Fake News, Filter Bubbles, Post-Truth and Trust

Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust

A study across 27 countries FAKE NEWS, POST-TRUTH AND FILTER BUBBLES Public 3 The average person in T Total 65% 25% 1 US 77% 14% [COUNTRY] lives in their 2 India 74% 21% 3 Malaysia 72% 23% own ‘bubble’ on the 4 Sweden 71% 19% 5 Turkey 71% 24% internet, mostly 6 Australia 70% 19% 7 Great Britain 70% 19% connecting with people 8 Mexico 70% 25% 9 Canada 69% 20% like themselves and 10 Serbia 69% 24% 11 Argentina 68% 25% looking for opinions they 12 Chile 67% 29% 13 Hungary 67% 19% already agree with. 14 South Africa 67% 26% 15 Peru 66% 30% 16 South Korea 66% 22% 17 Poland 64% 22% 18 Belgium 62% 22% 19 Spain 62% 24% 20 China 61% 27% 21 Brazil 60% 30% 22 Russia 60% 30% KEY: 23 Saudi Arabia 59% 29% Agree Disagree 24 France 57% 25% 25 Germany 55% 28% 26 Italy 50% 37% 27 Japan 44% 35%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 4 © Ipsos. T Total 34% 56% I live in my own bubble on 1 India 56% 39% 2 China 54% 34% the internet, mostly 3 Malaysia 53% 43% 4 Saudi Arabia 49% 39% connecting with people 5 South Korea 44% 45% 6 Peru 40% 53% like myself and looking for 7 Brazil 38% 52% 8 South Africa 37% 58% opinions I already agree 9 Turkey 37% 58% 10 Chile 34% 60% with. 11 Poland 34% 55% 12 Australia 32% 57% 13 Hungary 32% 57% 14 Russia 32% 62% 15 US 32% 56% 16 Canada 31% 61% 17 Mexico 31% 64% 18 Belgium 30% 57% 19 Great Britain 30% 61% 20 Spain 30% 57% 21 Serbia 29% 64% 22 Japan 27% 53% KEY: 23 France 25% 59% Agree Disagree 24 Italy 25% 62% 25 Argentina 23% 70% 26 Sweden 23% 71% 27 Germany 22% 64%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 5 © Ipsos. We’re much more likely to think others live in filter bubble than admit we do… +/- Net T Total +31 1 Sweden +48 2 Argentina +45 This chart compares what 3 US +45 people say for others and 4 Great Britain +40 5 Serbia +40 what they say for 6 Mexico +39 7 Australia +38 themselves on how much 8 Canada +38 they live in a bubble, from 9 Hungary +35 10 Turkey +34 previous two slides… 11 Germany +33 12 Chile +33 13 Belgium +32 …and shows how many 14 Spain +32 15 France +32 more people think that 16 South Africa +30 17 Poland +30 others live in an internet 18 Russia +28 bubble than admit that 19 Peru +26 20 Italy +25 for themselves 21 South Korea +22 22 Brazil +22 23 Malaysia +19 24 India +18 25 Japan +17 26 Saudi Arabia +10 27 China +7

Public 6 T Total 41% 48% I am confident that the 1 Hungary 69% 23% 2 Malaysia 60% 34% average person in 3 Saudi Arabia 60% 29% 4 China 58% 34% [COUNTRY] can tell real 5 India 55% 39% 6 Spain 54% 27% news from ‘fake news’. 7 Peru 46% 48% 8 Chile 44% 50% 9 Mexico 44% 51% 10 Serbia 44% 49% 11 Russia 40% 49% 12 Turkey 40% 56% 13 Canada 39% 48% 14 Poland 39% 47% 15 Brazil 38% 51% 16 France 38% 45% 17 Argentina 37% 53% 18 South Korea 37% 48% 19 Australia 36% 51% 20 South Africa 34% 59% 21 Belgium 32% 53% 22 Germany 29% 53% KEY: 23 US 29% 62% Great Britain 28% 59% Agree Disagree 24 25 Italy 27% 61% 26 Japan 26% 52% 27 Sweden 26% 64%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 7 © Ipsos. T Total 63% 25% I am confident that I can 1 Turkey 77% 19% 2 Chile 76% 20% tell real news from ‘fake 3 Peru 76% 21% 4 Serbia 76% 15% news’ (entirely made up 5 Malaysia 74% 20% 6 South Africa 73% 20% stories or facts). 7 Argentina 72% 19% 8 Mexico 72% 23% 9 India 70% 25% 10 Saudi Arabia 70% 18% 11 Poland 69% 17% 12 Brazil 68% 22% 13 Hungary 68% 23% 14 Australia 67% 19% 15 Great Britain 66% 21% 16 US 65% 24% 17 Canada 64% 24% 18 Sweden 64% 25% 19 China 63% 26% Belgium 20 60% 27% Russia 58% 31% 21 France 54% 28% 22 Italy 52% 37% KEY: 23 Germany 47% 31% 24 Agree Disagree South Korea 45% 36% 25 Spain 39% 38% 26 Japan 30% 47% 27

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 8 © Ipsos. I can identify fake news but the rest of my country can’t… +/- Net T Total +22 1 South Africa +39 2 Great Britain +38 This chart compares what 3 Sweden +38 people say for others and 4 Turkey +37 5 US +36 what they say for 6 Argentina +35 7 Chile +32 themselves on being able 8 Serbia +32 to identify fake news from 9 Australia +31 10 Brazil +30 previous two slides… 11 Peru +30 12 Poland +30 13 Belgium +28 …and shows how many 14 Mexico +28 15 Canada +25 more people think the 16 Italy +25 17 Germany +18 average person can’t 18 Russia +18 identify fake news 19 France +16 20 India +15 compared with them 21 Malaysia +14 22 Saudi Arabia +10 (except in Spain and 23 South Korea +8 Hungary) 24 China +5 25 Japan +4 26 Hungary -1 27 Spain -15

Public 9 T Total 58% 28% I think I’m better at 1 Turkey 73% 23% 2 Peru 72% 23% spotting ‘fake news’ than 3 Chile 69% 23% 4 Hungary 69% 19% the average person in 5 India 69% 24% 6 Serbia 68% 17% [COUNTRY]. 7 Saudi Arabia 66% 21% 8 Malaysia 65% 26% 9 South Africa 65% 26% 10 Mexico 64% 29% 11 Brazil 62% 28% 12 Poland 60% 22% 13 Argentina 59% 28% 14 Australia 59% 23% 15 US 59% 27% 16 Russia 58% 31% 17 Great Britain 56% 24% 18 Canada 54% 28% 19 Sweden 54% 25% 20 Spain 53% 26% 21 Belgium 52% 29% 22 South Korea 50% 31% KEY: 23 China 49% 36% 24 Italy Agree Disagree 49% 41% 25 France 47% 33% 26 Germany 43% 34% 27 Japan 30% 47%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 10 © Ipsos. T Total 60% 30% The average person in 1 Peru 71% 25% 2 Serbia 70% 25% [COUNTRY] doesn’t care 3 Turkey 69% 27% 4 US 68% 23% about facts about politics 5 Argentina 67% 26% and society anymore, they 6 Great Britain 66% 24% 7 India 66% 30% just believe what they 8 Chile 65% 32% 9 Australia 64% 25% want. 10 Hungary 64% 24% 11 Mexico 64% 33% 12 Poland 64% 23% 13 Belgium 62% 26% 14 Germany 62% 24% 15 South Africa 61% 35% 16 Canada 60% 29% 17 Sweden 60% 31% 18 Malaysia 58% 38% 19 Spain 56% 30% 20 Brazil 55% 36% 21 France 54% 27% 22 Russia 53% 39% KEY: 23 South Korea 53% 37% Saudi Arabia 50% 36% Agree Disagree 24 25 China 49% 44% Japan 26 49% 30% Italy 27 48% 44%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 11 © Ipsos. T Total 59% 29% I am confident I have a 1 Turkey 76% 20% 2 India 75% 20% better understanding of 3 Chile 74% 22% 4 Peru 72% 24% social realities like 5 Mexico 71% 24% immigration levels and 6 China 68% 21% 7 Malaysia 68% 25% crime rates than the 8 Argentina 67% 23% 9 Serbia 66% 23% average person in 10 South Africa 66% 27% 11 Brazil 65% 25% [COUNTRY]. 12 Saudi Arabia 64% 21% 13 Poland 60% 23% 14 Great Britain 58% 27% 15 Australia 57% 28% 16 Spain 57% 24% 17 Hungary 56% 32% 18 US 55% 33% 19 Sweden 52% 35% 20 Canada 51% 35% 21 Belgium 50% 34% 22 Russia 50% 36% KEY: 23 Germany 48% 30% 24 South Korea Agree Disagree 48% 34% 25 Italy 47% 38% 26 France 42% 38% 27 Japan 28% 51%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 12 © Ipsos. FAKE NEWS EXPOSURE AND MEANING Public 14 T Total 60% 28% How often, if at all, do 1 Argentina 82% 16% 2 Serbia 79% 14% you think you see stories 3 Turkey 79% 17% 4 Mexico 77% 21% where news organisations 5 Brazil 73% 19% 6 India 72% 24% have deliberately said 7 Peru 72% 25% 8 Hungary 71% 17% something that isn’t true? 9 Malaysia 69% 24% 10 South Africa 68% 26% 11 Chile 66% 31% 12 Poland 65% 22% 13 US 61% 26% 14 Italy 59% 28% 15 Russia 59% 30% 16 Australia 57% 29% 17 France 54% 26% 18 Great Britain 54% 30% 19 Saudi Arabia 51% 32% 20 Spain 51% 30% 21 Belgium 49% 36% 22 Canada 48% 36% KEY: 23 Sweden 44% 42% Very/Fairly often Not very often/Never 24 China 43% 47% 25 South Korea 39% 52% 26 Japan 36% 41% 27 Germany 30% 42%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 15 © Ipsos. I have falsely believed a T Total 48% 40% 1 Brazil 62% 29% news story was real until I 2 Saudi Arabia 58% 29% 3 South Korea 58% 29% found out it was fake. 4 Peru 57% 39% 5 Spain 57% 29% 6 China 56% 34% 7 India 55% 37% 8 Poland 55% 33% 9 Sweden 55% 29% 10 Chile 54% 41% 11 Mexico 54% 43% 12 Argentina 51% 41% 13 Malaysia 50% 45% 14 South Africa 50% 41% 15 Russia 49% 39% 16 Canada 48% 39% 17 Serbia 48% 39% 18 Australia 46% 39% 19 US 46% 42% 20 Belgium 45% 39% 21 Germany 45% 38% 22 France 43% 40% KEY: 23 Hungary 35% 51% Agree Disagree 24 Japan 34% 46% 25 Great Britain 33% 54% 26 Turkey 33% 63% 27 Italy 29% 62%

Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) 16 © Ipsos. When you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of?

Stories where the facts are wrong 56%

Stories where news outlet or politicians only pick facts that support their side of 44% the argument

A term politicians and the media use to 36% discredit news they don’t agree with.

None of these 5%

Don’t know 7%

Public 17 % Yes T Total 56% When you hear the term 1 Sweden 71% “fake news”, what are you 2 Brazil 68% 3 Italy 68% personally thinking of? 4 South Africa 67% 5 Great Britain 65% 6 Germany 62% 7 Malaysia 62% Stories where the facts 8 Turkey 62% 9 US 62% are wrong. 10 Belgium 61% 11 Canada 58% 12 Australia 55% 13 Japan 55% 14 Mexico 55% 15 France 54% 16 India 53% 17 Argentina 52% 18 Chile 52% 19 Hungary 52% 20 Poland 51% 21 South Korea 51% 22 Serbia 50% 23 Saudi Arabia 45% 24 Peru 39% 25 Spain 37% 26 Russia 33%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 18 © Ipsos. % Yes T Total 44% When you hear the term 1 Serbia 66% “fake news”, what are you 2 South Africa 62% 3 Turkey 60% personally thinking of? 4 Argentina 58% 5 Chile 57% 6 US 56% 7 India 55% Stories where the news 8 Poland 53% 9 Spain 53% outlets or politicians only 10 Sweden 53% pick facts that support 11 Hungary 51% 12 Australia 50% their side of the 13 Malaysia 50% 14 Peru 50% argument. 15 Russia 50% 16 Mexico 48% 17 Canada 46% 18 Great Britain 42% 19 Belgium 39% 20 South Korea 37% 21 France 35% 22 Saudi Arabia 31% 23 Germany 26% 24 Brazil 25% 25 Japan 25% 26 Italy 18%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 19 © Ipsos. % Yes T Total 36% When you hear the term 1 US 51% “fake news”, what are you 2 Peru 49% 3 Malaysia 48% personally thinking of? 4 Sweden 47% 5 Canada 46% 6 Chile 46% 7 Russia 46% A term politicians and the 8 South Africa 45% 9 South Korea 44% media use to discredit 10 Argentina 43% news they don’t agree 11 Turkey 43% 12 Australia 42% with. 13 Great Britain 42% 14 Poland 40% 15 Mexico 38% 16 India 36% 17 Hungary 35% 18 Spain 35% 19 Belgium 32% 20 Saudi Arabia 30% 21 Serbia 30% 22 France 27% 23 Germany 25% 24 Japan 19% 25 Brazil 18% 26 Italy 11%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 20 © Ipsos. WHY DO WE GET SO MUCH WRONG? Public 22 People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how they’re changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this?

Politicians mislead people 52%

The media misleads people 49%

People have a biased view of the world, for example, they tend to focus on negative things or think things are getting worse, or generalise from their own experience 43%

Social media misleads people 41%

It’s often the figures that are wrong, not people’s views 18%

People are bad with numbers so they struggle with trying to estimate things like this 18%

None of these 3%

Don't know 10%

Public 23 % Yes T Total 52% People often get lots of 1 South Africa 68% 2 US 64% things wrong about their 3 Argentina 62% countries and how they’re 4 Peru 62% 5 Serbia 61% changing, for example, what 6 Hungary 60% proportion of the population 7 Russia 59% 8 Spain 59% are immigrants, or whether 9 Poland 58% 10 Great Britain 57% crime is going up or down. 11 India 56% Which of these, if any, do 12 Mexico 56% 13 Belgium 54% you think are the biggest 14 Chile 54% 15 Malaysia 54% reasons for this? 16 Turkey 53% 17 Australia 52% 18 Canada 52% Politicians mislead people 19 France 50% 20 Sweden 50% 21 Brazil 49% 22 Italy 43% 23 Germany 40% 24 South Korea 35% 25 Japan 22% 26 Saudi Arabia 21%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 24 © Ipsos. % Yes People often get lots of T Total 49% things wrong about their 1 Serbia 68% 2 Turkey 61% countries and how they’re 3 Great Britain 60% 4 Russia 59% changing, for example, what 5 US 58% proportion of the population 6 Hungary 55% 7 Argentina 54% are immigrants, or whether 8 Australia 54% crime is going up or down. 9 South Africa 53% 10 Sweden 52% Which of these, if any, do 11 Malaysia 51% 12 Poland 50% you think are the biggest 13 Mexico 49% reasons for this? 14 Belgium 48% 15 Chile 48% 16 Brazil 47% 17 India 47% The media misleads people 18 Canada 45% 19 South Korea 44% 20 Spain 44% 21 France 41% 22 Peru 41% 23 Germany 35% 24 Italy 34% 25 Japan 32% 26 Saudi Arabia 30%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 25 © Ipsos. People often get lots of % Yes T Total 43% things wrong about their 1 US 57% countries and how they’re 2 South Africa 56% 3 Sweden 56% changing, for example, what 4 Canada 55% proportion of the population 5 Great Britain 53% 6 Chile 52% are immigrants, or whether 7 Australia 50% 8 Malaysia 48% crime is going up or down. 9 Belgium 47% Which of these, if any, do 10 Mexico 47% 11 Turkey 47% you think are the biggest 12 Poland 46% 13 Germany 44% reasons for this? 14 India 43% 15 Argentina 41% 16 Hungary 41% People have a biased view of 17 Italy 40% the world, for example, they 18 Serbia 40% 19 Peru 38% tend to focus on negative 20 Spain 38% 21 Brazil 37% things or think things are 22 France 34% getting worse, or generalise 23 South Korea 34% 24 Japan 32% from their own experience 25 Russia 29% 26 Saudi Arabia 24%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 26 © Ipsos. % Yes People often get lots of things T Total 41% 1 Malaysia 59% wrong about their countries 2 US 58% 3 Great Britain 56% and how they’re changing, for 4 Canada 52% example, what proportion of 5 South Africa 52% 6 Sweden 50% the population are 7 Turkey 50% 8 Serbia 49% immigrants, or whether crime 9 Australia 48% is going up or down. Which of 10 Argentina 44% 11 India 44% these, if any, do you think are 12 Belgium 43% the biggest reasons for this? 13 Germany 40% 14 Mexico 40% 15 Chile 39% 16 Spain 38% Social media misleads people 17 Brazil 37% 18 France 37% 19 Hungary 35% 20 Russia 34% 21 South Korea 33% 22 Saudi Arabia 32% 23 Peru 31% 24 Italy 30% 25 Poland 25% 26 Japan 16%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 27 © Ipsos. % Yes People often get lots of T Total 18% 1 Chile 30% things wrong about their 2 Mexico 29% 3 Argentina 28% countries and how they’re 4 India 25% changing, for example, what 5 Peru 24% 6 Spain 23% proportion of the population 7 Russia 22% are immigrants, or whether 8 Belgium 21% 9 South Africa 21% crime is going up or down. 10 Hungary 20% 11 Poland 19% Which of these, if any, do you 12 Saudi Arabia 19% think are the biggest reasons 13 Germany 18% 14 France 17% for this? 15 Malaysia 17% 16 Serbia 16% 17 Turkey 16% It’s often the figures that are 18 Brazil 14% 19 Great Britain 13% wrong, not people’s views. 20 Australia 12% 21 Canada 12% 22 US 12% 23 Italy 10% 24 South Korea 10% 25 Japan 9% 26 Sweden 8%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 28 © Ipsos. People often get lots of things % Yes T Total 18% wrong about their countries 1 Belgium 32% 2 Malaysia 25% and how they’re changing, for 3 Poland 25% example, what proportion of 4 Sweden 24% 5 Chile 23% the population are immigrants, 6 Turkey 23% or whether crime is going up 7 France 22% 8 India 21% or down. Which of these, if 9 Argentina 20% 10 Great Britain 19% any, do you think are the 11 Brazil 18% biggest reasons for this? 12 Saudi Arabia 18% 13 Spain 18% 14 South Africa 17% 15 Canada 16% People are bad with numbers 16 US 16% so they struggle with trying to 17 Australia 14% 18 Germany 14% estimate things like this. 19 Mexico 14% 20 South Korea 13% 21 Hungary 12% 22 Italy 12% 23 Serbia 12% 24 Russia 10% 25 Peru 9% 26 Japan 6%

Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 29 © Ipsos. TRUST, LIES AND KNOWLEDGE Public 31 T Total 10% 64% 1 Sweden 4% 80% Do you think the average 2 South Africa 9% 77% person in [COUNTRY] 3 Chile 7% 74% 4 Hungary 3% 74% trusts politicians to tell 5 Mexico 9% 73% 6 Peru 6% 73% the truth more, less or 7 Serbia 7% 72% 8 Brazil 12% 71% about the same amount 9 Russia 9% 71% 10 Argentina 5% 71% as they did 30 years ago? 11 US 9% 69% 12 Italy 8% 69% 13 Australia 5% 69% 14 Great Britain 4% 68% 15 Germany 5% 65% 16 Belgium 9% 62% 17 Spain 3% 61% 18 Canada 12% 57% 19 India 22% 55% 20 Poland 11% 55% 21 France 11% 50% KEY: 22 Japan 5% 50% More Less 23 South Korea 24% 45% 24 Turkey 29% 43% 25 Malaysia 26% 42% Base: 12,500 adults across 25 countries (500 GB)

32 © Ipsos. T Total 57% 11% Do you think there is 1 South Africa 71% 11% 2 US 69% 4% more, less or about the 3 Sweden 68% 5% same amount of lying and 4 Peru 67% 16% 5 Mexico 66% 13% misuse of facts in politics 6 Brazil 64% 12% 7 Hungary 63% 10% and media in [COUNTRY] 8 Serbia 63% 7% 9 Chile 61% 12% than there was 30 years 10 Turkey 61% 18% 11 Argentina 58% 14% ago? 12 Malaysia 58% 15% 13 Spain 58% 10% 14 Australia 57% 6% 15 India 57% 22% 16 Great Britain 56% 8% 17 Russia 56% 13% 18 Canada 53% 7% 19 Italy 52% 14% 20 France 51% 8% 21 Poland 49% 13% KEY: 22 Belgium 47% 9% More Less 23 Germany 46% 13% 24 South Korea 45% 17% 25 Japan 40% 10% Base: 12,500 adults across 25 countries (500 GB)

33 © Ipsos. T Total 39% 30% Do you think the average 1 South Korea 66% 10% 2 Malaysia 61% 19% person in [COUNTRY] 3 India 56% 24% 4 Mexico 53% 25% knows more, less or about 5 Saudi Arabia 53% 17% 6 Chile 48% 30% the same amount about 7 Russia 48% 24% politics and society as 8 Turkey 48% 32% 9 South Africa 46% 31% they did 30 years ago? 10 Poland 45% 22% 11 Brazil 42% 34% 12 Serbia 42% 26% 13 Argentina 39% 31% 14 Spain 37% 25% 15 Italy 34% 33% 16 Peru 34% 37% 17 Hungary 32% 36% 18 US 32% 37% 19 Australia 29% 37% 20 Canada 29% 33% 21 Great Britain 29% 38% Belgium 27% 39% KEY: 22 23 Sweden 27% 47% More Less 24 Japan 23% 27% 25 Germany 22% 42% 26 France 21% 36% Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)

• These are the findings of a Global Advisor survey into the political mood around the world. In total 19,243 interviews were conducted online between June 22 – July 6 2018 among adults aged 18-64 in the US and Canada, and adults aged 16-64 in all other countries. • The survey was conducted in 27 countries around the world via the Ipsos Online Panel system. The countries reporting herein are Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Chile, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Africa, South Korea, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United States of America. • Between 500 and 1000+ individuals participated on a country by country basis via the Ipsos Online Panel. The sample was 1000+ in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Spain and the United Stated of America. In all other countries the sample was 500+. The precision of Ipsos online polls is calculated using a credibility interval with a poll of 1,000 accurate to +/- 3.5 percentage points and of 500 accurate to +/- 5.0 percentage points. For more information on Ipsos’ use of credibility intervals, please visit the Ipsos website. • In countries where internet penetration is approximately 60% or higher the data output generally reflects the overall population. Of the 27 countries surveyed online, 16 yield results that are balanced to reflect the general population: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Poland, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Great Britain and the United States. The 11 remaining countries surveyed – Brazil, China, Chile, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey - have lower levels of internet connectivity and reflect online populations that tend to be more urban and have higher education/income than the general population. • Where results do not sum to 100, this may be due to computer rounding, multiple responses or the exclusion of don't knows or not stated responses. • Data are weighted to match the profile of the population.

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