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Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Waters of the Gallatin Valley, Gallatin County, Montana

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Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Waters of the Gallatin Valley, Gallatin County, Montana Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 684 Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Waters of the Gallatin Valley, Gallatin County, Montana Photo Credit: A. English Gary A. Icopini,1 Tammy Swinney,2 and Alan English1,2 1Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology 1300 West Park Street Butte, MT 59701 2Gallatin Local Water Quality District 215 W. Mendenhall, Suite 300 Bozeman, MT 59715 2016 1 Icopini, Swinney, and English Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 10 Organic Wastewater Contaminants in the Environment ........................................................................................ 10 Potential Human and Animal Health Impacts ......................................................................................................... 10 Gallatin Valley ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................................ 15 Sampling ................................................................................................................................................. 15 Wastewater Treatment Facilities ............................................................................................................ 20 Community Pressure-Dosing Septic System ........................................................................................................... 20 Level II Recirculating Trickling-Filter Treatment System .................................................................................... 20 Fixed Film Activated Sludge (BioWheel™) Facility .............................................................................................. 21 Sequencing Batch Reactor Facilities ........................................................................................................................ 21 Oxidation Ditch Facility ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Aeration Lagoon Facility ............................................................................................................................................ 22 Modified Activated Sludge Bardenpho Process Facility ....................................................................................... 23 Sample Analysis Methods ...................................................................................................................... 23 OWC Sample Preservation ..................................................................................................................... 25 Quality Control–Quality Assurance ....................................................................................................... 25 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 26 Data Quality ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Columbia Analytical Services (CAS) Analyses ...................................................................................................... 26 ELISA Analyses .......................................................................................................................................................... 29 AXYS Analytical Services (AXYS) Analyses ........................................................................................................ 31 Analytical Comparison ........................................................................................................................... 31 Wastewater Treatment Facilities ............................................................................................................ 35 Groundwater ........................................................................................................................................... 49 Surface Water ......................................................................................................................................... 56 East Gallatin River ...................................................................................................................................................... 58 West Gallatin River and Gallatin River ................................................................................................................... 60 Bozeman Creek and Hyalite Creek ........................................................................................................................... 62 Domestic and Public Water Supplies ..................................................................................................... 64 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 65 Recommendations for Decreasing OWCs in the Environment ................................................................... 67 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... 69 References ................................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix A: Sample Collection Protocol for Analysis of Organic Wastewater Contaminants (OWCs) .. 73 Appendix B: Solid Phase Extraction and ELISA Analytical Procedures ................................................... 81 Appendix C: AXYS Analytical Services Analyte List, Chemical Uses and Characteristics ...................... 87 Appendix D: Columbia Analytical Services Blank Data ............................................................................ 90 Appendix E: Columbia Analytical Services Triplicate Data ...................................................................... 95 Appendix F: ELISA Data............................................................................................................ 103 2 MBMG Open-File Report 684 Appendix G: AXYS Data ........................................................................................................... 107 Appendix H: Columbia Analytical Services Groundwater Data ................................................ 115 Appendix I: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Laboratory Groundwater Chemistry Data ................................................................................................................................. 122 Appendix J: Columbia Analytical Services Surface-Water Data ............................................... 126 Appendix K: Stream Field Measurement Data ........................................................................... 130 Appendix L: Columbia Analytical Services Wastewater Data ................................................... 132 3 Icopini, Swinney, and English List of Figures Figure 1. Maps showing the study site area with major roadways, streams, and section lines. ... 13 Figure 2. Geology of the Gallatin Valley. ..................................................................................... 14 Figure 3. The locations of the wastewater treatment facilities sampled for the project. .............. 16 Figure 4. Map showing the locations of the domestic, monitoring, and public water-supply wells sampled in relation to the wastewater sampling sites. Blue arrows indicate groundwater flow directions. ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 5. Location of the surface-water sites sampled for the project. ......................................... 19 Figure 6. The range (bars) and mean concentrations (squares) of OWCs measured in the wastewater influent samples (16 influent samples) with the frequency of detection for each compound in parentheses after the name (6 WWTP facilities sampled). ..................................... 36 Figure 7. The range (bars) and mean concentrations (squares) of OWCs measured in the wastewater effluent samples (16 samples) with the frequency of detection for each compound in parentheses after the name (6 WWTP facilities sampled). ........................................................... 36 Figure 8. The range (bars) and mean concentrations (squares) of OWCs measured in the wastewater effluent samples (4 samples) with the frequency of detection for each compound in parentheses after the name (2 community septic systems sampled). ............................................ 38 Figure 9. The range (bars) and mean concentrations (squares) of OWCs measured in wastewater effluent samples via the ELISA method (five WWTP facilities; 13 samples) with the frequency of detection for each compound in parentheses after the name (no septic systems sampled). ..... 38 Figure 10. Individual
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