Artificial Intelligence and Gender Equality And
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Gender Inequality and Restrictive Gender Norms: Framing the Challenges to Health
Series Gender Equality, Norms, and Health 1 Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health Lori Heise*, Margaret E Greene*, Neisha Opper, Maria Stavropoulou, Caroline Harper, Marcos Nascimento, Debrework Zewdie, on behalf of the Gender Equality, Norms, and Health Steering Committee† Lancet 2019; 393: 2440–54 Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social Published Online system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates May 30, 2019 the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female S0140-6736(19)30652-X develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as See Comment pages 2367, 2369, 2371, 2373, and 2374 racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the This is the first in a Series of far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact five papers about gender health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health equality, norms, and health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. *Joint first authors The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and †Members of the Steering institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions Committee are listed at the end about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and of this Series paper socioeconomic lines. -
The Variety of Feminisms and Their Contribution to Gender Equality
JUDITH LORBER The Variety of Feminisms and their Contribution to Gender Equality Introduction My focus is the continuities and discontinuities in recent feminist ideas and perspectives. I am going to discuss the development of feminist theories as to the sources of gender inequality and its pervasiveness, and the different feminist political solutions and remedies based on these theories. I will be combining ideas from different feminist writers, and usually will not be talking about any specific writers. A list of readings can be found at the end. Each perspective has made important contributions to improving women's status, but each also has limitations. Feminist ideas of the past 35 years changed as the limitations of one set of ideas were critiqued and addressed by what was felt to be a better set of ideas about why women and men were so unequal. It has not been a clear progression by any means, because many of the debates went on at the same time. As a matter of fact, they are still going on. And because all of the feminist perspectives have insight into the problems of gender inequality, and all have come up with good strategies for remedying these problems, all the feminisms are still very much with us. Thus, there are continuities and convergences, as well as sharp debates, among the different feminisms. Any one feminist may incorporate ideas from several perspec- tives, and many feminists have shifted their perspectives over the years. I myself was originally a liberal feminist, then a so- 8 JUDITH LORBER cialist feminist, and now consider myself to be primarily a so- cial construction feminist, with overtones of postmodernism and queer theory. -
A Quantum Leap for Gender Equality: for a Better Future of Work For
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A QUANTUM LEAP FORA QUANTUM GENDER LEAP EQUALITYFOR GENDER For a Better Future ofEQUALITY Work For All For a Better Future of Work For All Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published (2019) Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH- 1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. A quantum leap for gender equality : for a better future of work for all / International Labour Office. - Geneva: ILO, 2019. ISBN: 978-92-2-132997-8 (print); 978-92-2-132998-5 (web pdf) International Labour Office. gender equality / women workers / future of work / equal employment opportunity / womens rights / equal pay / working conditions / social protection / care work / unpaid work / ILO Convention / application / role of ILO 04.02.3 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. -
Progressing Toward Gender- Responsive Science and Technology*
United Nations Nations Unies United Nations Commission on the Status of Women Fifty-fifth session 22 February – 4 March 2011 New York INTERACTIVE EXPERT PANEL Key policy initiatives and capacity-building on gender mainstreaming: focus on science and technology PROGRESSING TOWARD GENDER- RESPONSIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY* by LONDA SCHIEBINGER Professor Stanford University *The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations. This paper presents key findings and recommendations from the expert group meeting (EGM) on Gender, Science and Technology, Paris, France, 28 September-1 October 2010.1 The potential of science and technology (S&T) to advance development and contribute to people’s well-being has been well-recognized. Science and technology are vital for achieving internationally agreed-upon development goals, for instance by facilitating efforts to eradicate poverty, achieve food security, fight diseases, improve education, and respond to the challenges of climate change. S&T have also emerged as important means for countries to improve productivity and competitiveness and to create decent work opportunities. The contribution of science and technology to development goals can be accelerated by taking gender into account. For example, greater access to and use of existing technologies, as well as products that respond better to women’s needs, can enhance women’s work. Acquiring science and technology education and training can empower women. Eliminating barriers to women’s employment in science and technology fields will further the goals of full employment and decent work. The EGM covered a wide range of issues related to the intersection of sex and gender with S&T. -
Trans* Politics and the Feminist Project: Revisiting the Politics of Recognition to Resolve Impasses
Politics and Governance (ISSN: 2183–2463) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages 312–320 DOI: 10.17645/pag.v8i3.2825 Article Trans* Politics and the Feminist Project: Revisiting the Politics of Recognition to Resolve Impasses Zara Saeidzadeh * and Sofia Strid Department of Gender Studies, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden; E-Mails: [email protected] (Z.S.), [email protected] (S.S.) * Corresponding author Submitted: 24 January 2020 | Accepted: 7 August 2020 | Published: 18 September 2020 Abstract The debates on, in, and between feminist and trans* movements have been politically intense at best and aggressively hostile at worst. The key contestations have revolved around three issues: First, the question of who constitutes a woman; second, what constitute feminist interests; and third, how trans* politics intersects with feminist politics. Despite decades of debates and scholarship, these impasses remain unbroken. In this article, our aim is to work out a way through these impasses. We argue that all three types of contestations are deeply invested in notions of identity, and therefore dealt with in an identitarian way. This has not been constructive in resolving the antagonistic relationship between the trans* movement and feminism. We aim to disentangle the antagonism within anti-trans* feminist politics on the one hand, and trans* politics’ responses to that antagonism on the other. In so doing, we argue for a politics of status-based recognition (drawing on Fraser, 2000a, 2000b) instead of identity-based recognition, highlighting individuals’ specific needs in soci- ety rather than women’s common interests (drawing on Jónasdóttir, 1991), and conceptualising the intersections of the trans* movement and feminism as mutually shaping rather than as trans* as additive to the feminist project (drawing on Walby, 2007, and Walby, Armstrong, and Strid, 2012). -
Examining the Political, Domestic, and Religious Roles of Women in Mesoamerican, Andean, and Spanish Societies in the 15Th Century
University of Dayton eCommons Joyce Durham Essay Contest in Women's and Gender Studies Women's and Gender Studies Program 2013 Dependence on or the Subordination of Women? Examining the Political, Domestic, and Religious Roles of Women in Mesoamerican, Andean, and Spanish Societies in the 15th Century Christine Alwan University of Dayton Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/wgs_essay Part of the Women's Studies Commons eCommons Citation Alwan, Christine, "Dependence on or the Subordination of Women? Examining the Political, Domestic, and Religious Roles of Women in Mesoamerican, Andean, and Spanish Societies in the 15th Century" (2013). Joyce Durham Essay Contest in Women's and Gender Studies. 18. https://ecommons.udayton.edu/wgs_essay/18 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Women's and Gender Studies Program at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Joyce Durham Essay Contest in Women's and Gender Studies by an authorized administrator of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Dependence on or the Subordination of Women? Examining the Political, Domestic, and Religious Roles of Women in Mesoamerican, Andean, and Spanish Societies in the 15th Century by Christine Alwan Honorable Mention 2013 Joyce Durham Essay Contest in Women’s and Gender Studies 2 What is the value of a woman? In the modern West, one may answer with appeals to human rights and the inherent dignity and equality of the human person. However, before the recognition of human rights, many societies’ ideas about the value of women laid in the specific roles women played religiously, politically, and domestically within a particular society. -
Doherty, Rosalie (2019) the Broken Triangle: Women's Gender Based Oppression, Community Development and the Promotion of Women
Doherty, Rosalie (2019) The broken triangle: women’s gender based oppression, community development and the promotion of women’s health and wellbeing in Ireland. Ed.D thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/75192/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The broken triangle: women’s gender based oppression, community development and the promotion of women’s health and wellbeing in Ireland. Rosalie Doherty M.A. Ed. University of Southampton Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education School of Education, College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow August 2018 1 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 8 Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter ........................................................ 11 1.1 Rationale and Research questions .............................................. -
Assessing the Progress of Gender Parity in Education Through Achieving Millennium Development Goals: a Case Study of Quetta District Balochistan
Bulletin of Education and Research December 2012, Vol. 34, No. 2 pp.47-58 Assessing the progress of Gender Parity in Education through achieving Millennium Development Goals: A case Study of Quetta District Balochistan Abdul Rashid, Dr. Zainab Bibi & Siraj ud din _______________________________________________________________ Abstract Using secondary data of Government Schools and literacy department for 10 years that is 2000-2010, this paper assesses the progress on the issue of gender equality within the framework of education related Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in district Quetta. The assessment is based on the selected indicators of goals by applying descriptive statistical tools such as ratio, mean and fixed chain methods. The major findings include; (a) the overall trend reveals positive change; (b) the pace of adult education is more biased against women; (c) the targets of literacy rate of children with 10+ years will hopefully be achieved; (d) the indicator to remove gender disparity related to net primary enrolment ratio will hopefully, be achieved; (e) the target of NER (Net enrollment ratio) will, perhaps not be achieved due to high drop out; (f) empowerment of woman through employment show bleak picture. The implications of findings for plan of action include: shifting more resources to primary education; creating more institutions for girls’ education especially in the rural areas; strengthening institutional capacity of government sector and creating more jobs opportunities for women in the public sector Key Words: Gender parity, millennium development goals, empowerment and positive discrimination and policy implications. _______________________________________________________________ Assessing the progress of Gender Parity in Education 48 Introduction Millennium development goals (MDGs) are defined as an agenda of development conceived in terms of measurable quantitative indicators. -
The Feminist Fourth Wave
Conclusion The history of the wave is a` troubled one, even while it might seem to describe surges of feminist activism very accurately. It has led to progress and loss narratives emerging, both of which are used to justify tension and divisions between different generations of the social move- ment. The attention received by the multiple waves has also resulted in certain time periods being considered as ‘outside’ or ‘inactive’. Understanding feminism as divided into four wave moments of notable action, implies that the politics lapses into inaction between the surges. This, of course, is not the case, but our understanding of the wave ensures that ongoing and long-term activism are effaced from our overall understanding of the social movement. Waves have also come to be associated with specific figureheads and identities. The second and third wave are crudely characterised as earnest, consciousness-raising, and then DIY zine and punk cultures, respectively. The surge in activist intensity in those times ensures that specific women are positioned as representa- tive of the wave as a whole. The women, unfortunately, are often not reflective of the diversity actually occurring within the wave itself, making the narrative appear to be entirely tied to white feminism, as opposed to a more multicultural and intersectional social movement. It © The Author(s) 2017 185 P. Chamberlain, The Feminist Fourth Wave, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53682-8 186 Conclusion is no surprise then, that the wave has been widely critiqued, and in some cases, wholly rejected in relation to a historical understanding of feminism. -
Human-Machine Communication
Volume 2, 2021 ISSN 2638-602X (print)/ISSN 2638-6038 (online) Human-Machine Communication ISSN 2638-602X (print)/ISSN 2638-6038 (online) Copyright © 2021 Human-Machine Communication www.hmcjournal.com Human-Machine Communication (HMC) is an annual peer-reviewed, open access publication of the Communication and Social Robotics Labs (combotlabs.org), published with support from the Nicholson School of Communication and Media at the University of Central Florida. Human- Machine Communication (Print: ISSN 2638-602X) is published in the spring of each year (Online: ISSN 2638-6038). Institutional, organizational, and individual subscribers are invited to purchase the print edition using the following mailing address: Human-Machine Communication (HMC) Communication and Social Robotics Labs Western Michigan University 1903 W. Michigan Ave. 300 Sprau Tower Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Print Subscriptions: Regular US rates: Individuals: 1 year, $40. Libraries and organizations may subscribe for 1 year, $75. If subscribing outside of the United States, please contact the Editor-in-Chief for current rate. Checks should be made payable to the Communication and Social Robotics Labs. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License . All articles in HMC are open access and can be distributed under the creative commons license. Human-Machine Communication Volume 2, 2021 Volume Editor Leopoldina Fortunati, University of Udine (Italy) Editor-in-Chief Autumn Edwards, Western Michigan University (U.S.A.) Associate Editors Patric R. Spence, University of Central Florida (U.S.A.) Chad Edwards, Western Michigan University (U.S.A.) Editorial Board Somaya Ben Allouch, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (Netherlands) Maria Bakardjieva, University of Calgary (Canada) Jaime Banks, West Virginia University (U.S.A.) Naomi S. -
Facial Recognition: the Discrepancies with People of Color
Journal of Business Cases and Applications Volume 30 Facial Recognition: The Discrepancies with People of Color Damon E. Martin, J.D. National University ABSTRACT Studies have shown the existing racial bias in facial recognition technology, the ethical manner in how creators and users of this software stem from their ability to deduce accuracy and societal influence. The discriminatory practices implemented in procuring photo and video data for facial recognition technology, however, by default, is a failing. Living in a multicultural society without the proper lens to view its citizens only creates more contention. Understanding the making of the algorithm and its implications shed light on the biases that exist. When inclusivity is not considered, and the collection of data is disproportionate, there will be negligence in the improper use of technology, thus failing to protect citizens of color. This piece explains how human influence produces bias through the dissection of facial recognition software and, therefore, results in the domino effects it has on social accountability. Keywords: algorithmic bias, discriminatory practice, social accountability, facial recognition technology Copyright statement: Authors retain the copyright to the manuscripts published in AABRI journals. Please see the AABRI Copyright Policy at http://www.aabri.com/copyright.html Facial recognition, Page 1 Journal of Business Cases and Applications Volume 30 Introduction When addressing the flaws in the relatively new technology that is facial recognition software, the discrepancies between technical error and human error go hand-in-hand. Improper use of technology both in its manufacturing and its mishandling is coming into question. Algorithmic bias and discriminatory practices are being held under scrutiny for its misuse and ethical competency. -
A Comparative Study of Discourses, Practices, and Structures of Digital Health in the U.S
The Frictions and Flows of Data-Intensive Transformations: A Comparative Study of Discourses, Practices, and Structures of Digital Health in the U.S. and India Brittany Fiore-Silfvast A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Kirsten Foot, Co-Chair Gina Neff, Co-Chair Philip Howard Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Communication i ©Copyright 2014 Brittany Fiore-Silfvast ii University of Washington Abstract The Frictions and Flows of Data-Intensive Transformations: A Comparative Study of Discourses, Practices, and Structures of Digital Health in the U.S. and India Brittany Fiore-Silfvast Co-Chairs of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor, Kirsten Foot Assistant Professor, Gina Neff Department of Communication This dissertation examined the social and organizational implications of data-intensive transformations in healthcare through studying digital health and processes of informationalization in the U.S. and India. These transformations bring challenges of how to mobilize digital health data across different contexts of use and make data valuable for multiple stakeholders. To study these challenges I employed a combination of discourse analysis, ethnographic methods, and a comparative case study analysis to investigate digital health innovation across rural healthcare and urban consumer health and wellness settings in the U.S. and India. Through a communication lens this research examines sociotechnical interoperability for data across domains on three levels: discourses, communicative practices, and organizational structures and labor. Across the discourses and practices of different communities, I found communication gaps around health and wellness data. To explain these gaps I propose the concept of data iii valence to represent the different expectations and social values that mediate the social performance of data.