Tetrapanax Papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K

TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Taxon: Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch Family: Araliaceae

Common Name(s): Chinese rice paper-plant Synonym(s): Aralia papyrifera Hook. rice paper plant

Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 10 Oct 2018

WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk

Keywords: Naturalized Shrub, Environmental Weed, Allergenic, Dense Stands, Suckers

Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 1 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 n 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 3 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents)

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 2 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch Supporting Data:

Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "The plant has been cultivated for many years in Formosa and China. Bowring (7) reported that a large Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper plantation, some "400 le" in circumference, nearly all of which was Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic devoted to this plant, was in existence at Ke-Iung-shan in -Formosa Botany, 15(2), 165-179 about 1850. Hosie (24) in 1922 reported that the plant was extensively grown in Kweichow."

102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA

103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Distribution. Tetrapanax papyriferum is apparently native to northern Formosa and to the South China provinces of Hunan, Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper Szechwan, Yunnan, Kweichow, Kwangsi, and Kwangtung. It may have Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic been introduced to Formosa from the mainland (28). The plant is not Botany, 15(2), 165-179 known from northern Indo-China or northern Burma. The rice-paper plant has been introduced into most tropical and subtropical areas, where it is widely planted as an ornamental." "Native USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Asia-Temperate 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online EASTERN ASIA: Japan, [Ryukyu Islands] Taiwan" Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 8 Oct 2018]

202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 8 Oct 2018]

203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 3 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "Mixed thickets; ϭϬϬʹϮϴϬϬm. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, SW Sichuan, Taiwan, NW Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Yunnan, Zhejiang." [Elevation range exceeds 2000 m, demonstrating Louis environmental versatility] Hardiness: USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F) USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F) USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) [Accessed 8 Oct 2018] USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Seen here naturalizing in a high elevation site in North Kona. Many seedlings were found along roadside apparently spreading from several large, flowering and fruiting cultivated plants. This species also successfully naturalizes at sea level, as in Ke͚anae, Maui (Starr: Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B. (2012). New plant records from Plants of Hawaii photos/correspondence). This species is also the Big Island for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers reported naturalizing on O͚ahu (Lau & Frohlich this volume). 113: ϱϱʹϲϯ Material examined. HAWAI͚I: North Kona distr. Kaloko Mauka, 2182287N, 190707E. large leaved tree found naturalized near cultivated specimens, many keiki along roadside, none flowering, 23 Mar 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED80." "Tetrapanax papyrifer was observed occasionally in the Tantalus area of O͚ahu near trailheads, roadside locations, home gardens with mixed ornamentals and naturalized secondary forest species, and as very small individuals sprouting out of gravel driveways. Parker & Lau, A. and Frohlich, D. 2012. New plant records from Parsons (this volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai͚i O͚ahu for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 7- island. Material examined. O͚AHU: Tantalus on Round Top Drive 26 (UTM 2358758, 622883). Wet lowland residential area, 0.4 m tall sapling, producing suckers at base. No flowers or fruit. Several saplings growing out of gravel driveway, as well as across the street along roadside. occasional in neighborhood, 9 Jan 2009, OED 2009010901." Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "The rice-paper plant has been introduced into most tropical and Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic subtropical areas, where it is widely planted as an ornamental. It Botany, 15(2), 165-179 occurs as an escape in Florida."

Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range?

Source(s) Notes

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 4 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "The rice-paper plant has been introduced into most tropical and Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic subtropical areas, where it is planted as an ornamental." Botany, 15(2), 165-179 Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "This species is widely cultivated in China for the traditional China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science medicine ͞tong cao͟and as an ornamental elsewhere in the tropics. Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. The stem pith cut into sections is used as a paper ;͞rice paper͟Ϳ͘Η Louis

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 5 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Appendix 1 Weed species treated ϮϬϬϰʹϭϰΗ͙ΗϭϴOccasional to Lord Howe Island Board. (2016). Lord Howe Island Weed Uncommon (widespread to localised) noxious weed species (>1000 ʹ Eradication Program ʹResults ϮϬϬϰʹϮϬϭϰ͘Lord Howe фϮϬϬϬindividuals) ͶPPP + Settlement" [Tetrapanax papyrifer Island Board, Lord Howe Island, NSW included in this category. 824 plants controlled] "Seen here naturalizing in a high elevation site in North Kona. Many seedlings were found along roadside apparently spreading from several large, flowering and fruiting cultivated plants. This species also successfully naturalizes at sea level, as in Ke͚anae, Maui (Starr: Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B. (2012). New plant records from Plants of Hawaii photos/correspondence). This species is also the Big Island for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers reported naturalizing on O͚ahu (Lau & Frohlich this volume). 113: ϱϱʹϲϯ Material examined. HAWAI͚I: North Kona distr. Kaloko Mauka, 2182287N, 190707E. large leaved tree found naturalized near cultivated specimens, many keiki along roadside, none flowering, 23 Mar 2009, J. Parker & R. Parsons BIED80." "Table 1 Species reported with no known occurrences outside Dehnen-Schmutz, K., & Conroy, J. (2018). Working with gardens in Britain at the time of the study. Information on gardeners to identify potential invasive ornamental naturalization outside their native range was taken from the GloNAF garden plants: testing a citizen science approach. database (van Kleunen et al. 2015; Pysek et al. 2017)" [Tetrapanax Biological Invasions, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018- papyrifer - Naturalised - Yes (Af, AsTm, AsTr, AmN, AmS, Au, Pa)͙ Af 1759-3. [Accessed ] Africa, AsTm Asia (temperate), AsTr Asia (tropical), AmN North America, AmS South America, Au Australasia, Pa Pacific Islands] "Tetrapanax papyrifer was observed occasionally in the Tantalus area of O͚ahu near trailheads, roadside locations, home gardens with mixed ornamentals and naturalized secondary forest species, and as very small individuals sprouting out of gravel driveways. Parker & Lau, A. and Frohlich, D. 2012. New plant records from Parsons (this volume) report this species as naturalized on Hawai͚i O͚ahu for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 7- island. Material examined. O͚AHU: Tantalus on Round Top Drive 26 (UTM 2358758, 622883). Wet lowland residential area, 0.4 m tall sapling, producing suckers at base. No flowers or fruit. Several saplings growing out of gravel driveway, as well as across the street along roadside. occasional in neighborhood, 9 Jan 2009, OED 2009010901." Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "The rice-paper plant has been introduced into most tropical and Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic subtropical areas, where it is widely planted as an ornamental. It Botany, 15(2), 165-179 occurs as an escape in Florida." "Vouchers: USA. Alabama. Conecuh Co.: Evergreen, South Main Street ca. 0.09 mi S of US Hwy 31, site of the former Evergreen High Diamond, A. R. (2013). New and noteworthy woody School, full sun, disturbed vacant lot, 31.434502° - 86.943521°, 17 vascular plant records from Alabama. Phytoneuron, 47, 1- Nov 2011, Diamond 22701. Butler Co.: Greenville, Adams Street, 13 0.04 mi E of Bolling Street, weedy overgrown vacant lot used as a parking lot, full sun, sandy soil, common, 31.828957° -86.626851°, 22 Dec 2012, Diamond 23605."

302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y

Source(s) Notes

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 6 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer "On Apr 21, 2013, vmr423 from Charleston, SC wrote: Highly invasive exotic plant. My folks have this in their yard & it pushes up suckers through pavement & dislodges brick paving. Has spread from back Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax yard all through the front & side yards & into adjoining neighbors' papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. yards. Recently noticed that one of our neighbors have planted this [Accessed 8 Oct 2018] & already it is spreading in his yard. Also highly allergenic- not many things bother me, but this plant's pollen really does make me feel ill. Supposedly attractive to bees, but the plants I've seen attract flies." "Scattered in many parts of southern and eastern Australia (i.e. in south-eastern Queensland, in the coastal districts of New South Wales, and near Perth in south-western Western Australia). Also naturalised on Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and possibly Queensland Government. (2018). Weeds of Australia. naturalised in the ACT. Also naturalised overseas in south-eastern Tetrapanax papyrifer. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org. USA (i.e. Florida). Notes: Rice-paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifer) is [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] regarded as an environmental weed or potential environmental weed in New South Wales, the ACT and Queensland." [Although described as an environmental weed, impacts have been unspecified. Until further evidence is provided, listed here as a weed of uncertain impacts] Weedbusters. (2018). Rice-paper plant - Tetrapanax "What damage does it do? Can shade out native plants. Contact with papyriferus. https://www.weedbusters.org.nz/weed- foliage can cause skin rash. Which habitats is it likely to invade? information/weed-list/rice-paper-plant/. [Accessed 9 Oct Disturbed forest and shrubland, forest margins, stream banks, urban 2018] areas, roadsides and wasteplaces."

303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd No evidence Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall

304 Environmental weed y Source(s) Notes NSW WeedWise. (2018). Rice paper plant (Tetrapanax "How does this weed affect you? Rice-paper plant is regarded as an papyrifer). environmental weed or potential environmental weed in New South http://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/Details/302#profile. Wales, the ACT and Queensland." [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] "Scattered in many parts of southern and eastern Australia (i.e. in south-eastern Queensland, in the coastal districts of New South Wales, and near Perth in south-western Western Australia). Also Queensland Government. (2018). Weeds of Australia. naturalised on Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and possibly Tetrapanax papyrifer. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org. naturalised in the ACT. Also naturalised overseas in south-eastern [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] USA (i.e. Florida). Notes: Rice-paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifer) is regarded as an environmental weed or potential environmental weed in New South Wales, the ACT and Queensland." "Tetrapanax papyrifer is a vigorous, environmental weed and is highly invasive. It will invade disturbed forest and shrubland, forest T.E.R:R.A.I.N. (2018). Tetrapanax papyrifer (Rice paper margins, stream banks, urban areas, roadsides and waste places. It plant). http://www.terrain.net.nz/. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] spreads by suckers up to 2 m long and grows into thickets. It shades out native species. Contact with foliage can irritate the skin."

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 7 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Weedbusters. (2018). Rice-paper plant - Tetrapanax "What damage does it do? Can shade out native plants. Contact with papyriferus. https://www.weedbusters.org.nz/weed- foliage can cause skin rash. Which habitats is it likely to invade? information/weed-list/rice-paper-plant/. [Accessed 9 Oct Disturbed forest and shrubland, forest margins, stream banks, urban 2018] areas, roadsides and wasteplaces."

305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science "Tetrapanax ͙One species: China" Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Shrubs or small trees, to 3.5 m tall, densely ferruginous or pale brown stellate tomentose. Trunk to 9 cm in Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of diam.; pith homogeneous, white, large. Petiole terete, to 50 cm, China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science glabrous; leaf blade ovate-oblong, ϱϬʹϳϱcm wide, papery or Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. subleathery, abaxially densely ferruginous or stellate tomentose, Louis adaxially glabrous, ϳʹϭϮͲlobed, base obtuse to cordate, margin entire to coarsely serrate, apex acuminate."

402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication Unknown. No evidence found

403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science "Shrubs or small trees, to 3.5 m tall, densely ferruginous or pale Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. brown stellate tomentose." [Araliaceae. No evidence] Louis

404 Unpalatable to grazing animals Source(s) Notes [Palatability unknown, but website speculates that hairs would irritate throats of animals which might deter browsing] "AlanMarch Danger Garden. (2014). Tetrapanax papyrifer is my 20, 2014 I really should try one of these this year. I wonder if deer favorite plant in the garden, this week. eat them?" ͙"danger gardenMarch 20, 2014 If they did the very http://www.thedangergarden.com. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] next they would do is go drink your pond dry. I can't imagine what that indumentum would do to their throats."

405 Toxic to animals

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 8 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal "Pith antithrombin, antiinflammatory, antihepatotoxic, used for and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, edema, dysuria, agalactia. The pollen may cause severe dermatitis." Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca [No evidence of toxicity to animals. Unknown if pollen can also Raton, FL causes dermatitis in animals] NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2018. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network. https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/. No evidence [Accessed 9 Oct 2018]

406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens n Source(s) Notes Gilman, E. F. 1999.Tetrapanax papyriferus. Fact Sheet FPS- "Mealy-bugs are the only significant pest problem. Pests and 576. University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL. Diseases No diseases are of major concern." http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] The Royal Horticultural Society. (2018). Tetrapanax "Pests - Generally trouble free papyrifer 'Rex' Chinese rice-paper plant 'Rex'. Diseases - Generally trouble free" https://www.rhs.org.uk. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018]

407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax "Danger: Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. Pollen may cause allergic reaction" [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] Giannattasio, M., Pizzolongo, P., Cristaudo, A., Cannistraci, "The flower stalk and lobed leaves are covered with abundant hairs, C., Salvatore, G., & Santucci, B. (1996). Contact dermatitis forming a soft white felt. Its pollen bas been reported as causing from Tetrapanax papyriferum trichomes. Contact severe dermatitis.," Dermatitis, 35(2), 106-107 Quattrocchi, U. 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, "The pollen may cause severe dermatitis." Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n Source(s) Notes [No evidence. Unlikely. Does not occur in fire prone habitats] "The rice-paper plant grows naturally in Formosa at elevations of about 2000 to 4000 feet ( 31). The climate of this environment is warm- Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper temperate to subtropical. Rainfall is abundant but very unevenly Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic distributed through the year. The period of maximum rainfall is Botany, 15(2), 165-179 during the warmer months when moisture requirements are highest. Precipitation increases and decreases more or less in proportion to increase and decrease in average monthly temperatures."

409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 9 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Gilman, E. F. 1999.Tetrapanax papyriferus. Fact Sheet FPS- "Light requirement: plant grows in part shade/part sun; plant grows 576. University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL. in the shade" http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. "Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade" [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] The Royal Horticultural Society. (2018). Tetrapanax papyrifer 'Rex' Chinese rice-paper plant 'Rex'. "Sunlight: Full Sun Partial Shade" https://www.rhs.org.uk. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018]

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y conditions if not a volcanic island) Source(s) Notes "Soil tolerances: occasionally wet; slightly alkaline; clay; sand; acidic; Gilman, E. F. 1999.Tetrapanax papyriferus. Fact Sheet FPS- loam;" ͙"Thriving in full sun or shade, rice paper plant is not 576. University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL. particular as to soil or moisture conditions but for best appearance http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] plants should not be subjected to drought." Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "the rice-paper plant can grow on clay or gravelly soil but is more Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic successful on loams containing a large quantity of organic material." Botany, 15(2), 165-179

411 Climbing or smothering growth habit n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science "Shrubs or small trees, to 3.5 m tall" Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis

412 Forms dense thickets y Source(s) Notes "Rice paper plant is a thicket-forming evergreen shrub or small tree with huge long-petiole leaves that are 10-15 in (15.4-38 cm) across." Floridata. (2018). Tetrapanax papyiferus. ͙"Rice paper plant spreads by suckering and forms thickets, so use https://floridata.com/Plants/Araliaceae/Tetrapanax it where there is room for expansion. Some suckers may come up as +papyiferus/583. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] far as 20 ft (2.1 m) from the parent plant. Some people get a rash from contact with the foliage." Weedbusters. (2018). Rice-paper plant - Tetrapanax "Why is it weedy? Tolerates part shade. Vigorous growth rate. Grows papyriferus. https://www.weedbusters.org.nz/weed- into thickets by suckering." ͙"What damage does it do? Can shade information/weed-list/rice-paper-plant/. [Accessed 9 Oct out native plants." 2018]

501 Aquatic n

Source(s) Notes

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 10 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science [Terrestrial] "Shrubs or small trees, to 3.5 m tall ͙Mixed thickets; Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. ϭϬϬʹϮϴϬϬm." Louis

502 Grass n Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Family: Araliaceae Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Subfamily: Aralioideae [Accessed 8 Oct 2018]

503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Family: Araliaceae Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Subfamily: Aralioideae [Accessed 8 Oct 2018]

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "Shrubs or small trees, to 3.5 m tall, densely ferruginous or pale China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science brown stellate tomentose. Trunk to 9 cm in diam.; pith Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. homogeneous, white, large." Louis

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 n habitat Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "Mixed thickets; ϭϬϬʹϮϴϬϬm. Anhui, Fujian, Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, SW China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science Sichuan, Taiwan, NW Yunnan, Zhejiang. This species is widely Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. cultivated in China for the traditional medicine ͞tong cao͟and as an Louis ornamental elsewhere in the tropics. The stem pith cut into sections is used as a paper ;͞rice paper͟Ϳ͘Η

602 Produces viable seed y Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "In Formosa, according to Morita ( 31 ) , the plant can be propagated Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic by seed but the percent germination is low and propagation by Botany, 15(2), 165-179 transplanting basal offshoots is more convenient." Parker, J.L. & Parsons, B. (2012). New plant records from "large=-leaved tree found naturalized near cultivated specimens, the Big Island for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers many keiki along roadside" [Presumably recruiting from seeds] 113: ϱϱʹϲϯ

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 11 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer "On Mar 24, 2015, MinxFox from Pensacola, FL (Zone 9a) wrote: ͙ Yesterday I was pulling up babies from this plant. I was looking for a Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax plant that would fill in and spread, and I guess I got what I was papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. wanting. I am just worried about the nature of how it spreads. New [Accessed 8 Oct 2018] plants will pop up very far from the original plant. It is easy to pull up the new plants, especially if you catch them when they are small but I am sure there will be more where that came from." "Tetrapanax papyrifer was observed occasionally in the Tantalus area Lau, A. and Frohlich, D. 2012. New plant records from of O͚ahu near trailheads, roadside locations, home gardens with O͚ahu for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 7- mixed ornamentals and naturalized secondary forest species, and as 26 very small individuals sprouting out of gravel driveways." [Presumably recruiting from seeds]

603 Hybridizes naturally n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science "One species: China" [No evidence of intergeneric hybridization Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. found] Louis

604 Self-compatible or apomictic Source(s) Notes [Breeding biology unknown] "The pale yellowish-white or greenish- white flowers are borne in many-flowered umbels five inches in diameter that are arranged in large, terminal, drooping plume-like, Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper densely tomentose panicles. A large plant may have a dozen or more Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic plume-like panicles that are one to three feet long (22). The ,flowers Botany, 15(2), 165-179 are tetramerous or pentamerous, with two styles. The calyx is densely tomentose. The petals are about one-half-inch long, tomentose on the outside, and separate or united to form an early deciduous calyptra."

605 Requires specialist pollinators n Source(s) Notes Floridata. (2018). Tetrapanax papyiferus. https://floridata.com/Plants/Araliaceae/Tetrapanax "rice paper plant produces flowers that are very attractive to bees." +papyiferus/583. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018] Iwama, S., & Melhem, T. S. (1979). The pollen spectrum of "Tetrapanax has not been cited as being melliferous; nevertheless, it the honey of Tetragonisca angustula angustula Latreille has been observed that it is visited by T. angustula, collecting nectar (Apidae, Meliponinae). Apidologie, 10(3), 275-295 and pollen grains." Plants for a Future. (2018). Tetrapanax papyrifer. "The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetrapanax and is pollinated by Bees." +papyrifer. [Accessed 9 Oct 2018]

606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 12 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "Abundant suckers develop at the base of the trunk. They appear in Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic warm climates during all seasons but in greatest numbers after Botany, 15(2), 165-179 flowering (5)." Oakman, H.1995. Harry Oakman's what flowers when: the complete guide to flowering times in tropical and "Spreads out by suckers and can take over adjoining areas; does well subtropical gardens. Univ. of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, in semi-shade; propagated from suckers" Australia Weedbusters. (2018). Rice-paper plant - Tetrapanax "Why is it weedy? Tolerates part shade. Vigorous growth rate. Grows papyriferus. https://www.weedbusters.org.nz/weed- into thickets by suckering." ͙"What damage does it do? Can shade information/weed-list/rice-paper-plant/. [Accessed 9 Oct out native plants." 2018]

607 Minimum generative time (years) 3 Source(s) Notes Hogan, S. (2008). Trees for All Seasons: Broadleaved "A fast growing plant for the first few years then slowing after its first Evergreens for Temperate Climates. Timber Press, autumn flowering." Portland, OR Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "The plant grows rapidly increasing in height by as much as two to Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic three feet each year until it reaches full stature in its fourth or fifth Botany, 15(2), 165-179 year. Abundant suckers develop at the base of the trunk."

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "Fruit a drupe, globose, slightly compressed laterally. Seeds laterally China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science compressed, endosperm smooth." [No means of external Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. attachment] Louis

702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "Tetrapanax papyrifer has been cultivated for many years in Formosa Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic and China. It has been introduced into most tropical and subtropical Botany, 15(2), 165-179 areas, where it is planted as an ornamental." Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "This species is widely cultivated in China for the traditional China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science medicine ͞tong cao͟and as an ornamental elsewhere in the tropics. Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. The stem pith cut into sections is used as a paper ;͞rice paper͟Ϳ͘Η Louis Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "widely grown in warm-temperate and tropical montane regions and - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other sparingly naturalized elsewhere." Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 13 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "the plant can be propagated by seed but the percent germination is Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic low and propagation by transplanting basal offshoots is more Botany, 15(2), 165-179 convenient." [Unlikely given low viability of seeds] WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication No evidence of produce contamination

704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic "The fruit is baccate and drupaceous" Botany, 15(2), 165-179

705 Propagules water dispersed n Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "The fruit is baccate and drupaceous" [Possibly if cultivated near Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic water, but fruit apparently adapted for dispersal by animals] Botany, 15(2), 165-179

706 Propagules bird dispersed y Source(s) Notes Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper "The fruit is baccate and drupaceous" [Presumably yes, based on Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic fruit morphology, but no direct evidence was found] Botany, 15(2), 165-179

707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "Fruit a drupe, globose, slightly compressed laterally. Seeds laterally China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science compressed, endosperm smooth." [No means of external Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. attachment] Louis

708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y Source(s) Notes Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 2007. Flora of "Fruit a drupe, globose, slightly compressed laterally. Seeds laterally China. Vol. 13 (Clusiaceae through Araliaceae). Science compressed, endosperm smooth." [Presumably yes based on fruit Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. morphology] Louis

801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n

Source(s) Notes

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 14 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch

Qsn # Question Answer "In Formosa, according to Morita ( 31 ) , the plant can be propagated Perdue, Jr., R. E. & Kraebel, C. J. (1961). The Rice-Paper by seed but the percent germination is low and propagation by Plant: Tetrapanax Papyriferum (Hook.) Koch. Economic transplanting basal offshoots is more convenient." [Low viability in Botany, 15(2), 165-179 native range. Presumably does not produce large numbers of seeds in excess of 1000/m2] [No evidence from New Zealand] "Reproduction by seed is a regular Esler, A. E. (1988). The naturalisation of plants in urban feature of most alien woody plants. A few have limitations imposed Auckland, New Zealand 4. The nature of the naturalised by dioecism (Salix spp.) or inability to form functional seeds species. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 26(3), 345-385 (Tetrapanax papyriferus, Ulmus X hollandica). Tetrapanax papyriferus spreads and multiplies by rhizomes"

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. "Seed does not store well; sow as soon as possible" [Accessed 10 Oct 2018]

803 Well controlled by herbicides y Source(s) Notes NSW WeedWise. (2018). Rice paper plant (Tetrapanax Fluroxypyr (Spot spray & Basal bark), Glyphosate (Spot spray, Cut papyrifer). scrape and paint, Splatter gun, Wipe onto leaves) & Metsulfuron- http://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/Details/302#profile. methyl (Spot spray, Wipe onto leaves) applications recommended. [Accessed 10 Oct 2018] Presumably effective

804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y Source(s) Notes "On Mar 24, 2015, MinxFox from Pensacola, FL (Zone 9a) wrote: ͙I felt uneasy seeing how the plant really can take over and hearing Dave's Garden. (2018). Rice-Paper Tree - Tetrapanax about how the owners have cut all of them only to have them papyrifer. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53663/. quickly re-appear. ͙It grows back very quickly after the winter. I like [Accessed 10 Oct 2018] it, but it isn't a top favorite and I worry that it might be a bit of a handful." Hogan, S. (2008). Trees for All Seasons: Broadleaved Evergreens for Temperate Climates. Timber Press, "Root disturbance can induce root suckering." Portland, OR "They are often cut back to ground level in cold winters but will Plants for a Future. (2018). Tetrapanax papyrifer. normally regrow from the rootstock in the spring[200]. The plant https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tetrapanax can, in fact, become invasive, spreading by means of a vigorous +papyrifer. [Accessed 10 Oct 2018] suckering rootstock[200]."

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication Unknown

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 15 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch) TAXON: Tetrapanax papyrifer SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk (Hook.) K. Koch Summary of Risk Traits:

High Risk / Undesirable Traits Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility Grows in tropical climates Naturalized on Oahu, Hawaii & possibly Maui (Hawaiian Islands), & elsewhere Regarded as an aggressive garden & landscaping weed, spreading aggressively from original planting site Considered an environmental weed in New Zealand & Australia, outcompeting native vegetation Pollen & irritating hairs may cause dermatitis Shade tolerant Tolerates many soil types Forms dense stands that exclude other vegetation Reproduces by seeds & primarily by suckering Fleshy-fruited & presumably dispersed by birds, as well as intentionally cultivated by people Able to resprout after cutting or winter dieback

Low Risk Traits Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs) Ornamental & cultural uses Low seed viability reported, which may limit spread to localized suckering Herbicides may provide effective control

Creation Date: 10 Oct 2018 (Tetrapanax papyrifer Page 16 of 16 (Hook.) K. Koch)