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Download Download Herausgegeben im Auftrag der Karl-Lamprecht-Gesellschaft e. V. (KLG) / European Network in Universal and Global History (ENIUGH) von Matthias Middell und Hannes Siegrist Redaktion Gerald Diesener (Leipzig), Andreas Eckert (Berlin), Ulf Engel (Leipzig), Harald Fischer-Tiné (Zürich), Marc Frey (München), Eckhardt Fuchs (Braunschweig), Frank Hadler (Leipzig), Silke Hensel (Münster), Madeleine Herren (Basel), Michael Mann (Berlin), Astrid Meier (Beirut), Katharina Middell (Leipzig), Matthias Middell (Leipzig), Ursula Rao (Leipzig), Dominic Sachsenmaier (Göttingen), Hannes Siegrist (Leipzig), Stefan Troebst (Leipzig), Michael Zeuske (Köln) Anschrift der Redaktion Universität Leipzig, Centre for Area Studies Redaktion COMPARATIV IPF 169001 D – 04081 Leipzig Tel.: +49 / (0)341 / 97 30 230 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.uni-leipzig.de/comparativ/ Redaktionssekretärin: Katja Naumann ([email protected]) Comparativ erscheint sechsmal jährlich mit einem Umfang von jeweils ca. 140 Seiten. Einzelheft: 12.00 €; Doppelheft 22.00 €; Jahresabonnement 50.00 €; ermäßigtes Abonnement 25.00 €. Für Mitglieder der KLG / ENIUGH ist das Abonne ment im Mitgliedsbeitrag enthalten. Zuschriften und Manuskripte senden Sie bitte an die Redaktion. Bestellungen richten Sie an den Buchhandel oder direkt an den Verlag. Ein Bestellformular fi nden Sie unter: http://www.uni-leipzig.de/comparativ/ Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Nadia Al-Bagdadi (Budapest), Stefano Bellucci (Leiden / Amsterdam), Zaur Gasimov (Istanbul), Michael Geyer (Chicago), Giovanni Gozzini (Siena), Margarete Grandner (Vienna), Konrad H. Jarausch (Chapel Hill), Hartmut Kaelble (Berlin), Markéta Krížová (Prag), Wolfgang Küttler (Berlin), Marcel van der Linden (Amsterdam), Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink (Saarbrücken), Mikhail Lipkin (Moskau), Barbara Lüthi (Köln), Attila Melegh (Budapest), Hagen Schulz-Forberg (Arhus), Sujit Sivasundaram (Cambridge), Alessandro Stanziani (Paris), Edoardo Tortarolo (Turin), Eric Vanhaute (Gent), Holger Weiss (Turku), Susan Zimmermann (Budapest) Leipziger Universitätsverlag GmbH Oststraße 41 D – 04317 Leipzig Tel. / Fax: +49 / (0)341 / 990 04 40 [email protected] www.univerlag-leipzig.de Shaping the “New Man” in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: Practices, Networks and Mobilization (1940s–1960s) Ed. by Katrin Bromber and Jakob Krais Leipziger Universitätsverlag Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung / hrsg. von Matthias Middell und Hannes Siegrist – Leipzig: Leipziger Univ.-Verl. ISSN 0940-3566 Jg. 28, H. 5. Shaping the “New Man” in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: Practices, Networks and Mobilization (1940s–1960s). – 2018 Shaping the “New Man” in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: Practices, Networks and Mobilization (1940s–1960s). Ed. by Katrin Bromber and Jakob Krais – Leipzig: Leipziger Univ.-Verl., 2018 (Comparativ; Jg. 28, H. 5) ISBN 978-3-96023-264-3 © Leipziger Universitätsverlag GmbH, Leipzig 2019 Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung 28 (2018) 5 ISSN 0940-3566 ISBN 978-3-96023-264-3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Aufsätze Katrin Bromber / Jakob Krais Introduction: Shaping the “New Man” in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Practices between Hope and Anxiety (1940s–1960s) 7 Katrin Bromber Scouting: Training the “New Man” in Post-liberation Ethiopia 22 Jakob Krais A “New Man” for a New Nation: Activism and Physical Culture in Late Colonial Algeria 38 De-Valera N. Y. M. Botchway “There is a New African in the World!” – Kwame Nkrumah and the Making of a “New African (Wo)Man” in Ghana 1957–1966 59 Miguel Bandeira Jerónimo Restoring Order, Inducing Change: Imagining a “New (Wo)man” in the Belgian Colonial Empire in the 1950s 77 Anandita Bajpai Making the New Indian Citizen in Times of the Jawan (Soldier) and the Kisan (Farmer), 1962–1965 97 Forum Hugo Silveira Pereira Railways as Portals of Globalisation: The Case of the Portuguese Mainland and Colonial Rail Networks (1850–1915) 121 Autorinnen und Autoren 139 Introduction: Shaping the “New Man” in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Practices between Hope and Anxiety (1940s–1960s) Katrin Bromber / Jakob Krais1 ABSTRACTS Dieses Heft untersucht die sozialen Praktiken zur Schaffung des „Neuen Menschen“ von den 1940er bis zu den 1960er Jahren anhand von fünf Fallstudien aus Südasien, Afrika und dem Nahen Osten. Entgegen häufig verwendeter, tendenziell eurozentrischer Periodisierungen wird für die Persistenz des Konzepts nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und jenseits des faschistischen und des sowjetischen Modells argumentiert. Außerdem geht der Kontext von spätkolonialer und erster postkolonialer Entwicklungspolitik sowie nation-building über geschichtswissen- schaftliche Paradigmen wie die Zeitalter des Faschismus, der Dekolonisierung oder des Kalten Kriegs hinaus. Unter Berücksichtigung sowohl lokaler Besonderheiten als auch transnationaler Verbindungen werden Fortschrittsideen in Bezug auf die Schaffung „Neuer Menschen“ beson- ders im Zusammenhang mit den Themen Körper, Räume und Symbole betrachtet. This special issue investigates the social practices of shaping the “New Man” between the 1940s and 1960s, through five case studies from South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Objecting to somewhat Eurocentric periodizations in common use, it argues for the persistence of the con- cept after World War II, and beyond the fascist and Soviet models. The context of late colonial 1 This introduction is to a large extent influenced by the fruitful conversations we had at various stages with our colleagues of the research unit “Progress: Ideas, Agents, Symbols” (Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO), Ber- lin); these are in alphabetical order Paolo Gaibazzi, Malte Fuhrmann, Sophia Hoffmann, Kyara Klausmann, Rana von Mende Altaylı, Izabela Orlowska, Franziska Roy, Abdoulaye Sounaye and Julian Tadesse. We discussed the theme extensively during the conference “New Man” in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: Practices, Networks and Mobilization in the 20th Century (ZMO, 27-29 September 2017). Thus, we are grateful to all participants for their inspiring contributions. We would like to thank Rakiya El Matine and Ferdinand Schlechta for their help with the editorial work. Comparativ | Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung 28 (2018) Heft 5, S. 7–21. 8 | Katrin Bromber / Jakob Krais and early post-colonial developmentalism and nation-building also transcends historiographic paradigms, such as the eras of fascism, decolonization, or the Cold War. Looking for local spe- cificities as well as for transnational links, ideas of Progress related to the formation of “New Men” are studied especially in connection with the issues of the body, of spaces, and of symbols. 1. The Rationale This special issue investigates the social practices of shaping the “New Man” which evolved within a mood of hopes and hunger for change and development, the grow- ing strength of anti-colonial movements, the introduction of welfare-measures and the strong influence of the developmentalist promise and the first wave of post-colonialism. Simultaneously, great anxieties were gaining ground that these socio-political projects, which grew out of a huge socio-political optimism, might fail.2 We explicitly employ the term “New Man” to counter the argument that the concept and larger societal projects of engineering a “new human being” had fallen out of use after the second half of the twentieth century. We argue that this perception is to a large part the result of Eurocentric discussions of the theme that has largely focused on the “Fascist New Man” (notably German and Italian and, to some extent, British and French) and the “Socialist (Soviet) Man.”3 Current research on the “New Man” of the radical right during the inter-war period and the Second World War, which includes Latin America, Japan or Eastern Europe, already gives a more nuanced picture.4 These studies are not denying that authoritarian and often brutal regimes such as those under Salazar in Portu- gal, Perón in Argentina or Vargas in Brazil were fascinated with Italian or German fascist answers to perceived degenerative effects of modernity and the “communist threat.”5 2 The English term “New Man” is misleading because of the semantic overlaps of man / male and man / person. Fully acknowledging the gendered and generational differences, we definitely understand the “New Man” in the more general sense as Neuer Mensch (German), addis sew (Amharic), mtu mpya (Swahili), insān jadīd (Arabic), naya admi (Hindi) or novo humano (Portuguese). As a conceptual container, it included women and especially children. The supposedly most malleable part of the population – youth – often constituted an ideal target for social experimentation. For discussions about “New Women” in this context see e.g. J. Krais, Girl Guides, Athletes, and Educators: Women and the National Body in Late Colonial Algeria, in: Journal of Middle East Women’s Stu- dies 15 (2019) 2, pp. 199-215. 3 For a comparative discussion see, P. Fritzsche and J. Hellbeck, The New Man in Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany, in M. Geyer and S. Fitzpatrick (eds.), Beyond Totalitarianism. Stalinism and Nazism Compared, Cambridge, New York 2009, pp. 302-341 and J. Dagnino, M. Felman and P. Stocker, Building illiberal subjects. The New Man and the Radical Right Universe, 1919-45, in: J. Dagnino, M. Feldman and P. Stocker (eds.), The “New Man” in Radical Right Ideology and Practice, 1919-45, London 2018, p. 3, and for anthropo-political
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