Human Resource Development in a Re-emerging Country -

Assoc. Prof. Dimitar Tonev Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania BULGARIA AND NUCLEAR ENERGY  Kozloduy NPP is the only in Bulgaria, providing more than one third of the total annual electricity output of the country.

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania BULGARIA AND NUCLEAR ENERGY

 There are 6 units constructed on NPP Kozloduy site of Russian design with total electricity generation of 3760 MW, pressurized water reactors.  Safety is the main priority at Kozloduy NPP and it is a subject to independent state surveillance by the Nuclear Regulatory Agency at the Bulgarian Council of Ministers  Since the beginning of 2007 only the two units VVER 1000 type remained operational  But… Bulgaria has ambitions in the field of nuclear energy and a new unit AP1000 is a very good solution.  Who is working at NPP Kozluduy, State Enterprice Radioactive Waste, Nuclear Regulatory Agency and how the human resource in the field of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Physics is developed? Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania BULGARIAN INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

 Universities – Technical University , , , Varna  Sofia University, Plovdiv University, and University – Faculties of Physics and Chemistry  Institutes of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences  Ministry of economy and energy  Bulgarian Nuclear Regulatory Agency  International Atomic Energy Agency  International collaborations

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania OUTLINE

Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy – BAS today

INRNE research activities in nuclear energy

 Core physics  Reactor dynamics and safety  NPP safety analysis  Spent fuel analysis  performance  Reactor dosimetry

IRT-2000

Scientific support

International collaboration

Training and qualification

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania INRNE-BAS TODAY The biggest complex centre in Bulgaria for fundamental and applied research in the fields of:  Nuclear physics  High energy physics  Nuclear energy, nuclear methods and technologies  Radiation environment and ecology  The research reactor of the INRNE-BAS is the only national scientific nuclear facility in Bulgaria.  Basic environmental observatory at peak Moussala  World recognized results of the INRNE notified during the European Science Foundation evaluation of the BAS. Quality Management System certificated according to . ISO 9001 for quality and . ISO 14001 for environment

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Elisaveta Karamihailova (1897-1969) Pioneer of the Experimental Nuclear Physics in Bulgaria

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania Core behavior studies

Core Physics Fuel lattice and core calculations with deterministic and Monte Carlo codes (APOLLO2,COBAYA3, TRIPOLI4)

Reactor Dynamics and Safety Higher-resolution neutronic/ thermal-hydraulic simulation at the nodal and fuel pin level for improved reactor performance and Coupled COBAYA3/TH pin-by-pin simulation safety: . 3D neutronics calculations with COBAYA3, CRONOS2 and Monte Carlo codes . 3D core and reactor vessel TH modeling with FLICA4, COBRA, CATHARE . 3D coupled N/TH core and core-vessel, core-plant simulation . R&D for coupled N/TH/Fuel behavior FLICA4 3D sub-channel thermal- COBAYA/FLICA simulation of VVER MSLB code calculations hydraulic calculation accident

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania NPP Safety Analyses

power supply

 to aerosol collection system (AEKI) Analytical Code Validation HO2 HO2 cooling to mass spectrometer HO and Validation of input bundle head 2 HO2 steam, Ar, H2

models for WWER 1000 off-gas pipe HO for RELAP5, ASTEC, 2 Ar

MELCOR. containment heated Ar cooling jacket length test bundle ~ 1 m  shroud Severe accident analyses aux. water ZrO2 insulation

with ASTEC, MELCOR and Ar Ar overpressure HO other computer codes. aux. heater 2 quenching HO2 cooling He Investigation of HO2 bundle foot (fuel rods)

phenomena at different power supply EU facilities. QUENCH stand for investigation of fuel degradation and hydrogen generation.

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania Spent fuel analysis

 Criticality safety analyses with burnup credit implementation of spent fuel management facilities - SCALE code system

SCALE6 WWER-440 FA  Validation of SCALE6 modelling against WWER-440 experimental data

SCALE WWER-440 spent fuel cask calculation

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania Optimization of nuclear fuel behavior for WWER-1000

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania Reactor Dosimetry

More than 20 years INRNE provides scientific support of Kozloduy NPP in Fluence assessment for NPP life time justification:

• RPV and Surveillance Specimens fluence calculation • RPV support structure fluence calculation

• Periodical studies for an assessment of the metal emrittlement of the reactor vessel state through the neutron fluence evaluation Reactor Dosimetry  Verified methodology based on well recognized tools is developed in longtime collaboration with world leading nuclear institutes, RSC Kurchatov Institute (), NRI-Rez (Prague), CEA (), SCK-CEN (), TECNATOM (Spain), NRG (Petten), JRC-IE (Petten) within the European Working Group on Reactor Dosimetry (EWGRD)

 Novel Monte Carlo based approaches are in development and verification for further improvement of INRNE methodology

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania IRT-200 Mission

 Education  Nuclear energy, technology and investigations  Dosimetry, radiation protection  Physics, radiochemistry and radiobiology  Nuclear safety

 Applications  analysis  Production of isotopes  Radio-pharmacy  Nanotechnology  Neutron radiography  New materials  Metrology

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania

Scientific support

 Bulgarian Nuclear Regulatory Agency

• Radiological monitoring of radioactive release from Kozloduy NPP site

 Kozloduy NPP

 Participation in the Stress tests

 Analysis of WWER fuel termomecanical behavior under transient and accident conditions  Assessment of current reactor pressure vessel metal state and lifetime prognosis of the WWER-1000

 Analysis in support of Symptom based Emergency Operating Procedures

 Government RAW entity

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania INRNE PhD STUDENTS ON SUBJECTS RELATED TO NUCLEAR REACTORS in the last 10 years

PhD theses defended PhD students in process of theses defence PhD students in process of theses preparation Total number - 40

6 New PhD students from NPP Kozlodui.

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania INRNE and

Stress-tests of

the NPP

“Kozloduy”

“Extreme external climate

conditions”

Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania

International collaboration Participation in prestigious international projects - Integrated Simulation Project, 2009-2012,

- Nuclear Reactor Safety Simulation Platform, 2013-2015

SARNET Network of Excellence for a Sustainable Integration of European Research on Severe Accide Phenomenology and Management – Phase 2, 2009-2013

- New Member States Linking for an AdvaNced Cohesion in Euratom Research , 2011- 2013

- Establishment of a Regional Center of Competence for WWER Technology and Nuclear Applications, 2011-2014

 CESAM - Code for European Severe Accident Management, 2013-2014

International collaboration

International Atomic Energy Agency

Institutes of the of EC

Organizations of the AER on WWER reactor physics and safety

Leading European institutes - CEA France, IRSN France ,

UPM Spain, GRS etc. Department of Energy, USA

PennState University, USA, MoU Texas A&M Univertsity, MoU

European Technical Safety Organizations Network Training and qualification

 Teaching on “Neutron and Reactor Physics”, “Nuclear reactors” and “Radiochemistry” of Bachelor, MSc.,PhD students in collaboration with SU”Sv. Kl. Ohridski” and TU-Sofia  Supervising of PhD students from Kozloduy NPP  Specialized training – BNRA license, 2014  Training of personnel and instructors for identification of commodity with possible double usage  Participation in national and international schools and conferences  CORONA Pilot training for non-nuclear specilists

FP7 EURATOM Project CORONA - Establishment of Regional Center of Competence for VVER Technology and Nuclear Applications, CSA-CA, 11 participants from 8 countries +JRC,EC; 2011-2014 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Department Analysis of Radioactive and Nuclear Materials of Illegal Origin Scientific support for: Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defense, State Agency for National Security, , Civil Defense, Prosecution,Custom Control and other Government Organizations Example Cargo Container control

Portable High-Resolution Gamma-Spectro- meter for reliable isotopic identification of nuclear materials (DU, EU, HEU, WGP .. ) and different sources of ionizing radiation Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania Surveillance, Detection, Identification and Response on Illicit trafficked Nuclear Materials International Exercises

Joint Bulgarian-Turkish exercise combating illicit traffic of radioactive and nuclear materials on Kapitan Andreevo-Kapikule border checkpoint. INRNE Activity with Ministry of Interior and Police Academy

Education, Training and Scientific support in the field of Nuclear Forensics

Police Academy Sofia Basic environmental observatory Мисия ИРТ-200

Peak Moussala-2928ОБУЧЕНИЕ m.  Ядрена енергия, енергетика, технологии и изследвания  Дозиметрия, лъчезащита и лъчеинженерство  Физика и биология  Ядрена култура

 ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ  Неутронен активационен анализ  Производство на радиоизотопи  Радио-фармация  Облъчване на материали  Неутронна радиография  Материалознание  Метрология

Radioactive transborder transfer: Fukushima

134Cs

0.06 131I 0.05 0.04 0.4 0.03 0.02 0.3 mBq/m3 0.01 0.2 0 mBq/m3 0.1 8h 23.038h 24.038h 25.038h 26.039h 27.039h 28.038h 29.038h 30.038h 31.038h 01.048h 02.048h 03.048h 04.048h 05.048h 06.048h 07.04 0 8h 23.03 20h 24.038h 26.03 21h 27.038h 29.0320h 30.038h 01.04 20h 02.048h 04.04 20h 05.048h 07.04 time, date, month

time, date, month 137Cs

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03

mBq/m3 0.02 0.01 0 8h 23.038h 24.038h 25.038h 26.039h 27.039h 28.038h 29.038h 30.038h 31.038h 01.048h 02.048h 03.048h 04.048h 05.048h 06.048h 07.04

time, date, month Infrastructure Development Working Group Meeting, 8 May 2014, Bucharest, Romania The Cross-Boarder-Cooperation Programme Romania-Bulgaria

Project “EMERSYS Toward an integrated, joint cross-border detection system and harmonized rapid responses procedures to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear emergencies”, 2013-2015 Partners: •“Horia-Holubei” National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering – IFIN HH, Bucharest •General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Romania •Fire Safety and Civil Protection Directorate General, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Bulgaria Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 1.Introduction to NPP 2.Overview on NPP's Training courses for 3.Radiation Protection non-nuclear 4.Radiation Monitoring professionals 5.Radioactive Waste Management 6.Decommissioning of NPP 7.NPP Safety Concepts 8.Management System 9.Emergency Planning and Emergency Preparedness 10.Safety culture CORONA Meeting June 25-28, 2013, 11.Soft skills Pilot training of non-nuclear professionals within CORONA project

M. Manolova, K . Ilieva, S. Belousov INRNE-BAS, Sofia National Cyclotron Centre

Present main task of INRNE - BAS  WithЦиклотрон the support MCC of: 30/15; Архитектурен вид на Циклотронна лаборатория  DoE USA  Kozloduy NPP  Ministry of Economy and Energy  Ministry of Education and Science

Conclusions

. INRNE performs research of its own and actively participates in European projects for the development and validation of the new generation software for reactor simulation and safety analysis. . Current results and planned activities aim to improve the performance and safety of the Kozloduy NPP. . The scientific and technical support of the nuclear industry, government organizations and the education of young specialists contribute to the sustainable development of nuclear power in Bulgaria Thank You!

Abbreviations  N/TH- neutronic/ thermal hydraulic  TH – thermal hydraulic  RPV –reactor pressure vessel  LOCA – Loss of coolant accident  FA – fuel assembly  CEA – Commissariat Energy Atomic  IRSN – Institute for Rdiological protection and nuclear safety, France  GRS – Gesellschaft fuer Reactorsicherheit, Germany  UPM- Universidad Polotechnika Madrid, Spain