment, Aft :r AXX CC& .NWJ $l.@N:i~iiiN i+iX~~X list>if tiiii fist>are clestrnysthis l!tt<;r ruling, ii upheiii, II>«Ih«s the potvriti»l to altvr r»licattv tho«;rr!r»«;>Isii> dvci- s 01>sI n>1 t ti ',i> s ' of I >lg 'I ?nuncl s resnl>r : ',s. 'I't! : liotdt dec:isi<>risreturm!d t i ir>s«vni ! iii rr>«r>«gingthe fishvry n!so>iree, ancOrrick's decision >av !trit>i!'s tl; . ri >ht t<> protect ti>«t resounv. from any govvrrirricnt approve.cl!<.licit> which. g>v»f1 'or'<'I'>ilpel'I>lit susie>lls, »> .I r cs H>1>>'s >gill i i <1>ita .t1vitv t II<>I cvo rid harm fist> ruris, I urth .rr>u>r<.;. ttic Orri li<«l ;d liii>l «s tr >'.r!.'. v>H»1>I! Ii I', I ! I!f eser've,fist> i'i> i> s, As a result nt' Iticsc d !'nisir>ristribal govcr>»ricrit.iar'c bc olll>tlg >Il- vnlvvd in ci«nisi<:tic.:es.hiu,r< c:onstruc;tinn,pcirl develop»! ;»ts sii :h as Nortticirca whiiih iriiariel most of '6'est<.rr>XVashingtc>n.,'ough not all I<;gii battlesarc. <.ciric:1uclecl, tribal g >crim>»entsh;>v<; a<: luire tlegal st;>ti play a major rulc in future,dciiisions on the usi; riil ils rpsour 'ps. Future Directions Responsvs lt erin vvould expe :t tni>ri traditin>!»tlist>eries >nanagernI «g >ncies: !bt,>ir! federal funds to buI>out sonic riori-Iridian fish<.'r>u<;ii,r!>«kc it e«si .'rfor Indians to ohtairi t>oats,ancl iri<:rcdiiit!c. r«isecl, hocvvvroa<.:hes will provide net berii;I'its for either irionfisheries hav<; : >n<:ludecithat niic!ii !»try per- rriits too r»any fisti ;rr>!cri,and that is>r>his boat and equip>nent a» t!c gets from scllir>g It«; fisii lie <:atrhvs, >in :egoverrirns on fist! !r.insc>a- t> »! :cn! i'>it,it is quit«; likely that thv, t»t!il :vry t!atnh !ri ,s<>nd enhanovri>cnt costs plus t!ni>l;iiid cquipnierit ,ostsjcx- «.,c,'clsthn tahl'yresults ir> r>etlosses f ir society insteacl i!t ri. :rutrt>ti .t t and Pontcn >ri o 19t>rifishery bv it>v large surris iri t!oats to chas>'.saln>ori around th» North Pa to return tn ttin mouths of nearby rivers irid streams to i>c <:;iu<>htin traps or fixvd sit ! nets. Fisti ;ries<'ould hr; rniir>«g<'.clsn that i>ori-lr>di«ns vvould no lor>goffshore: t>vy rea<:litlii: Iiidi- ans' fishing faeilitivs. This ai>Iro i :h hvcon!csev'i :k s ruli»g ti>«t Inclians c:;in pr<>I the fishery envir< >rini ant fro!n ol hcr g>over»rrictione;d a<.tieit i us is upheld. !L'nrerning Puget Sound<'Hisi! II I»dia»s ad >pt id su ;h a!l appl'oaoh. 1!o!vcveI', .oui l » >il-I» l 0 pvrrcnt catrh tiinit ivhile Indians manage on streai!!-l!y-str !,i»i t!asis'! Pr;!t>Iyiiot ui!lrr escapement for ea<:hindividual !un, lJri- til tli;it w,!y :aii t!c f<>u»bablyvvill ret relatively i!!ore oi! native fists and insist nn taking thrir sharr: from these stocks. and <.vees- siv i .si:al>c re Iuired u!ltiI hateherv an ] »alive. !'up'lr» n» a sire;!!n-t!y-str >arut!asis aiid eliniinate open «'ater fist!cries. KVhiI , i!i thts.rcrog»izing th;!I aiiadr<>i»ousfish ar'e the resoure ,'an c<>untry « ithin «hi h thvy spa«n, ould make a radir:!I rtthI>n>;irhthat nnn-In- di;!» fish<>!!u >ii«<>utd prefer but sotnc people, t>tliat if the re- s ilts of past fish»arc a!! inrlication. I!<:rt!apssalmon managementis too iinl!nrt'!»t tn he lett to I'ishernaei!, esp»<:ially if tire result is a !iet ceo!ioi!i in loss I'nr vcryo»e. Tribal Governments and Coastal Resource Use Tribal govern»!ents hold a uni Iu» pl,i ! i» tliy lo :al gov rntatelark. Thus trit!u rc ! i! sv,cllt!ar!rp!Ilp!lt by eonstru<.li ii g;iiin their reseriati<»! t>ni!»da- ri !s. YVl!en oile re»!e»lt!orrupied t>xnon-Indian I !ndci;ai!sv.iion-Indian o~v» '.rs<,! i»!nl p;!rti ,ipate in tribal gove!»;»!<.:».Tliis;!rc;i of ta«. ho«ever, is soiiic!vh;it like fist!eries taiv of I I!<;1360s. !nestit is not clear «heth<;r j!illo v Jutagtc 1! t!. 'I'rihal ai!tt!e»ts bii><>ivith i tiie shon;li>ieloeatic>ii <>f ti<>t! tlio futur<:. Summary indi'!ns anci Ilidiarl reservatioilsoocul!y i utlitistc!ri<:ajjvthey j»;v . bven subjc;<:tto extr<,n!'«i>a>ages > ii! i'<..deralpoli<:y, and indian Ir '.dtyrights f!;>cv. not al- cy;>ysf!eon resp '.<:I >!>llents. l>ir>«:'the I!170s, howvvvr. Vuget Sot>n.o»major e<»irt yiLtories, assuring respv :t f»n >t only in t<>rmsof thc>right lo fish, hisoassuri>!g tt!e!n of th >rigl>t to parti :il»!te iii j'ishc>ri managem<.r>t'.s d<>eisions ni!nyothin anticity r<.- iuirii>g governnrent»pproval that : > ildhave a n>;gdtiyeimpart iii> !n thv,fishvry enyironn!»<:isioiis go far b<:yt>asis for tribal governmc>nt»t >play a n!ajarn>le in decicli>ig 1 utu>'<', !s :s ol Pc>get,>ot>I! i s >esoure<>s. Notes [ <<'o»>ai»<'t>r<>-Hoj ttsou>' ,'esot l»iIo<'n>at><1»o» 1>1 i>a»>ss»es >>re t ri :<>s ['1!173] :ollertiori oi r '.>idings.»<>les;>»cl ;ascs jt,»» >» tfi> ;k>!>r>'i«»iJ» ii >»i. i thet A!neri<.a»Frie>!ds Her> i<:e Co»><»ittee, t..i»<:»>!»>i 1 »>o>itro«.rs> j 1.' !l. 'I't>eHol lt dec>sionitself t.intot»a v, >>1'«shi»gto<>t dj p><»icics a <.o»>- p>ehe»si>e liistory of I»treaties anil 1»iiiisliiiig o» I'uget S<>ui>ci,Br»vicjesa useful a»<>lysisot' the e :or>»»!ie!ot in iia» fist>i»g an < 1 atoureli a»cl 1 atour1'>] t>rc>wigood clesr>'it!!i»i>ot tho differe»> rutes over state jurisdi<:tio» o» tr>» r<'sorxatio»i are <> cj i» >irti<:lesiiy oidhcrgj197;>j, R<>ris tc81, i»7!>j, i»d e>npts t > apply 14tj>A»>cud>t><,'»t e iuai proto .'tio>i rights t» tre.>talyzed in Johnsonanci ;ryst;>1t1 9j a»cl cM<: :opal>ghyj197H!. > es are «i ted in the text aiid listed in the l>il>li<>gr Shoreline Management 'I'h«protect«II! IS«f ol ! I'! Lvi!1 !r» <1r .11»1 ftie for' :o!nb>»!rig 1!clth !y at'c cxc:cptior!ally procft>ctfc e in a h>«I !etc;alsL!>lee. I hc br >pl !al pfo JU :t>VitLIS sott from human activities. but it is prcciscly in protcc:t d harbors ancf.est»- i>1'IPSLL>herP, ric'ers pro'1>Ps f!P.- «;»»e a loudtiott for huntan settleineitt. Moteuyer. it is livic lltdt tltc nost complex legal and jurisdictional enc ironrn !»1 in tf>v.Ititilcd St<>tr;s ationdncl rndrilirn< aff'air», state attd locdl goyerttntent .',or>Cert>fur propL!rty a» la»d Ltsc, th .' fo .ii- tion of Indian reser!ations and fishing sites, an tftv sl!c :i il rv»o»r«:! 1y.r><:i<.». fl is itol at all surprisirtg> that d coi>cctitrdtc !is :rifi<:! f !r C!, Of wvhi :ItPL><> >ot.t r!d is a ;ldssi : cvarnpl ., Sl!urclir!vs bc .ar»v a Sigr!ificdr!t Oi» Lr» i>Sp >it !I t«»«!L»»i !!ils in th60». ThE, .I! 1 ir >r! rn .r! t ! l r»<>e«rri<:r!t «f 'atC! I <;O»CCI'11fO!' lntC I'- de[!<'II I !I! :i !S~!ir!ollg hi«log>I If tls«S i>1!1'al proi: r!iit io! > if l ,L !I,!» t I,Isi!ri !s of p ! llutiort control ar«I «sti>arinc. stiiclics. Most of thc.sv stucfics <'.xhibitcd a stre!ng interest ii! 1!tinimizing human impa !ts and preservit!g>th» natt!rale! ir !r!n! !»l, A»etltetlt has bct ll assoeratccf YI'Cele!' »sc: of oc:ean resourc:Ps regarding the. ocean ds th< fr !r!ti<:r - ttolO<>iLdl LICLCIOpntettt to ir>CIV >SV,hui!!,tr! LISC»t I! !L<.I» !r!r,h»t its vi«its h,tve :1 .arly beer! heard ii! Cur!gross artgy anil<>li<»!of shorelir!e r .sources are oft !>1 i>! .or!fli :t. fI<>n<:L< r., l>oil! >i!«1«<« ;»ls Sev»! lu ii" I'C .'.lilt>l ShOrelil!CS 'ill I .O>iat il 0!» I! ,' in» 5'>CCI thr >«gf! a rith a »IIIlpllf!ed !t!a!la<>en!cutstrU ;tUre cart dppl'oprldte I'vso lr ! L!s deeiSIOnSOn prCSCryatiOn,bC r;IdC!. Ti!V <.Urriuf>iliit<>ge!nenI r<:soft<>I' these !nov»»«.f;trfvn>«k- ing us ',of shorelin >r !sourc»s,has .rt !ula>a>td f><>1 it i<.i!f locus <>r!sh<>r 'linespvr sc. > t fer thr; cfvsign>tion of shorvline >r co«stal x<»«; »>«ter 3 UXan>i»U>Stituti<»><>1franteW<>rk l<>rru>cU use t !rs4, 5, ii, 1nd 7 I !s :rif>edthv. iv,>y»i» which diff'<;ri!v». i>nplen>entvcf tf> !ir«t!thor- >t !t> Puges ' <'Ildplers >'U<'Ua1<'that I tlt !re i!!' ! a»>»it>- pli ily ol' uses.users, laws. dnd jurisclicti<>r>sgoverning the u»oxvvver,is pr«..istUSOf COaSt;!I'>» »>age>nent"I!'!vining the operatiot> of' this complex sy»t !r». o>vever, it >vill I!»P,'1ttnlpose»1>l»' i!g ! n !<>Ion coast'CC! S. Th USe dttetllpt» i> e UXU>llplifi ed t>V tl ! ' »10ve»>U >its i ha'I >' ! st>!tv Iir> thent Act of I!>7'>,'I'hi» exami»a- ti<>t>will r»v»al ho1v demat>dsdre arti 'ulatc<>ssed,d>tcl : »n- f>ron>ise»made to iakv, into a<-. tot>nta neu cot>rvr>1sys- t<»!>. I t Ugtla! vs to ifft>»trot ! their Valu ! deSpile their failure tu prO fu . Uo<>st«i>tta>tag !'- mtfs.thc:rc was «» increasing arnot!nt of !<>ironmen- till <:o!«: !>'»>» A d»11>ngtonS I«i !a !!>f> !f>I ! :al svs- tetn provi» I >»any oppo>tut>ities I'or this concer!> i<>h ; »xf>r»ss»d. Virst came.a seridhoc dispt>tv». in tvhich environ>nentali»ts w re able to disruf>t »»I t!a e reversvt!gl><'ourt, «dministrativ», <<» I legiSlatiVe prOCU»SUS>»ajOr de V >10p>l>C!at I!>' f!OS! >IS, These projects inchtded an alumint»n >eduction plant propose: I for C'u»n>esI»lan I i<>Sk«pit County j > i!, ao <>ifr<.fi» 'ryf>rof>osecl for K;>y;>kPOint in SnOhO>»iShCOunty 9t>7!. a p«ri r»et>tpro- f><>s !d«I Vis f>!ally I>vita in Pi9!, tnew rv :rea- li!>!unityand mari»; ! f>roposed Ior A»der»<»1C >v ! »> flood Canal in Kits >I>and Mason cour! tinesf»l,>r»f;»> I Kayak Point CO» ficta.thP. PnVirOnn!rr>t tli»t» w>Ot Onf witl> the prfvat ! I'ir»>s f>roposin the dc.vvl<>f»»<;»l»,f>ut «lso with thv, local gov»rntnents thai ftad approved then>. In <'flyHeft > the dis- f>ut '.wd» dire :tfy 1vith a IO»af government thc. Port Of I'<><:entafist»,>g,!i»»t n f I ,vefo f» 1>Unt-0»'vntvd loci>1 gove» 1>Ilents trlc1>c a'lv I t I!! t !»v!I 0»- rr!rg«n>z«tio>1shad the c» f>acity to haft or clvlay, ancf ft !»c<'.in- crease the c<>sts,<>I future develop>»ent» <»>Puget Sou!. G 1 g I llg 1d 'l3 l s!I I» addrliori, <.r>xir»ri<»<;!ilrillr or«.»t«. I I<.gis ii>lroiliir !iii 1!!r?7,I c>6c!.<>1> I c0. I» I c7,> s»trocliirvrin< r>l >I »rir,'s forr» !cl a «:?aliti<»i tl><: K,>st>ir!gto» I',»x in!riii!i;i!l;il Coigain !vithoiit siirrvss. ti> 1< I. «! « ith It><>r. tire 6 EC ag>aii! failu l to gilglI<:gist«l ipport. tllv, I! '.I!'!ftll! ;ill »f I:<:010< orciinateuatpr anagi.l!l<,I>t >1> II'p ill>'01, Heoaus ;of the faiiun; 10 get a shor<.linv mai>agr>nvnt I?Itt thro«h in I cj7itiati< e 4,3u as a shi- le irituresl bill ttiat reflected tire preservatioiiist < alues of lire Er!! iro>i- inental Coig in environ>nental expertise, ancl iis too pro-doveh?prr>crit, Tire basic values of tire ir!itiati ?Ietir>» t>lail lin I reg>«live!pr .I< ren :v.Io rvgi»i>at ir!tI I i I 1 i a I 0 I !v I r'0I !t i1 0 I1 sl 0 v <'.i' > 1! aI 1 -I 'I1 rr!»f inil !r» !r ;!>>lf>i<;iliti !s ir! >ilr ,',is>s>brt!lv ioi pri! p irir>g unct actrninist<.ring thv pter! I !rect a ith thc. I!< t!artrnent of I',<:»lc!g<,.a>icl pret>aration xvas to prooccct throiigh th<; i!sc. of r<;git>ZC.'IlsC;null :>ISi»at<,QCI of i>l ;»oper'at>oil vvltll Ig>'>rill !'Ilts. 'I'his procvcturvpl of all s«bstai!tial cia.- etopnaent permits. was designed to >ninin>ize the influer><.:v.of loc:al gover»r>ror!ts aiid provide. a slron» o>r<.iro»rne»t,>Its orieiitvd statv. adrriinistere tI 1'I t ! ' 0 1! I!ol I il I 1 Ii v t 0 p is s I - 4,I i i1 I! I a!'v, I ! v eli !p an alternative. or cto nothing. prior to thv, popular vote on I-4:I in the 1<2 gvneral elec:tion. t~ive>?thv, strong anti-Jo :al and single-interest fcCourl decision iri lc!ticj, Tti!l ot ii litl ii> Iikc> Ctrct tt>orit! Iavigahle rv !I<:rs !vithor>t soir>c:kir!nir!g I<<'itt!ourV. 'crltogt><.r1<.Ioint ~vhvrv somv analysts rverv. argiring that shorvlinv, dvvvlopmc nl v»ulcl be at a stalemate until further pc!blic ac:tio» rvas take» C:orker 1970!. Tt!us wvh 1 I71 si ot tl! ! I !glslulu>'i! : ?nvv>lvd, >I >vas klloVi i> I tia'I I t> '. WXI', , > rl liat lvv v<01>ll«' I t<1 V»r<'.r's Ii! I ! ! 1>!tdtt!i>t so»ic kit! Shorvlinc Management A :t of 1t, tlicrc tc'ts nl tjor c<>»<:cr!1 t the I vgist«tire ;ot>nril, i»i«:fusionon t»c ballot, 'I'llc otity I»;>jorI!rupo»«I pt!l lo tile tvgistatt>rv.< rlt in the svsaio !tvas one fro>ntt>»iiti»tr!>ti nt undrr 1! >~lt>dllI' !». 'vcn tlt!s apt!I' !<> '.Il.I'st L '.>Is ,'!I!elnlost of ttl ! s;lillc !nlvl'vst!i !I!posccl.lo 1-4,3. .!I!ortly aftcI' <'.ons1dcr>n"tt!c 'overnO>S hill, tf! ' '.hair!atl Of tt11' «<>It!>l!! R !sources Corn»!ittc<: i tttv I fou» !,it!oi u professor. flic ;!ssistant attc KYashing- ton Vnviro»1»cntal Council. 'I'tiis contmittcc dc! < ,Iop«;I,> bill tyithout pt>htfc:it1','!>i lliv, >Matt!ratRvsoti>f,'rc'.emvnt i tl!at oitlv tlii»»ubslilute bill w<;« ne !d- nlents an i onc; item veto by thv. g!I-4;3 and tl!e SMA ol 3 971>vere that th!tv»tsrett>i!ic t tnajor control ox !r shoreline plan»i>!g;tn I I>err»it aclrninistrati»!i. Th a<:t cti rvtain thv co»ccpl of sl!orcli!i<:» ol' statehyicie signifi : ttt«;!'>!tn !»lsof ll!c St<[Ai@ere ctuit<: »tr,tigt!t- forN'a! rt. KVI!itc it rct tined statrn!e»t» :t,;>I the same ti!t>P.it r '.<:ognizedprotvrti>tf 1!r<! !rty rights anrl vrcc lol!- »lent consistc!il witt> flic public ii!ter<:»t. 'I'tic fo<:us !vas oii strikin<< a balance bet>event ti! i!!>iii tf, eddic!sc environmental effects. For showvi «ddilioit, rattier th«n ctesit;nation of s»rh shorclincs being left to 1! !t'. o . othe!r a<11»!Itlsll'aloI's, tllPy E'vPrv.Sl!< CIf le t !>i lhv, act ttsPIf. att '»>y it I<31'Il!s tO tt!P I iSl rCCIuiredI '.giSI!tive,>C iu>t, Iit tl! '. I'uf,et P!ou!> r<:!Cio>!,f t t> !sc I !si r>at It tsan<3 1 et lands of the thisctt!! II! I! ;It,t, Hir<:ti H«y, liood .:anat. !k;!t,it H«y, «o!ctatl sutl- nlergcd lands of Pugct Souncf and thc strait» tii;>I!order, 'I'htis f!rvsvrt.'ationist gt!i<;tir><;slvould inftuvnrc pvr»>is»ir >ot Go erning Puget Sou!>d 8 t'»h I !v .'lop>tie!it r !et>!>r>ligI> II I> !V!t ht »iibmcrgvd Ian cls. Adntinistratin!i I>cti'I- iny, prnccdttrvs. '1'lien e;> .hcounty or <'ity tvas sttpposvd tn dcvvlop its own 1!lan anrua fot' wit>el> pldtts were to l!c levelnp ,' I Xv<>si! i'iI;iklu» stth!n :rg<; Ilan>iciitscvclticlcd iniprovetiieiils costi« $1,000 or less. nonual indiiiteiiati<:c <>rrvpair vl existing b>iiItnvrcial ..' > nr less, navi ati >nal aids, a< rictil- turOrgyI'acility Site I.v;>i«ation Gvuii .:il. Thiis thnt;Ell, nn»ritiatii» Ii Thc legislature spcpl«;ti<>»<>flh«. i<> !>it>e1, 1071, even thot>gh thc, pc>t>lir nle !th!It take pla ; ! uiitil 1. 'I'tic ! c;stilts<>f thc 1!2 clcrtinn aic; not stirprising. :Itircns heel thv. Opl>nrtu!!ity ln vote! Itl iv<,; i!! I ' ! i pr !>Ecrittn!i thc first vnt<. vvniil cl tllP, »Pen!Ed prPfPrPnc:P vntv. hitvc >ynt<,'1>ting. Given the diversity ivitliin tlic Pi>get S<>ui!Vashi>Egto>EState. it is not surprising that cliffcrci>t prcfvrvnrcs tvc.rc pxhibitecl in cliffereilt areas. Six of the ttvelve c:ounties on Puget Soitnd preferred neither a<.t:lslai>d, !effersoit. Kitsap. Xfasvt>,Pier<.e, at>el Ska- git. Thostinaxg GvutitI, !! ii! :Ititatgiii [tl!l» !vol l hh1! !»lat ! is d xvlt >Ic tvithnut thv, King :nunty vote!. As with thc rest of thc. statv.. Evhirh c,ast !H pere:entof its vote for the !MA over J-4;>.I'uget Sound counties cle11><,uhi<:h was d lvgislatui<>, w,!»;t tii<>n! ti<:curtilt>of t:itiz !t! pr >fai'- ccsthan was tltc WE ; sit>glc-interest hill, At thc. same ti>nv, hnE! Pvvr, without the 1'nrrecl c:nnsidvratinn of l-d.'I by the O'k; .' ancl the tine:er- tainty rvsultin from the Lake Chvlan deeisioit. it does»ol;ipl!ear Iik .,IE that ttt<; Icgislul<1hav ! Onm< tip w!tli r»liiiI it «:;i!«; iip n ith anv bill at all. , 1> Implementing the Shoreline Management Aet '1'he SMA prox i, ann ;nt oi F :otogv publtshed its f!nai guid !Ii»<;s i>! tu» : !I Ic2. 1 he guidelines provivc»tory a»cia masterprngrain t'nr '!»ti<.ipl>l. ! Ilo gu>delin !'s sugg<<:sttl> !»s ; oi <«.>tire»s advisory <;ornmittc<.tn assist c!«! ister program. espe- <:ialiv for thc cinentni gn;!Is;!»d 'l>i'!csst?e< >fy ttlat the I?otic'y st1L!s'I t'<>kc!Inic;x!, rccreatie shoreline area. 1't>e plai> itskei»to !rrnunt nati>rat syst«ns and existing uscs to c;tassifv shnrcliric» is»ts for I?reservation!!»conserva>irv an as Ier to~a-de»sitv usc.;!»<1 uilitn i te signifi :anc:e as cirsigi>ate th ! a<:titself, K'<>heI1a n>ast !r1!n!gt' >vl!>et> is like a Lon>l?ret>c»siv plat>! !s comptete. the lorat govern>n<.»tsi>r»its it to DOE.'fc iirto stal< ar>ciIecieral agen<.iesfor their ;oii!n> .nts. If DOE rej .c.tsa progr,!i!i, it r»;!y I?iui?v» alter- nativti !ldinvi, tt!c master progrt!c<:omcs a state regulation t»>i»gl;« I t!< n ap- I!roved for at i I'ug!n Iy. Foilo>vingapprnv;it asiaent p n!»iis. t'hese permits are rc!ct»ir<>stanti«1 I .~elnpments ancl for any cievetot?me!?tin shoretii>cs, i»itap- plication is filed, adcciuate Iii!litic: i>usl be give!x anc13o days ntto~vecifor I:itizen comment. I'por> reennotifies D !E, thc att »'»cvg !»:anci they or,!»x affected party >nax appe,!i ti!c isao! <:Nh<»<.t i»<.» I tear!!igs I3oard i» c«?mt?»sec!oi tt>ree»! !i!t! !rs ir ?»> tl!c I'»It«t>o» t.n»lrc!t Ho<»ci, c>i'ei?I'<'scute'live Uf thin>ss>o>1 !1'oi Vuhtir. I,ancls. a» trc!pr< scnl» th .,hase!n c!I 8'a >tl L a< itl>»gt»» < s h ! !» eYI>p !,illo tli ! r., >»rt systc>n. I I>ro« 'I'I I I< ! >»lx 7 p< rcrtili !cl i ! I I ! 'Il«! o ap pl cationsubmitted to local lovemme at DOE VgashingtonDepartment of Eeolog> AG ft ashrng Son are AI orneyGenera !>r>r>rr.o: ' rshrrr !tr>rr> r> r ;r>ps rr Zr>rro.llrrrrrr >err>>.rrt1'>r>r»rr»». irrrro t!t> >. p S! !of' !!! » ! %1 t>>C>gv»1I .'» Statg »1! '!ll I'! a 147 >!,'i>i l !'L'»s>>ta! I I!P>'- cctit sliou ld dcclinr. as prcceI'th ' SMA has gnt> ' >1»pe :>I ! I t>! lllc leg!!lain!ti. I h<',r ' '.h '. !<1cl>llicl>lt!P» xvith inventory cnt>i!>il,itior>because basic d,it;> <. : ,ss >r~tvcht!ica! skills to uiidertak !»ii .h a i ellort, !ne ii!t<»tii»I! r that Lvhi!eki>tg County, ~vith n!ot<; lli;iii 3,000 full-tiu!c !>iipl I,c!ties vcith th<;>i!o»t »ho> lit! !!tax e >nany fc v ir f!!II-ti>nc cn!p!ny .cs under 200 in the four»ii> illitorie» tliat veer'aI sn tltat site visits werc still ni i»,>jroiccls. Th<»tat< government has pa»»»Hill-I 701 pla>lit! I>t<>g! a>!t» a!id thv. I '. ! !r» I . os»la! Zla<>e>t! !'n> but ll>t',I i>!tc>al 13urdcn Lv'!s st i!I sig>t>ifiuantfor thc »>nail 'r ut!il». f'v !tt so, !!y l0H ! !v !ry local gnv '.rnn> .nt »t !ipro<>rain. It is t»!t», tttpact of thc S!<1.% ntt shnrvlit! !», hut »nrnv. decisions are tinlt!it auttiority to zejp ;t I!I'Apus ll>tfo»' '. .I' !etio>!alfa ilitips IX,>t or;il R !»ou ' 'csand Itic State parks 'i>id Ritrttlv.!ia» u» ; ! it» !col!I'ag<,>!loi' pi>l!li<.! a . . s» lo»ltorv- litivs as a cnitdit iu>i of permit issuance. It a!»p!! s>!'»lit,>l fi 1!sfor nun- it tl » '.»liat vv, h<',vn virt!> a! ly e lin!i >tateor ;I' t ! l» o!' statexvidc signific;>t! .u!@tedin a preservationist iii,i>i>i,» i» :llsn lvd tn an intrnsv. on>if!i :l among the statv.dvpartn!cuts nt I isl«!>i<;», Natural Resour :v». aitd I; ;nd Fishcrivs;trc a tivcls promoting clani an g .od ><;kharvesting nti st!te-Ibm !rgvd lands. hiit local gnv- ei'>!i!t :!!I» 11 !I!t»!!<: :au» ol tile r till»ightli- ncss for lnc!l shoreline >vsidents ancI thv, pote>!ti il c>ivir<»ii>ic il,>1dis- ruption. 'I'hev arv, ha :ki>t" up their opposition hy ref!i»i>tg Stvt,"!I!their off»lion: iv;! tivith the. preservationist naturv. of reg> >!alien»for »L>hme!'ged!ands.;thld»uI! I!oi'I for harvesting clan!» a>id gi:<>dii .k» by»ti>t <:ag !> iL:ice1!ave a!r<. ! h le I tn rt>I I> ! SMA bovrr»>!ie>il»iii thuccss for shore!inc» of »I;!ttifi<..a» . ! aticl to !'educe or el!it>i !nnlent ronstraitlts ni! t!iis I>irt i<:iil i> d!ogre!!hi :Co!nmissint! of 8'as!tit>gt<»! l<>H!I, t,o> vrnin<> Pu<>ct Sound'Bish KVI!!l<>tl»! ovltr»aber!!tude ol llie iiripac:t of tti<. S ;valuate,it is ctc;ir Ihal th< Hcth >sprox ided for all;l»alysis»I 4V,>sl>i»[>- I »! sho>'eli»es >1!'I 'It h '.ir uses, i de»tified st!n>'eti>! vs ni sl'>l<><.e,ir!<:tu subriier ed ta!i ls, for r»i>ri: pr»s<.r>">ti >iiislie ul«tioii. ;>nI'sit>»il'I :,>r!tclevctoprnent d '. :! sinus. FederalCoastal Management I t!e c:v»I l I ion of thP, fedst>i! /o» '. >I»i!H"<'n! '.lit ~ i '.Inf 1!t r '> ssirr>il,» to tt!v. evoluliorl i!f th<>'K ist>ii!gtore[i»e [er»P»t , <:t. 'I'hc f ; I !r,>l 'lot<'ccdcnts inctu l< ai> iiit >resl iii gr ! !ter public ac. :<'.SStn I> '.l! 't»>SIni' r P :r'Pat>01>.an V»V!!1» '.»telliat it t '.>1!ptI» pr'<>sf'.rV . est»ar i>»,;»<:,>s,the riiarine res»Or< ;s rr><;rillt» iisl.,irid d brie[' c;oils!»i lt ion of a n'itional laird usv, pl !ririi hilt. Tti« :o»ccpt of n'i- ti»r>i!I Iar»I »s<>plan»in[; divasrejertc.d in ;r!>I t>;it<.«s t><'.- 'I ol»l < o»sli'I l!t ional du[ho>!tv oi' polit! a! I <»~ .p'I ! i!b I Ii tv. ]l! sl as st>'o sliil > stion! I I»i! ptailrlln[> divasrvjvctvcl by tt>i; rot<>rsot' 0';>st!i »t>to ii Sl'i tv 'I'h > f >d >rdl«c:t, like Initiative4:l hnt! >sir. ;sl >I ' <>v- eri!»!e!it r'dttier' tlldn lc>c;dl@over'l»»»i!'I '.o»t > »I i>l' :<>,is[>i I IHri I i!se. t!uri>I[, t t!v, 1 [60s lticrc ivcrc a series of cornmissior!s, studies. a» I t>ills ir! C.nngrc:»sin[, c>n estiiarine prnte<:tinrl a!!rI m csni>rc<.s dec»1c;tionac:tivities ir!clucl< cta hill t» <:sti!blist> a Lo»t>Is[; r>ctX 'c>lion>>1%Yet[ands, This bill gcr!Prate I ;oi!si lent!l<> <; i»- trow<;rsy ir> I r sistdnc:Pfrom >NewYork State 'r!!nvr!ts, It »1 ot <:st»'>ri»<, arc;is." Opposition on both ;onstitutir>r!al ar!cl pc>litical gr<>r»!ntii«lly >nly «sti!cty nf esti!arine arPasYvae Apprnverl. Thi» study wv,>s,»tr>!ir!ister<. l by tlie Eederdl Kate' Pollulio» Control HI Pu<>etSou»d ICrutch- fi[i!II, Mc>st >f tt»! stiidi >s !n in livi li!«l !sti>«ri !» «nct the s»>»lalv iet!ni't :o» :I » to I I hat th .'probleiiis o est !s ,pdr- ;ibly related to other rvsourcvs;>i! l I h,>l,>r!i n!,>r!;![> .! ><,»ls>,stc,rri I!,!ct lo cleat ~vith the .nastal znnv. in its c.ntirvty. Sirnultar!co»st~ ~vith thv. »stu,>ri»e slu, and Rcsourn !s [1!I i!t. often .allo l ttI» Stl'at t nil Comm I ss»!n ! ' mari!le I'Psoc»' .Ps d Pvet c!p!!l P»t. Tire tct;iS[r>tiO>!credtiI> the cor!!!r!ission H»d lhe cor»!I!issioii report. it- svlf ver ! Ole«rly development-oriented, Thc rvport. like carlicr cstua- rin ! sti!sv .v<.r,<;on :[i .tfe<:tive i!HPof the oo;>St[i ! , is th! ol dr! el ective»!ar!H[,c»>e»l Sysle»>. 1[ocr- <;v<;rir»;ger»<.»tI> .Is>ip[>ort r;itt!er thii>i trnr» th > natior!al level, rX se<.ond «ha»ye of eniphasis over the estuarii!e I'epoI'ts was th» re .omrn >ndation that federal assistance bc throu[>h «propose National !c:canir.;11>dAtrrio»pheri : Admi»i»tratirei>t of Ii!t !rior. Huring tlic ;»ogrcssional sessions from 1!!ti!l through 1!2, thc rn<>stactiv<. H1>;it>agon>e>it;«:t built upi! cstu >i'it>c studies instead of tl!» Stretto<> ;tcd that responsibility for;!cloii>iistr itin>i hc I! li«.l,cl ln th ! I! ! pHrtli>cnt ol ln tPI>or. At thP,san!c! l >11«!.,i !<'.r ',taryol In- ter ior KVHIt<.!I lickcl bcga>ito advocate H »alioi>al lar>»i iig bill tli<>twoulcl »i!h»umc estuarine and coastal areas uncle:r it» jiiri»»d iisl! bill crodcd support for Hn fnterior-bas !d .»asti>i r!iar>- Hgc;mentart hy coogrc»»!d fl! l l'.I'HI :o»st it lit ionalaiithority. XVh>1 d! !bi>le»0'<'CI' I!at>Or>HI. lar>d u»e pldrlntr!g arid the 1ol ! Of lh ! 0<;p !rt!r!ent of 1iitrt %1ari»P. H»d I i»buries;!nd tlic C;onirniltcc on Cnr!>cree. SLien<;v. arid 'I'raiis- portation of thl. Sc»alc kept vorkin< on < oastalzon .'rnanag 'nrent hills. Hr>llc;vv»tir;!llv bill» H»»igr>ingadministrative responsihilIty to thP,HP,- parti!icrit »f Coi!iriicrcc werc reported out of the coinniittee». Thc Seri- atv, p!ssl. l it» hill, hut the full IIousc added an amendment to give acl- mil> i»t r itin>i lo I otvrior, I Iowever, be ause it was thv. I lousv corn!ittPP o!i VI ;r .h,>»t Mari>!C Hr!d FiS1>erie» IWhioh Superyi»es Deparlrnciit of Col»!ncr ;c n>ittcc, The I IOuse cor>fererrLe Cor>in!it tvv r!>etnbers ther! "yielded" to thc: Scl! it !cr» hy H «:!pting thninistration ot' thr. A<:t tcl>t r,aS «hairr»aii ol tl«; Seri;itiiii>iercc ;oiii»iilt»C, l>layCd I n!ajor role in effecting thc: hill's passage.'I'hi!s. thc :olistal Zo!ic tvl.!r>- l!gPnlen'I Al't of 1 97M1vas passvcI. 'I'hc. fin! I bill tc<:tiOri.AS witli llu: transition from Initiative 4,'hto thv, Shorelinv. Managvir!ent Act in YVash- ingtoo, «!Iforl» toward the sin ale purpose of estuarine. preservation grad- ually wigC Ol' ir>tCrCSt» Hlid fo<.i>son proeedi I e lis Inlu:h Hsion si>b! Coastal Zone Managernerrt Act of 1972 'I'he feclvral ;oastal Zone Management Act ;ZMAI is vssentially a voluntary partic:ipatioi! g! ant-i»-aid progra>n for statv». 'I'herv, arl; no sar>ctions for nonparticipation, and the federal. gov !runT!s Hrl;l ii» . C,orp> n! »<'1 »get SoL» I t,'L>! st > 'I't>i!r ! >r'Isvtiv !s t !r sl«t !s t» 1>nrti :ip!l< in tt>c:t:oast«1 Zo»e Ma»«ge»!c» I Vrogr«>n, 1 irst. Ieder«t aid ispr vi<1! <:OStS initi illy f!r!.7 perC:C»t.r;>iSCd lO 80 I!er :itii> 1 977!Of t>tii>- ning «» t « irr>inistr«lion «n- prov»i>gc»>c!»Iprogra>». fccfvral agc»s .il'>I/one sk><>l1. 'to lk>c» >«! > :t ik ', 1! ! co»sist !nt wvitt> lk! st«l f!rc!gram. «»ct c»>y t!riv >I perniilt !d by a fc,cke>«1 a<>c>icystialk k>c<:sis- tcnt xvitt> It>v sl<>leplogl«ln, Thcsv, fvder«1 co»sisl<,n I :l,>i>ses,!r mnp r«r!l 1 tsIng st«ts 1! !'v»i itS rO >St I! ZO»C. states >»av rt to !k>ta>» :onli>!u,>1 «!d an J t ! I !ral :oiisist !» .:y r<.' lull ,s tl>at state progr;!nIS mc:ct a list of legislativvly stated eonclitions and be :omv. »I approved progranI. 'I'tIe c:onclitions listecl in thP, I<}72 «ct are f!ro<:c.d»l«l. >ione i»die;ates either a preservationist or ctevelop»!ci!l bias. O»c r.Sii :ti .i<;tivitis ictentil'ic:«tion ot t!ound«ries, cte.finilions ot »s !s.; ii>i»glti<; sit- in> of c»orgy faoilitics. It! 1!}76 l1>c i<.:t!v,!s;>»><,>!<]«, I «itt> li!1 t'ncrgy 1>nt> > Progr<>Vt> is jir ;r»c!ntis th!t lt!cr< h '. "t»tl participation k>vr !tc< «nt 1 !vr«I «gIgv» .!vs,to .al govv>'n>IIP»ts,rP.- gion«l urge» iratio»s, port >c>tt>orit i<.s,;>»ncnt may dvtegatv rrsponsibilitivs to t !c:at govP>'nnlvnts. h»t ttlat statP.»lc>st havv. So!I!e»lethodj 'Io> .:o»ln!l- ti ig land and Ivatoxvcr to approve or rov ; 1»ral derisions. Ancl finally. there must hv a meth»et of ral c:ontrol does not unreasonably restri :t or ex<:tonion«1be>iefit. ai!d tllat tt>e state itselt' iiiist I,!t o i>,!Ii»i!;>1 i:»ii- rerns into 'irig «n lna»s>ons, Imt!lcrnentatinn hy WashingtonState LegiSlatiOn Creating the StatC Dcf!«rt»><;ntof I'.«:!fogy. tt!C: 1»erg' Varility Site I',vatcn<;i I, Ik> !St> ir»agv»IP»tAct, ancl t t!e St«lc t!»x iron>i!c»t«1 Vol icv A<:I Iv,>s;>tlI!assi!d i» Wasl!i» ton prio>' to p«ss>igcof Itic C.;XMA.W >sh>ngtons pi'ogl'alns vvc!'c 'dsity ad«t!tabt .; to I' ! :rlt :/MA r !ct»irnei>tof I;<: !tug>xp>»vi<1 <1 si>igti- <:ititI Site I.'valuation Co»nc il provi tvct > lne :h iliis>ri for <:onsicjcring vnergy t«<:ikit ivs, «r>dtl>r !Ii»c.Ma»agan!ent A t set up pro er s «nd guicfeti»cs for toc!>1 ovc»»»oiit t>ta>i>ii>i>and adn>inistr«tio» ot' i Nt!c!1>c>00 ;tl>c.ttf ;nabtaf Ã0!>P Xfnr»;gem .nt;!c 1 nf ] '1r 2 I xi 'i pti ItCrl B>!!% :oor I!nation and :ool>oratioo Ih! The»>d»dg !n! !»I prox! d»> I .r "!L h I .I .i!riiiiteii< 1 I i»tiiiti i ixith < oaital .i! Ini!,ii I> teI>i,in;>p< nl<»> pra< crtifi ,'>tinn Ir! c >ngrrct>ti»L< f3 1 An i ! 'ntiti .itii!ri Of th ! !X!L!» I>. i !r i , « I i Li I i i b I ir i i t , i II i <.I- rieb uf the .o,>it,!l riir><: bcI!i «.i.ii> il Curie i!!all H»«plI>le!if pi'opre»1. iL!ppn!'t tlh !XP,» 1!! II I<'i i <1a I<1Chatihnll rnnsti- >ihii:I> ii In 1!» <»;t pl;1<- tiit<' p<'rmisiihl ! I;ie v. ter ti <1!!l . < »!biifirit »if!i,ipprol eel XIJI »bee ! it!i i!! Ihe oodbt>I z<>n ! I>i<.l>l>a< v. a en! e»t p rut,'1,»!! b. iliri <.t «i!il x<~»!firant imp» :t nn ihi! IZI Ane I-'e !eral,>p n lehir I! i!i.ill i-nnxtn!LC ntrre <>i>CIx i ntnn,>» l tiu!iii>' ' aredi uf parti<.ufdr «»i . !r» vitliiii t!ie t!idl t!le prui '. 1 lb. I ! tl»' il» xiii> i»'i- < »nit,i! xi >IAn irlnnt>tie!<>tinxhl. pm r»,in;>I,mi. uhioh tht< prr>pi!ii!i >uoiert oo»tro! Alti r hii,il,il!I!rx thc 0'1e ' II!L' Id>i i L!b !b<'»tpl»l- I0 ir> t!aragreph I d!, inc:hie!in!!,> yra<»,a» appli ant tnr .>r< pg nf rc!mrnititi>!irma!prnvi- i I'll Iir r ili< i!r I in~~I iii l oi' «,i> i 1'i!iu~ iii Ihe <.>bio>lb. ,uabtdlaoi!e ol th it it it ! .iI>!II !!i ii a>ior>to the I!c i n»nv, nr »irx in pnrtir»lnr i«, ir! liic!i 1!.'ipe- pcrmittin' >!:r ;« i rtili»,itin!iythOSV ui S nf Ir»rr it f>i i»rife tl»! IJrupub .L'it c .<»>I I 1i ti! A ch!st»»>,!l it,i>i 'i o » Li p! uxran! J» :h Jc >ivi>L Lci!l Ii. ir>i-Ii>if!»lcthe r<- < on~!it» Iint irr I;>t>0»il>ipi iif I ii.dl. 1!i!1'iriateege»»!eb i>1 'Ihc' Itl i1~<'0»'»> I!I' A clef!nit>n» «I >li » puh!>o hen»hci,>net nthrr pi>hlir most!> orrdl 1-d!u !. IHI A pl,»>»i»g liroi.»,ib Ior ri»rtn ta- < il!tive like!@tn hr Inrntrr! in, nr vhi a i>pl>i fir1»>fly «ffc t. th ' '0l au!i !. ! II .lii I »l~'i hiil iiot liriiiluii t.u. a pro .V' t!>pa< IX frc»n.i»»h fa»i!iti<,i. !'>! A I!!ll li'l!fi! :I'ii f»r !i<3 i!i 'ii- »>~~th ! !ff ,ti of ih >« lii> ! i > »i<»i>l>iiie- e 'e! <.d ib»' I!,d»cl If! > it»>CI1»!"dn I !e !I »,>th>!, Le»VXtn r 3, !nr! tn ri Xtnri ,ii <,ii,< l !1'ii!L h Li'ubju>l XI! <11>oiler'1<1<'1'I I!I i ire»1 !<>tbii> p 1! II'I' il.lii I ~1. ii!! Iii Ion; h tul!i r I. 3jest!. Governing Pu<>etSound! Hi»I> shoreline. u»e per>»it ay»ter« that could i»elude all other proccdur<.:sre- quire l for;>n approvvrl progran>. 'I'he appeal procedures to the Shore- lines Hearings Hoarrl also provided for state gnvvrnn!vnt review ot local g!lc>!t lvris i<»>».'I'hv. o»v. »>aj r! ingredie>! t !f I e>leralpro<>>a>r> re- qu irC»tS1»iS»i I he»C»l;>ICpru : !»»CS,ho» CVCr,waS full par- ticipff ! :I >dI'rd<>r<>l agc»cic» i 1>I t>cn .ntnt both»tat ' and Io<.aly!v>,r»»><«>t progra>r>», washington's programs had bvvn Icgi»I'!Icd '«>pl<;1»t;>ti<»> begun prior to passage,of thv, tedvral C;7M', a»d Ihd !F~>I lg !»- cies usu !lly could not bc bound by state I'>ws,;«>d !vcn aft<'.rpassage of the C:7MA in 1',!72. Iedcral oil'icial» did»ot appc >r to recognize thc potential i>nportanceof the federal < o»»1st ;» cl;1>:v sr,i» thv, :ZivIA. 'I'he result was very little o»tact and virtuallv»o f .dcral ag ;n :>,input into KYashint;to»'s shoreline n>an'>go!ncntart procvssvs or the development of the >r>oreco>nprvt>v»»ivo C',/A]A proposal. I'i»u>IIy, only two r»onths before thc March 1975 sub>nissio» of Ih : Hnd At>no»ph<>ri<;Ad>ninistration >SOAR! for approval, Ih<.I I !p»rt>nc>!tnf I':cailed packets to federalage>acies Io SeLuru i»fOr>»atiO» <»>thCI> ma»tal;>CtiVitiCS. ThiS requVSt fur infOr>nation did not >nrrt thc intent nf thc federal legislation. and xvhen th > Se<:r<.teryof '.o»!>!>vrcerequested comments on IVashingto >'s prog>la»1. virlu>lly all federal >gc>triesrcconunended nonapproval bcc,>useof II>v, lack of substantive federal agencv input and the neglect of pro<;c lure» to takr. i!>to ar<.ou»t 1>ationalobje :tives in the development of tl>e state pr !g s>n>. Iro>!ic<>lly, <>nd in»tark contrast to thc ronf lint» h<'twr !» Ic! ag>e»ci '.»<»>d I!OI>. a>>dbet wee» the rlepart><»>tsot I' i»I«;ri<.» C:,»nc and Indian tribes, the relationship bctwcc» nOr. <«1<«> tribal governments has been <.:oopcrativcand br»cfi<;i!I, 'I'hc Irgal status of reservatio>! Ia»>ls is clear; tt! .y arc 1> !t»«1!jr>.t t<>state regulation. Ifowevcr. with that understood, DOI. h>>sprovidentsto prlve>storiesand shoreli» ; «>a»ac«>c»t pla»». 'I'rib;d govcr>»»c>>I»have, i» turn, e»- gaged <:o»suit>»>tsfor »uch oi th > work, and detailed inventories for r<>servation Iar>rls have, hvcn <;nmplctPd and plan«ing is u»d<>r ua> Ior botl> pr .servatio» a !d development a ;tivities. BeLausc ol Ir>die» u>»- cern for preserving salmon fisheries, thcsc plans;>Iso rvf1>vironmvntalprvsvrvatica I» h . highly < o»>pat- ible vvitl> preservatio>!ist-ori !»ted shorcli«<', !!>«» g :»! !'»t. 'I'hus. ',Vc» though tribal <>overnrnentsand Indi;>n rcscrv;>tio»s;>rc not I!llya part of thv. SI>lh and 7MB pr<> :<.»» ;»,<:o n »o» i»t«r sts between tribal over>>»>ndHOI," h;>v !Ink to i» :rvased :apa<:itxfor tribal g>overn- rnvnts to >nanagctheir own lands consistently with SMA '1»d C7vt'' Lx . ,'ri!t! If !l!! Ior'>nay <»viva' L !I>r!<'!its ui! th I I!r<>I!r>ytn!! Stt>te :n >still111a» n111f'r!fIJ Il!' !I',I'dt -fsfnr>.ltfAssistantSvrretary of Dr,fons<> C:om>naf>dant,13th s>'alaiDistrict In !»i»iii >r<'.ni h;It E.iio . Iili!tai>ti! E.ooii!- 'I'J>i:Ii>E!er»i> as r 'pi>sPi!t EI J>E rf i«>mn>tt! >»e>il! t«offer »i Ih< il>att c ri> >r»nn»iit,!l i»hn>ill<t>i» >i!tl >r»pal. I!i>t EEI cin str»n;11 »!nst >!I tl!<' .!ill 1' ! I o«i. 'I'»!»I 92'il.'.'I'II!I II!mt~>i ort .E»»»>g!,>I I! I«i o>»- If Ihi! tin! ! . tl I' olJIE!lo !I thi!'at'p!»E' ~ I »»:ii ii'.EIthat thi' !av>' I'I »»tati'»d,>an>»sl tJI ' pldi! J!i'I>>id>>itLle :11!!rim< >tt iif I':r»>1m p;if>prn«>l.r >t'll» <»ritr >i>IPrP!I!uir< i«l'I irfi'. I>la1- Ht>>t nl' t'V>sl!>r>gt »>'iC;o,>!t,>l ZE»>E Xfa»- .!i IPrcd>n fhP pm ram I r inpii>e»t. ,Ige»!i i>t I'Iogr»» o»t>l i.uiiif>t>o»! I!n>rai,>n' l»IIE' Ii>rI.,> i !r>l>>tt»»»fI'I I- 'Ser.r»!rl In al Sr>V>rnn>i rit II»fir I n O»lirmit a 'hjr1 I,i»rl I» lu h I i» tl>ip>ogi.i>ii. d>iii implfatinn ii»t Iii graiit !El;it Ihia I II»ihdt r s se>>il>lsLoi».I!I i>s »I'» a IE'. >toftIii IIII»'. »»Ei tif! It I r<."I'I!i!ElE.'»'92 ii'o»»1>!I>fdI >if I>Ps! I. I>oth'ii I li<.pr»g>an!,to thrI ri !'I Il ! >Is!>Ii.i>E e! ii>g fi>PI»>prot'<'.rf !i>hit>i!- »I I'n» In 'I >f'! I i>as 's! II 'iit sin»I>i .ir»i>l,ili cf tc>gin< ri Eictecr! an <>p- p<>>ti>i1ittfn> a ir> s>ni»>lIi > i >r. A lmini!ti ator, Bonnet'ilie Power Th ' l!t,>tc'!hei>Id 1>> »tif>'tl» prOI!o!. Adfninistralion t »l»:Oiii .,>ifres~innOt tVP ti »I Ih;>t tl>c,>p;tl i atinn !Iin >i I ><>Ihi Yi,ttfn»;>Iii>tpr !I anrl thp import»»Cpnf thp a~»>mtI I >intiI IIii St,ifI vf IV,>sf>i»gt »I El»- FP terai rnl> in th> n;>t»»>Ir sr»»E:E's.».fit'i- 92i'I >p! >datIJ /o»E'Il>diidg»l»i iif. I» I- I «'! gi,>iri i» En>i> rt EEiti> aii ''liri»< rp»llv nt- IPns. inrlii I>ng Administrator.Federal Fnergs jfial rh , f!pl>E. itioi>»ol Tli< F« li i,il EI! rf.< Ad>iii! isfrdti 4 ; ipl>roti Pl!rn ~id>>ic lr;IrJt rc'- I'I>!'EEP l If>i! tt''>sf»»atn» I O>l!I»I Ln>t<'Wld>t- IIP ts ti>i,!t.>tia! ! nti ntii»id nnt ln int> r f<> ' agp»1 'i>lI rngl'»». Aft h »iglt tJ>pprogram u flfi thP r >J I Ii»»E»I i» h>! nii>PI>li> nm >i .nd. >I! lr ,tt«ici!t ni I »- t rr>i! ol »1.»>.tg<1>gII!e I «iii.! >I t,»lumhi,i 'I'c',1' .;o»E.I'I II! I! .E>15»I'I'Ke !'E.'E.»»!»IE!»EiRIV>!rI owl'I ! E!IPIII ll>,>tJf »ol I!i' ipp l>mitt ip.il rpsc',ration «n1>r>g Chief of.'itatT. 13th :o r!! prnpo!i d progr;»n is thit it fin s EE'IIIII>i' li!IIII lid'fin>>I! II! t>,ll',!t I!« ha'! nnt !i>ll'iri>Oi!E. ii>side»,- defin I....'LVI! 'fr'Pl tl>.>t thE' I»npn!P pro l ti »>i>f ti!e !',>tio>idiiritereat iri e»freerfa if- gram I! E>»a :I!rlitaf>lr!;i ripral iri that,>ri. >fr sift>ig >f1pl '1 I»i fig fnI ElsPanl I J>P< ta!fal st'I 'I':!'tn 'III ' II>n ' II!a!'E' II II dj!I!II gnnf'. I!»t. .E»i! !'EILI<:11'II . 1 E!'»aii o»iv reL E!»I I II PI EJ! I II '>I I I>I' I n! I'!I'a I» 11 1> I'!I ',I I !- RegionaI Administrator. Region X ;i O»prl i>i>fii I Iiri Ji<;itin» is pm i fpCI,Ir>ltiriy. o»ili>I! iri!!,iti. f,ii.t<»ily ri; . Ihe prnyrarncfr>< ! nnt,ipp 'ir to duffi. .!»i i I <.i«r>tlypm!i'»I thi! ii;>lio>!dli»Ieie!t ii! tiii! us ! of tl>eood!t«i donyri!!ht Ihe :r>r»litrnllnr Ir ni:r,> «f thI. t>s. JE f,onsfr>I/',nr> %fr>r«>g r>I »>iPrI »fr>ri, Iip. , 'IH. > lverr>rr>g Pr >get Sour>cl;Olsll 0 hI !,' Itv 's. > uv !!'i;of feiir;r il :o»sist<:y. Federal Consistency , ! revision suhniitte l hy EVashir>gtoi!,'~I.>Ir>1!>7 i,a»cl 8'ash!notr«N!",>inI><. .,>r»Ilipre CZI«IA. AIthtr>I oh><. .limni:ih<>xi, h1 ir>[email protected] issue of fc l nr! Ihi < x :l« Ii»g> all fecferalfy oxvnvlllri fi,ir> r<;s r<,>ti«r>i fror!i th<; el»fir>itishi»gtor>'s Coastal xoriu. This uxpo, I>o«- ever. leave'si>na»sji!r <:ol ao<.r><:va<:ti !rii f Igl'«C !ii. 'I'hcr ! arc! s !v ;r<>II!ot !r!t»il li«!st ior!s :o» ! .r»i»y, If><'II>«n, I » .I» II»<> th ' C7%1A.,ivh !t ilirtl!<»rly lo !s tl! ! stc:tivitivs'! 'I'hc. svroncl is suhst >util e: Ho~< c;oi!lcl hv achin vcl thc. goal ol' I>avi»g f . I lr>i >@I ! '.It ! .' !»s!st ! I! ,'V iv! I I! tll ! ! !SL!ltulg pIyr ;et<»lstecfthe f!.!i. AII«rr! .y C><:ilgton s pl'ogr'lln. I hv op>>i!on lvas essen- ti >Ili "not at all." I.vgaf argon>vnts h lvP. hPP»aclvail :Pcl Ijx state a»el fu I !!'al offi !ial» arid irlLlepc.'11LI!ta»all sts. 4'illian! DrL»vor, Jr, Iles 1r gi>V,CI: .i»!<>r<',SShaS aSsirte l iri uiilV rh» a rivirieS Of rhe eVe<»rive Pri«ei I» IIsilat z !r!<, irie»!<.>it I!l'O'>ra>» - lirlint; rf>g<,!> :i<.s. I>r< n< r 1»7»1 I3rev,'L'r<> »!s»I! 'lo 11 !t !II! !l !lth'C!SS»lay Cl lc:I'rreSl'ite I'>Vr applirahle ivhc!rSt»alcl ahcI that tvr ; <;«»gru !1>Iwvith fl»; L,'.S. ;or!slitu- tio>1;! I I r !i!r! I tr;ist to Hr .vr< r, H. H. IVIIII;unso» I 1>7HIhas aug»vct that the rg ol' II>L:f«; I»rsist :» .y l!n!- x ision. is not spuLifiL enough in thv. C7MA. »iI' >»c.'<'»1e>!I hind federal ag> .»r:xa<.tin is ti> thi!»tiit<; progriiiu. 4'iifia»!so» also point» O'Lltthat the I ..S. Att !l ney f I!Ii !I"il» opl>llo nilly be '.Orle<..lbe- ;au»e the, Ci FvIA L>!i !!iIh ' lrisdi :tio»" iil desin<> u lii<.I> It,and onlv "»ole juriSdi«tiOn" u Ould L>ne IL>iL0<.:,IIIX de»i iiiiliti»>6 u'ill not <:ti>iupo»ed for the I'.32 federal hlidgc.t. This suit :l Ihe»eralI>rii OI ti; ri>lagi!Ii .ips c:laiinin that their prOI>rietarX1;liiCIS;ire eseriilil fn>iii»t1te 11Ianrls in K'Vlshingtc!n's coastal zone e!- plemeiiti»g I li ! C:ZKIA;»! Ianrls. Tli '. >»»I»; ot I»ten ;v. hou'ever. is Ii>o>'alor>lgoL I!fn nent-based shor !Iinlijeii x !ep>' :s :r>titiv<:s for lands u ithi>i th<;lo<.;il yivn!ent's area'?This Iuestion u ou Ilv ;i pr<>«.;<1»n;hv loc:al goveriiinents a>id HOlu ill h»g<,in attitudr, bx federal a<>en«ies,1>el'ori! tlii» problein is r !s»11 »I!» !gto0 St iit<,h<'ls il 11>eved an appi oveg> !IE<:Ieseal'ly in th ! planning proc.ess,thP. unc:lear u g<>» t<1I ilgotenti;illy»eriou» void in XVL>shi»e- ton s shoreline manag !mc!rlt I!ro«:!ss. 'I'hlis one of thc. tu 0 in«!»1iv !s I I >I» not beell realize I. 'Xou i I f ! I- eral funds are dis«oil tinu eel.tli<; i i«:!iitive» for fed er !1-statshin@to>1s sx ste!, lvhl 'h pn!I I I I!11!il>I'! I I »t I s1!I!roti>»,!t !IL$1.:! million neededto m,licit >i irurrent staffing. Change in the System: SMA llnd C7MA Both tllP.Sx'IA an l ZKIA ai'e nor>i!ii! bstailtivP, !ie»IOr Shoi'iiil'I- «» '! '.1LI»t u'hat Cllfiel»en 'eSdo the»e il«t i »I1 Ill ! .'»>lt ,'XtOI ethel lau » anrl jurisdictions on PL>getSOL nl !r>r>I! i~lfiSh First, a!!ri most importarit, iieitjir'r th 1!la>!age»><>in it" the SVnSVor<;lln<>0 sos an j pl'0 ,e >I »gi lo h»ng t jl'I» ! shout.Botj! II<.'tss«,.ifi .:,>jjv.>ffir!gfr>r a 20 !-toot->vjdsub»>I!>'!',<..d la!rds iii i j a require»><.»>lor a j!e!mit l'Or;Ir>ysub- stantial dvx <;j >pmentsunis 70»i»o is i»to~~rated into a local »v<,rn>r>ent'sr»rr>prehensive j!la» s» tll>ittllv 7or!lr>g r<'Ia'I s to nlo!'0tjla» II 200-foot-!Vi j<:stt'ip ai!cltj!II i11otln!r 0<;I!iiil rect»!FPn!P»tssin;h as for hui I Iavigablc!vi! t 'I'si. a»d so 0», aI>nling l>I> j<.'I'lji '. SX1.< xvilj t!e;iny morv,vffe<:live in nxanagi»gj,i»cj use patterris i» ! j>0 fut!ire th;!r> ,l!ast. Kvf>it Ippearsto he»re ir!>portar!ttji;!I> Ih< perrnittii!o t!r'0<: .ssit- seif has h«;!rithe dvvelol!rrier>tof shoreiiri<>iriv !»toriesand tiie IiltP,1!SPS, II'I<:Iurling Is<',S Of Suj!rr> ;rg<'d k» >ivf ;<9@»arid ra!seri l lio x rsihil!tv ol silo!' .'ji»f.,' !ssues to 1!!r'>»v f»lhj officials. Thus, at feast f<>rr>oav, the systo»1j!as j>eer!s ,»siting«;jlu «ia>n- irir; ir>!f!'I :ls >nshor rnc>re',s :kosvjy t! rt if su<'.hsensitivity is lost. Ii! 'p! >'rr!iitsystem hy ils :jf is unlikely lo g<;»<.>'ateit, The, o»<; i!i>l>»> lant x : ;f!tior> to this may k!e01!sI!orejines vide si nifii.;1» .sall srihn!ot'g !ils;!r<..i»onitc!rv ivy DOf'.. Thus just bve!i!s rn' r>a@en!mtsyste»! k!asnot ber»1 :I' ,;>ti» rr >reason tr> .xf!<.c:tthat a shorelir!<.l> rmit uijj hy IT>01'v i»iporlarit tk>anar!y Olt>urper»!it do riot rri<:;0!that the!!klA ill! i :Xtvjr'! Ire I! I! ir»f!ortant, Thc!x';>rc',t>est x ievved.hovv ,i f!j<;xsvstem, a!ir>g-run C.onSVqr!Vnr :s i!l' ! Is vet ui! k»0 vi!.Notes The hist<>ry«II»e!il ol l»ilialive 43 an Xtanage- mcnt.> t are rovereh, < historv of thr. tv>e»t.X<.tis provided i» Zil<.' fl 4!. TIlt <0!I rove!sl over fe1»- s>s!en<.iIs Ire;irerl in rhe :»mt! roll .r t;a»eral's ! >>7tiret><>r !net, ravealecl ir! commentsori th» A'ashington l>rol!os;ilj!y federal i!>,ei!<:i<>sir>lhr ir revi ',cvc>f the prograii l!ri<»' to ils rejection, I'e<>sior>,,iri ,overning Vuget Sound>'Bisl< Althougli ther ! is cooperation 'i<»igs<»»e ag>e<> :ies,thvrc is rivalry among>loc::il port dist>i :ts. ln sniiiu esle>lt,the inoi'«; .e port attrarts. tli<ancl this rivalry <:«riI< ad t»orcpi is ><:«13!n. 'I'hvsv, rivalri !s. 3!owcvor. such;is osisl between L !ng H ',,> :I»,nd Los Angeles. !aklan «ncl Siris<:n, cattle encl 'I'i .»i!r«ed«rapicl r >tI' tologi inn»v;!ti»r> :ai lh«t prol!ahlv xv»ul riot h'<>vco : :urr<»3u»dor less co!np .titiv«»»c3itiiins, Tl>c i>city. To ton1'uhlir. Ports Ass !<.i'>tionhas :rcatc<;i!I <.o»»i!itloe,to .v,lhrt invest»!cents 'ovic3<:lhe permits iivccss;i<>ill. Tliis cc!niniitlcu nlust strike.',i b;il;i>ic» butiveon ovcri>la cstiiie»t,»>cl stagnatini! h>, I! !rmitting siif.icicnt n«- I il!lent. Being t>i :i i rausv. W;islii»gton's ports to Iag hvliiiis «n<3local port clistricts an 3!rimarily rcsoiircc clc- v th'it II>eir « ;livities fa ;ilit;it r;il!>e< l1<«:itio». Tile CQ>'ps!'cgul ! tor>,B!IL! <>pp>oval of all prol- <.rts in navigahlv, xv' !ils «lsn gix es it lhE! alillioiity to pn!teel »avigation from iiitriisiy»tliec uses The state constitution;il >i!i>rid'itusottin<> aside. si>hi»<;rgi>d tidc- lancls within harbors Irnt«lipetitio>ifor s :arneslig>oncy concerned 'lvith trai i<>,itioii is tlie tl.,'>, Cn«st '»arrl. I hc. ;iI<:ssl>ip n>oven!e>itsanci sliip sat<:ty. O» Pugct S junc3this involvvs c tho Canadian Coast C;u»sir»<.lio>i.Coast C'»arelreg»lati»»s t;ikc tli<; .:oii :ernsof commvr< i!I sl!il>i!ing>i»to i<.'cour>I. 'I'his «:»nbination nf th ! .'nrps. tl!ct» encl thv .'nast C.;u;it !n!sl icclevelopiiient. pro- >i3!r<.l!<.,»sivapromotion anI' prig,>tio>j is. Unn«. if thv «gen<:iestrn!» rlitf .rent lc vis <>I'g»s miner. and tl>e riv,iioiigI' .sl!onsi~enoss 'iiid higher tradv, vo3»n!cs. l'o! <;rii- n!enl enhan :e>»ent encl >'cg»l;itic»>nl f!nit «n nax i ation con<.crnsar<' ~vol I de! elope on Vu<> !t ! ! u>>. Fisheries and Wildlife On» of the.first acts it !f 3 isl! ries tnrcgulatc: fish, g!n«...vl;;<»el the rlvpart- rnrnt cI>>ic:klv hv,;ir> t > !nhwn ,e thv fishvrivs rrsoi>re1»<»>h it» ll>>t ;h !ryprogram>>11. I E>«i ives> a leeli>1"alnong st! >r'lair!«ll.El<>i'v !'vci,lllwt I'!sher'rvs divasover'ly : >rl : !Il>«d vi lh eol11rnvr :ll}I '[! ll;ir> :i'.I>i !I>lto tl>« nvgle :t !f rv :reatior!al ir!l! ! ivws :r ! ate to provid : a v >i .« foi sporls intvrest». Elec>i>i!<>i>r' :»i ii>icd the responsibility of Fish«ri«s, hoic n vr, the dvl»;rtr»;isth« rliffi<.>>lty of s>mi>ltari»slyr !prvsenting t vo rliffer't < >r!stiti>n- «>«s coul>ner .'ral <>1> Ii'c >'«on lish !f>ll !rl. I I»! <1>v>s>0<1oi speciesbet veentI!<; t vo depcrrtmvntshas <.lirrii»>il !d lir ' .:l colnpetl- tion betv eei! ther>i. htr >l !<.tr>at«>'al e>rvironrn !'i!t». Ir! o >'r!cr'>I, C»iiirts lntvri<>r's lI.S. Fish wn XVildlife l>vrvi :<,>r>d C<>mmvn;v's National VI,!rin<' I'ishr!t>I ,, C»rn«;>clr»ii>istcrs f«derwl xv >tvrfou I r«giil>ili<»!s and part of the fecIeral M>riri«Mriti,i<:l to I'ish wnc1wildlife. 'I'herr;;>n; p<>tv axvr, ~vl><.r> lhc i>it«rests of stat . n ss«rs i lfcr fi o>ri thos« of a led ral <>iisti- tu«r!<:y.One c;onfJiet is illust! ate<11>yl lie r fist>in«ri«hts. 'I' ll .1!<.I>wrtr>!c!>t' of Fisl>eries has rlv ',!ys t;iliri !r! vr!li;iri :eri!ent;ind regulation on I'ug >r»! I;>n I .:,»n<..has dlikvv isthc ;ial fishing ri«hts Indians p<>ss ;ss«lii»<1.gc>vr!» v ir<, !ll of tli<; lishst»rriI< ourt dend a rourt-wppc!intvd master in cooperatik >v :r rr!,>r>;r! :r!t,iris li«tii ««ri f«;1l,>r!dsl;ite agvn<:i >s rnwy tr>rn into rivalry anrl eor!flint >~h ;r!;><111> :t >r» !n- lcr iii. Ni>iv th»l Ir! cliwr! riltts to fish hav ! bv !r! :lear lv csl,il!lisl>«:1. it is r!«oessaryto d«v«lop n«iv eo >perativefisheries regulc>ti >nsthat ir! <:Iii<1<', tribal govtsl! l I 'd 'fa I a««il«les, 'I'he n>ost solid forrr«>f <:ooperalion amontvhI'Fislicrics w»d tlic Nwtioiial klwri>re Fish«ries Service participate in int >n!.!ti<>r«>lr!<;@tio»s oc r;r s >h!>on Hv wars .h !th I'isheries and E'arne administer hy lr>ii>li 1> !rrriits.tli '.$ ho'vc lh ! >>uli!or!tv to control i!r-vvate>' .or!structi<>i! >i! river» t > t» >ltli th<: f !d«r<>1!s, In >st l>e !ons ! lted E!eforeCorps of Kr!gir! > !rsl>errri its Ic>r « >iislrii<.l i<> n or spoil clisl>osal in navigaE!ie cat«rs <:an bc issued, wr>d,!ll,>n: «:>ri- 103 40<'i»g P t!g<.'[Sou t l J.'fJ!»[t »ulted o!i IJepartt»<.t>tol I,npact stat«t!ie»ls u»dei both state and natio»al eiiviro!itiisfor issuance of liy1[>',Gamr;;ierie»Svrvi«:; [!arlicnciesplay a iiiaj<» to[roteuting thv natiiral environ mr.rit. reties and xvtldl>fc ago an even strot>g<>rpo»ili Recreation Recreational usr:s igetSound are.too diverse to co»ipri»» i sir>- gin constitur;n<;y res<.»tedjy a sii>glv.agenr.y. R«;:n!!>Iigand hunting;>re reg>!latedand enhanced bv ttlosgna[ boating is vnhancvrt hy tt>e : Vu nice, wtiicti Iirovi tvs fiinds to the State [ntrragei>cy .on11ittee <>nOut in turn allo :ates those, funds a>non< thv D ',part»!<.ntsot C: itne, Fishcrics. Xatur >I Rcsourcr!s, thv, State ['arks and R .creatiori ;«<»mission, and [o .al governrl>el!ts, These orgairtzatio!i» [!ro>.ic I;irgest siiiglv, proi idcr ol' recreational sites, rec! vation is an area of mi>ltip[r. provivhi<:hi !i<:t.,'v[,>»y <:oo[>era- tivc;>grccmcnts to provide rccrcatioi>al faciliti !s;il»ti <,xtatnciesand inclu tv. facilities siict> as thr: ;orps r!f I',t>@it> .<:rs Carl F. I',ttgbert ' arden Park near the. Hiram %1. :1»tt<;tt Sv,;i[[le;>!id lhc leasing of Coast Guarcl lands in thc San Jitan» 1!v Sl'!tl! Parks, The!'e t!p[!»e<:oopel'alto!i lrs ai>ii. No>v tlie rivalrv is less important because the. trtnnensot rv«u[a- lol's. No»<>Af tt> ! ag !i> :le»,e.< :eptthose <:oncernvd '<~ith navigation or fisl> and wildlife. 1>ascontrol ovi;r pertiiit» fot T>ingn thvir activities, Thus clespite thr, growing te!nai> t for recre 104 !!!! .' ,'ioliz >tior< .uti »>!Ii! cr <. ;!t>o>1ou the, Sc!i»r«. I l > ! ;>' »!ll !» !!c'o rsl »> a" e>1>e» a> P I>otci» !'ol! '.- Si <' ! Or a SStrO»g,l»;>g ! r><.i CS i » ! I C l i>i CO>nrn<.'.r Or.' ! fi»li !ri !», Waste Disposal anUSltial diSpOSV,Of SVJSteSiii 1'ug ,t ! I;>r» Ilic> rr- Ialior! to I!ir»!!!i> 1>ealthiu the !H j<3»,;ur Itl>e I!<,!!;»'li» i I le<>llh,?»r' 'i .:VS euntlnueS thOS ! J .'tie it> !»..it i'I ! "Oe »'»»1 !>1'I >ISo !'U- at«I! '"<> c'<'."»Il>li>! ,' >I>clu» I >' I!! !!'<>ste !soho>'< !s ul IH.'!;!. In l,>7 ! th ! I ! I !>»>Ig1»> I '.!lt pre»»>!!t ; I St:!tC lv itvr C!ualitV reulatiO». Oi! narri<;nt i I Vrc!t«:ti can6 < n» oop !'>'al»»1 ' rl! li t 1>estate, ai>d t1>estale De!!a tn>PI>lol I' :o!ogh c>d- »ii>ii»ti!>S thS. TI!cSe re s,ipply to all xvaSt elis<;harg<.rsir><;lu«ir>g Io<:a! ov rnm nts ar>d k!l. I'R as lvPII as to in- c!u»tria! fir !is. 'I'I». r' !srclatix'cly sim!!le system iu ethic;h lo :al g<>vernrnentS prnvi«» <:Ol!CCliO». lre<>l!»crit,,ind Outfall faCilitieS. and t!ie State I!Vpnrtrr>crit Of I',<:c!l'g I'! I »I!! >Eat> !>i .!'C'»I>!! ! Io!' I'I.!Ctuc.C» cliS<.h JrgerS ar>Cl H !I'.<'I''I'A rvg» Iatior>s. I'his « ir>fli<:I hltr'« I><'. '<»>»<;I',V.''! r tn;;!t»>c!»tar><1 c.x :o»! pla- ti,!erOSSl!ie t!»it !CI St,!t<..S ci !n iri 4'<'>ltvrs»<1<.h as V>igrt So<>r>«, vl> ;r<;I hII i :i nt «i!!>t i!an« »1>x>ngto PI»il»!at ! !!Ot ,»t > 1i! 1vI!iIIS.'I'he majOr ration >Ir t I!i» t ! h»O!ugl,>I!!» .I»,I!I! ,;>rSlO 1!U tn impOSP higher OOStSOn inCI>>StrieSt lr SOthat tliey do r!ot obtain a :oxnpptitivc: c«gp, !v lr i»l» tl!at pol- lute more fragile fresh xvaters. 'I'hus lo :al gov<'.Yrnnvnts a>1 ltaxpay ll's] ariel Io<:al in«<>stry arP. paying a VPry high prlcP to satisty a tvclc'.ral pol- I !'y 7!'her> 'lllere ar'P,not. al' 'calysap!!arc!»t bc!'t».I h '.»P.c:on :Pro»a> ! understood bi the state Departmc.nt of I'c!OIogy.and it xi ill be interest- ing tc!» '. '. > Ilb '. «Vpar'tmpnt > sa hip,to Brti '.» Iatp. thp Pip' rs c!t »tarp. > ps>- cle»ls I»!ore rvasonab1e federal poli ;ies to var«PU h;>x <;1!e !ri I'orlh<:or»iri«so f,ir, ,!horrline I!se LJ»tiI 1! I ar! v !c!g»I >Iior! of shor»1i i! ! d zoning, port >t. a»cl I!c! I!art»ver!t of Natural Re»our :P»Ivasing poliei !s. RVith tl>e passagear!cl iirlplcmentation of the Shor ,linv, I!,lanagemont A<:t, ho>@exer, c eneral !!Urpc!» ! Io 'HI go 'el n>TIpot». > n .Oopp>a I>0 !<1th th p. I! ppar'tmpnt of l' : !loge . hav ', 1!egl'i'I»I !»! u» ! Ol »ho>'cI i>> l»>u>»uh!» !rg ', I Iarl ls. It also appvi's, ho'wv<' 'r, t!>r>t11>1go'<'v!I'Ill>re>it ovv>alsng f iL!gvt S !U» f Hisf> sh<»' 'Ills >»a»tel'' prot>ra>is» >ssi'Ii>t '.>'c>>>nial>o!ls ll s s!I!pL>bj!e: »<;rutiny on; ! formerly unobs<>rc :,>l,!»<[stale»ov- <;rnmcnt ay<.»<:i .s. In the past, »I >I< a<, n< iv» s>sch as Stat I,!<.iliti<;s <»> sidle Ianrj» as th .y [!leased b ,yor> fli>c ..ontrolof Iona[ pI;s»»i»>!>>!nd Roll- ing. Now. hrn<:i s arv»uhjcct tn th ' 1alla[>esss[! l»t Ia!I'I. dc>ellocal Pov<',!'»<»c» ts I>acP, re.'le'.< t ! I [! ;!'I»i I ap p1i<.:a- t>ons from stat :;sgcncics inc[ fi»[, boih State I'«rks,>» l DXR for rvrreatinnal fas> i!et»!n.1. Il ! !X .1 Is!nessfl'o>11 >»<:>' !dsccf[! d«.. !»s v »Ol'. thc consequence»>»ti .;ipatcclwhc» th ! S!Lf:Xw;>s «doptvcf. but tl!c >e- jection of Iucc'ha»i<:dlancf hyefra >fi<:shhm<>r[: .t w>th tlse pr ,s'v>ti :s >I I1 f> Ci 1 < >: '.. Sf!OI'P[incn>a» > is!nt :Icari y > r nn tlse feeleral offi< c of c odstdl zosseA Id» >@ »lal'. v Decal tnl'»»> ,»ts;» Ic',1stas far as r>bt,!i»- i>sg agrvvmv>st !sc.[!rsotl!i Ised towarcl eith .'r sc:sof sts!tcwidc sign[fice» :<;, il is»ot clc.'ar if those, age» ;les >wif1maint >in stre!n" s»ppnrt nvc r ti»>»;»l!cies of other >[;cne:icssuc.h as thc t'orps of En[>inccr».tl! I! .I Lvith thP [!f ! [!os»»s>s>utso>> ; I d I L'>.,I I,Y i>! t 9[[2. l I>i» v< >krther emphasiz<'d. Enhancementand RegulatorySystem FL>>[leothc»! !io>' r !soL>rc:cLls ,s of [!nrl»;»>»;>vi»ation. fist>cri !s 'lsld wildlife, reer, waste dispnsa[ a»<[w;It !r !dshore, line LIC<.iSiOI!->LSaki»[:<>Put>ct SOus!d are <;x,s«si>«:![!ld c sL tO >»>t I .l» !Ver>Lmvntar ; alan i!>V !ILIe iv> el dos»is>;>t :s >Il,!I<:a». Po> rc>ajorenhanccr of ports and» svi- 0;!tiona>s 11>; jL>fatnr c!f IL >vip,sti a»cf vrdtvr quaiitL". »tatv,ay<;»- <.iCShaVe pJ«Le<1 the nsajor rOle i» fisf> !ri<;», wilef life., a»el reoredtio>1 with Inclians nose j !ir>in[, thc m in fish<>ri<1<1 h!c;>I <;ovcrnmcnts arr. major cfevelopvrsI;>»letore- 1[>LeuSC. Only ras' ;IV;>r .,>L>C>soiCSrelatiVely un :o»sir,si»<; I 1!y OtiscrS. s>«:hds with the C,oast >L>ar>avigationancf I.',VA'sr .[,u- ldtioo of Lvdter quality. A»>StrasntSss> :I>aS CnvirollnSCI>t«I !nl[! .tSt >te»>cl>t[JroucsseS. IC~LSI«- tin>i. and thr. cn>srts.[>!afl other areas, thcrr. is <.ith«»I!Ii<; !tic!n f l o s 'o Prning I'E>g .ISc!ur!Hi»t> Hc!»'>T> ljo>' us '.Of Vugct Sor>rids rcsoL>rves..c dPvvtot>Pr. 'v<'n if a p>>hiir, at, .» :y, >nay <:t>ouselo deal v ith all state, agvnc:i tt>u I!up,>rtn>C»tOf LOOIO<>L'Sma»ter per!nil pro<:c»»,l!ul lo<.>il an separatvly. Fi- r!«!ly, !>iv.»>Osl re<»ember that if any agvnc:ivsd ! not >nai»tai>i<11> ";!I!- pci«:!Oi' I;>ir»VSS"i all pm .:Cdu!<'.S,il"ly»!HL'Hp- pc>it a Ito t h ' courts and havr,' thr tco is in >!» i>I Iit'i c roSts ol I<.ei»i<»!-E»«ki»y, >n >nal;1»1Ste>» itc 1>i li just as Il»! ii>it«a<.tsof a E>i«jorproj :<;ti>i » t! : xt<:>i- SIL>C.FOr yf ioitit> LICLVtop>»Ci!tS, LLt>i<:I> ;t!i»i;>ti<»i;>I i>iit! »- tan«:! With n!ajnr In :at i>nprirt», tt!lgr>vcr»>r>eni provi !vi!1'»»! :»I»It!ri!E>t>t> 'Ihc ,OJ»t<;r<'y Imt!;>L:tsI'>r;IE» lo sul!l!oft l!l>inn>E>g;EEE->»akin r> >sts 'I'his ai i Ena>,t! ! IiS< !E>tinii>1',IHZ!. 'I'hi»;1ir»Xainplv. I1as hvrn pro- L iclrct to C.ill. Isla>! l. S»ot'> !>l!lstl, a»»g : >U»l»>s tlalvZeln>- p>! ',lsf>'o>» 'It!c N !>'Il>!>1%'prr!pos EI,Khit . fina»- <:i«l >i t to sutipn>'t tvrh»iral sti!it»i>i tt!ceso>>is of l>i t> <;u»ls,thv, Llll .cl'ta!ntySL>rroL>ncllll'g >nato! pI'olc ts >s's'lilt,'>» > »1I!o>'I;»>I t!r !tel ;m. It i» lifti :ult tc! clesc:ribe all of the relatio!>ships ai»o» usc>s >EE»l ;Ey;>tries involved in thv vnhancvmcnt or rvgL>tatio»of PL>g<;Is !ii>iiroes.t!np c:an portraV, t!owpver, th» m«jit!I!an ,'e>s,»lillo>' 1egL>lators >f d use. 111!no>'Ic'>u lato!'s «>!it >' ;<>ul» l I!>'»tert a usc from thv, 11npacts of othc>it>l<>»atrix 'I'ahl ; II- t. Tt>e 1»osl IJo!verfUI d"L!n>'!OS'»' '.t tlo» !'It!l!t 1»' ,'»>»>L>t'La!iIld- jnr rL!SOun: !»t»in :<',1'Si!» t >rt>ut'> IO>'S Of bott> th , Spc ;1f>L!S : dnrl'. Othe> a<:tlvl'I><'.»Ill<>t E»<>L »E>t»ngv. »I!n» 1t. I t>esP<'.s »1 :IL>d<'. »E!IV lt»! Gorp. of I'.» >Ii !'!1'.>»»I Go>!»I u >r I at th<. f;deral level. I'i»buries a» t GL»»<;at ttie stair; lvvel a!>cl Inrlian tribes with r<'.I.'Erdto s«lc»o»»>i'eg» t's s<> :tlas Et A, f! !t ', i!XI »ig .» .>'E>II ! :» '.»t» niay >tI l>csc!g .»<:i<,» I > i>t>c>rl i» .!»ring !I; n- :ivs and are thus >nor<..siit»e :t II lt! !ir strengtt> over time. For eXd>»pic,tt!C GO!'pSot F>i >i>»> !r»,tt>'d.Hnd ttle lcpart- n!ts of Gamv wnrt t-'ishcrics have po>1crful :onstit>>vnc:i s ttzat bvnvfit IrPn :ies' a :tivilies to a n1uc!h <>reater ext<»t lha» I'.I':!, I!OI:, I!XI~. or "<<» 'ral toral .>OLCr!n!>V»l» in ll>cir ad>ui >>i»tioi c- lin > %tan>EI>i>ic>>I >"L :I. 'I'ante 9-1 shoLvs that no I'ecierdl or st«l !'H~<.»<:1 i»;> r>iaj!t!>ii>rpr ii! »1urCtt>a» OE!Carc;>, Ox<:c!I!l wtix!vi»io>ifor onc uSe.«.I>portS fOr shipi>i»<;. er,P.,g.. fac;ilities for ra>!1 li>i»tribvs Lvitt>int theirou n re»ervatio»s,On! v tlic I!,S, ', >,i»l Table 9.1 Agency missions in the PugetSound region Federalagencies +bast Guard orpsof Engineeis +EnvironmentalProtection Agency +Fish5 VI/itdtiIeService b~hationalMarine Fisheries Service WashingtonState agencies departmentofiEcntogy +DepaitmehtofFisheries 9 ttepartmentofGame +DepartmentofNatural Resources DepartmentofTranspcrtation I InteragencyCommit'ee forOutdoor Recreation +Parks8 Recreaiicn Commission Local governments j CountiesrCities I Portdistricts I Specialdisiricts PugetSound tribal jurisdictions !Withinreseniatioris ~Outsidereserve'irns ~ Major enhancement anddevelopment ofuse ~ Supportiveenhancement o Promotionof aquaculture + Major regulationof use C Majorregulation of oil pollutionand waste discharge from boats ~ Minorregulation of use E Majorprotection of usefrom impacts of otheractivities Cj Protectionof steelheadonly ~ Supportiveprotection of use 109 so>' .,'II! I I!g V>!gf!t ~!O Li! t f Co;!«}, >vt>i :t>r<,g»};!t !s»;>vi!,>ti<»>,!» } >il t!ajor re«nta- tur i>l'iiir>rr! th lli <>n LISi;.', '1'}!>IS }l f CI'OSP Or ,C!nientionS.}n i'lC}c}it!on,Pxc'P}3t toi' I'P :I'Peti !n ar>eries, t tier< >>re.fee 11»;jt!;>!><.ere ai>d xe>y little <}'>I<'-to-c}ill'clnplic>ltion 13Llt lll,'irc''ls possesspot<'13ti,>1 redd'Ll>c'<'. This iS COn>}3}CXperhal!S. hiit nOt <>nrraSOnatllVSO for the ma "nit>in>sii! v Constitutionalism '}'h : t J.S.f! iv>!s LLt h L!I I t 1 . ; !OStraintS >vere tO tie inlpOSCClhy plihliC officia}s lvith c}iffere!lt resp<»>sit!i}ities «:»>str;>i!>i»«»> ;,> !er. 1>!additictLle- bi>te in m>lltiple forums wer<3sssnrethat 11 si les o}';ii! issnc. lvere 3v tl Pxplorerl before major dec isions xv .r . a<:t<>a}}I;n>a }e svsten> that has evolved o» 1'cia~et So»»d clearlv >eats t t>S <.OnSirlererlSO impOrtant bl' the fOnnditlerS. Jliat 111 !<' theSCCOnrtitinnS m>>}tip}ioity. red>n>dan :y.miiltit!} 1> !'Lv >ve!, 1>>a!'hPst be vie'<.'<,'I'SOL! I! t s resoi!rces, Evaluatingthe GovernanceSystem Tlier ! is iio [!ci feel nii>yrv ich diffosarv: [[ vrhvt[i<.rth ! analyst "knows" wl! rt t[i»d2! wh !ther an analVSt urnparesthe rXiStir>gsitiiation with a Viai !o of LJtopia fir> vhicii c isvorks! or >villi the !nag»it»<[<,ol the problems.The approa<:[Itaken in this I;v ilii;i[ion is riot to postiil,il !;i [JI>sfirst poscrl in :h il!l< r 2, involve kiiuw[- r><[a ;<.:ess, rorisi<[actvi istir» oF the natural r riviroiir»cnt, Hy focosii» <>i!t[icsc issues, ir!diviriiials c in [raw their owr> «.>riit»<[PsP, issurs anr[ r[u .stionsfocus oi! ttir: vol irc systcnt.«»<1 11 it<>ii [!;irticul'ir organizations or si»g[rsin terms of Pffv<:li1e»css lo a sirigl<:cli<:ritle that the observ,iti<>ri» on <;«ch crit !rior»; I<'. vt'.Iy I>ill ![It11e ilnpl'Psslo»s thor. Evaluative Criteria Does the institutional structure provide relevant inf'ormation for all conc<>modindividuals and groups to make their pref !rencesfor the use of Puget Sound's resources known and considered? Kasbi»g['s stale and local grrii>i<'rilsare vers' i<:I:c>dl!. .oiri»iissi»I>s lo sup .rvise stat ' dvp[I'ihiileto this ope»I> !ss.[.Ocal governin!!rile aru itu lo<:,'ilpolitics is not <.i>r>[r »11ocal govcrrir» ol if cxist- i >g»ries ar» Ii»I'<.s[>sii e or clo not [!oss<;ssa [![!I<>[aria P.ho>iii i>iri<>s. !f C'uiil OI'cecil greater' >n!portS'lllC! 1!!ull>[![I .Ily of Sil>l,'1 !- [!iir[ik '. ,itizen po[itics un!ir 'ss1!'BiSh s i»iv. govern»!ent official ha» tl>e speuif>c:job of lo- ment,>l agc,n«y provide.s sutfi«ient advocacy on bvh ill of;i ceii: tiiii I»tc!r-Agscrc,itcd by i»i! i:!tiv<; I i I' !i«i «i>i!I!i «nio»g state.re«reation;i< en«ie»! ir to Ii;iv ! iientA«t!. Iu gpiiei'al. !II '. s sy»ten! >s ii» opc» systc<11. k»OWIVdgr. Of ao«VSSiS also impOrtant The, PxtI <:itiZ »i au<; !»»ii>di ;ate» that vvell-organized intere»t grou I!» k»o~v I!11also 111akc!s«oi! f 1i«t» visit!lc i!>1<1 in«rvasvs the, general level of information availat>ii iri n' new» n!Pdia, and the feclera1 a!ic I slate rc lu i rviro»- ii!vntal llllpa ;t state»le»ts ill«re'>sc I iifoi iii,'>lii i!ho!it snsilliistrateci in 'I'able 9-1, with major agen :ie» :teart' idenlifiabie i>>ca :Ii 'ir,d<>c»»istti< v,irc: «onrvrned witt!, k»owledge is generally available. Oiily if oi!<: i» «oil!i!l !'tlc,'is tryi>lg to col!lprchcnd cvcryt tiiiig a» <-.o!nprehc»sive ptannvrswould like to do] is thv.nlullit>li<:iti <>I>g !» .fr» rontiisine iiiigl!t i!i >kv.it easier for a »cw .'onlcr or comprchci!sivv pl'>ii>icr to "i!n i !rstand." t!ut th . tral!»for- mation oi' Ih<>p<;r>tii!n aii I rivalry anlong separatui:r >ti« I ! ,i»fo»-!»aking would greatly i'ccfuc i lii i over;ill Ivvvi of knowtvctgv, available to citizen» and »i;nib !rs iizations. It i» mu :ii >»or<>'cliff> :ult to detert.'I'hPI'P, are n!any layers Of I!iir< au ,rac;y;!»Cl!nanV pro«eciural steps I! !txveell a 'itize>1and his .o i>russriiaii;iiici ii feeler I'uget Sound, It is also clear t t»it f ;l in f<'.p .»». Th : de :isio» bv for>»cr Suuicliiry of thc I>it;iriis ,a»a fd<>Sex- cept i<>nalc:itizrn a«ress. Does the institutional strurture provicle the means to take, into ac- count a wide range ol'alternative courses of action in response to these preferences and to compare and choose among the trade-offs 1'nherent in earh7 'I'I> ! i»»titutio>!»I stru«lure governing Puget Sound'» !:»npri»cclprin!a ily OI single or lin!itcd purposeagc,nein».!!u<>h;>;><: 's>on-nldk>ng vv>th th ! > npl>c<>t>nn'Ihat n»'i>» I nli> >i>gcnlc1!ti>gcncy xvouldj. I IOYvcvcr,onv. nlu»t Inc:u» !O'I>B! sy»tnIg<>n<:y>< I'>- tin >s. 'I'i>blc 9-1 illustrates that. dt least one.r>>ajo>,>g<:»<:> in <;;! .I>n>i>tn> sul>system c!I Ol >tceffects of other resource u»vrs nn its own >' !- » >< rc<;.'I'hi» authon> agencies >venting to use riv< rs in w,>1s th;>t >c- cll>c ! i >I un».'al '1gcnc>cs oop<'1a c,Fo>' vx'ln1plv,, thn fish lad ter at the Iliran> 41. ;hittnnd<;!> I,ocks in Seattle. Io facilitate saln>on!nigr«tion i>>to Lake XY >»hingtnr>. 'I'here is nn vvay tn a»»ure that;>II pn»sihl<; tr;!r! a1» o»sidcrcd or that all problen>» are rc»n<>tl>ly,I!<>t wit I> 'itcr<»t Of ager> :vI!cr»nr>ne! to consult with nne another int'nrm;>II>. tn <:n»>I!risv. to scck nvw solution», encl t<> i>void <:nulli<.t» tl»; I <.Ould Iced to StalcmatCS.The regular, but unnffirial, mnctir>g» nl gnvcr»n>C>>tOffi- c>als sc> :h«s the Musk !x group nan>n<:w;>y thn.«t<.n .d n>usk oxen forn> a :ini'le, 1> !>'n»pul1v;!rd,t<> I!rotc< t their > ul- nc>abl ! hind onIi ! >». 'I'roup»help agenry persnnn»nl1 .n>>IIIt», tt>I» ! reakc age>>cyj<>b» <:,>»ie>. Fi ». Ily. th>tOf the enVirOnmental irnpant Staten>entrr. 1 isugge»t moditic:ation in prnjerts tn an>>nv.«reation of t]>e»>d»terpcr>»it proc;c»»at thc. state Irvcl >v»» h!signcilit«t< tract<,-off»bx bring- ing representatives of all ageuric» tnget hnit'll> !>I» !id :at ify >n>ny r<'SOI I- ing prot!h!ms. So>nc of which arc. rausvcl by gnvc>'n»lc',nt pnliri<.». I'nr ex«r >I!l<, p>i<:ing>vehicle ride» on ferries beln1v the c:ost of prnvicling II>C!n> >n .' !u>">g !Sveh><'Ulaf OVCrusc >nstc«Cl Of '>1' .'dte>'1'Valk-On rider- »hip. frtvn tr>'ps.or alt«ti<>n».It «I»n <>I>I><;«rsth«t f< der- ;!llv leg>slateclstand;>rcl» lnr Pi!g<;t !n»<>a>prOroCffiC.ient diSC!hdrgn Strategi w;>II, wh<.nvithOut inCurring COSt,nr 11he!>vier a fiXC:Cl sl !»d'»'d i»»<;1, tl>o inc:entivorc < Ifi<..ic» t trade-otfs, Or> I'uget !nund >t ! SI!fSr! Iy Ihe SyStc11>Ol 111ultl I! IC 1>igl»Cy vCIOSthat t>overn>ng Pugel Sou» f, l3>sh t othvrs »>clnegotiate. witt tt!c n so that »et costs are nrinin!ized. Thus, tl>e i»- stitutional stru<.turc!n» P >getSound is one tt!at does provide incr»tivcs for >gde ra»<>e.nf tracle-nff». Are the time and costs of' derision-making reasonable in relation to thc magnitude of the issues? A r»;>jor problem in any cn>»l>lvxof!c» s>st<.»! is tt>v,ti »e and costs i»<:err reaching a n!ajor ctrcisinn, Aftn«lio»s»!»y i»f'lu- ce«! «<1>nccrtainly of >»akin,, lt>«t dec.isio». For vxa»>pie, thv. P>shanci T'Vit,~H, whict> rc fist!,»>d witr< iss ing a t!vrmit. incrvasvcl the, tin!v. cost. and unccr- lair!ly t'or Corps per»>it «pplicants; a»d require>»e»t»fnr e»viro»»><»!t»t imp;!ct st;>ten>vntshave c1carly increased the ti»!c. cost. a!>d u»cc!r- tainly for shorttlerrl!orv., ~vtlvn nnv. agc.nc;y s clcci- sio»s ar ! c:o»li»gc»l o» the actions of another «g>e»cv, wtll :tl h«s Ils ovv» co»st! la ',» .:v.dcc!s>OJ1 ,'osts w>ll bc h>ghel'alld oc>tcon>csless cc>'- t«i», '1'h co»ls h«v . t!evn »E!viouswith thv Skagit nuclear f>never pt«»t, Purl of 'I'>co»>at>«!bor i>»prov me»t». B'eye t>aeuser's prot!osed log citify;>t D»Po»f, a»d cxp;»!sio» of cia»! >ndgcoduck har- v»tivt!igt! tccisio» costs c«»»ol bc «voictcd if pr cilize» ' > cuss,;>rcto I!c >IlpaIlingfut..">Inst recon>»1' » !»»>I>- age>neut" schen>es arv. direc;tcd towar t re proposrd .hangcs o» uses of Pug >tSound, the potential for such an ac:hievement xvift he reco»sidvrc aftvr all evaluative questions have bee» clealt with, Do the clerision processes produce an awareness of the conse- quen<:vsfrom a multiplicity of perspectives? !»c- <:»ss. However, if;!rcvss is rcstri< t :<1, k»<>wtt><>ul lt»; <:o»»'oj !ct i» likely lo dccn!as ! t! !c.,>us r! ,t!r ,»<.»tativcs of fewer perspectives participate;, 1'or cxanaptc. thc: gc;ntogical instability of 1'u<>etPower's Skagit River site whictx»p to Mav 1, tl>7<>,inctuclecl 73 days of hcari»gs, 15,'314 pages of transcript »ot i»< ludi»g t~refiled m«ferial <»«374 >xhit>iissprc«d ov<>r6 yv;>rs! or lhv lack of «cma»d f1!;!<:it v l!rovierc> 'I'i<.r'» l>mt!osnore likcl> to bc brou<>ht oui a»d a>v bvsl :xf!for>st '<> oft in» clos'ng11!e Syste!>! gleper»I!ertiv cle<;isior>!, pro :ess.Thus, Ihv problv»>is tu strik<:a boui I anticipate higl> d<. :isi !>«:o»t»a>>d lon l!rocessi !gti!ope!> syst !rnI!>'ccis ,!ywl>ere tl!e st«kes'e high «nd un .octal»tv ot ' !ns 'uv>'>sts. 'vs I!<'r!s> n!<>k-!ll ingon Pugvt,'Rounrlv fits this cat >gory. Doindividuals participating in the system develop compatible mutualexpectations onwhich to base their decisions and thus redure conAirts? In '»>op >'n-a<: :ess,>r>dhigr><>king sys- t !m.th !prefc,renr of;>ffect!s !dindi vidu;>ls at! ]org,! sbv .omt! w idelyknown, 'I'hi» knowledg n!akes ' it possiblet ! pre Ii<.ttl!» >'e- sponse»of differentinterest g> <>ups t<> prot! >sais.ancl Ihus ti ne a»<1nf- ludating the»cgroup» in»le«d owledge ol their I!ref 'r !nco»,>ncl«:!»- <.ornfor;>coon>n>«dating tl!r> leansat> >utf<>turr, le- v !loprnvntsth t! al'v. vid !Iyshared a» lBc ,' !ptedby>no»t a» j!>' !- r>!isesr<.r!«rio. 'I'o thv,vxt !nttl>at mutually con>I>atibl exp ! !ctati !>!s ;!kingc<;I'ugas <»»erg<:d fro<» past disputes. Hv<:ausr ot' thi» consensusit is unlike.lythat a!ixj i>ulu»tri;>I!r I'anility in»n u»developed!rea >swas the r«se wilh prxg;>n oil re- finerya»d «luu>iuu>!> red« .tionplant in th ,I 9bt!s yvt si nijar I!rojerts <>n!likely to btable»a!!!<;tim<;. how- ;v<;r,new iss<>c:»lacking constinu Ilx ariset ! 1!ed<.'l!ated, Iegi»lated,'!ncl adjudi<:«ted, su .:h«s c:on<:em feI .galsy»>em»!«y nvver a»ticip;>t !vv!''vev<;r, that still !y pre fi :t theattitucles ofdiff !rent'>genrio» ancl group» in anyop<.n systou! surl> asthat !nPug Sound.t :venif !ner.,>«not always 1!r dict pr . -.i»out- ! :«mes, ts the institutionalstructurv. flexible enough to compensatefor failuresand to avoid damagingirreversible actions? Can new knowl- edgebe introduced and usedand can newproblems be resolved? 'I'h open; gover>!;»>< e syst '.>nonPuget S !uodis c:Ivarly an adaptive one,Acl !ption !c:oursin manyways. !Id lawshave b :vnrei!>t !rpret<;d »swl>en thv, Rivers !r!cl Harbors Act of 1H9ct>vas plied t<>Iiqui II!ol- luti<>in ! th >1960s. A enry respo rv- ,>g 1'uge Aegulatii!g disuhargos i>ito i!avig>blu cv,.>tc!rsiv,!s li >i>s- ferred t» 'IhI Vr ?t :tion: anil vvilciliie age»c:if.sxv< re a»tl>oi>'Io» Coi'I?s of iL»g>neers IJUiin!t dIJpliudtlo»s, .'%Is!i, l>oiv .xv :shii!gl »! Stat«. Irl Sl<>'lolbo gl'nate!st flurr<<' of ree<'ilt dc.tlvity vvds ill 1970- r t cvheI> folu'- tepr! ! >i!in !r>t<>lI!rnteoti»n hill». ineli>cling th< Shorplin KI;>»H«!- me!r!l A<:t, cv<.rc. :Oi>sire, <»>>IUL!. Prcvi !> s clisei>ssions of the e! oliition ol <: fnstiliitiu. I' e.»ts,anci shorelii>e in»»a«vu oe>paoity cv>th a i>uiiiu>uii! of »iajor l,iil«ios ol tl!< sys- tprn <»! I'c! I!il iti< s ol f>g<'n i'i 's provi r »!ce that ev !» il a si»gl <»a!ur »i or f>iis t > . »rx oui ils resporisil?ililies, ther< !vill I><: ;>~~ ,» :i .stu c errssiirr«!th !iisihilili !s. Are the inStitutiOnal Strue:turi!, itS t?rneeSS !Sand OutrOn!ea, re.- garded as fair and ones that t!ro>notea high level ot agreernc,nton the derisions that result? I h>s >sil el !c!st> »1thi! t ><1 l>vi lui!lo>t>z !»sll!ust dues!v !rtoi' the>1!- s Ives antd ansv,nr yos, 'I'xvn aspnrts of tairness need to b ! <:O»sicieri;ci. !» , is xvhpthpr thp, oonstitutional stru :turp is itse'.lf bi- ,>S !<1SO tttdt SO»1OuSOrS Or uSO» ConSiStently Vein OVer Otiior uSeS Or iisers, 'I'ho <;van>inr! presented in this ! ii ! !ot >'PvealpP!»lane»t c:oalit!OIls ot P>llie> !v>1>1>s»>' '. I»!< '.rs i>id there are no obvious p o-develop»!e»t. 1!ro-e»vir<»»r» ,»t,>list, <». othP>I?>c!- On : hldsf!s !vei tlrn '. P>lg 'IS»l>T!d »lit< Ill<.",it<1 h ! >!s<'dto>' nuiltiple' I?<,iti>bl ! Il!g >I systen! so that if onf' I! If>f!s f><1 lxv»rk» >vithi>! I h<>I syst ! t Isti!ut I'rustr,>t<', hyI ai> i>I?I!arf!»tly arbitrary dec;i- sio». Tl>is kii>clol' I';>ir ! !ssis ivli;>I is ii!nant by,> governntent of laxvs, rath<:r tli< r> g >vi!c!i!. It rrescine rtHk> ft :»1>!P..i,hut bv !lot. < ha>lgl»g li!e has><: T'i>lnlclcfIP of the,ga>I!e. ,xi»st cfP '.>sionsnn I'!iget Sniinrl are, mari ! within > sl >hi< I<;g,!I .~<,s- t<:i», but there are Pxamt?les in xvI>i li the, rul .s c!l' I hi; g >i>!vi; I! ! !» <:hail«ecllo frclstrate individc>dl eel?oct;itioi!» i!! w;>ysI l!!il,>pl> ;,!rii>1t!ir. litany ltrihi>ti>hi<'.to the n<>rts, Pith»r cli- rertlv u>. i»' .<:tl<,bv th<:ir i!»t .i>rl fili>ig uth !r «'!v .'riui!P»tal offi<'ials lo not !vithi» the bounds ot the Constitution. Thc I'.'S. Scil!r <»teel Stntes v. .c!l>tom!<> 'lef!] hi» !<'g<'i«is I up I','< ' !» clI !n g l I 1P,! 92 I's ' I!! to three miles Ist;It ' gn! cr>i<»cntsw,!s «!ear!ya :!>n!gc i» lh . r»l .;soi thv,gi»11< .<»»if!I !vas tf>tc Suprc;»!oCourt ox!!,»>sionof Sl >t ' I'.n! i>onl>»!I>i>if I'nfi :y Art I!1an official t ieon!n<> Ic-ma lc a»lit!»;sis <>f th th ' imari«»1 systc!m.vate!y. sii<;h decisions arc»xcvptiun>b<'r <>f <: is s Ihf' :ol»'la i>ri; ca!!cc! upon t<>dccidc R l<;nn :i!it! ith a st!hl< lc al sest- ett» is diffi<:uit w!!vh»><> timv. F'or cxamplv.. fairness has bc! !ii flicking fnr;I lo»<>lilnc i>i tl»! ticaltnclit <>fIns ancf their tr ;at@rights. '< :cc!rc!ft!gtn I»< I'.S.,'>up .II» Court. t!!c gov'crl!n!ent!gtn» syst<.T>!ati<:aff! !is< ril»i»at<. i;!g;iiing>tf>cin of thc!ir Iigf>tsto lu< I»'n,'i >g"nn tI I't!!«cori <>lit'I sis. hnwv!'cr. I!!at !>,hi!ay he fair ln Iri<>s! st !n>i<.Iiias. it is n !i to non-I!i1!is>- !»sintuncivr thc at sl;llv rcyu!»tion of f>shx!!i>! !Sln! 'ntstn c!x!!ii» l hill h! objc :ti! i <>I l!P!ng so»glf>I lu!it hP :MISC!»I that P!USIA'C!I»'.!is. Doesthe institutionalsfrul;lure produ :11decisions that balance human usesof Pugvt Sound with thv.!naintrnancv, of essentialc;harac- teristics of the natural environment? Tfi I!i vo!L>nl bl!illl Lltlonalat'I'c»!cuts f !l' gnl »I'»- I»g V Snunci!t lint 1 the irn]!act nf m<»!s acti»i tiaturt i!»I»>rlai!t. »lainccl in tfiis I<.,xt, it is nh>.><»'»:lixitivs ha! c; I<'arlyal- tvrccl palti<:ill lr I!!!ysi<:af1»t lb iolo i al 'n!! fr !»T»c!! ts !n I'»g<.lso»»c!. cs!» <:ial!>, In »I'hi>T>if!'cldarras,'il»:fl «s Con!»!i s. 11i» a fso lear th;It clams,logging. an nt banyS>oa! :il;!r<1 !I !r!Stl .:s !I »>i!l>V ol lite !!ou>> f s t! lb'I«T>s .ttlingnfl'<; :t»of these ».tidbit! ;siiiclucl ! If> !x irtu»vs >n al'I »fl'nr»nl>s fish runs. ancsti<.idc». and tiv tvy metals in the bottom scditnvrits iri »;!rti,!ttx rc»- tnring anadrOrnnus fiSh run». aiid tlic recviitly diS<:Overl>lcrii nttnm SeCl1!llent S C OI!t amln nund's shorelines remain coei!O«gli to COntii!ii ! ttii» pre»erV,!tiOii i» lOng aS there are SOmeCitizC«S whO <:«ri»id !Iii! !»»«t tt! ! institutional svstpm to purSue tlicir ObjUCtivUS.A'it[!Out Su<.li iri!irneiit» ar : inOre liketI, tO t>U artlieved in a l open systcir! cliiirtcterizccl t>y1T!ultiplictty. redundtincy. anrl interdepvnclen<.:v«s f<>iiiiect!1'e». the in .Crit!vU tc SUCkelf 1- ciet!t anrncornnrendations for rn!nagnuent or planning schemvs siich «s tlinsc: tnitncl in the Stret- to!! ',ommissintr, early estuarine st« ties, «ti«ri:Uii»U loci»ion-making really prnvi<]ut[>crfnrrn a governance systemcomprised of a multiplicity ot limitf [! !o- ple's pret' !re!i<.csa»t>n: 118 f,i II icitir>g thv.'!>»lcm Ity nf >IsingIt to c1Ptci'nil>lc goals lilcl tn Ics gll.1nlpl '.Irl»I>l, Luld mon>tnl' 1!I ogl"aillfi. tt i» cxtr'vrnelydii'fi .:ult ti!iv. th» vaint'kirig of dec:ifiio»s unless iii»tilr>tioiial arr;I»o!iils fari 1 itatc<:hoice-»i!>king pro :vss l»et>oil of irlforina- ti !ri Iit!or!whi :tl rtloices :an hc.I!;I»<'d. Arrar!gvrr>I'nl» »rich afi Iv I»t>ing>- to ! State's very nl!c>1 systei i t!rovide a >»ultit!licit' oi int >rr»aliori. <;hoinc!.rccisely tii > lionas to nitin.n»' proferCriCIS fOr tliC:uSV Of Puget Sorlant, in a systvrn >>hvrv, t! !oplc make. <>Iii>!s t tir<>ghtrade-nffs;1 l accornn!ocllt i no! agreemc!1>tor> go>ilsfor r>iutua1lyt! !»cfiLial dc :i»iio reason t > !x- pecl ag>reementor! <>oalfiby poW !r <;ornpaniesttcto co»le to ally beriefi .ii>la . con!rnodationlvith the po>vvrrorrip;Iny financing 1'istit>'itcheriefi inslru<:tin>i ot t!nw '.r-t>rod>> :ing tain». There is n<>way that a»ir!gtc org>anizatin», »livre choi<: lfi I>i'I trad<>-offsarv, rnarlv. internally, «ar>rcpli .atv.pro about Puget >o >r>resource» t ar!»ag>ernenta>1 t!li !Il>1il>g organizat i >ii» that depencton krioivledgeof irldnlanagcr» kricW people's t !t<.r :i>Lesper- f ',ntty.they still are faced with the prnblcrn of prcdic;tirig itic consv- 1 particular t' !grams. KVitt>out1!rnt VVatu'!to atten>atiVeir I ontrit>uli<>» to oblc :tlvvs, I hifi t!r !IcctLI>sit p.tin»os a l1lenllnafnr t!ti>nr> '.r»HI!et nlanag '»t!d Iiititicsand better aliilily lo l>rvdi l llie consequencesof diifcrent potirivs, thc greaterthc: range of polvnlial hu- ni iii a .'tin>1.Aii t, lt!P gr'eatPI'ttle r ilige of pntP>lt1alhiln a>>a :t ion. thP morc difficult it ifi for p1anners arid 1»l>l>ager»to prediLt tlic oiil .on>csol their policies. Vtann irs and rnanagc;rsan; iitways nn a treadrriil l. Thvrv wo»lcl appeartn h ! no reasontn anti '.it!at !that plannersa» t >r>ar>ag '.rs Of a <:critral COaStaln>fit »»!kc r>el eius iri tl»!ir ability to prr>i>ri<:»gty co>»plex ariLcruin Vii I!I,'> !r>ncl,'ftisf> If'uric Cannot he Sr>rethat a Oentralire l I:Oaat«f rri«r»1 I!Iilent Organi- zat>oi><: Ifit;l>rl>»l l I!rooess ki!c!cvleclje of Lxh«t I!c!ot>l»I <>r tf!;lt suull ail urg,>i>iz,itiu»r«; li it th ; futurri itself hc!pr<;cfi lcf onc',h< surf>ris«I if '»ills of 1!ldll»i» lill>>ll>lglilt!,i if cct>Ze»S'",XYOL>irf!riSC!Zatiur!bu .,>rile uniea- 1!onsive to >i<:fi«nf,ii!f, c>rivnn!ont.' 0'otrfcI one he sc>rprisecIif I rrors Lwere hiclcfer>fror» liulili<: v in«tioilor cl«irli- ir!g to be tile only >realsource of sc:i !I>tifi . knocvled~e".XK'oui oue be siirprisccl if clue:isi<»lsrifi ',<;I11!ri- :l<1LlsIll«I»1 !I. XX'or>I l!>le alit>c'I I!«I !»L!I I! !» !I >ts tl<>»>sll ,l! il» or~'aln>- zc!tru» I I sx :L! > Ithoae f loni th ' O'Lll'I'col ll I u " 't AOL»> I.r in- »ox «I i<«L its . I'«irr»!ss;»!rt!int>,. Or the diffiuullL Of'!hilitv to t!rocfiot the futlirr. irl >I<;»rlil>l<.v l!ncl <:ha»"1>l~» ei! v >ron>I»!»If! >l!ll fatP l ljv think>» «L> lh,'>>I'»> ll~! I! ,'Ikothl; goy- !rnan .e syste>nwork h .ttor, It is not a laissez-fair<.sysl< ni that runs hy itself; it is a I>LII»»l>,>rtif!rt t>v filirr»lri t>I:il!gs loot a sin" le ho l»all b >li>g!~>» Conclusions Jn lr2, R !l!ert IVarr !n. in eunelu fir>g>,>st>L fi Of CinaatalreSi!ur«:! cfPc:>sion-Irli>kingon I Linet !ouncl at t fl '. t Inlvel'sltv of tE'asf»rlc to», Lvrc!tc': It I» <»I»»«>r>f lipSOt p»VirI I»>lii V rl>s> I»r r,«l><:>illvri»!» arri«:tlire L>suallvci>is<~«r- «>' h: > . a I I! as>!i > I' a I »"L'v» «>rcl I I1 v. I » in I >t rL>s t. r he .I»» I LI sI »».'i I >eI'e ll >LL!it be th<>thi>r»L>r>s. '>>ever rh> ir vali>rs»n l I>r f .r>r><:es. Ilavp clou a rp >- SL!r>L>t>ICj >l! I» .>'vari»~!~«» >I>StitC>tiOI>«IStre<..I »r ! I»r Il> ! ~<> >V .ri>«l>C»OI I'LI- ,I I .4»»»rocs that m,>IIL ai! <: »ml>li>vi>I II>e s»LI>!cfs res !L>r ' sL»i> II I Il«' LlsPsf!eof!f!i<>k<'»I II. TI»s cfc>Pa»thar Ihe svste»> Is I> .rft, .t»f that lt l>>lVr shi>I>I st>>f»I llz ! Lll6 stL>t>C tolm. :>riser»«PSS >sPStPI!sil c bi>t I>arti it»lir>C,iS bP»Lls sL>b-syst>;I'>1S liar<' bc'c'ol!!c!»>»cesll>stl .'>teiliii r»SvL»»PI!Ia>1 lllI rzl»$If>all' »>I>.f'I><'.» II th 'II'. Is e>la>»IL l»»r ! I» bv !c' .it>>II .Ii> l I»<:,>I .<>vPI'»l»ants teo l I<>»r«h > i»LPst iil rc'latin» to thv S»>s»!!ei!ta>LCI rcgc>IL>tc»'v I»»<:I»»is i>> .L!L>tf.>sltu Llir ! .>I! <:» >S»r!!ahlP.p»t!li : gl>Sar< f I<:PS. HVPI! SO,',h SVSIPr»has I O>lti>!LL<'.Ll >V<>I LI I I »I >s I«"LWf !Solsra>L<.es«»»Ili ts ha.I!!cr!c. I!. I'JBI Toirrcr!'s ron '.IL>sion >!re.xvarr,int«. I. I'irst, state an1» Ig :III<.ntan i re«ulatOry fu»<.ti uontr >SttO reSn:1t of progranls associate f ~!It ! tile <.r«ation Of the t!epartmcnt of I.;CO os shorr line >nanagement. Pn1i- r!>n>;>Italimpa :t st It !'1>Iptil >ni>listratioll otiosityilr>plemcnting Shore inr nllnagoment h is r<.r rPS»PCf tf>i! pre'letit ! fdl'. f:1 cn 11ith a rcdu<-.tio!I in fcrfcral rcnentaffy clifforcnt h'o>n that ot 1< !. NPconrf, the or ation >f Ifles '. f !rnlal >Pg»f >t !rVt!ro :<',s»es<'I'> f1tf!P>I' of!P>i hedI'lil" s hds ag l >i! fuc:cclth ! cost of .itizcn pa! ti :ipation in thc sxst ln bc .ause recourse to oostfx <: >i>rtsl>its- as xvprp so important in thv. t r'I'.Tf!ese I;ildn "ps prc!vlcfe ei pll i Llrtfle> e<'Icfel!Iel>ass of f Ugct Souncl s go%'<,I'nan sx'stcII1.; ' i i>get Souncf I'P>nnins a i!ror u<:tive. natiiral reso>i>«! uith a cfiier- » >t<«' !f Pill'll onlllellts dl! f hi>ala>I uses. i'ts >la >ra1 «.>II'r> I >" «.> !a :I t <' is groat. but WSS ire !n rPSol>rces m>>Sthe antic'ipaterf. t!nP ml>st - >in ;i'. »a»ten! that ha» croft'<1 f fronl Eng c:ol>!>llo>! a'df i!I'InelplCS Of tflC t >,S,COnSt itL>tlun /<>t>O>1 <> Oi>CI'ill>O» !f StatP,an has»< r< Old fat!tix'< g<i«; sx'sl< n> f<>r tiln futllre, lt IS >i SX'S C>n,11CWVC'~ Of, tillit rfuf! '>1 ls »! ti> ! :Out>»i»'. '.n- !rvy of :itin,n» d» i<>i>ti>;in !liii<.dl sist<:>» to its fii f1<:st<:xl<:» t. Notes Ti>e nSin thiS < hdpter arn le <>ntf>L!r1 >in iit ivor c on institntion >I >n>lysis in< V»g< 5r>p,>< iii."' 't>v Q»vst tor ,i!It nl>t<, ' P;ir<> fe SSf>>rfey H>!ldiil ,C <<'>>>'STf» P»>'i»» « thi» iihe»i!i»e>«»> ll>«iiili »PI i»a or i<> i>iiiIn !ii<:;i- ti<»is of in»tiintion;i < Ps gofor' i<>fora>ationp>oc »<:tion;>nc »s ' >r ' 'Io »'ct j» ''The . >»sun>ptin>> !i kns'' it J< . BibliographyA»le>'1all Fl'1 '>1 Sla '>'X'ICC mnlinltl 'I '>70!. I 'n 'On>n>O oil! ! r«i ra1':lciShiilg Itig!>fs of fhc,'~I« I !«shoot. I'll1'all«i!. «>»I iX'isquc>!I1i»clio >s. Sil,>tile: I 'iii<'ersity of 4',>shington Press. Arinstrong.fohn :.. ai> lPeter :. Ryncr f1!f3!. Co«sfc!g<.»».»1 <1»«!ysis..! Arbor: cAn Arbor Scicllce. Harnhi.rg .r,J l ncsA. JI!37',I!."P»I!!i<: Laiilvs ot' fl>c 3'«k- in>u lncflun Xulizugu Lu!e II<.>ivlI !:1M-I ishingtc!n'sPublic I.,!~v 280 Juriscli .'tion on In lia» Rvs- cre. ficus," I'Vushi»gt I.usl»ngfonFisl>ii> H gt>tsConfro 'i>'sy.Ar> E<:«- i>«irlic Critic Seattle: 17rli1» s! r< floll. - {1H>7!1!'Issues in Iicc!oral, State,;ir»l Trib, I Taxation i!f Reeving,>l o« KVca!th," I'Vus!>ingfo» l,c ir llci.iclr 54i3!:5!:3l-5!tt k Bish, Robert L. !375!!. "Th ' Assunlption of K > s2 Spriilg!: 25>t!-252. I'.37t5!."An Lrronomi c l >tvrpict ition ol Lan i Rights: M>sir»>i»> So 'ial 1Valfara Vv>sus F, ir>toss," in Pul!li : « i l Pi i 'ulc !fig/>fs iil Lund: lf !gol«fi«if es. 'I'c>k»>g. ! !. Arx al A. Morris Scatth>:Ltui~ ersity of 3%'asiiii>«tol> lnslitutc tor Rileirorllnental St»elias. pp. O!9-7t. f.'II3f7!.'"I'hc Taking lssuv: I» thi. Fil'tl> An>cuc!u>cuta Myth'." :A'I'I! Fil- eironn>elital Syinposiiim, I' inter for I'oliti< aI I-;<:<>n<>rne;>»r>fRa- solirces, Mcnfana State fir>ievraity. , anc! llugh . Yo<»'se t f975!. I.'rb u> i.'<:onomi s «n I I'«!i :< Ar>«Jv York: M<: :raxs'-I lill. , Robert 'A'arrcn. L luis F. EVvs<:h!e>,Jar > .sA. Crut<.hti<>I75!. stol H sou>cc fisc: 11ec>sior>s »i Pi» vf S !ncf John 13anta!172!. I'hi. Irikiii Issi v. tV, sh- iiigti!ri, II ',: I LS. i«rerun>ent Prf >ti»g Offi < v. Hrvirnc>!2fd!:515>-52 >. Buckley, kiu> f I!7!. "Cv >stitutioual Laic 'I he Fv !eral System »--ShlteSo< cr- cignty;!s;!n lmpliacl Rest>ai if llpor> tlii f..'omm lrc !Pou er." >'c shing>onI. > < I!e! ie>! 5 Jl!: 747-7h6, C .'!ark,Joh l I I!>77! Coustu!E«os<AI«nc>gen!ant. Kv< '!' !r k: 't1'iIvy. Con>nliSSinn i»1 M;irii>e Suienuo. Lcngino ;ring, a»f!<3!.Oui' Xu- li<>» iii<1 fhe S .u. washington. 0 :: t!.S. ~oli lg fllficc. A!so known as the Stratto > ; on! <»ission Ri;port!. 123 C i'i' il'>i>>i"I if» l Lti .'<1i C;o»i»> i tiei Xt«''<.I>a»tf<,fa>'»><';>i>cl I' i~h '.ri '.sI I '.!, 7 t..l r.'<»>ili>Jr>i >I I.c»<'aIf 'Ic>i» fg f ! C,noae> i if > f!r>c>f>cf I i<'ic'I !J!n!c'nf ci<'> '< I' >'sfIViJrc c.i Lnfit<, iiiif!i.U,>ah- »!I'ton. DC« t.'..'!. C,<>i»t>ii«C!tfii >. C;nmptrnllr>' t'<'»» ',>I cil If!<' 1 '!i. I!>7fll 'I'Jr< I'.»<>if<>f7 !iii .XJ»n r.'»n nt I'rci if >ii, I it<>ic'. YV.ii. DC:. C: »ipl>' ll i G». >or il' Offi<. « :nrk< r. :h >if»a I': t I7 >I, '"I'h ih;>IJ 4'nt I ill 1'i>1!lii '<'L',>lcra» ill>iiiit 1'<'rmi~ !>> !I> Xi >!»Ikl' C?h !Ji»> I!u»,s»!n, tt i'lt»» "Ii!! > J.c»! lt<" '>i,'ii 4 "!I I !' i !-'I I ;<» v»>, F7tfJ 'I I» ;l >f>r!>i.I'rini iitiii> I I>>i«i>'a>ta I! r :! a. C;>'i>t :hf>nlrl, JI. 11!>Ii!II..'inc icic i i»>i!»i>c f».if>f rifii> >tie>n~>n tf«i XJ<»><>I.itf«1ii> Il>iiIc>!>h r ii I'U>lII C 'u»tri>»itr >li» l <»ili o I'oi!ti'i or!'o I t<>Cio!.TJ>< I'rir if ii,i<>fn>or>I iaf «> i<~: .X .!I ii i Ji cif I»'i>tior«>IC:ai if >ui>. LI'>lti»!ur>., John« I hit>l ir ia. I?npa>tmvnt nf E«:!I<>x 'l!I !J. '.Vr<.'f>in,tc!c>Sf»«' ,i>c,.I if '>Iii>ri i>ii»~~t 1 i i<.p~~<< . I! l»rtii» nt of I',c'nfnt,i I<ff1. t'>iirJ,tc I ? I!»> I»;>:tV,>a l!In@ton,it.>tl I;>.ufo<.f>»t»»»f iil I'iah rica 11!I7RJ Nc>fr»ii<>r>if itr hr ric a f!lx'n>t!i!. W,>shi»I;tt< D< I!,irt>n<.'nt 7R].I,''ri»al«teilÃ«nc' .X Lnc!k r>f IV<>af!in@fun'aP»~ I !<><»>tth'. L>ni!'»rafts ul' 4K',>i1>i»'to>i I> < X I,> ir >i i, > i s I 'ru «r ! ri >. I,Ilia, I!> riiir S<>J<»c»!:AJ<»>»,"<'n>ci'»f I I'iripf<. '<'i tait <>IX'iutori > tVuat irn «.,'i< »,J>f>i<.;>1! lahl, Da i I I:,. I'.I -1!. :nnst;tirfinnnf P ! r F I r >I >ri I ifc>t St I'a»1 AV<.atJ!»hliaf!f»t< .' Haai> :h»s '.ttaIi!ati;»tc' >f T«:1>rir>1, ''iruf '. L:. I :!! "I'>ihlii. I.;>ii 'iitn! I'lie>I.irn>t~ cit .'iti>ti' Ji!riarlin.," I 'C;L 'I J,n>r JI i i< « "2:.;I; .R!It. '<>o>ln>»,H< > IF . I. I I'>77! Sh' 'f>nr>arif '7;: I'« 'Ic><»«»i '<'r»!si!c'cta.!i>!attla; VV> «hid>gt ;r >nt Vrc!gram If I f »>i>»><' inI J,iiii it. V,'><>I: tK . Ha»»I un..'r. Jul»i Jai z < f Jan!vi XI > fisc!>! I».cf.l. I'I>< I'< I< ivfiat. 'c>rkklncfarii l,ihr,>re tli>at l!<>t>liaf>a>.t. ffo>»»»i>, J C . I!I7IIJ. "I'.»i >ri»>i»i ~»1,>1 1.,>u: p><> C:i>1>i>«i>t Stan>r f f»f ih .' I fir».'>hnl<1 Dpti.>'n!»>aI>nn. tt claf>>»< 'i > '>i .i4 I ]: I R'>-IRR. Ilorsf><»i»>, II<»<.. Hobort ioo.;'<»tf><»v Hiire>.ri !»l '!' l>i>rla Ida i>tii I t<!tl. I ' ! I i X, AI > .ri!i !I I' rf C;>n< th r ii I I m ro>r! C:nnatnf,hfc>nc!<'c'n!ci'ntI'rc!l<>' !ma,'inalii»I >'i»>tVrri< r»>i Ihilia, 1 h>lfil!s. I-''>irn ross, I'I'!rk. a>iclf«f'>rti» I97>. I'f>r SI<>fcI':iii iic>iiiii<-irfiif Pc>frc> <'Kc'I:chr> c'Er>c>1! a>s c>r>l>c>a' Jr»I!rc!« ir!r'r>f. hel- Jit!s. :air»<;rosa. :Ia>k.,!»rl I! ta>tin. prot»a@ion»I,'I r! ir:7R!. "i:o»I,> vaa anrl C;oaatal /nnn I I;>n>« rnc'nt,' f.c>ciafiil ir!c!<'cmr»f /ci<>11111:i- t2ft. Hi h!i ogrupt» I h!ur! :a!>al .Xrf! ia»ri i'i»!s. Jon I I'J7 !. I J«J I I«»rt I'uu'»- « n I, V.'!: It»oct :ana! !ch >a«ry ;i!niont J'Jr nr>in i!i I I cine!, t !tv>-, 1» I L>!R''!1> ' Wile»>- «"1'11'li'»1,S »!f1! '! Vrap iic'.c!fc>r Jffi< c' fr,> .tIu 1 !i< I'a .ifi . Uo! th!! vaf R !g>uii >1 'i!»j!>!!aa><>ii. -- J I!17<1!."Thv I:.S. Inti»»aInun !Xtl!na' >'»»'»I, >>1I oaf >J II '!!«c»' ' ! ' 1>l thl.' F if !i ' . I Jl. . e I.,Y>!- fl><»>i JI.J. Llo<' x. X'an<:»!>!vr I.,'»ivera>t! ut JJrifiah ;i!»,i 4'v~f!! !fe> Re- avar r .. p I!. I !.'!- 12 I . ,,i» I R>lee>iXI. ;o »> ,1,!I'.I !I!. "J-I,>rlsu>'Li!!e..!>»l tli I'iihli . Tni. I B~ ti'1»v > n Vaat!1 »gf1X au>gal! li. XVAtara, I IaJ1I.. .rsaf>!l J I.3!. I» I»>na an l '. J»a!I'>!!ll i»!>1. 11 ia>ing- tr!n J,<»sIl 1 > ,>!,~4!:I!:!f-f!:1 I, ,,i» I Ri<.l>orith, v77! ,c!ciatuJ z'.u!!<' Lu>1»l> J J»JI 92 Svattl<.:1'>ii! v!aiti ut 0' !ahington Sc'Iioah!>I»! '!a»g fJ<'il t ,'1'I 'I! I!'/«I > «>I «i! 'l1''ri '.a:Sun!n!n!'<' ll< I!a'>oct:Xaaociataa. I'ial!ar rIJ> KV;>ahingt»nSt,>tr I.agiatat>!rv I 1iiia- f ! !!t it!»» . !I»»1i 1 I ,! .' I.atc»>ri'.ll, J»!>!i h.,;!r! I I'.'J,>inr L!a!' I.ato!»'v! I I I c>7;!! ;««afc>J 1«»<' Xlonclg '»! '»I Str> J! ot Inc'I>c!i!Tr>ia! J >iicf»in lt'c sfcrn 1 'r>a!!i>!afo>1.C!ly»>l!i,! Pi fi;iri I I ii Ih ! 6',!a!>!ngtun .! I>iti!13>>I!;>rt »>vi>'I v ot 4Vom n Pot»ra of Saatt!v I'17fl!. 'I'ri«J< «n J fhc' :iti of Sc'<>tt!<'.Svat- 11<.:!.>»! g»< »I ' 'o»!un K ut !ra. t,vvgvr,v<1, !v! fh I;ni ironmantal Q»al>t! :o»>iiiiffvv l'!»»>g I. !r:!acro .:,!ti !n37"j. Shg '>» '>lf.'TJ»' «af> iiigfu!i Ext! !> i< 1» :. Svatflv, Ya!I>i»glun S a '>'L!»I I'iugi r!n>. E.nf!!in, Shirlay Rohi» J I'!f!.'!!. Thi! I'» a >!f of ,'crfcii»t! :;!n>hei leg<.I fiiii v>iity I' n! aa. !!I< ;uii »!yt>x, Hcnn 'I !<. It<8! "Thv Ir>tvi !11>' l1<"a fli S I;ite Su! un!Ignt!' Pr>g 't .'!u«r>a. Kaa«.KI >»ro 'n. an I Jarnva H. F>Iii;iii I!1 ! "l>it«if>» .'»gtu» St>ite Slioiuli!i ,' Wl»»age»lv»I I AP»f' Af !! l lg '»>eilf Jui!i»«J,I!:11.'1- I;"! L St l!i». '.h,»1>aH !!!;>r>I l0 "3 I. 1'I> ,'.'!> p>: ',!! I!»I< vrai ti I-'r !as XI >au >s.I!unry S.. J inii a IL Slioit, J !liii :. V>!! J!i ra,,»! l I',io! !. IC»t!'! Poli !1' »> fI><' L !>if ' I Sf« 1 !». . !»>I!» Iqv.. XI,>.»ai.l luavf I a I»af >1>!ti. i!t 'I'v :I!»»II !gh'I >'t".4~. XJ '!'l,i>n,L ,'O'IaBn .Kaau .h>fva> 1',I"I!!. I li<' I'rObJ .'>»uf Jii J!ui>.E J»>ii!iatiat1«! >. V,!al»»gto», Ij '; lnstitut ; Iur iu!'vrnn>vi>fa! Rvava>i.li !Xv!! '!'»rj !of»>sou kv!1»t :<» P., I 1!7 I !. '.! ..Stoa> t .! . »>!i! 1li>!!vrt Sti«i t XIuv>u I 1'J tj!. 'I'Jie I II.f !>1 ii>if L1«1 Fia!>- < ri<>a Lon I»n Stavv.ns a»rl Ha! iiva. Xl>>!le». 13'. I'aa>!J;. Juh!> ;. I'ii:1 .v, :!>a>!va I l. S!!vI<1»»,,»> I I li» Sf c>i>rfP«I!t!c..»!J Et'c>af!»>gtSf«t! I'iil!>1!a»: 'c'Caa!!- ingt«n Stgtun I f J7 !I..! Iu»i if! >J«»JJ~J >nn!!!gi>1 IY«af!f»gf»» Sf«fs . S> aff!r %1»»>I kvav li,»>ftlg I Llgef S ! Jf> }cff>SJ> Mort}>!vest}»dian I ist>eries G<»»»>issio»l1e Governor 'J77!. State PJ.<>»oge»>e»1. !!err>pi»: 1Vash>ngtonState Oft'>ceot th<'. 'overnor. O ,eanogra}!hic: C<»nr>emissionof YVushir>gton11!178!. LN ; c»>'.c»' fs >danugcm !!>fin IV >sf>ir>gtorrState., Appc!nc!ix ;, Juris fir.tr»r!c>J:4~ lf>sis, P»rt 1. Fe }era! un } 'lVasf>ingto!EState, Sent!Jr: t! r nnogr rf!h!r ,oflE>7»sslonnf !Vnshil>gto». Pret»>redfor XVashingto>EState I.egis!at»re. 11!!Bf !, .'Ic>m ancf Afusscf flnr> esfi»o }>E!J«striae ir> 0' >sh>n to» Str>tr!. Seattle: !Cea>E»g>'at!hi< ;Omrn>SSiOn OfV paahingtnn, I're}>are f<>r } O',Es}>ir>g- ta n State Legislature. Oceanographic Institute Of A>aahingt !n 1 t!178!. Sur> C 1of A fr>ri>ECI!oat I n>ln< h- i»g u» J,Vfoorugc!I'acifitics. Seattle: Oc»'!r! !g>E>f!hi<:Ins>it»te ol Y>shing!on. Ostrom, Vine :nt '371!. '!he I'nfitic»1 Thenr> of u ;orr>f»!«r>cfHef!uf!frc: A fi - <:or>str r .tr oj th ! Logical I'»uflrJAtlolrs of A»EP>fED>'ra<1s P><- s<'.»tecfil> 'Th F>.c} >ruJ'rst.'H}acksbur. W'A: ;entc:r for the Stuc}E c!f Pul!}i : ;hoir c. }1>S!1'C>tiul>.Ling- ers i ti', AL: k'>li E crsi tv of .'Xlahar»a I'ress. I'e,dy, Ro}!ert H. nprOE'ing I»Stitutinr>al Ar>r»ape»>r»>Sfur 11' >terD<.'E'uf- the Slut>. oj 'I>!'c>sf>i»gton:Dc> cfop»>ento} unE>ro»»>er>I»i 'I'rodstra}»Is, Seattle: 1!r>iversitv o!W;>shington Institute of Goverr»ner>t»l Research, Pettv. Rer>nethI' I J78!. "Accommoc}ation ot In<}ia» '1real> Righ>s i» an Intcr- natiO»el Fiahery," IV»shin ton f.a>E He> ir 8 53}2!:403-458, Po>v>.r. 'arrett I!tt!. ;hescrpeukc Ho> in Leg»1I'c;rspei»gtor>, I! ; 1>.S.Department of the 1»terir>r,Fe<}er>f 4';>ter Pof Iution :nntrot Acl>E>inistra- 1 r!n.> Pr>roeJL 11878!. Lc>EEnoel the r<>r!>eric >r>fr>rfir>r>, !r><}i;>r>af!nlj»: I}ohh»- Evferr>}} :O, Pritrhett, ,. I ler>nan I!178!, '1'J>eFederclf SEstem»E .onstitutio»nf La!v. F»gle- svood Cliffs: Prcnti<..r.-l tat!. I'ubiic Lunr} L,>EvRcvic>v Commission lc17!!!. ! >e Thir 's I.»! sard A. 11870!. "'I'he l,ak» Ulef,>>>Ouse ;X»other E'ic- ington Lu>Ef}c< ie Cost ol 1.»>iror>»>e»tr>J Profec tro»: Hcgufc>th>g f foosir!g Dev Hru>!s.rst!>Ei- versitE, :enter for 1!rhan Po! i<»r Rear»>r :h. Ro els, KVi}lian> II. Jr. 1Eiro»rnenfuf Lc>«. St. P'>u}: A'est Pubiishin :o. Schoenb»uu>, Thomas J., Rona} } >V. Xfer>itt, blare!Xrn> TL l}og»e a»so>>,<. Js. I J77!. Or.:eun uncf ;oastuf La<1 'I' acf>>r>gA!at !rinfs, I'of. JI, :nnstal Lniversity of Xort}> , >rolir>> Se! .r >nt Prngr >m. Slaglc. Richard M. ! I!!I!. "The Puval}E>}!1»i»ti»» l!isestab- lishment 'I'est," IV >shingtnn Lnr> HcEfestoa L'.. ed. 858!. 'I hc F .d<.rc>f ;o»vtion u»uti»r> o!' the If»>on. Inc}ianap<>lia:B«f!}!s-fc!ferri}f. Stri .klan<}. Re>>oar } !t!. "I» }i»n I.an a ! } Po}icx: 1 he l}istori,u!'s i'Ecw- f!oir>t." IV»sf!ir!gtor>Lc>«H»E ic>E 54 8!75-478. Hihlt'ogt Subcommittee on L'nein«i>rti»ntdl Poihitiori, ;ommittee on F,'iicironment anb!i :VVorhs, II.S. Senate.'I:!-I j77!. Hvririr!g>s.Irccf !re>iii>«tr r Pof/utiot> Cot!!rof A t Ant !t> J>nct>tsof 1c>77, Put't 3. EVas!iii>glori.J34', U.S. 'i!ivrtitnr iit Priri I it>g Olfioc. LS. Seri1ittcc ot1 .oint» .cd Ir,itlspoctdti !t>.97soti Sufn>«ti«tid Stcclhcud Str! ks 9C!-27 Ma 2ti and 17! iV»s!iiiig- ton, D :: ILS. Go»crt!t>!et>tPrint>ng !ftice. I<ct!. fic s !r>Not'tltts'cst S >It!i.ti «ti< Stgton,D :: I!.S. 'Oi vrnment I'rir>lii>gtti e. WVarrrn. Robert.Robert tish, I.ylc L', L'rdit>»,anil Xiitr h .'ll L. IVI«ss972!!. ''Al- lo<.atittg ;oastal R»sour<.es:Ttarl»-olf an i Rdtii!riiiig Pro :> 'I'he! ii'«- ter's Fifgv. ,'riticof Pi!!h!vms cf the C.<>rial«IZone, ed F! !el~trii. :ambric ge:M issa 'husettsIrist itutc ol Terhi>ol<> < .p p.212-24,'! VVashi igtonI.d!v Re>;I<>as I!>77!, Si.mposii>n> otr tiiv I'ishr r! C:onsvr>ict>: ;I!. VV!ashit>gtouSea 'ratit Proyran> I!>7 ~ !,'I'hc 1 'sc,St>tel rir>rf AI >t!ci<>en>errr!/ Pi!- get So it>1!osiurr!.Seattle: 'LVashingtrat>tProgr irn. 8'a»hit>gtor>State Att Get>cra!'s iffi .» ar!d JohnVi'. i,ur> I!877!. 1 gii- lotion of IV Ac rs.reci. A I,s, !Iy>nf>ia: Prvf!areci for the 8">shington Det!rirt mr'.ntof L' :olog1. iVashiogton State Rvse.'tr<.hCouncil !>74!. 'I'h<'.IIcseorr fr t.'r!tt»r it's licit>clhor!I; St«tv rit!I ;oi ernrrivnt in V«shit>glor>.C!I> n>pia: iVas!iiriglor> State Rc.- scar :h :otir><: I I. '6'etch, Yopl :ttrtis I l!17!1!.Hori>r!r t's ;ontroce'tsi.: Fish ac Pirr :rtsr S!ttr i. Sviittl<: L'niuersity of iVashingtonliisti tiitc for starit>e Sl ii!orth, ]an ari JC;>ro!vn Syn>ons I'.4!. Iticr!ctort r> P rbf«A < nciesor>rf Pri>otv C'co»f>sIt>ferestv iri l thc.iVotet' f!vsr!ttc r s o ii'oshiogtr!ri.O y>npia: YVashi>>gtonDepartment of F :ology. 6'tet>ker.Rochvl t Lr nabI, "Ari I'.xpositionan i ii i!>'sisof the A!lpe!c.' I'rcpared fr!r 1.,!w 7, Scatth>: I fi>ix crsitc of iVashiiig>tot> L't1'irhiic Pot'ts Eco>!oil't>c.Sl «sood Litv, :.l: Ins-kuebelb» .k;>nd Assn<,iates, ! iir . iVi I isis tell<:x . 'Ail II!I<'.i'I'occll!t .'>ltd! Platirittig>Proposal for' th<'.Coastal Zone',, C.«rtg>r.t»vrtt Jorirri ii 4!:4:I ~!-4 i 1. iVilson-Iloss. R<>h»rtD. t!»Iiidiari Rcscr!ati »is' i'i'rtsf>ir><>tonLure Rvciv. s 53!: !h7- >!->!t. 7ilv7igitr>ds L. 974!. 'rX Legis!atice-PII Iistory of thv .<>asti>IZottc caela>tag»tui't!I 6<'I of 1 072." Co«s!<»erg>vt>!rt>t !r! tin!-274 >03 nfl I I l>gP !g<.'ISr> c> f >2' L !»J> Cases Cited :Ariz<><><>x. ;rr lifer'nrc>. ' I:5 II.S. 0";I I!>.I I ! .X»J«< v.,Kr»c r'is f«>r», -I I I I!. ~ i.'32> I c! I ,'hJ>ucL v. Srrc>J><>mi»J> ,c>ur? tx 7 KY>?.Zr?< I3 I'.! ! ! .hc J.S. 4,5!I I ftl !~! I''>r» . I uurr. Y .CI<.'.. 4 3h'K >»<1-17:> <'I ! ,'>J>J>c>n»v. '!f t.l L. I cl. "5 132 k! Ju»t v,lfc>rirrs ffs. :<>r>r>i<,: I XVI» 's<, 's l! V..B'. 'cl I! I!!. 'll kur>>>c<' w. I?s<:Ls r, '0l II.S.;»,6 I!! I >! ,Wfc' :srJ> Jess>J>cr lcrrrL!s<><'J>. -I I :a J. '>, 'cl ! c!a;5! .WI<'>. J<>J><>»<>.> . < ->7 I I .IJrr,I .r. I;I, 13 !,3! ,»Jc>v. J.r»»ss csl 1%'<> I'c.t.! 3>>, I 1I!- I lfi»»<><>>'>i Ilc>llur>cl ";>'s I I.S 41 > I!>7 >I Xc> rcrr>rrll.c c> u«rf itis'» u. I'. <,'r'x, 12 >1!.S:3'> I! >l Xc><<>cr? Hi!J I'rs»s rarr. crr>'c>f.;3»»'cni, kir> :n>rr>t ' :c»>nc'>J.137 KVN 'rrrr»l :n x ..Ifn,2 ! I'.S:5!!;5 I f ofx "r>n :.x . ,'>I«>f S<,'nfli<;. 9 ! 0' i "ucl a'.I I!!II !'err c>f'J.c>n!nic>uc'>'».I XV>? '>c 'I !.,>,>,'I f'. 'r>tfc ftir i>fic'f>'<>I<.»v. I Jur>L»t ,c>ul>t?'. 7 i A n. >»!I<> >J>px'v. Srin>fh,;5 !" I . Suf>f> I !!9 I! !<>JLlu J J,77 L .S. I I! 4><'> II I,>.>7 I I tl 71 ! Th<,L?c'pc>>'ir»c'rrf c>J ."c>rrrr v. Tl>sP«c c>llc>f> lnclirrn 'I'rif><, 7 ! %VV,."r>rl '> I'. inc 7a4 I!It>7! nile <»<:Yf>f?nc r ,<>.,'31111 S 7711'.!-I !! ! 'n>'farl Sfr>»f>s>rfrr :<> .!.34 I . S..!4!>,-I I-:I.t '115> 'V.l!. Vv I!I7:I!, AIJ' :ir I'1! I 'r>itcrclSfsris» u. I!r. '! I I S. I I!!;I ! r>it<>rlSfs>i<» u. '<>!if<>sr>i<>.,l',I" !.'S, I!? I!! ! 'r>itnr J Stat<'»i'. I!crrf>c, .!II > I r,,'>.ll!l! I!? 11! ! 'r>rtc.J Ster!. II IJ« I: >3,5I'. Suf>I>. If!;,-I Iitc>'t1 I'ur> I'! I,>! 'nr r cl S crt<'a v. ShrI<» x. Sfc>r...IIV '.S. 'ldll > I!II!I>! ,uSuS .l lirrf I 'I iit «l S III .',I I ' t!! 4 l.;YII rr rrr«I,"1"t! I . 2 i!l, I'Iris :ivr I 4;t!I., it. I rrir.. I ~ !I I .8 '.! lt! I.' I I Statutes Cited Federal Anadroni<>us1'ish C<>ii Ant. 18 I JS ' 755-780 I ,'oastal7<>ter 1'oil iiti oii Coiitr<>lA<.t of 184H,VL HO-84,>,<.I> 7;>0, SI,'o 'ontn>l Aot Am<;ii00,UH> Stat. 8 I b, 33 L'.Sl. 1251-1378 Fish >nd 6'ifcllifv. Coorrli oiition Art <>f1<358, 10 I'SC t>81- >I>7<> I'islivrv onser<'at.ionanrl ibianagemvotAot of 197fi.Vl, II2>-'0>5> Cviii>r,il Allotiueiit A<.t of I HH7. 24 Stal. 388 I <1I1 831. 48 SI it. 087 Xfari»e.'vfamn>af Vroteotioi> A<.t of 1972,1b IS : 138I, '1382. 1:!71-1384,i4! I I- 1407. ati<>ii<>1Environe,42 L!S ; 4:<2 1-4.347 Yati<>n,>1Parks aiiiiAct of f978, VL <85- >25> !il Pnffiiti<>n Art c>fI!I24, :h;Ilb, Soo. ]-,>. 7, 8, 43 Stat. IIOJ-0 > Polluti<>ii Cor>trol it> ys Safety A<:I ol 1072,PI.!12-340 Rivers aniili;in ,.I,VL 280, H>7Stat. «HH,18 I.'S , Sul>uiergcd Laiiila Aot of 1 3,43 I 'S ', 01-134:3 K>ter Quality lmprovemeiit Aot of 1!170,PL <81-224.84 SI;>I.Ol 4'atvr ResouroesPlS JBIH2-1<<82'>-',3' KVilK<:tof 19b8, J. i US , '127 1-1287 'LVashingt<>n Fiivirc>oinental :o<>rdinatioii Vroooduros A<.l ot JO73.RC' Y!IO b2 Interlocal .,<>opnratioiiA<:t, ;h. 23!I, I.a~vsof 1Bb7, It ;EV 39.:34 M lrluo R«'rf Ii<:il>af ',nile ot' 1<388.RCK 35A Shondine Ma iiagvment A< t of 1971, R .I>J>'HO.58 Stat<.L'nvironiiiental I'oli<.y Aot of 1<371,RCAV 43.2 1<: '1'ank<>rSafety A<:I,Ch. I 25, Ia>>vs.RCB' HH.J >.170 131 Index ai pro i 11. ', . 117 A»a orlv i I!iiP'i'!l»i!i>'I'> !I> .. >! i't L,. 1 Ai>ririi!..!v< rvtar> of fnti rior C !L:il I 12 1. >stir>k .Ol»>i!. .I!O!>.'L . I!«lok« npprnr,»«.v «f lairnoss 21. 100 .1.!.!rn. 5A aq»,iti« lai>/ol'>o'L'. .«I fo»tio I I I'.Iii !tt B i> 3, t!, 1 I, Ail jr ii of Coi>fa lviation 0!I oni r~~'LIa<.>lit! siting .-.i A ki'» v .1»iv> i ' iii lt r!f>'r>L'oi fill'L >I >»'n>v»h>l .oo>'rl>1'>at i »> I'i «Lociuri.'s !I»'r >fora 17 . l <:Io I I n «f tt'ash!ngton Citiv ft'i 'I>i'»'«»i»VI>t!il »T>p >t ;n>vi>l! J.!-!.30, I," . 52!-,>-! . I 0 7, 1 2I 13,«>@orj.'!k>T,>I,'i vJ n»L>n>U>'Lli'llPon r'»'i!i I!'!. 10-17, 21 U ~lifo@ha»> li v ng 1!! 13li!i!!L! 27 nqiial p>ot 'r tion 79 Bolrit :I Br1oonsi!tvn .L am Jr 00 I!v !i rnl I..iiiii.««l gator CO»S«r atfr»> I'»i>LI:34. 48 CanaterI'oil»tion ,ontrol ATEIb;>I;»> v 2,3.2 . 10-110. 194l3 2' 11J-I t-t. I lfi-I I0 I iiili.i.>1 Vatv< poll»tion Contr<>lA<.t Chrohor h T nr!!>rn»ish 'E»>nfi 22 'X>TTv»»!vtltsof I!'2 I.T 2 !. 32-0J <.ili 'o««ri>m h>li!i» 10 Cii ii 3Vorks I'iii ram fiitli ani«i>rimr nt 20 Ciallatn CO>inti j «L ri>in, i>tJ t -I, 108 I i li,ii«1 it ifItT;'«.Iiit' CI i «Ion I. vfr' Iti 1;ipart Vr !gr;>n> 00. 108 I isl>vri Cons«ri ation;ii»l ! Ia>!agrmont Coastal 7o>lvIT>»>a!!r >TLP»t I!. 1 i. !. '>I Acl. of 14~ f! !.31 ,oa t,>I 7«n<' XI »',>/I n>P»tA Jl !f Ii!ilo»'E'5 [nai>Igon>v>lt 40!..! I, 7N 77. I f!72 07, f!.! . It'!. -100 I! I-2. 102-10-1 O!ni>»'i> vn>E'iil B !L '1 n. I I 7 Iorl. I !n traEIE!/E»lvs 01 r Ommvr . jh ilr r iin r LI,LI«r>'p »rori Irraa I lnrhor pomm<>niau I, 0-l~. I:!. I, -I I<.20, l!, ;10 121 C«nr'.r;il Allr!tn>vnt Ar I L!f Iftf 09, 71-72 < o»i>ti ~inf!,04-0 i. '.ll . ;il>I!on! T ! Ior 7 qoi vri»ii><.v 8 D«»« kr t j :! nitA! I! fin>;in.I!! i».! lii : '! I h»!q ost I ! 0-11!! I> >rl!ors 42-40. 1-62 I! .I,ir;it i i> E IifI»t > ior'lI',!Ili ! !I:3 ''i» !ti . t »,ifirii>!" 4!!. 72 C~O!! fl'llf f!f! Ptf gCf SOL!I! !. B!S11 h inir r«l Xi l « iriiif I-.r <» t» »ti t>l» I I' !1> > .A 1r!f h<' ii.ii ii: I» i!.riile 10 17. 10'I- lf! I 1 '1fi!1 .'1', !.! '! . .i.l .!-! < fti! ti f fir i~ i «I I«',! 92.I 1f'I f l i> l»Irl r< lniimrnt ~tril .'iit»,I I',irk',«» Ir i ,it « it .'><1 nl Inrlinn ;loin>~ ".Ommiiitnn I!1! f>1 'I>u»I 1!ef'>i.'< ft if> li ii < II .!-77 tint!nl F iffnt> >t>IJ i l>,tr!!<'P<'rmit ftnf dn Hei»~c«II/ il <»i i> ~r . JU: Ir> fi!i t r s« JR»ltlv sin >-n!»kin!t ;!'-:!:!.:1.! '<7.4"--! . 10". t.i I! I.f 1 '. 1 ff!.11 J i>,»if»>f«»! 1.!. 4!!. 01. 10! i>ut>ut><~ 'l, JU-41. 111 X>e tuzfff!ii 70-7 I.fi" '1<1,.! 7 X !rth T!e ifii R f i»»el h J~f>ri i I- 77;1r>;ifft»i »I : ! i ! il I '1.> 4l!. 40 ho>tf>i!>»I'ii> : ..,. ~t!. 10f! tnt< rio»el .oop t <@her>e~ fntrriiiit > !riiil X' trt Ii I'it il ii I! sl> t iri , '»ill%hi»i> !10 70-7 >>>i'< iti .11. 4 ! X !I'> fi< 11!ff I t' '< 't'92n. !ti J I 'nf.. .it> 5,!o«Viefierii s f<0 ><' ! Litt 'i' t .o!!i> If, oint .Omniiiii:, 7V, Islei> f : ii »lr I n i«i> iiti 10f! iil I' !Iliil i ! » .%i< nI I ,,ii.!ii i'lot I I '.Ilia fpth»>, l.'>!unit.tp,tl ;o h ol 10 i'J 04 J<>st :nmprns, ff< f.' !i rifi l t. '! I I';i :ili< Yt>>'fhu' 'ifltr 'i»ri,il ;t>iti« tl R !lg .« >>ilr L'n>i>» i!»t! 04. 100 I'ni. > it <.'i or 1 I>BI!~ I I » ,'r I! »e0 t8 k t>ft!tnl> 'H .n »> rr>i .''i i o,!,! -.! t! Pnnifi< Rrgi»wgtn tit LOCO»nor "8 , it> i l u!e pluri»tiny i««f ziin » ! Ii ~-f!t» 0'. I'< ii ii fi «tti i . i tl . i. i if< {'1! 01 I»ir>tr r' ;n»t>nnf >iiii ", I I I-I -1N pof>t>Lnlpnrttei -Ii!-11. I 1! L on ion 10 J!ollii!itinn :n»trnf i» X;>xi«at!lr %stereAot .' I : tiff>i i. ,iti.nf,hfrtt>f> ttfrt> f!«> f>st!n. Jot>t .! 10 P Jli''I < :ift' if h it !I ' Xfvgnat ;art»I "1:il ff! J!»1!OIII ~ !< « i:>"t>f ! %tet,»««»~.h riiitnr ! , 4» .Xf«nt ' r, f !f>t>con "I port rlistri t~ 4.!, II 101-10' 104 1 !fi-10 If!'! .' ~ f fa>»0 ~I I'«il«i. I i»i <:Y .t'to't I !n<4 '><'i9292 1 Ix!.!n 'rr< 2 It>i«IIII' lI I>'ks 4t! Pnrt nt 'Hretli fi, f-ft:1, 10' Xf,»Ills! ICcrreitt>on Ii»il ' .'X I nf I!!f!,! 4!!. I'nr! « fi. ! fi,t 7". 1!". t!.!. 10!L 4t! 114 rni rk 'I I I %fort>n<'. J.rii ' 0! tt'n f ft ff I. 17 I' irl I »<»~ '» I "1! n>ueterp !»» I i .i I,;!.i-.!>i. ! !t!. 1 '1 I!orts ftr>ii t!,>'fit! t f. ]Of JO' >>el< i!»! I >1it< Itin> i<.ipJf .orpor< tot>~ Porls e» f Vnter <'«!e S«I :t<;< ! «« to i!» nrf ftrri< rnl! 1:!-I '!, '!:1 ihtu>1>v!pul>te ! 41 1>f,in 5 !itttle prt i nipt>nn 13-11. If, 10.", 3! 0" '3! rt.tati«»i 1 !.> i I !JI<'I1 ! 7 Zff, 4l. 4,!, f 'I'itir I If! ln. '!!<-'!'.1 Titl ' lX' 1lL "0, 'ifi-!!'1 !!rol!crt< >Rl>li I I hi Puf>li< Idss»i'I I!! I<»rirrrrr>I1 4»-51 Plir. trust 17-15!.4" lori igii I'ugi.t So<»>LI 'J-7 1'ti!L>>it> ]5-14. >U Pugi t hri«r«I ii>L IL!,:! rr! ~ , -7.r 77, 7 ! f<2 1ion fnrpnr r: fili 10:1-1 Puynll!II! Ir!riinn 1 vsvrs.itir»i 70, »iii.i:rl,iiii:>4. 114, 1]H-I "0 retro'Ing , 51 l I !i>i!i rl gt,>res find 1 .'Ltlont!r itin]! Ii<12.64. 104 Ar»IL '7. U.r n li ri i>ild 'I !-41 111 '<11»l«< 1 1!I'>i'Iil 2 :55>,!!-!!!! I'11!nr!i!>I I rghls I ,%»lI Vii I it '41!1 nl l Indi RI1'r'I'S,!<> I H,26. lliii ot Ri hts I '. 2U 115 I!ur<.du ot!«<]Id» Affdirs f U. 71 t3<>reI I en<1klcl>r>< err!eri 4U s»h»-!h ]02-] :r>dst iir»ril . "!-:! !. 4 . "1, 1 -1 !-1. »192' g>tl '! I l l r. 1 !g-ll>!! hedtth'.,5. 6. 'U. 4.>-4. 4!!-5>U,o i.!! I 1 S'rior un .s]d>»re >«.e»LC. stiellfish 44, 46, 5 !, r Isiigineering di!LIResi»>r< es ! SI»!II»» f r>gri!ssioi».I llii»Lee J5 40, 5 I, 67, HU-!!, '!u-1 l !. 1 . ! !. 11 i, innstitution 1 9-]r!, 12-1 !. 1 r-2<, 'ifr, 12] ;!.'I,4,>, fig. 101. I 292 siis . '6, 5 !. U7.UU.!!1. Uiu-I N!. I U r ,51>4 '. 47-46 >.1.67. 101-1»4. shoreline»sr nnrl mrmnfiiimm!t 41, 1'!, ]t-] !!!, 11.1-114,I! fr .] 00. 105-106 f:<>L>r»il !in i<>nrir> JI !L>»II L ghdgit 'OLIL r ur»errt! I!tI Ir<'I921»I r!I»»u!I'L.< >.,!U. 55. gm>th 1'.hkrrgI f .riIL '>2 u;5 Snohomish :oi>nt< Ig o vir»ni!nit ">, fi4. I!epnrtrn< nt III>L1. <i'nlOt I h>us»lgd»LI Lrrf>dn soevrvrfinlr I >, 20 L!Pe»lot>»1ent !.I-: ..r 2 St.itv I;ileiror]n!r nt ll Poli<.1 .5<1 ot f!ef>i>ltn»'»I of I» I<'II<1<,14..1.1. fi'!, ' ]!1 JU 5>5,57. j j, L, I], I!<'I!,>rt»ii'i> <.1 » irrr 2 . fl!! I! !11«'hni'nl ot I I JI>st>orid ior> 2v<'rI» ir ISirir< fir! HCOn<>nai<.I!Peel<>finir i!t Strrit ton Co>omission 'l"-!l:t. I]f .'>islr ifii»i sul>rnergeL]s tf!eris! IU. 17 I .1 . 114. I fi 2U-,I».,52-,5,!.U5, 51. 105-]06. IUU-IU'i, g»hmi!rfiirl I.,!r>ris.hstiiivnlUH, 10 ! Vrlfi'r>r rgi Ri gi<»idl ,o»1>nr ssh»1 :l. fi. 28.:! !. 4ti, 45! Iierierdl I,'»ergL .'ilidd i!J» I]od «I:!, 'I nnkvr Univ L .br If Ver»i»tssion :ontrol I! I .'il!up< lrr>I'I> I uf Car>rr»'1, 1 hi' I ULL II-offs 57. 115.114. ] I>3 VAIVs gr '>'1'Iti i 1 «>s.'s] i>l,» I> I'it>i I i»i! .'34 Iiort 1.,!utoi! V-] I gh> GC>uCr!!ir!oPt!oct SOund,BiSh Unitetii>Ii»i>ti >gOffi< v 35 ,oi>imissionrr 7, a»c! I'islii!ries 2f!,9'3 73-, 4. 101 Nla >t»n«'%3>sti.tt>t!n 30. IU I Deparlmii>t uf A-iicultlirnit! Affairs t>f! ibationaI Xt irir>t iif uf C;i>mmrrc:i!ai«l I;i,»nomic 413 78, lt!;3-104, 109 Deci;ltuf R ,ning!,'12. 45. 47-48 I' 'ation,il Oc stoic n»tint>;>IP;irl si'rriart»>trit h;>r R uli!tori' Cuiulr>lesion 3-1 54 55, 67, 7 i, , 102-3 t.'! 10fi. Offi«nf C;iitist,il iu >e 8-109, i 12- 113, 116!,110 Ist,»i >grmr nt 1 Dr,>lRvsoul .vs S n;ii ! :miltr'<<,l» lap 03 F!iip;irtrnii»Iuf Suri;il,ii»l I le<th S»1»' '»1' ,»! >It 16. 20. 613.71, Sr isi<> iof!!Ii»'int I.ail l arid I'riit«J StlI! I 'riifi land Oil I:.n r ti' F > .ili 13Sil I I'«»it I Stot s u. J3«tier 16! ferry srstt:In 40 I'i>ift tl s'f«t is '. IJ>fotnic 1!fi-117 t,»ifi: I Sfnt s i. Durhi 16 Harhiir J.it! ;s Ci>mmissioii I it!i It'tl Sf ifvs '. I l»JJ»nd 15 Huilai' S',tt»r;IJ RvsuurCCS I'niti 87 I 'Iiit<:ii St<tt'rgt »<:r C !»1»1III !P.Oil Olitdnor I'»itt'tl St<n 4.i, 47-48. 35. 104, 10'9 I 'Iii!i:il St i 16!.32!,;!8, 'I 12 68, 7 i-80, H.'3 I,ttgislit i' ' :Oui>oil 87 I Ift>h 92I .flit 'ri Stuf s Or r;iiir>gtra!>l>iCon!miSSiOn . of tV;«h»>gtot> .! I Vatxcougrai>ic liastitute nf Vesst!I Traffit S!.st i» 30, fi3 3V'Ishlilgtnn .! l r<>ti»g 22. 40 41, BR Oil ii v uf Et>rironn>ental I ivalth 50 Ofl tcP,of I!a»nial5fanagement .12..15 1' 'arren. R<>brt 120 Parks and R !creation .nmnlission 40. ttashulgII»nf .»lint i !'s 87. 43. -17-48,.!.!. '9l, 104, 106, 100 89 Pl< in>lllgan l .Onlmlin ltl Aff inttttjnEi» iioni3>rnl;ilCi>unc il E»8i> li:! Shuri lines Hearings 13oar l 8'9 00 102 Supreme Court 21, 62. 74, 78. 103. 117 'IYashii>gtonSt,itt Tl>em>alFaciliti. Site L'rain ition .Xtr Pollutiuii ;iii>tr !l !flic i! 31 ,ni>n~I!ortation .ornmission 40, t, r l of Hva ltl> 50 3't!atrrI'cil1 <>t i ! i C:<»itrulI3ni>ril;iA 14u>CPS4A.43 Kashtn<4's C:u »mrrt< I3 i!Iupmi »I Counc il 47 A 'It 92 8 '1 I'o ' Jcl0 n< iI 4 ! Index Qd 'I!i!!glori I «''r'rtur'3' 3!3,69 13'nshrr!i~I«r!0, 33'r ~l!i»gt »i !l«t<. Con!r«i rni'Inii!rnv in ; 7 rt! I v. T 137 kATIONALSEA GRANT DEPOSITORY PELLLIBRARY BUILDING UR'I,NARRAGANSETT BAYCAMPUS NARRAGANSETT,R I02382