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A Technosocial Ethnography of Penal Electronic Monitoring in Scotland Casey, Ryan (2021) Left to their own devices: A technosocial ethnography of penal electronic monitoring in Scotland. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/82367/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Left to their own devices: A technosocial ethnography of penal electronic monitoring in Scotland Ryan Casey MSc., B.A. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and Political Sciences, College of Social Sciences University of Glasgow May 2021 ii Abstract This thesis explores how digital technology is embedded in penal practices and experiences in Scotland. While the role of digital technologies in the criminal justice system and the datafication of penal practices are becoming growing areas of interest within criminological research, there remains very little research into how such databases, assessments, devices, and connections sink into the texture of everyday life and impact experiences of punishment. This thesis ethnographically explores such experiences through a particular form of punishment that brings the surveillant and technological aspects to the forefront: penal electronic monitoring (EM hereafter), a seemingly progressive alternative to prison which entangles people in its own distinct systems and digital infrastructures of diversion. Thus, the aim of this research is to untangle the networked governmentality of EM in Scotland to better understand how digital technology is used to punish people. Rather than evaluating how EM can be expanded or improved, I explore the more fundamental questions of what EM is and what it does; in other words, what is going on beneath the façade of apparent technological simplicity, neutrality, and straightforwardness? This study seeks to make visible the hidden processes, practices, and powers involved in ‘penal surveillance’ through an ethnographic exploration of EM. Based on 13 months of ethnographic fieldwork, including participant observation with EM Officers who worked for the private sector company that provides EM services in Scotland and interviews with people who were subject to EM, this thesis digs into the situated, relational, and constrained experiences of both being monitored and doing monitoring. Drawing upon ways of thinking from Science and Technology Studies, and actor-network theory, I explore the entire system of circulating relations that make up EM including not just the people, but also the objects, things, places, spaces, and narratives that interact in everyday contexts and distribute power, reflect governance, and construct subjectivity. This reveals EM as a messy and heterogenous network of relationships and as a set of enacted and intimate performances embedded in everyday contexts. The thesis uncovers the surprising and strange ways that technology shapes our penal actions, thoughts, and experiences as well as how penal contexts shape technology. As penal surveillance data flowed and converged from afar to the computer screens at the Monitoring Centre, the system software generated what I have termed ‘system narratives’ in order to efficiently sort through and resolve the flurry of information needing processed. Yet, these simplification techniques did not just project some external notion of reality, but instead actively reconstituted narratives of reality that were interpreted as more reliable and iii quantifiable than that of untrustworthy humans. EM is neither the product of machine automation nor human discretion, but a messy combination of both forces. By spending time with both monitored people and those who carry out monitoring-work, which are seemingly pitted as oppositional experiences, there was a shared balance both had to negotiate between discretionary powers and the experience of constraint proffered by this distinct form of connectivity. EM felt less like a hegemonic and totalising punishment and more like a series of small, latent, accumulated moments that gripped people in different ways. Lastly, focussing on the communicative, representational, and bodily aspects of digitally mediated punishment reveals how EM changes penal supervision through the material, embodied, and digitised ways that surveillance data and information leaks out. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ II LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... VII AUTHOR DECLARATION ...................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... IX CHAPTER ONE: AN INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1 Research background and summary ...............................................................................................2 Research question(s) and aims ........................................................................................................2 Note on terminology and narrative ..................................................................................................3 Structure of thesis .............................................................................................................................3 Contribution of thesis ........................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER TWO: OVERVIEW AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................................. 9 1. Global history of EM .................................................................................................................... 10 2. Scaled back Scotland? ................................................................................................................ 13 3. Situating EM in the Scottish criminal justice context: The changing of seasons ................ 15 4. The settled narrative of EM ......................................................................................................... 18 4.1 Questioning the metrics of punishment ........................................................................................... 19 4.2 Conceptual and ethical debates ....................................................................................................... 21 4.3 Isolated perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.4 Prison and pain: Expanding beyond the limits ............................................................................... 28 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER THREE: RETHEORISING PENAL SURVEILLANCE .......................... 35 1. Overview of technosociality ....................................................................................................... 36 2. Networked governance ............................................................................................................... 38 3. The governing of others: Outsourced penal surveillance and heterogeneity ...................... 42 4. Governing of the self: Disciplinary technology, subjectivity, and constraint ....................... 44 5. The optics of post-disciplinary power and connectedness .................................................... 48 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 52 v CHAPTER FOUR: METHODS, REFLECTIONS, AND BEING THE FAMILIAR STRANGER .............................................................................................................. 55 1. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 56 1.1 Overview of ethnography .................................................................................................................. 56 1.2 Chicago School ethnography............................................................................................................ 57 1.3 Actor-networks and multiplicity ....................................................................................................... 59 2. Participant observation ............................................................................................................... 62 2.1 Ride-alongs and being the welcomed stranger ............................................................................. 64 2.2 In the Monitoring Centre .................................................................................................................... 69 2.3 Writing about the field .......................................................................................................................
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