* E228 * Vol. 8 * STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT: PHASE IIB 0 . Public Disclosure Authorized

REPORT ON WILD ASS CROSSING ON

* VIRAMGAM - HALVAD CORRIDOR . Public Disclosure Authorized

* - - Public Disclosure Authorized

0 Project Coordinating Consultancy Services * A Worid Bank Project Public Disclosure Authorized * VOLUME 11-D (FINAL REPORT)

Prepared forr

The Govemment* cyf GLdarat ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N.D.Lea International Ltd. Roads and Buildings Depa uent in association vith Lea Associate Pvt. Ltd. March 2002 FFf]R

N O T E

The increase in the population of the Wild Ass and the loss of their grazing areas in the Rann has lead to the out-migration of some of these from the protected environs of the sanctuary. The reported crossings of the corridor and regular sightings of Wild Asses close to the State Highway 07 was an issue that was studied in detail in 1999, when the environmental assessment for the said corridor was initiated as part of Phase IIB studies.

One important finding in the study has been that not a single incidence of collision of a Wild Ass with a vehicle has been reported in the last five years and the data prior to that period is not available. However, since the species is an endangered one and last of its kind that is present in the world, the study had proposed some measures for their safety. It may be noted that all measures proposed, as part of this project, are preventive in nature. Collisions are only a perceived threat, due to increase in number of vehicles plying after the rehabilitation of the Highway.

Since then, continuous development has been taking place in and around the project region. A major change has been the initiation of construction of the Narmada Canal - a branch of which runs east to west, almost parallel to the sanctuary boundary (Refer Attached Map). The approximate length of the canal running parallel to Phase IIB corridor is about 28 kms. Once completed, the canal will act as a physical barrier and will prevent the Wild Asses from crossing over into the Surendranagar - Nal Sarovar region from their natural habitat in Little Rann of Kachchh area.

In such a situation, the mitigative measures suggested in this report may not be relevant and will require modifications to suit the needs of the situation. However, since the canal construction is still under a slow progress, the management plan has not been totally discarded. The final decision in this regard will be taken up before the tender documents for Phase IIB are finalized and issued.

P A K t s T R.A N > X I CANAL NETWORK AND COMMAND AREA - * t ^ NARMADA PROJECT

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COMPLETED CANAL SECTION

|COMPLETED CANAL SECTION r- -o t '-,'9 4. SURVEY METHODOLOGY ...... 4-1 4.1 SURVEYS ...... 4 -1 4.1.1 Surveys of the Ponds in vicinity of the Highway ...... 4 -1 4.1.2 Bus- Truck Driver Survey ...... 4 -1 4.1.3 Survey along the Highway ...... 4 -1 4.1.4 Survey of the Drainage Channels ...... 4 -2 4.2 RESULTS FROM THE SURVEYS ...... 4 -2 4.2.1 Pond Survey ...... 4 -2 4.2.2 Bus/Truck Driver Survey ...... 4 -3 4.2.3 Field Survey ...... 4 -4 4.2.4 Natural Channel Survey ...... 4 -5 4.3 IMPACT ANALYSIS ...... 4 -6 4.3.1 Construction Phase ...... 4 -6 4.3.2 Operational Phase ...... 4 -7 5. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WILD ASS ... 5-1 5.1 OPTIONS FOR PROTECTION OF WILD ASS ...... 5 -1 5.1.1 Fence along the Highway ...... 5 -1 5.1.2 High Embankments to Deter Crossing ...... 5 -1 5.1.3 Construction of Underpasses at the Crossing Sites ...... S -1 5.2 PROVISION OF REFLECTORS ...... 5 -3 5.3 VEGETATIVE BARRIERS ...... 5-5 5.4 PROVISIN OF SIGN BOARDS ...... 5 -5 5.5 DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD GARDEN ...... 5 -6 5.6 MONITORING NEEDS FOR THE MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 5 -8 5.7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 5 -8

-:14,v 1- TABLES

TABLE 1.1: PHASE-WISE IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME ...... 1-2 TABLE 3.1: HABITAT SUITABLE FOR WILDLIFE ALONG THE CORRIDOR ...... 3-5 TABLE 3.3: AREA UNDER SALT PRODUCTION ...... 3-6 TABLE 4.1: POND LOCATED WITHIN 1.5 KM OF THE CORRIDOR ...... 4-2 TABLE 4.2: BUS/TRUCK DRIVER, SURVEY DIRECTION (EAST TO WEST) ...... 4 3 TABLE 4.3: BUS/TRUCK DRIVER. SURVEY DIRECTION (WEST TO EAST) ...... 4-3 TABLE 4.4: SITTING OF WILD ASS ADJACENT TO THE HIGHWAY ...... 4-4 TABLE.4.5:-QBSERVED-HIGHWAY CROSS OVER LOCATIONS OF THE WILD ASS ...... 4-5 TABLE 4.6: CROSS DRAINAGE USED BY WILD ASSES FOR CROSSING THE HIGHWAY ...... 4.5 TABLE 5.1: COST OF WILD ASS UNDER PASS ALONG THE CORRIDOR ...... 5-2 TABLE 5.2: COST OF REFLECTOR SYSTEM ...... 5-5 TABLE 5.3: METHOD FOR THE DEVELOPING A FOOD GARDEN ...... 5-7

FIGURES FIGURE 1.1: TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION - GSHP ...... 1-2 FIGURE 2.1: A WILD ASS HERD IN THE VICINITY OF CORRIDOR 02 ...... 2-2 FIGURE 2.2: WILD ASS GRAZING NEAR THE HIGHWAY ...... 2-4 FIGURE 2: TREND OF POPULATION OF WILD ASS IN THE SANCTUARY IN THE LAST 50 YEARS ...... 3-3 FIGURE 2A: WILD ASS MOVEMENT CORRIDOR ...... 5-2/5-3 FIGURE 2B: WILD ASS MOVEMENT CORRIDOR ...... 5-2/5-3 FIGURE 3.1: WILD ASS HABITAT AREA ...... 3-5 FIGURE 3.2: SALINE TRACT - WILD ASS HABITATION ZONE ...... 3-6 FIGURE 3.3: DRY POND ...... 3-7 FIGURE 3.4: WILD ASS HABITATION ZONE ...... 3-7 FIGURE 4.1: POND USED BY THE WILD ASS ...... 4-2 FIGURE 4.2: WATER BODY USED BY THE WILD ASS ...... 4-2 FIGURE 4.3: WILD ASS GRAZING NEAR THE HIGHWAY ...... 4-3 FIGURE 4.4: PUG MARKS - WILD ASS ...... 4-5

NEW" III FIGURE 4.5: WILD ASS HABITATION ZONE NEAR THE HIGHWAY ...... 4-6 FIGURE 4.6: WILD ASS CROSSING SITE ...... 4-6 FIGURE 5.1: PLAN - EXISTING CONDMON ...... 5-2 FIGURE 5.2: PLAN - PROPOSED CONDMON ...... 5-2 FIGURE 5.1: A CLOSER VIEW OF THE REFLECTOR SYSTEM ...... 5-3 FIGURE 5.2: AN INSTALLED REFLECTOR SYSTEM ...... 5-3

MAPS MAP 1: WILD ASS SANCTUARY ...... 2-3 MAP 2: -VIEW OF CORRIDOR WITH REFERENCECTO SANCTUARY ...... 3-4

APPENDICES APPENDIX-1: REFLECTOR SPECIFICATION FOR PLACEMENT AND MOUNTING APPENDIX-2: DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF SIGN BOARDS APPENDIX-3: BUDGET FOOD GRADEN

NW, IV 1. OVERVIEW OF GUJARAT STATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT

The state of Gujarat is located on the western coast of , north of the State of Maharashtra. It borders to the north-west. The State straddles the Tropic of Cancer along the Arabian Sea and has an area of 195,904km2.

The State has a road network of about 70,000 km, of which 2,000 km constitute the primary network (namely, the National Highways, controlled by the GoI), and 20,000 km constitute the secondary network (namely, the State Highways, controlled by the R&BD, GoG). The remaining roads are controlled by the local self-governments (namely, the Panchayats and Municipalities). Most of the State Highways are either two-lane or intermediate-lane carriageways on 10m road formation.

Due to rapidly increasing traffic, industrial growth, and increasing levels of mobility, the existing State Highways are experiencing varying levels of stress, which in turn impedes the industrial and economic development of Gujarat. To relieve that stress, the GoG has undertaken the Gujarat State Highways Project (GSHP) with loan assistance from the World Bank (WB) to upgrade selected Highway corridors in order to facilitate smoother and quicker movement of goods and people.

The Gujarat "Project Co-ordinatihg Consultancy" (PCC) was undertaken by N D Lea International Ltd., Canada (NDLI) in association with Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd., India (LASA).

A "Strategic Options Study" (SOS), undertaken by LASA in 1995, evaluated 3000km of State Highways and selected 1500km for detailed feasibility study. The objectives of the PCC, during the feasibility study, were to conduct a detailed feasibility study, which applied economic and environmental principles to formulate establish a road investment program for a sub-set of these roads to be funded by the World Bank loan.

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The GSHP aims to improve a portion of the road transport network in the state within the constraints imposed by the available funding. More specifically, the objectives are the following:

* to provide more efficient transportation of passengers and goods in the state;

* to provide better accessibility a'nd reduce traffic distress on the arterial highways passing through the state;

* to ensure a minimum longevity of the roads for a period of 15 years, thereby reducing the cost of maintenance, travel time and vehicle operation and;

1-1 Chapter - 1

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CORRIDOR OF IMPACT

Figure 1.1: Typical Cross-section - GSHP

to improve accessibility to the major ports, existing and proposed industrial estates, and foreseeable mega-industrial complexes for efficient transport of goods.

The GSHP generally involves widening and strengthening of the project corridors along the existing alignment and within the existing RoW (subject to minor modifications in order to improve road geometry and for road safety).

1.2 PHASES OF THE PROJECT

The project is to be implemented in three phases, designated respectively as Phase I, IIA, and IIB. Phase I involves widening and strengthening of 246.3 km of State Highways, whereas Phase IIA consists of 249.2 km of State Highways for widening (the 65 km Mahesana- Palanpur corridor is common to both Phases I and IIA: existing two-lane carriage-way to be strengthened in Phase I and a two-lane new carriage-way to be added in Phase IIA.). The remaining 393.14 km roads are a part of the Phase IIB (Refer Table 1.1) of the Project.

Table 1.1: Phase-wise Implementation Programme

Phase Contract Corridor No. Corridor Name Length of Corridor Package (km) I 01 Sarkhej - Viramgam 47.7 II 03 Mahesana - Palanpur 65.0 Phase I III 06 (part) Godhra - Halol 38.0 IV 28 (part) Rajkot - Link to Vanthali 60.0 V 17 Kadodara - Bajipura 35.6 Sub-total 246.3

VI 03 Mahesana-Palanpur (new two lanes to be added) 65.0

Phase Vll 05 Shamlaji - Lunavada 85 5 IIA 06 (part) Lunavada - Godhra 36.0 VIII 08 Ladvel - Dakor 18.0 09 Dakor - Godhra 47.7 Sub-total 252.2 Phase IIB IX 10 Vadodara - Jambusar 45.4 12 Bharuch - Dahej 47.7 X 26 Jetpur - Junagarh 24.24 27 Rajkot - Morvi 68.2

1-2 Gujarat State Highways Project., Phase IIB-Vol. IID

Phase Contract Corridor No. Corridor Name (Lkn)

XI 28 (part) Falla - Jamnagar 65.1 XII 02 Viramgam - Halvad 71.5 XIII 21 Bagodara - Dholka 22.7 22 Wataman - Pipli 24.0 XIV 13 Olpad - Ichchhapor 11.0 15 Magdalla - Sachin 13.25 Sub-total 393.14 ALL TOTAL 891.64

Source - SEA Report, NDLI/LASA,1997

1.3 OVER-VIEW OF GSHP: PHASE IIB

Phase IIB includes 10 corridors located in Southern Gujarat and the Western peninsula of Saurashtra, totalling to 393.14 km-of State Highways that would be upgraded in this Phase. Most of these Highways would handle traffic at design speeds of 100km/h instead of the present 65km/h. However, even with such a strengthening most of the up-gradation would occur within the RoW already acquired by R&BD.

The Environmental Study for Phase IIB of GSHP (Refer Volume IIA, ESR, NDLI/LASA) has encompassed all the components of the bio-physical and social environment that are relevant in the context of this Project. This study covered detailed assessment of elements of natural and human environment covering general as well as site-specific situations for all corridors.

Also, composite sampling for air quality (3 days continuously) and ambient noise levels (24 hours) at selected locations along critical corridors was carried out. Trees, ponds, wells and all other water sources within the RoW were enumerated as a part of Environmental Survey. Water quality was tested at wells and ponds most frequently used by the neighboring communities. This would provide a base line data to compare the effect of the Project over a period - before, during and after the implementation is over.

Among others, considerable emphasis was laid on developing effective environmental designs and mitigation measures for site-specific problems. A separate report - Volume IIE: Environmental Design and Mitigation measures, covers all information and drawings in this regard.

As a part of study with respect to social environment, detailed socio-economic surveys were carried out along all corridors. Data on income source/s, literacy, property and assets, perception about the project, household structure and composition etc. was collected among other things. These details have been covered appropriately in various Chapters of the Environmental Study Report (specially in Chapter 4: Existing Baseline Status, Chapter 5: Assessment of Potential Impacts and Chapter 8: Resettlement Action Plan) prepared for this Phase.

All cultural properties within RoW and in the indirect zone of influence of the Project were also surveyed, listed and enhancement prescriptions were prepared for the same. All the details

llwwwa 1-3 Chapter - 1 including enhancement plans in this regard have been highlighted in a separate report (Refer Volume IIF: Cultural Properties) to provide a better and a complete information base to the ones interested in this, particular aspect.

In addition to this, in Phase IIB, the objective has been to concretize the operation plans, detailing out the methods and tools for implementation of EMAP and RAP. The details of operationalisation of the institutions and their working procedures recommended for the implementation of environmental and R&R components have been worked out.

As the working procedures recommended now will form basis of any action to be taken by the EMU and all other agencies in all phases of the project, a separate stand-alone report, Volume IIB: Institutional Arrangements and Legal- Setting for GSHP has been prepared.

However, last but not the least no project planning, design or implementation can be completed without providing a platform for public opinion and their effective involvement in any Project. The acceptance or success of the Project depends to a large extent on how the role of the community has been perceived in the initial stages of the Project.

In order to obtain factual information about local level issues and true aspirations of the people, it is extremely essential to provide the community complete knowledge about the Project. This would essentially formalize the process of sharing information so that the decisions made by the people are correct and are made in the light of complete knowledge about the Project.

In order to accomplish this, exhaustive Public Participation Programme was organised to address location specific issues more precisely so that they could be meaningfully incorporated into road design.

In order to put together the various details of this exhaustive program a separate stand-alone report has been prepared - Volume IIC: Public Participation Programme. This particular report provides complete details on the Public Participation Programme organised in Phase IIB - from its inception, approach and methodology to location wise issues raised, solutions provided, evaluation and recommendations. Last but not the least, a detailed Survey on Wild Asses - an endangered species inhabiting the Little Rann of Kachchh along Corridor 02 (Viramgam-Halvad), which lies south of the Wild Ass Sanctuary, has been conducted under this Phase.

A detailed Survey on Wild Asses - an endangered species inhabiting the Little Rann of Kachchh along Corridor 02 (Viramgam-Halvad), which lies south of the Wild Ass Sanctuary, has been conducted under this Phase.

The primary objective has been to identify Wild Ass Crossing locations so that adequate measures could be drawn up to prevent any probability of collision of vehicles with the Wild Ass during the operational phase of the Project. More than this, pilot projects have been developed under GSHP to protect this endangered animal by developing fodder cum water points so as to avoid the probable crossings altogether. This would help in providing not only mitigation measures but also in creating better micro-environmental conditions in the area.

1-4 Gujarat State Highways Project Phase IIB- Vol. lID

Volume IID: Wild Ass Crossing on Corridor 02: Viramgam-Halvad covers all details in this regard.

The report discusses various reasons responsible for Wild Ass migration into areas across the Highway. Major impact/s of the proposed widening and strengthening activity on Wild Ass crossings has also been identified land discussed. Various possible mitigation measures with respect to the above-mentioned issue/s have been analyzed and discussed at length. One must note that the scope of the Project is limited to provision of solutions on or near the Highways during the design and construction phases. The ultimate solution will require concrete efforts from the Department of Forests, the Sanctuary authorities, the Revenue Department, other associated agencies and Departments of the state Government and participation of NGOs and villagers residing in the fringe areas of the Sanctuary.

A. 1-5

2. ASSESSMENT OF THE WILD ASS CROSSING SITES ALONG VIRAMGAM - HALVAD CORRIDOR

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The collision of domestic and wild animals and vehicles is one of the operational legacies of Highway development. Vehicle collisions with domestic animals (dogs, cats and livestock) mostly occur in the urban and semi-urban areas; whereas, the wild animal accidents are found in or adjacent to rural areas, forested tracts, parks and sanctuaries. These incidents can be considered a residual negative impact that holds a significant bearing on the society and animal population in the long-term.

Wildlife-vehicle collision studies in North America have identified that for every dead animal found on the road, additional five collisions occur where the animal leaves the right-of-way to die from their injuries later. The result may be such that the endangered wildlife could face . In case of other species, their threshold population could be pushed more towards extinction, if such encroachment on their habitat continues. The costs can also be high for society through damage to vehicles, personal injuries and even death of the motorist and passengers.

In British Columbia, Canada, over $30 million dollars is paid out annually to repair vehicles, for medical costs and loss-of-life insurance from collisions with wildlife. Moreover, wildlife lost is valued at $10 million dollars annually. Unfortunately no such documentation is available in our country and therefore, it is difficult to estimate the cost of such environmental damage.

Ninety percent of animal-vehicle collisions occur at night. In the case of migration of wild animals, the crossing of roads has been observed as a daily or seasonal movement to other habitats in search of food, water and mating. New road projects in the planning stage can avoid wild animal collisions if proper studies pertaining to their movement pattern are conducted in this regard and accordingly the alignment is fixed away their zones of movement. However, where existing roads already have recorded high number of wildlife collisions, only a prescribed number of mitigation measures are available. These include educational/psychology measures such as, driver education and signage; physical structures such as over or under-passes and exclusion methods such as reflectors and fencing.

In India, the majority of animal-vehicle collisions involve domestic stock in urban areas. Unless these animals are contained, the problem will continue to be a concern during operational phases of Highway development. However, there are roads that pass through or are adjacent to the wildlife parks or sanctuaries that shelter unique or rare species and with some listed as endangered. These species often attract world attention and provide, through tourist visits, a considerable amount in foreign exchange to the economy. Therefore, this wildlife population cannot afford to be subjected to pervasive losses through encroachment on habitats and vehicle collisions.

D J, 2-1 Chaptw - 2 In Gujarat, there are two such rare and endangered species-the Asiatic Lion and the Indian Wild Ass. The concern for this study is the potential threat to the Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus Khur) from highway improvement and the projected increase in traffic that will ply on the road located close to the southern boundary of the Little Rann of Kachchh, the only home to this endangered animal.

2.2 THE PROBLEM

The Indian Wild Ass has been listed as an endangered species and its only inhabit is the established sanctuary and near vicinity areas of the Little Rann of Kachchh. The southern boundary of the sanctuary is close to State Highway 07 (Refer Map 1). The nearest point of this sanctuary from the Highway is only about 7.5 kms. This Highway is scheduled to be upgraded and will be carrying high volumes of traffic (8744 PCU per day) in 2001. By year 2017, the design life time frame, the traffic is expected to increase by three times the present volume.

Groups of Wild Ass reportedly cross the highway on a daily (dusk and dawn) basis (Refer Figure 2.1). This movement is even more significant during the dry Figure 2.1: A W'ild Ass Herd In the vicinity of Corridor 02 season, when the animal crosses over for food and water in the agricultural belt, located south of the sanctuary. These groups appear to have become habituated to traffic and the presence of human activities in the area.

The anticipated increase of truck traffic during night on this improved Corridor poses significant threat to the Wild Ass population, as and when they cross the road in groups.

A number of groups have established a permanent habitat along the road located on the sanctuary side of the Sanctuary. This has resulted from an increase in the Wild Ass population over the last nine years. Also, increasing encroachment of salt extraction activities and firing range of the Indian army have pushed the Indian Wild Ass population more and more away from the western part of the sanctuary. As a result, their numbers have increased considerably in the southern fringes of the sanctuary area. To reduce the potential of vehicle collisions, a detailed literature and field assessment was carried out as a part of GSHP.

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2.3 GUJARAT STATE HIGHWAY PROJECT

The Roads and Buildings Department (R&BD) of the Government of Gujarat contracted the Project Co-ordinating Consultancy (PCC) services through World Bank funding to select and prepare detailed designs for a number of State Highways to be rehabilitated. A total of 1,500 km of roads were studied under a detailed feasibility study from which 826.9 km were selected for up-gradation and improvement. Of this, 246 km will be'up- graded in Phase I, 252 km in Phase IIA and 393.09 km, will be taken up for strengthening in Phase IIB. In Phase IIB, there are 10 corridors that have been taken up for design and construction.

It is one of the corridors, Viramgam - Halvad, in Phase IIB, that affects the Wild Ass and their movements. The corridor has a length of 71.5 km. The corridor is further sub- divided into three links, namely,

o 021 Viramgam to Malvan (chainage 58.5 to 91.7)

o 022 Malvan to Dharangdhra (chainage 91.7 to 104) and

o 023 from Dharangdhra to Halvad (chainage 125 to 151).

The major area of concern lies within Links 021 and 022. Further, in these two links, the main concern lies between km 75 to km 104.

2.4 NEED OF STUDY

The Wild Ass population was by and large confined to the areas in the Little Rann of Kachchh at the time of delineation of the sanctuary. Thei increase in the population of the Wild Ass and the loss of their grazing areas in theL Rann has lead to the out- migration of some of these animals from the protected environs of the sanctuary. The Wild Ass groups, that have moved out of the sanctuary are now used to the new environs and form a - separate group from those within the sanctuary (Refer Figure 2.2). They 'are much used to Figure 2.2: Wild Ass Grazing Near the Highway the presence of human beings and their associated activities.

_oorAw-WA 2-A Gujarat State Hlghways Project., Phase JI8- Vol. IID

The State Highway 07 has been in existence for long now. Till date it has not caused much problems in terms of collisions of vehicles plying on the Highway and the Wild Asses. In fact, during the last five years there have been no reported accidents involving the vehicles and the Wild Ass. This can be partly attributed the shy nature of the animal (though now used to presence of humans, still doesn't allow people to come near, its active nature and great speed. The GSHP forecasts traffic growth at no more than the normal time based. The probability of collisions is, thus very limited.

However, recognizing the value of this last of the surviving Wild Ass species in the world, the GSHP proposes some measures for their safety. It may be noted that all measures proposed, as part of the project report, are preventive in nature. Collisions are only a perceived threat, due to increase in number of vehicles plying after the rehabilitation of the Highway. Even though the animals are too much used to the Highway and other human environs by now, certain precautionary measures will have to be provided to reduce any susceptible damage to the species in the event of Highway improvement.

2.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Keeping the above-mentioned context in mind, the following objectives were drawn to assess the likely threat to the Wild Ass - an endangered species of the Little Rann of Kachchh - o To establish the number and crossing locations of the Wild Ass; o To establish the reasons for the migration of the Wild Ass; o To find out through primary and secondary surveys actual sightings of the animal and o To prepare a multi-purpose mitigation strategy to ensure protection of the Wild Ass population.

2.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the study was structured through a series of primary and secondary data collected for basic assessment of the problem. Among the primary sources of information, the following were important - o Discussions with wild life experts, o Information gathered by environmental groups working in the Little Rann of Kachchh o NGO activists working towards environmental protection in the area o Information and research work, including thesis and reports on the issue

2-5

3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Though the Rann (saline desert) of Kutch is one of the most complete deserts on the earth, it supports unique ecosystem, a vast area of flat land interspersed by elevated areas, called Bets'(islands), a unique mirage effect with magnificent avi-fauna and rare and endangered fauna of the world namely Indian Wild Ass (Equus hemionus khur). Unique desert ecosystem with rare species of Wild Ass makes the Sanctuary eligible to be declared as Biosphere Reserve as well as World Heritage. (In fact, the Central Government has already made a proposal in this regard).

3.2 LOCATION OF THE SANCTUARY

World famous Wild Ass Sanctuary covers entire along with coastal areas of five districts in the state of Gujarat viz.; Surendranagar, Kachchh, Mehsana, Banaskantha and Rajkot. The Wild Ass Sanctuary is located between latitude 22055'N to 24°35'N and longitude 70°30'E to 71°45'E. The Sanctuary, which is one of the biggest in India having the total area of 4,953 sq. km. came into existence in 1973.

3.3 GEOGRAPHY OF THE AREA

The Little Rann of Kutch is situated in western part of India in the state of Gujarat. It touches the Gulf of Kutch along with the borders of five districts viz. Kutch, Banaskantha, Patan, Surendranagar and Rajkot. Until 400 B.C., the Rann was a shallow part of Gulf of Kutch and big rivers like Sindhu, Banas, Saraswati etc. were emptying in this area. Over the time, due to siltation, this area got elevated above the sea level. Even today, during monsoon the Rann regains its continuity with Gulf of Kutch. Sand and silt are the main ingredients of the soil.

3.4 CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS

The area has a distinction of having the maximum average rate of evaporation with temperatures of up to 480 C in summer and up to a low of almost 00 C in winter. Drought conditions generally prevail in this area with an average rainfall of 300 mm. per annum.

3.5 ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The sanctuary can be divided into 5 major ecosystems (Singh, 1999).

* A vast flat saline area with a maximum elevation of 2 to 3m. * Bets, 74 elevated areas of land of which 51 are vegetated and are used by the Ass for foaling and refuge during the Monsoon. * Shore or fringe areas. * Transition areas between 1 and 2 where salt content is less and * Water bodies.

3-1 Chapter - 3

Over the years a unique lifecycle has been established mainly on the fringe and Bet (island) areas of the Sanctuary. It is the habitat of rare and endangered species like Indian Wild Ass, , Black buck, Blue bull, Wild boar and carnivores like Wolf, Desert fox, Caracals, Desert cat, jackal etc. The Indian Wild Ass (Equus hem/onus Khur) is a rare sub species of the Asian Wild Ass and is listed on the red list as one of the most endangered animals in the world, as identified by the UN's International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource.

Apart from rare , there are more than 300 species if birds, out of which 33 species are endangered and nearly 80% of them breed in this area. Breeding colonies of Flamingos and Caspian terns are unique of their kinds in South Asia. The list of birds found in the Sanctuary is very rich and it includes rare birds like Lesser Florican, Houbara Bustard, Blue-headed Rock Thrus, Schaheen Falcon, Laggar Falcon and Large Desert Lark.

There are 18 species of snakes including rare and beautiful Royal snake as well as 16 species of lizards, which include Spiny Tailed Lizard. So far 5 species of amphibians have been recorded in the area. During monsoon when the Rann gets inundated by river and back sea water, it produces marine fauna, in which Prawns of Little Rann are the most famous.

To sum up, within the Rann 28 species of mammals, 36 species of reptiles and about 160 species of birds have been recorded (Singh,1999). Other species, which have also been declared endangered and listed in Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, have been recorded in the sanctuary.

Though most of the area of Rann does not favour growth of vegetation, there are 73 species of plants, which include highly endangered plants like Sueda, Allurops and saline resistant grasses in Bet and fringe areas which are the fodder base of wild herbivores. Many of these species have been listed in the Schedule I of the Wild Life Protection Act (1973). They have been also been classified as rare and endangered by IUCN, ZSI, GEC, etc.

3.6 ZONES OF THE SANCTUARY

The Sanctuary has been divided into three zones -

1) Southern Fringe Zone 2) Eastern Fringe Zone 3) North-Western Fringe Zone.

The southern fringe zone is the closest to Links 021 and 022 that are to be upgraded as part of GSHP. The Links run parallel to the sanctuary boundary for approximately 28.5 km. The nearest distance from the edge of the sanctuary to Link 021 is 7.5 km (Refer Map 2).

3-2 Gujarat Sate Highways Ppje: Phase fB

3.7 ABOUT THE WILD ASS

The Indian Wild Ass is one of the sub species of the Asiatic Wild Ass, Equus hemionous khur. Till the last century, the Indian Wild Ass had a fairly wide distribution in the dry regions of north-west India and Pakistan. However, agricultural and urban expansion reduced the original habitat of the Wild Ass.

The Wild Ass is now more or less restricted to the UtLe Rann of Kuchchh. The majority of the population

35W 3M -

0

iu 22D7

4M-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ya 0.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2

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0 L945 L~~~1Q5317 m Year

Figure 2 : Trend of Population of Wild Ass in the Sanctuary in the last 50 Years is located more in the southem portion of the sanctuary. A number of researchers have studied and monitored the numbers, movement and behaviour of the Wild Asses.

Gee (1963) estimated the population of Wild Ass to be around 870 in 1962. The census uhdertaken by the Gujarat Forest Department established the population at 720 in 1976,1989 in 1983 and 2,072 in 1990. The last census was conducted in January 1999 and assessed that the population of the Wild Ass has further increased to 2,839.

The Wildlife Institute of India observed in June 1994 that the Wild Ass was being frequently seen using areas beyond the sanctuary boundaries, although their distribution dedines at a distance of over 10 km from Rann. Based on sightings, the monitoring of two radio-ollared anirnals along the southem fringe and a survey of 192 villages around the sanctuary, it was established that some groups of.Wild Ass had moved out of the Sanctuary and established permanent range along and south of the road corridor. Along the corridor there are normally groups of 10 to 20 animals. Wildlife surveys aDnducted by PCC enumerated approximately 125 wild asses along the cortidor, that now habitat areas outside the sanctuary. This number represents 4.5 percent the total Wild Ass population.

3-3 Chapter - 3

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rn a: z °>0 BAJANA GLjarat State Highways fjeCt: Ptmase B

3.8 REASONS FOR MIGRATION OF THE WILD ASS FROM THE SANCrUARY

3.8.1. Scarcity Of Food

The native plants, Aleuropus logopodies (Dolri) and Suaeda Sp. (Morad) are the preferred food of the Wild Ass. The large-scale spread of Juliflora in the sanctuary is one of the main contributors for the reduction in the growth of the native plant. This is one of the primary reasons for the scarcity of food in the sanctuary. The result is that groups of Wild Ass have left the sanctuary to feed on the standing crops of the farms in the village areas. In particular the leaves of the cotton plant are consumed by the Wild Ass. These forays into the fields coincide with the peak period of agricultural production. The crossing of the highway by the wild asses occur, particularly in these two links, in search of food and water. The highway is in the path of the sources of food and water.

TABLE 3.1: HABITAT SUITABLE FOR WILDLIFE ALONG THE COMIDOR

Urban Area Rural Area(ha)

Taluka Total Area (in hac) Rural Area Forest Inigated Nn CuWivable Non Habitat Hac. % (%Y) ImITgated Cultivable suitable for (%) land (%) (%4) waste (%) M%) Wild lif

Viranxjam 171415.61 6912 4.03 164503.61 4928.6 130025.46 15000.42 14549.27 Virarngan__ 171415.61 691 (95.97) (3.00) (79.04) (9.12) (8.84) Dasada 163011.32 6288 3.86 156723.32 4834.6 3478.3 11266.1 19919.22 15829.23 45414.9 Dasada13011.32 288 3.86 (96.14) (3.08) (2.22 ( 71.89) ( 12.71) (10.10) (27.86) Dhrangdhra 136978.09 1036 0.76 135942.09 61S4.33 11538.9 67255.58 18033.34 27323.85 51511.52 Dhrarngdhra 136978.09 1036 0.76 (99.24) (4.53) (8.49) (49.47) (13.27) (20.10) (37.06)

114404.03 2401.40 17920.05 48520.86 18708.40 26853.33 47963.63 Halvad 121818.03 7414 6.09 (93.91) (2.10) (15.66) (42.41) (16.35) (23.47) (39.37)

Source: Disfrict Census Handbook 1991 *hgures in pareniesis ame percent of tcdal area Previously the animals also used to aoss in areas between Dharangdhra and Halvad. The natural drains and the riverbeds were the preferred route. However these areas are now zused for stone extraction. The human interference has pushed the animals away from this location.

Corridor 02 traverses through four talukas; namely: Viramgam, Dasada, Dhranghadhra and Halvad The land use for these talukas, and specifically the amount of land suitable for wildlife is presented in Table 3.1.

3.8.2. Encroachment of

Prosopis Juliflora was planted in the sanctuary area in

1900 by the Nawab of Radhanpur. This species has a - , tolerance for saline soils and controls soil erosion. The forest department under the Desert Development Programme and Drought Prone Area Programme carried out Extensive planting. This to stop the process of desertification into agricultural areas. The area of the Wild Ass sanctuary under Prosopis Juliflora has been increasing rapidly, from 33,423 Ha (1982-84) to Fig. 3.1 Wild Ass Habitat Area 42,827 ha (1995). The estinated rate of growth of Pfosopis Juliflora in the sanctuary is about 854

3-5 Chaptr - 3 Ha/year (GEER) Furthermore, Pivsopis Juliflora inhibits the growth of other native vegetation, which are the food for the Wild Ass, although it does provide shade and shelter habitat for the wild ass.

TABLE 3.2: AREA UNDER PROSOPIS JULIFLORA IN THE WILD ASS SANCTUARY

Year Area in Ha. 1982-84 33431.6 1986-87 31621.2 1992 38394.9 1995 42827 Source: Gujarat Ecological Education and Research Foundation

3.8.3. Salt Produdng Industries

Salt production requires an area with low rainfall and high evapo-transpiration rates The Litte Rann of Kutch has favourable dimnate, landform and soil conditions suitable for salt production.

The Rann produces 20% of total salt production of India allowing more then 40,000 people inside the Sanctuary along with thousands of vehides. Though District Collectors are empowered by the State Govemment to settle public rights in the Sanctuary since 1973, so far this has not been done. As a result every year salt manufacturing areas within the Sanctuary are increasing due to popular demands, which is a gross violation of the Sanctuary Regulations. Over the last 20 years, the salt manufacturing activity has increased considerably. The increase in demand for salt has resulted in an increase in area under salt production. The area under salt pans has increased from 6,948 ha in 1982-84 to 13,357 ha in 1995. The area under salt works and produdng industries is over 43,000 ha (GEER, 1999).

Though the industrialist lobby dains that there is no conflict between wild ass and salt manufacturing activities, it has been observed that the exodus of wild asses from the Sanctuary has relation with excessive salt manufacturing. F Soneabmta3on Daily needs of salt mrkers indude fuel, fodder, etc., which directly or indirectly has its adverse impact on the wild animals and their habitat TABLE 3.3: AREA UNDER SALT PRODUCrION Year Salt Pan (Area In Ha) 1982-84 6948.1 1986-87 4925.1 1992 13281.9 1995 13357.3 Source: Gujarat EcDsoglcal Education and Researdc Foundaron (1997)

A g 3-6 Gujarat State Highways Prject: Phase I1B

As a result, the original habitat of the Wild Ass has been disturbed and reduced over the years (Refer Table 3.3). This has also been responsible for their movement out of sanctuary. In addition to the production fadlities, transportation of material resulting in vehides plying is also a source of nuisance to the animals.

3.8.4. Scarcity of Water

There is a scarcity of water within the Wild Ass Sanctuary. The natural water sources in the sanctuary dry up by November and this forces the Wild Ass to leave the sanctuary in search of water and food. Since agricultural fields are in vidnity of the sanctuary they automatically become the targets for the Wild Ass. Although the Department of Forests (DoF) also provides water in artifidally constructed troughs and ponds, it is not enough to meet the requirements of all the wild animals in the sanctuary. The Wild Ass is forced to move outside the sanctuary in search of water. They acs the State Highway to reach to the ponds that are located on the other side.

A total of 12 ponds are located within a band 3 km either side of the Corridor 02. These ponds serve as a source of drinking water for the Wild Ass. These ponds are regularly used by groups of Wild Ass. The animals do not use the ponds in near vidnity of habitation. Even though the Wild Ass are used to the human environs they try and keep away from a situation of conflict. Also the river channels and small nallas, which flow across the corridor at different locations are also used for drinking by the Wild Ass, but only in monsoon season because else they run dry.

3.8.5. Grazing Activities

There is widespread and unrestricted grazing by lakhs of domestic animnals causing degradation of fragile ecosystem. Rampant grazing almost finishes fodder base and drinking water of wild animals of the Sanctuary in 3 to 4 months. As a result, animals are forced to leave the Sanctuary fringes and move towards the covplands. The agony of herbivores further increases due to invasion of Prosopis juliflora in the vital grassland areas of the Sanctuary.

Fig 3.3: Dry Pond Fig 3.4: Wild Ass Habitation Zone

3.8.6. Human Settlements

Apart form 107 bordering villages of Sanctuary, many other villages of 10 Talukas of five districts have their economic dependence on Sanctuary. Salt manufacturing, grazing and fishing are the major economic activities, which give rise to pressures on this delicate ecosystem.

3-7 Chapter - 3 3.9 WILD ASS CROSSING

Wild Ass moves in hears and groups. Each heard has a leader, who moves ahead of the group. When crossing a highway the leader crosses first. Only on his reaching the other side the other group members cross. As a result a significant amount of time is taken to cross. The animal also has a tendency to run in case a vehicle approaches near it. Hence they do not cross a highway in case they sight a vehicle approaching. This is one of the main reasons to the unexpected 'no collision scenario'.

Iwo 3-8 4. SURVEY METHODOLOGY

4.1. SURVEYS

Four surveys were carried out to identify locations of the Wild Ass crossings on Corridor 02. Results of the survey were further used to propose measures to reduce the probability of collision of Wild Ass with vehicles, especially at night.

4.1.1. Surveys of the Ponds in vicinity of the Highway

A detailed survey was conducted of the water bodies and ponds in vicinity of the corridor. Secondary sources of information were used to establish the availability and duration of water in the ponds and water bodies. Villagers, from nearby, were asked about sightings of Wild Ass, the frequency and time of use of the ponds. The location and use of the ponds and water bodies was also based on field sightings of Wild Ass using them. Pug marks were also used in identifying the information was recorded and classified into two categories; one, location on the sanctuary side of the corridor (North) and two, opposite side of the sanctuary (South).

4.1.2. Bus-Truck Driver Survey

Primary information on the sighting and crossing of the highway by the wild Ass was also collected from bus and truck drivers. A survey form was handed out, for 6 days, to bus and truck drivers, at half-hourly intervals, travelling in both directions. The locations selected for handing out and receiving the survey forms were chainage 75.5 and chainage 102.0. At both the locations there were roadside eateries where the buses and trucks often stop for refreshments. The survey was co-ordinated by usage of wireless sets on both the end locations. The information collected from the survey was used to identify the specific and frequent crossing locations

4.1.3. Survey along the Highway

A survey along the highway was conducted. The locations selected for carrying out the survey were based on the information provided by the local division of the DoF. The locations were as per their records of sightings of the Wild Ass in vicinity of the corridor. In this survey, surveyors moved in a radius of 2 km from a designated point. Within this study zone the number of Wild Ass were enumerated, the time of the sighting and the side of the highway they were on was also recorded. All the surveyors were provided with wireless sets to keep in constant touch. Each survey team used to tell others of the siting, location, number of animals in the heard and any identification marks etc. This helped keep track of the movement patterns and the probable cross over location of the herd.

4.1.4. Survey of the Drainage Channels

Culverts and bridges constructed over these natural channels allow for sufficient clearance and ease of access to the wild asses. The information collected from this survey established the height and width of the culvert and bridges, and the width of the pathway used by the Wild Ass. This information will be used to establish the size of underpasses that would accommodate the movement of the wild asses

4-1 ' Gujarat State Highways Project Phase IIB

As a result, the original habitat of the Wild Ass has been disturbed and reduced over the years (Refer Table 3.3). This has also been responsible for their movement out of sanctuary. In addition to the production fadlities, transportation of material resulting in vehides plying is also a source of nuisance to the animals.

3.8.4. Scarcity of Water

There is a scarcity of water within the Wild Ass Sanctuary. The natural water sources in the sanctuary dry up by November and this forces the Wild Ass to leave the sanctuary in search of water and food. Since agricultural fields are in vicinity of the sanctuary they automatically become the targets for the Wild Ass. Although the Department of Forests (DoF) also provides water in artificially constructed troughs and ponds, it is not enough to meet the requirements of all the wild animals in the sanctuary. The Wild Ass is forced to move outside the sanctuary in search of water. They Cross the State Highway to reach to the ponds that are located on the other side.

A total of 12 ponds are located within a band 3 km either side of the Corrdor 02. These ponds serve as a source of drinking water for the Wild Ass. These ponds are regularly used by groups of Wild Ass. The animals do not use the ponds in near vicinity of habitation. Even though the Wild Ass are used to the human environs they try and keep away from a situation of conflict. Also the river channels and small nallas, which flow across the corridor at different locations are also used for drinking by the Wild Ass, but only in monsoon season because else they run dry.

3.8.5. Grazing Activities

There is widespread and unrestricted grazing by lakhs of domestic animals causing degradation of fragile ecosystem. Rampant grazing almost finishes fodder base and drinking water of wild animals of the Sanctuary in 3 to 4 months. As a result, animals are forced to leave the Sanctuary fringes and move towards the croplands. The agony of herbivores further increases due to invasion of Prosopis juliflora in the vital grassland areas of the Sanctuary.

L - _L .. w d~~1

Fig 3.3: Dry Pond Fg 3.4: Wild Ass Habitation Zone

3.8.6. Human Settlements

Apart form 107 bordering villages of Sanctuary, many other villages of 10 Talukas of five districts have their economic dependence on Sanctuary. Salt manufacturing, grazing and fishing are the major economic activities, which give rise to pressures on this delicate ecosystem.

3-7 GujaratState ighwa Pojt: Ptase fB north and two ponds on the south retain water throughout the year. To drink from the two perennial ponds groups of Wild Ass cross the corridor.

4.2.2. Bus/Truc Driver Survey -

A survey was conducted with bus and truck drivers who l - drive on the Viramgam - Dhrangadhra corridor duning night. Survey forms were handed-out to the drivers at - chainages 75.5 and 102 respectively. The form requested information about sightings of the Wild Ass within the established zone of 75.5 and 102. Following the oollection f ,± of the forms, the information of sightings of the Wild Ass Fig. 4.3: Wild Ass Grazing near the crossing the morridor was collaborated with that from other Highway surveys. The results of the survey are shown in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3.

The daily traffic on this secion of the highway is projected at 7660 PCU per day for year 1999 (1997, NDLI / LASA). The survey was conducted for 6 days. The number of vehides enumerated also varied because the level of daily traffic in each direction varied.

TABLE 4.2: Bus/TRucK DRIVER SURVEY DIREcTnoN (EAsT To WEgr) Direction from Chainage 75 to Chainage 102

Date No of foTrn No. of forTn No. of No. of Wild Ass handed aollecded 99hbqp ChairkW Sighted

12/05/99 8 3 . - - 13/05/99 20 17 1 84.5 6 89.8 3 14/05/99 7 3 2 98.2 6 15/05/99 12 7 - - - 17/05/99 17 10 Sowur: Frmar Swvey LAS4 (May 1999)

TABLE 4.3: Bus/TRucK DRIVER SURVEY DIRECION (WEST T EAST) Direction from Chainage 102 to Chainage 75 Date No of forrns No. of forrn No. of Sightings Chai No. of Wild Handed Collected Ass Sighted 1205/99 18 10 1 84 3 13/05/99 13 5 - - - 14/05/99 16 16 1 98 4 15/05/99 14 12 1 98.3 6 17/05199 16 12 - - Sou: Pmary SFrVey LMS4 (May 1999)

On the third night of the survey, of a total of 23 drivers sampled, 3 drivers observed Wild Ass crossing the highway. In total the bus and trjck survey reoorded 6 sightings with a total number of animals observed at 28. It is also observed that the maximum crossings take place near chainage 98. A total of 14 Wild Ass were sited in this chainage in two days.

4-3 Chapter - 4

4.2.3. Field Survey

Wild Ass crosses the highway at a number of different locations. These specific sites were assessed in the field by stationing surveyors for 10 days and nine nights at the most probable crossing sites. The Forest Department provided information about the probable locations of the crossing sites. The surveyors moved in a radius of 2 km from the highway. The information on the results of the survey is presented in Table 4.4.

TABLE 4.4: SITING OF WILD Ass ADJACENT TO THE HIGHWAY Date Chainage Time Wild Ass Siting Embankment Height (m) No. Side South (m) North 93.8 12:30 A.M. 2 South 0 73 1.10 93.8 03.45 A.M 4 South 0.73 1.10 98 03: 10 A.M. 4 North 0.35 0.89 98 04:10 A.M 4 North 0 35 0 89 30 Aprii 99 100.2 02:10 A.M. 1 North 0 61 1.06 100.2 06:25 A.M. 8 South 0 61 1 06 100 2 08:40 A M 4 North 0 61 1 06 104 05:30 A.M. 8 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 99 02:15 A M. 4 South 0 45 1.04 99 03:45 A.M. 4 North 0 45 1 04 1 May '99 83.5 04:50 A.M. 12 North 0.2 1 98 06:45 A.M. 2 North 0 35 0.89 104 04:50 A.M. 8 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 98 03:50 A.M. 4 South 0.35 0.89 98 05:45 A.M. 6 North 0.35 0 89 2 May 99 83.5 12.30 A.M. 6 North 0.2 1 83.5 02.30 A.M. (Near POnd) North 0.2 1 104 04:50 A.M. 8 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 99 03 50 A.M. 4 North 0.35 0 89 12 May '99 95 05:45 A.M. 2 North Near Bridge Near Bridge 104 05:30 A.M. 12 South Near Bridge Near Bridqe 100 06:30 A.M 2 South 1.09 1 03 13 May '99 103 07:30 A M 2 North Near Bridge Near Bridge 104 05 30 A.M. 8 South Near Bridge Near Bridqe 95 08.30 A.M 1 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 101 06:30 A M. 2 North 0 29 0 75 14 May '99 104 05 30 A.M. 8 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 101 06.30 P.M. 1 North 0.29 0.75 104 06 00 P.M. 12 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 95 06:00 A.M. 1 South Near Bridge Near Bridge 15 May'99 97 06:30 P M. 2 South 0 66 0 68 15 May'99 100 07:30 P.M. 4 North 1 09 1.03 104 05:30 A.M. 8 South Near Bridge Near Bridge Source Pnrmary Survey, NOLt LASA (May 1999)

During the survey, groups of Wild Ass crossed the highway at a number of different locations. Preferred crossing sites are at locations where the fill heights are at a minimum. Moreover, most of the crbssing sites are also close to the perennial ponds, including the existing crossing site information from the Forest Department. The following were identified as the locations where the Wild Ass crosses the Highway; km 81.8, km84.2, 89.6, km98.1, km98.4, km98.1 and km100 (refer Table 4.5). The highway crossing sites at km 81.8 and km89.6 are specifically for the movement of groups of Wild Asses from one pond to another.

A . 4-4 Gujarat State Highwa Proect: Phase IIB

TABLE 4.5: OBSERVED HIGHWAY CROSS OVER LocATioNs OF THE WILD ASS

Date Chainage No. of Wild Ass From To 12/5/99 81.8 81.9 Foot Prints of Wild Ass 12/5/99 84.2 84.28 Foot Prints of Wild Ass 2V5/99 89.68 89.73 6 2/5/99 98.17 98.18 6 2/5/99 98.45 98.64 4 1/5/99 98.68 98.72 4 30/4/99 100.05 100.08 4 Sour: Prflmary Surey, NDLI/ ULV4, 1999

4.2.4. Natural Channel Survey

Groups of Wild Ass appear to follow natural paths such as riverbeds or dry drainage channels to cross the road. There are a number of channels and rivers that flow across the corridor. A culvert or a minor bridge is constructed on the highway at each of these locations. A survey of the tracks was conducted at each of these locations. It was observed that the Wild Ass, those inhabiting the sanctuary, uses these natural tracks for reaching the ponds, for drinking water during the dry months. At each of the track observed, the height, width and opening of the cross drainage was recorded. It was observed that the Wild Ass uses only those culverts that have a minimum height of 2.5 m and a span length of 7.0m. Wild Ass tracks were also seen frequently in the culvert 95/3, chainage 94.9 and the bridge over the River Umai at chainage 103.4 (Refer Table 4.6).

TABLE 4.6: CRoSS DRAINAGE USED BY WILD ASSEs FOR CROSSNG THE HIGHWAY Chainage NumberChaiCD e Dedc(m) Width ArTangementSpan stbucureType of aearance(m) 82.25 83/1 50 4 x 12 Minor Bridge 5.0 83.3 84/1 16.8 3x4 Mrnor BrEidge 2.0 84.2 85/1 11.3 2 x 5 Minor Bridge 1.4 87.27 88/1 35.2 5 X6 Minor Bridge 2.5 89.8 90/2 26.6 3 x 7 Minor Bridge 2.9 94.99 95/3 30.6 3 x 6.8 Minor Bridge 2.7 96.83 97/4 41.3 5 X7 MKnor Bridge 2.5 103.400 104/1 125.5 5 x 24 Major Brjdge 7.0 Saune: PFlmwy amy, NDII/ LWAS1999 The cross drainage structures that fadlitate the movement of wild ass are seven. These bridges are having direct linkages with the sanctuary. The bridges at chainages 83.3, 84.2, 87.15, 89.8 and 96.83 are not used by wild asses because of low dearance height. - | Wild Ass does not use the Bridge at chainage 82.25 LZ 4. because the base is of concrete, which is used as a scour protection measure. An important observation was that the Wild Ass uses the Rail underpasses frequently. They - . do not cross the railway line. The salient feature of the -d rail underpass is that they are semi-open from the top Fig 4.4: Pug Marks - Wild ASS and let light in. Thus it is important that in case

45 Chapter- 4 underpasses are to be provided they are large and do not predpitate a feeling of endosure. It was also observed that the Wild Ass do not use an underpass if the base is not natural ground.

4.3. IMPACT ANALYSIS

4.3.1. Construction Phase

4.3.1.1. Rehabilitafion of Bridaes and Culverts

Existing bridges and culverts on the corridor will require rehabilitation during the construction phase. For bridges, this work will involve rebuilding the bridge-end fills, construction of new piers and the widening and raising of the deck. Culverts will have to be removed and new, longer structures installed, fill slopes stabilised. As this work will be scheduled for the dry season, the same time that the Wild Ass crosses to feed on crops and utilise the perennial ponds, the temporary blockage and construction site activity may create a negative impact to the migration of the asses. Traffic diversions will also block the movement of the Wild Ass, temporarily, to the some of their habitats.

4.3.1.2. Construction of the Grade and Paving

The grading activities on the road, within chainages 75 to 104, may also potentially obstruct or deter the movement of the Wild Ass. Heavy equipment will be actively rebuilding the fills by widening and raising the grade. Furthermore, traffic detours will also increase the influence of the work zone. Noise generation will also restrict the movement of the animals. During the paving process the odour of asphalt may dissuade the movement the Wild Ass to their food and water sources. Natural corridors will also be temporarily blocked and be subject to generated noise. These pathways are directly linked to the sanctuary, and used frequently by the Wild Ass.

4.3.1.3. Use of Ponds by Contractor and the labour force

Of the twelve ponds dosest to the corridor nine are used by the wild asses for drinking water. During the construction phase the contractor may wish to use water from these ponds for construction purposes. Furthermore, the labour force in camps may also wish to use water from these ponds for their daily needs. The use of water from these ponds by the contractor and his labour force will create a major adverse impact on the Wild Ass and threaten their survival. Therefore, water use from these designated ponds during construction should not be allowed.

Fig. 4.5: Wild Ass Habitation Zone near Fig. 4.6: Wild Ass Crossing Site the Highway

4-6 Gujarat State Hlghways Project. Phase IIB

4.3.1.4. Location of Hot Mix Plants

The location of hot mix plants and labour camps on the North of the corridor will disturb or deter the movement of the Wild Ass from or to the sanctuary. The hot mix plants produce significant noise, dust and odour in the production of bituminous material. To carry bituminous material from the hot mix plants to the construction site will generate heavy traffic. The heavy traffic movement will disturb the use of the habitats preferred by the Wild Ass. In the case the Hot Mix Plant is set-up in near vicinity of a pond the Wild Ass will not use that pond from fear of humans.

4.3.1.5. Establishment of Labour Camps

The establishment of any labour campsite on the sanctuary side (North) of the corridor will disturb the use of some critical habitats used by the Wild Ass. Cumulative negative impacts will also result from the personnel using the surrounding areas for their daily needs. This will restrict the movement of the Wild Ass in those areas. The setting-up of labour camps in vicinity of the ponds will restrict their usage by the Wild Ass.

4.3.1.6. Noise Generated by Machinery during Construction

Heavy equipment and construction vehicles generate excessive noise. This will deter the Wild Ass. The movement of the Wild Ass will be disturbed. They will be inhibited in their movement to the South of the Highway. As this movement is mainly for water and food it is likely that the animal may seek to turn to other areas. To reduce noise levels to a minimum, machinery and vehicles will be malntained regularly and with particular attention to having effective silencers. Noise standards will be strictly enforced for all vehicles, plants, equipment and machinery. Activity at the construction sites within the zone of concern, such as near the ponds, bridge sites and culvert structures will halted between the hours of 1900 to 0800.

4.3.2. Operational Phase

4.3.2.1. Risk of collisions with vehicles

Following the construction of the road, the traffic volumes will substantially increase. Subsequently, after construction, the Wild Ass will attempt to re-establish their nightly migration patterns in the dry season to their food and water sources. Increase in traffic volumes will reduce the distance between successive and approaching vehicles the time available for the animal to cross over will reduce and hence increase the risk of collision. The increased traffic flow, particularly trucks, in the corridor will increase the likelihood of collisions with the Wild Ass. These collisions may lead to - a) Death of the animal b) Serious injury c) Minor injury. Any injury will remove the animal from the gene pool, and thereby reduce the viability of the population.

The Wild Ass is one of the most endangered animals in the world, as identified by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resource, a UN body. The animal is precious and adequate measures should be taken to protect it.

4-7 Chapter - 4

4.3.2.2. Impediment in Grazing and Eating on South of the Highway

During the agricultural harvesting season there are maximum incidences of the Wild Ass crossing the highway. This is primarily to eat the crops. The increase in traffic at night, on the highway will restrict the movement of the animals to south of the highway. The design speed on the highway will be higher than at present, 80-100 km per hour. Consequently, it will inhibit the Wild Ass from crossing the corridor. Because the Wild Ass move in herds or groups, if the lead animals get across the road, the rest of the group may be on the road when a vehicle encounters them. The result will always be some injury and death to the asses and significant damage to the vehicle.

Iff~ 4-8 5. MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WILD ASS

5.1. OPTIONS FOR PROTECTION OF WILD ASS

5.1.1. Fence along the Highway

Collision between vehicles and Wild Ass can be avoided by preventing their movement across the road. It can be effectively accomplished by construction of an exclusion fence on both sides of the corridor. The fence should cover the total crossing area of the Wild Ass along the corridor. The height of the fence should be enough to prevent them from jumping over. This type of fence is extremely expensive per linear meter, but will be effective in 99-100 percent of the cases, preventing the animals from crossing the road. However, this type of fence will also prevent farmers who have land on either side of the corridor from accessing it conveniently.

Most of the farmers own cattle, tractors and other agricultural equipment that must have access to both sides of the corridor. Any openings for agricultural purposes will attract the Wild Ass making them more vulnerable to collisions, once they are trapped inside the fence. A high exclusion fence is also looks very unaesthetic. Drivers sense that they are confined to a tunnel. And in case a vehicle goes off the road, the collision with the fence may lead to severe damage to the vehicle and serious injury to any passengers, and a potential opening for the asses and other animals to get through onto the road. This type of fence is not currently recommended for safety of the Wild Ass in design and construction on this corridor.

5.1.2. High Embankments to Deter Crossing

From the surveys it was found that the Wild Ass prefers crossing the road where there is a minimum of grade between the surrounding land and the road. The Wild Ass generally preferred crossing the corridor where there was a meter or less difference. If the height of the road can be raised to 2.5 meters it would make it more difficult for the Wild Ass to cross the corridor. The construction cost for such an embankment is high. There is an additional safety concern to the added construction costs for any vehicle leaving the road. It may lead to severe damage to the vehicle and serious injury to the passengers. There may be some embankments next to the bridge and culvert structures that will prevent them from crossing, but the final road grade elevation cannot be raised to a height of 2.5 meters over number of kilometres. This is too expensive and not a feasible solution.

5.1.3. Construction of Underpasses at the Crossing Sites

The surveys and other information on the crossing sites allow for the consideration of providing underpasses as an acceptable mitigation measure. By the provision of an underpass at such locations the Wild Ass can move across freely (Refer Figure 5.1 and 5.2). The construction costs of such structures, at the three specific locations, although more than the other options, provides the most effective and safe method of crossing the road (Refer Figure 2A and 2B).

5-1 I Chapter- 5

The underpass should be constructed in such a way it would allow the free movement of the Wild Ass by providing the sufficient dearance height and the natural ground in the bed of the river/natural channel under the bridge.

The bridges are to be reconstructed depending upon the structural condition and the drainage of the

ELEVATIO

ELEVATION ELEVATION

Fig. 5.1: PLAN - EXaSTING CONDlTION Fig 5. 2: PLAN - PROPOSED CONDMON watershed of the channel. At four locations existing bridges The existing bridges at the chainages 82.25, 83.3, 87.27 and 94.99 are also have been reconstructed as per policy of the PCC Only for the movement of the Wild Ass these bridges have been extra widen by about 7m in length; for dearance height of opening has been increased by about 1.5 m. The base of the concrete has not been provided. Instead of it the natural pattem and the condition of channel bed has been kept for the movement of the Wild Ass.

The crossing sites at chainages 84.2 and 89.68 were in vicinity of the existing bridges at 84.35 and 89.93. If the underpass would be provided at these crossing sites, the formation of vertical sag curve will take place eventually cause lack of adequate sight distance. To avoid the discomfort to the vehides and in view of safety, the existing bridges at 84.350 and 89.925 have been widened to serve as underpass for the movement of the Wild Ass.

Table 5.1 Cost of Wild Ass Under Pass along the Corridor

Exitng SpanExisting SpanPCC Policy ProposedMoemn for Wild Ass ForEXb-a WHild Cost Ass Chainage AmangementeSt Fovemens Span Cost Rs. Span Cost Rs. Movenment Anangement m Anangement m R. 82.254 4 x 12 5 x 10.42 11,331,795 5 x 10.42 11,331,795 NIL 83.299 3 x 4 3 x 4 x 2.5 4,177,430 2 x 10 4,918,775 741,345 84.191 2 x 5 3 x 4 x 1.5 3,061,832 2 x 10 5,053,585 1,991,753 87.270 5 x 6 5 x 6 x 3 7,986,698 4 x 10 9,208,827 1,222,129 89.797 3 x 7 4 x 6 x3.5 6,804,969 3 x 10 8,143,820 1,338,851 94.990 3 x 6.8 4 x 6 x3.5 6 804,969 3 x 10 8,143,820 1,338,851 98.500 NA NA NA 2 x 10 8,730,603 8,730,603 100.100 NA NA NA 1 x 10 4,433,201 4,433,201 Total Cost 19,796,733 The new underpass will be constructed at 98.5 and 100.1 to avoid the collisions at the crossing sites at chainages 98.17, 98.45, 98.68 and 100.05. 5-2 _ j GUJARAT r PODASSSAEMDARY

Cc FREOUENTMOVEMENT 4E- OCCASIONAL MOVEMENT =|=D WILDASS MOVEMENT AREA

* FIXEDLOCATION SURVEY / / // / / / / / / \ ; VLLAGE~~~~~~~~~~~~LEEN L BUS/RUCDRIVER SURVEY LOCATION _POND USEDBY WILDASS PONDNOT USED BY WLD ASS RIVER/DRAIN 9'O VILLAGE NO7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PROPOSEDUNDERPASS

PROPOSEDAfDEN BRIDGE

WILDASS MOVEMENT CORRIDOR& PROPOSEDSAFETY MEASURES ON MRAMGAM- HALVAD STATE HIGHWAY CUJARAT STATE HIGHWA YS PROJECT .4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PHASEJIB

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IINDIAINOIA P~~ROJECT~~~CONSUJL11NG00-ORDlNATING SERMCES

MALVANViLLACE G~~ ~~~~UJA R A T

___ 9- M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IILDASS SANMTARY

LECEND ~-FREQUENT MOVEMENT OCCASIONALMOVEMENT WiLDASS MOVEMENT AREA 41, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*FIXED LOCATiONSURVEY

BUS/TRUCKDRIVER SURVEY LOCATiON

PONDUSED BY WILDASS PONDNOT USED BYWiLD ASS

B~VILLAGE

PROPOSEDUNDER PASS PROPOSEDWiDEN BRIDGE

FI GU RE 2 B WiLDASS MOVEMENT CORRIDOR & PROPOSEDSAFETY MEASURES ON VRAMGAM- HALVAD STAFF HIGH WAY GUJARAT STATE HIGHWA YS PROJECT PHASE JIB LEA

INDIA w~OONULTNGSERNACES

Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase 118-Vol. lID

The under pass at chainages 98.5 has a dear opening of 10m in two spans and at 100.05 the underpass has dear opening of 10m in one span for movement of the Wild Ass.

5.2. PROVISION OF ANIMAL REFLECTORS

If the wild asses cross the corridor, other than at the proposed underpasses, where the road is at grade with the surrounding terrain, an additional mitigation measure can be effective in redudng night-time collisions. This measure is the installation of reflectors that inhibit movement on to the road by animals. The Wildlife Highway Waming Reflector System uses the headlights of vehides to form an optic fence that momentarily holds up individual or herds of animals from crossing the road in front of fast moving vehides. This system has been used for the past 15 -20 years in Europe and North America with a 60 to 80% success rate on a large and varied number of wild animal spedes. This system does not adversely affect the vision of the motorists as the beam from the reflectors is foacsed away from the travelled portion of the road. Travellers are still able to see the scenic beauty along the corridor. The cost of this option is mudh less than the others presented above. However, the reflectors require dearing to be effective and are prone to vandalism. Local residents need to be educated to the importance in safety needs of the reflectors so that they can monitor their security. K;~~~~~~~~4

Fig 5.1: A closer view of the Fig 5.2 An Installed Reflector Reflector System System

The object of this wild life waming reflectors is to decrease the vehide and wild life collisions between the period from dusk to dawn. Wild animal highway waming reflector system consists of reflectors installed in staggered locations at the height of the head light of moving vehides and is fixed on either side of the road.

The rays of light from the headlights from the passing vehides strike the rows of reflectors installed on either side of the road and these reflectors in tum direct the reflected light in one or two directions across the road at approximately 900 onto the road-sides. The devices reflect light from the head-lights to create is lOw intensity red ray or curtain prior at the edge of the road. These reflective lighted fences wam and hold-up the wild animals from crossing the road.

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NoREIASION DATE o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' Gf7REFL CHECKEO MUNISH PRO'LCTO'SRMIT!A I 'E- 50 Gujarat State Highways Project . Phase IIB- Vol IID

Wild animals have acute night vision and when they come upon the unnatural and seemingly moving light patterns, they do not cross the road. After the vehicle passes, the light pattern disappears and the animals go freely on their way.

Along the Viramgam - Dhrangadhra road, two types of Reflector system will be used (Refer Figure 3). The numbers for each type of system and cost for the same given in the Table 5.2. The detailed specification for the systems and the location of each type along the road is given in the Appendix - 1.

Table 5.2: Cost of Reflector System System Type Number Rate Cost Rs. Single Mounted Reflector 385 1850 712,250 Back to Back Mounted Reflector 4062 3350 13,607,700 Total Cost 14,319,950 5.3. VEGETATIVE BARRIERS

An additional measure to prevent the random crossing of the road by the wild asses is by the planting of impassable vegetation. Recommended is the planting of cactus preferably not on the edge of the pavement but at the base of the fill so that the effectiveness of the reflectors is unimpaired. These rows of cactus can also be planted to direct the wild asses to the underpasses or bridge and culvert structures.

5.4. PROVISIN OF SIGN BOARDS

Appropriate and informative signage helps in information dissipation about the precious wildlife and helps in preventing accidents that may occur due to lack of knowledge about their existence in an area. This may be especially helpful in cases where the driver is new o drives rarely along this stretch. Hence, in GSHP this additional measure is also being used to protect the Wild Ass population and at the time inform and generate awareness among the road users.

Efforts to stop the collision between vehicles and Wild Ass will be supported by providing informative sign-boards. These sign-boards will provide the information about Wild Ass, their crossing sites, their movement pattern etc.. Awareness among the highway users about the presence of such a rare species will reduce the chances of collision. Such information would help drivers to look out for the Wild Ass and drive slowly. The signposts will be fixed at equal intervals along the road-side. The sign-boards will be provided at such a level that it is possible for a driver to read the board while moving at the design speed.

In this project, the highways have been designed to achieve the speeds of 80 km/h to 100 km/h. The design of the signs will comply with the visibility at the above-mentioned speed. This sign-board should also be attractive and different than other sign boards so that it gets appropriate attention from the drivers.

This road-side board will not be able to host more than a small sentence considering the speed factor. Thus, another type of board has been proposed in the Project, which will provide more information about the sanctuary, the Wild Ass and their status. These boards will be placed close to road-side 'Dhabas' or close to settlements. Such a board will also be provided at the beginning and end of the corridor. For details regarding the installation procedure and design of Sign Boards refer Appendix 2.

5-5 Chapter - 5

5.5. DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD GARDEN

It is proposed to develop areas near the sanctuary as food gardens' for the Wild Asses. These areas will accommodate such plants and grasses, which the Wild Ass eats, and also have provision for water. By doing so, one caters to two major reasons for which the Wild Ass migrates out of the sanctuary. Such areas can thus, prevent the movement of the animal further and further away from its original habitat. These areas are to be developed between the buffer of the sanctuary and the State Highway.

The location of Food Garden is selected on the basis of the vicinity/ nearness to the Sanctuary, availability of the land and location as per the crossing zones of the Wild Ass for food and water. If the area is in vicinity of the Sanctuary, the use of the garden by the Wild Ass will be optimum. The location of the Food garden falls on the movement zone of the Wild Ass; hence it is likely to be used by the animal more frequently. The selected locations are on the North side of the corridor and between the Sanctuary and the road. Thus, the food garden area will act as a barrier and will prevent Wild Ass crossing. Obviously, under such conditions the threat of collision reduces.

In the food garden, trees such as Sa/vadora oleoldes Decalsne (Pl/u) and Sa/vadora persica L. (Khar P//u). Grasses like A/europus lagopoides (L.) Trin.ex. Thw. (Do/rl), Arnstida adscensionis Llnn. (Lapdu), Aristida hystrix L. (Lapdl), Aristida depressa Retz. (Lapdu), Aristida histricu/a Edgew. (Lapdu), Eragrostis cl/larls(L.) R.Br. (Fulkani), Eragrostis unloloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) (Bhlmbhdo), Desmostachya biplnnata (L.) Stapf and herbs Suaeda maritlma (L.) Dum. (Morad), S. fruticosa (L.) Forsk. Ex. Gmel. (Morad) will be planted.

In the food garden, water will be provided in the artificial constructed ponds. The ponds will be inter- connected to avoid the dryness of any one pond. The surface area of the pond would be kept minimum to avoid the evaporation loss. The locations of ponds are in such a way; it will store the rainwater during the rainy season. When the ponds will be dried, the Forest department will provide the water in these ponds.

The areas at two places one at Dhrumth No kharo (chainage 103.00 - 104.00) and other at Tundi Talav (chainage 90.500) near the sanctuary are selected for the Food Garden. The proposed food garden at these two locations belongs to the Forest Department. The existing ponds on north side of the corridor at chainages 75.500, 83.400, 96.500, 98.650 and 100.050 will be developed as Food Gardens.

The methodology for developing a Food Garden has been given in Table 5.3. The methodology covers composition of species, land preparation, protection, upkeep and technique of plantation.

1WR 5-6 GujaratState Highways Project Phase IIB- Vol. IID

Table 5.3: Method for the Developing a Food garden

Composition : 1) The. species planted 200 trees/Ha of Salvadora oleoides Decaisne (Pilu) and of Species 200 trees/Ha. of Salvadora persica L. (Khari Pilu) . 2) The species planted 1600 species/Ha of Suaeda maritima(L.) Dum ( Morad) and 1600 species/Ha. of Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk Ex Gmel (Morad) 3) Grasses like Aleuropus lagopoides (L.) Trin.ex. Thw. (Dolri), Aristida adscensionis Llnn. (Lapdu), Aristida hystrix L. (Lapdi), Arlstida depressa Retz. (Lapdu), Aristlda histrlcula Edgew. (Lapdu), Eragrostis ciliaris(L.) R.Br. (Fulkanhi, Eragrostls un/ololdes (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) (Bhimbhdo), Desmostachya biplnnata (L.) Stapf will be planted in the 8000 m2 area remaining after the pits in the Ha. Land : 1) Existing Proscpis7ulifora (Ganda Bhaval)trees in the food garden area will be Preparation removed completely 2) Total 4000 pits of 50cms X 50cms x 50 cms per Ha. will be dug in the food garden area. 3) Ploughing of soil and water harvesting measures will be carried out 4) Erosion protection work for existing and Construction of the Ponds in the Food garden area. Protection : The area will be protected form the grazing by livestock of near villages manually for initially two years after plantation.

Upkeep of : Cleaning, prunning and upkeep of planted and naturally regenerated saplings will

plantation be done through casual labour for total plot till the end of 5th year. Planting : 1) Salvadora oleoides Decaisne (Pilu) and Salvadora persica L. (Kharn Pilu) technique seedings one year old raised in polypots of 25 cms X 25 cms X 30 cms will be planted in pits of the size50cms X 50cms x 50 cms. 2) Suaeda maritima(L.) Dum ( Morad) and Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk Ex Gmel (Morad) raised in polypots of 15 cms X 15 cms X 20 cms will be planted in pits of the size 50cms X 50cms x 50 cms. 3) Seeds of grasses will be dibbled on the food garden area.

The area for the Food Garden as a pilot project Tundi Talav near sanctuary at about 90.500 Chainages is selected.

The Tundi Talav near sanctuary at chainage 95.500 is selected for Food Garden. A total area for the development of Food Garden is considered as 25 Ha. near the Tundi Talav. In the area, the development Food Garden will be as per the method described in the text above. The Forest Department will do the development of the Food Garden.

Tundi Talav will be developed as Food Garden as a Pilot Project. The finance of the pilot project will be borne by the Gujarat State Highways Project (GSHP). By evaluating the result of pilot project after three years duration form the year of implementation the area at Dhrumth Khara can be also be taken up for a 5-7 Chapter - 5 similar project. The budget for developing Food Gardens has been worked out and has been presented in Appendix 3.

5.6. Monitoring Needs for the Mitigation Measures

During the operational period of the road a long-term monitoring program needs to be established. The objective will be to assess the effectiveness of various mitigation measures in preventing wild ass/vehicle collisions. Moreover, the monitoring program must establish an active maintenance program that will ensure that the signs, reflectors and underpasses are kept clean and functional. Where signs and reflectors have been knocked down or removed by vehicles or vandalism, they should be immediately re- installed.

The EMU should be responsible for the development of this program in association with the district staff of R&BD, the Department of Forestry, the headman of the local villages, and the superintendent of the Wild Ass Sanctuary.

5.7. Conclusion and Recommendations

This study has identified that groups of wild asses regularly cross the road to feed and drink water in adjacent agricultural areas and ponds. It appears from this study that the groups of asses that inhabit the area near the road are now permanent residents of this area and do not migrate to and from the Sanctuary. This may in part be due to the increase in the wild ass population and the need to find new ranges. However, it is most likely that the perennial availability of food and water has led to these groups becoming established in this area. Moreover, as the wild ass population grows more groups or herds will move out of the Sanctuary and establish themselves along the road, thereby increasing the risk of more collisions. Although this study no reported vehicle/wild ass collisions occurred, the mitigation measures proposed and to be adopted for this project will be able to prevent a considerable number of future vehicle collisions. However, should the monitoring program identify an increasing number of animals and vehicle collisions, fencing may have to be considered as the ultimate method of ensuring that the animals do not access the road.

The results of the study have also identified that another crossing zone used frequently by the wild asses occurs from chainage 104 to 107. This section of the road is outside of this project's mandate. However, we strongly urge that the EMU and the R&BD, after monitoring the effectiveness of the reflectors, order additional reflectors and have them installed along this section of the road.

5-8 APPENDIX 1

REFLECTOR SPECIFICA TION FOR PLACEMENTAND MOUNTING

l~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

APPENDIX 1

REFLECTOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR PLACEMENT AND MOUNTING

Highway Warning Reflector System for Wild Animals: - This is the system which reduces the number of wildlife and vehicle collisions in an area where the wild animal cross the highway for different purposes. The devices reflects light that illuminates from vehicle headlight to create a low intensity red band. It reflects across the roadway into wood and ditches at the side of the road. Headlight from the passing vehicles strike rows of reflectors along the road, on each side, with each light is reflected in turn directing reflected light across the road. Entering light is reflected at approximately 90 degree to roadside and motorists do not see the reflected light. An animal however come upon the unnatural and seemingly moving light patterns and does not cross the road, as light fence of red band

The recommended reflectors shall be STRIETER-LITE reflector or equivalent. Additional reflectors are required to be installed in areas where the level difference between the road surface and the adjoining land is more than 1.2 meters. In such areas the reflectors on the opposite side of the road cannot be seen by the animals. Material Crystal reflectors consist of a plastic housing, which contains two reflective mirrors (to reflective elements) with plastic topical elements that reflect the light from the headlights of the approaching vehicles. The housing shall be made of' modified polymethyl methacrylate and shall be backed with aluminium foil or vapour deposition and is protected against corrosion. The housing is completely sealed and welded during the injection moulding process to make it an integral unit to withstand moisture infiltration and thus reduce oxidation of.the reflective surfaces. The reflectors shall be secured to vertical posts (channels) with two recessed or surface mounted stainless steel machine tapping screws." The channel shall be embedded in concrete to a sufficient depth below ground as indicated on the 'drawings. The steel channel shall be fabricated and painted in conformity with section 1900 of Technical Specification (MOST). Fixing / Positioning These reflectors are to be installed on both sides over the entire stretch of known Wild Ass crossing sites. The bottom of the reflector shall be 60 cm to 75 cm (24" - 30") from the crown of the road. The maximum permissible distance across the road between reflector lines is 37.5 meter (125.00"). The reflectors are to be located at not more,than (40"-0") 12.00m from edge of shoulders. In down slope areas additional reflectors, directed away from the road and towards the low lying area are to be installed in back to back position and the distance should not exceed 5.00 meters (16-0) away from the out side edge of the road. For best results this distance should be less. Animals passing through the areas will not be able to see the reflectors on the opposite side of the road. The reflectors when installed in the up slope areas should reflect up and on the down slope areas shall be reflected towards the low lying areas. These reflectors are to be installed in such a pattern that no obstructions between the reflectors and the edges of the road exist. For better results the spacing between reflectors along the reflector lines on both sides of the road should be equal to the distance of the line of reflectors on either side of the road.

1 Appendlx - 1

TABLE A.1 LOCATION FOR REFLECTORS NORTH SIDE SOUTH SIDE CHAINAGE | REFLECTOR TYPE REFLECTOR TYPE FROM TO ______FROM TO 75 000 76.037.5 TYPEI 75.006 77.550 TYPEI 76.0375 76.1625 TYPE II 77.550 77.625 TYPEII 76 1625 77.2825 TYPEI 77.625 77.850 TYPEI 77 2885 77.3625 TYPE II 77 850 77.925 TYPE II 77 3625 77.6755 TYPEI 77.925 78.425 TYPEI 77 675.5 77.700 TYPE II 78.425 78.475 TYPEII 77 700 77.825 TYPEI 78.475 79 150 TYPEI 77 825 77 9255 TYPE II 79.150 79.175 TYPE II 77.9255 78 1125 TYPEI 79.175 82.200 TYPEI 78 1125 78 225 TYPEII 82.200 82.290 NO REFLECTOR 78 225 78.4125 TYPEI 82.290 83.275 TYPEI 78 4125 78.475 TYPE II 83.275 83.320 NO REFLECTOR 78 475 80.2125 TYPEI 83.320 83.475 TYPEI 80.2125 80 2625 TYPE II 83.475 83.500 TYPE II 80.2625 82 200 TYPEI 83.500 83.575 TYPEI 82 200 82.290 NO REFLECTORS 83 575 83 600 TYPEII 82 290 83 275 TYPEI 83.600 83 675 TYPEI 83.275 83 320 NO REFLECTORS 83.675 83 700 TYPEII 83.320 83.625 TYPEI 83.700 84 170 TYPEI 83 625 83.7125 TYPEII 84 170 84 215 NO REFLECTOR 83 7125 84 170 TYPEI 84 215 84.875 TYPEI 84 170 84.215 NO REFLECTORS 84 875 84.975 TYPEII 84.215 84 3825 TYPEI 84 975 87 075 TYPEI 84 3825 84 450 TYPE II 87.235 87.305 NO REFLECTOR 84 450 84 975 TYPEI 87.305 89.770 TYPEI 84 975 87 235 TYPE II 89.770 90.225 NO REFLECTOR 87 235 87 305 NO REFLECTORS 90 225 91.200 TYPEI 87 305 89.770 TYPEI 91 200 92.200 NO REFLECTOR 89 700 90 225 NO REFLECTORS 92.200 94.625 TYPEI 90 225 91.200 TYPE I 94.625 94.700 TYPEII 91.200 92.200 NO REFLECTORS 94.700 94.800 TYPEI 92.200 92.2375 TYPEI 94.800 94.925 TYPE II 92 237 5 92.2875 TYPE II 94.925 95.965 TYPEI 92 2875 94.2125 TYPEI 94.965 95.020 NO REFLECTOR 94.2125 94.2375 TYPEII 95.020 95.975 TYPEI 94 2375 94 7375 TYPEI 95.975 96.000 TYPE II 94.7375 94 8375 TYPE II 96.000 96 375 TYPEI 94 8375 94 965 TYPEI 96.375 96.575 TYPEII 94 965 95.020 NO REFLECTORS 96.575 96.795 TYPEI 95 020 96 3675 TYPEI 96.795 96.840 NO REFLECTOR 96.3675 96 4375 TYPEII 96 840 98.475 TYPEI 96.4375 96 795 TYPEI 98.475 98.525 NO REFLECTOR 96.795 96.840 NO REFLECTORS 98.525 100.065 TYPEI 96.840 98.475 TYPEI 100.065 100.140 NO REFLECTOR 98 475 98 525 NO REFLECTORS 100.140 101.250 TYPEI 98 525 100.065 TYPEI 101.250 101 275 TYPE II 100 065 100.140 NO REFLECTORS 101.275 104.000 TYPEI 100 140 104.000 TYPEI NOTE: Reflector should be placed at shoulder edge Dlstance between two reflectors should be 12 5-m c/c with In mentioned chainages. At starting and ending chainages single reflector (type ii) should be mounted Type i reflector mounted back to back on post Type i single reflector on post

2 Appendlx - 1

In down slope areas if the distance between the reflector lines are 30 to 37.5 meters, an intermediate reflector must be placed equidistant between the posts and mounted, singly on the out side of the intermediate post and directed away fron the road towards the down slope. On curved sections spacing and location are same as that of the rest of the reflectors. Spacing for reflectors applies to reflectors on the outside of curve. Reflectors on the inside of curves shall be evenly adjusted in a staggered fashion. The spacing and placement of reflector shall be as shown on the drawings or as instructed by the Engineer. Measurement for Payment Single reflector, double reflectors (back to back) mounting and alternate back-to-back mounted double reflectors shall be measured separately in numbers. Rate The contract unit rate for supply and installation of the wild life warning reflectors shall cover the cost of reflectors, cost of vertical channel section for fixing the reflectors, cost of screws, transportation, fixing in position, painting as shown on the drawings and as directed by the Engineer.

After vehicle passes the light pattern red band come to an end and animals cross the road freely on their way with safety. The reflectors are mounted at average headlight height on the highway delineator posts, which are located along the highway on both sides. Reflectors are along the road in a staggered manner. Reflector face across the road, never directly across from each other .The distance between the lines of reflector varies, spacing must also vary equal to the distance between reflector lines. Additional reflectors are required along the roadside where embankment slopes are high and where the reflectors on opposite side of the road cannot be seen due to the terrain of the highway. The additional reflectors are directed away from the road mounted back to back on the same posts with the reflectors. It provides complete reflective cover for any roadside terrain to warn wild animals against crossing at night.

Reflector will be placed along the highway as per chainage mentioned in Table A.1 for location of Reflectors. The specifications and the mounting pattern of the Reflector will be followed.

3 -I

APPENDIX 2

DESIGN AND INSTALLA TION OF SIGN BOA RDS

APPENDIX 2 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF SIGN BOARDS

The roadside sign-boards will stand 6m in height from the ground. The lettering on these boards will be in Gujarati & Hindi alternatively. The message would have 19-20 letters of 25 cm height cautioning the driver to be aware of the presence of wild asses in the vicinity. The Dhaba side board will stand 3 m height. For easy reading the lettering will be 20 cm in height and will be spread between 1.2 m to 2.6 m from the ground. The text would be a paragraph describing the importance of the sanctuary and wild asses. To convey the message effectively both the sign boards have been made attractive by its structure and shape.

The roadside signboard will be a 6m height and 2m wide structure. The top will be a circular plate having 2m dia containing the message. It will be supported by a curvilinear pipe structure below it. The structure will essentially involve two sets of pipe structure. The first will have a half circle facing down wards joined to the top ends of a 'X' structure by the pipe. The joints have been pushed towards of ground.

The arms below joint will be parts of circles having their centers on grounds in between two legs of the 'X'. The upper arms of the 'X' will be segments of larger circles with their centers on opposite side. The top half circle will be welded to the free ends of the 'X' and will hold the circular plate in it. The next set will be a copy of the first one except the top of circle. Instead of the top half circle will have a quarter circle facing upwards. The quarter circle will be welded to the bottom part of the circular plate and the free legs will be welded at 20 cm back to the first structure.

1 AM Appendix -2

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APPENDIX3

BUDGETFOOD GRA DEN

APPENDIX 3 BUDGET- FOOD GARDEN Item of Works Labour Rs. Maintenance Quantity Rate Rs. Total Cost Rs. Nursery: 1. Raising of Salvadora oleoldes Decalsne (Pllu) in polypots size 25cms X 25cms X 2.0 1.5 5000 3.5 17,500 30 cms 2. Salvadora perstca L. (Khar, P/lu) in 2.0 1.5 5000 3.5 17,500 polypots size 25cms X 25cms X 30 cms + 3. Suaeda marltlma(L ) Dum ( Morad) raised in polypots of 15 cms X 15 cms X, 2.0 1.5 40,000 3.5 1,40,000 20 cms will be planted in pits of the size, 50cms X 50cms x 50 cms. 4. Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk Ex Gmel (Morad) raised in polypots of 15 cms X 2.0 1.5 40,000 3.5 1,40,000 15 cms X 20 cms will be planted in pits of the size 50cms X 50cms x 50 cms 5. Raising of Miscellaneous seeding of 0.75 0.75 2,00,000 1.5 3,00,000 Grasses Maintenance Maintenance of seedings in the Nursery 2.0 0.75 ] 90,000 2.75 2,47500 Land Preparation: 1) Clearing and Grubbing of existing 23,00,00 Prosopis Julifora (Gando Bhaval) and 2.50 0.25 0 1.15 4,02,500 other trees 2) Digging of pits of 50 cms X 50 cms 50 2.0 0.35 9,000 2.35 2,11,500 cms as per drawing 3) Ploughing of soil and water in remaining 1.5 1.5 2,07,500 2.5 5,18,750 Ha. area for Grasses 4) Construction of Ponds in the Food LUMP SUM 1,00,000 Garden Area. Protection : (Through of Daily Wages Workers) Manually protection of area from the grazing 45 is 730 Days 60 X 80 3,50,400 by livestock for minimum two years. UPKEEP PLANTATION: (THROUGH OF DAILY WAGES WORKERS) 1) 1" year for 25 Ha. 12.75 ] 10.25 100 23 2300

2) 2nd year for 25 Ha. 12.75 | 10.25 100 23 2300 PLANTING

Transport of Seeds 0.5 0.5 90,000 1 1,00,000 Planting 1 1 90,000 2 1,80,000

Weeding cum soil working 0.75 0.25 90,000 1 90,000

Application of fertilizers / plants 0.75 0.25 90,000 1 90,000

SECOND YEAR OPERATION

2 weeding cum soil working LUMP SUM 50,000

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