Number 4 Volume 29 Nov./Dec., 2001

NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION PAID Permit #1393 Baton Rouge, LA

Louisiana Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association and its members are proud to sponsor this special edition of WILDLIFE. Our particular thanks go to the following companies for their generous financial contribution to this effort:

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 3 CONTENTS

DEPARTMENTS

5 From The President and Executive Director

7 For Your Information Official Publication of the Louisiana Wildlife Federation 11 From the Managing Editor 42 Conservation Line VOL. 29 Nov./Dec. 2001 NO.4 Editorial Creed: To create and 50 Club News encourage an awareness among the people of Louisiana of the need for wise use and proper management of those resources of FEATURES the earth upon which the lives and welfare of all people depend: the soil, the air, the 8 Conservation Award Announcement water, the forests, the minerals, the plant 41 Water Plan life, and the wildlife. 46 Editorial: Conservation Partnerships Magazine Staff 48 Greening America’s Campuses Randy P. Lanctot: Executive Editor Elizabeth S. DeLouise: Managing Editor 50 Duck/Goose Calling Contest Winners

MONARCH SECTION Louisiana Wildlife Federation magazine (ISSN 0738-8098) is the official publication of the 13 Monarch: What’s in a Name? Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Inc. and is published bi-monthly. The Federation office is 17 Gardening for Monarchs located at 337 South Acadian Thruway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806. All editorial and 20 The Circle of Life subscription correspondence should be mailed to P.O. Box 65239 Audubon Station, Baton 23 Migration and the Louisiana Connection Rouge, LA 70896-5239 (Phone/Fax 225-344- 30 Mexico’s Winter Hideaways 6707;mailto:[email protected]). All manuscripts submitted for publication are 33 Conservation subject to editing or rewriting.

39 Nuptial Monarchs Versus Stewardship Postmaster: Send change of address to: Louisiana Wildlife Federation, P.O. Box 65239 40 Monarch-Wise Audubon Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70896-5239.

40 Other Wanderers Subscription: Rates for non-members of the Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Inc. are: On the Cover... 1 year–$17.00, 2 years –$30.00, 3 years–$40.00. Membership: For information, write to: Outside Front: Migrating monarchs cling to a rope during Louisiana Wildlife Federation, P.O. Box 65239 a rest stop on an energy production platform in the Gulf of Audubon Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70896- Mexico. 5239. Phone/Fax: (225) 344-6707. Inside Front: On the wintering grounds in Mexico mailto:[email protected] thousands of monarchs obscure the trunk of a fir tree. Centerfold: Atop Mt. Magazine, Arkansas, a monarch sips nectar from a blazing star flower. Inside Back: An arduous journey, some monarchs don’t survive the Gulf of Mexico crossing. Outside Back: A freshly emerged monarch dries its wings; another awaits, still secure in its chrysalis.

According to Gary Noel Ross, Ph. D., pictured here in a field of blazing star (Liatris sp.), the monarch is the “quintessential butterfly.” After reading the special monarch section starting All monarch section photos and text copyright by Gary on page 13, you may think so, too. Noel Ross, PhD.

Page 4 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 FROM THE PRESIDENT

barking of geese in the night, the warmth of nominate them. The awards will be pre- Keith the duck and deer camp, all bring a welcome sented at the LWF’s 63rd Annual certainty to our lives in these anxious days. Convention on March 2, 2002. Saucier In a very real sense, these are the things the The Louisiana Wildlife Federation’s Louisiana Wildlife Federation is all about. annual convention serves a very important And so we will continue, with the support of our members and friends, to be steadfast in carrying on our programs and “conserving our natural resources and your right to enjoy I hope you’re enjoying them.” this “enhanced” edition of Louisiana One of the ways we can advance the WILDLIFE Federation magazine. Thanks success of conservation is by recognizing to award-winning writer/photographer, Dr. individuals and organizations who display Gary Noel Ross, the sponsors, and our edi- outstanding devotion to resource conserva- torial staff for making this unique presenta- tion and environmental quality through tion about the “world’s most popular butter- their volunteer or professional work. The fly” possible. The story of the monarchs and Louisiana Wildlife Federation does this their migration is truly remarkable. I think through its annual Conservation (L-R) Keith, Joe and Jack at a meeting of the Southwest that it is especially pertinent during this sea- Achievement Recognition Program, widely Louisiana Wildlife Association. son of thanksgiving and recommitment to regarded as the most prestigious conserva- our faith and fundamental values that we tion recognition program of its kind in function in addition to honoring outstand- remember and celebrate the blessings of Louisiana. There are 8 award categories for ing conservation work. The convention is America’s wonderful wildlife heritage. which nominations can be made. They are the forum for proposing, discussing and Probably not everyone thinks of described in detail, along with the rules of adopting resolutions that establish LWF as “wildlife,” but indeed they are. For those the program and a nomination form on positions on various conservation policy of us who love the outdoors, whether in the pages 8-9. The awards are primarily for issues from water quality, fisheries manage- backyard or back country, our lives would be efforts in 2001. Nominations are open ment, and conservation to coastal less without them. through January 29, 2002. If you know of restoration, user fees, regulations, conserva- Migration, be it waterfowl or war- a person, organization, business, or school tion education and agency programming, to blers...or butterflies, the changing season group that deserves to be recognized for with its slanted rays and falling , the their conservation efforts this year, please Continued on page 12 FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

favorite season of folks who love the out- “left behind” feeling we get when “goose Randy doors. We hunt, we hike, we paddle, we music” drifts in through the bedroom win- scout for newly arriving . We take our dow on a crisp fall evening. He yearned for Lanctot time getting out on the water to fish – no the past, I yearned for the future. We were need to rush to beat the heat. It’s therapy both stuck in circumstances where getting for that unfulfilled urge we share with other out to those big fields, woods and marshes creatures: the urge to wander. wasn’t an option. But the urge was so Many years ago I worked a part-time strong. Here in Louisiana we can be “coun- job with a fellow who, by his own descrip- try boys (and girls)” no matter where we tion, was a transplanted country boy from live, and enjoy the outdoors during this Crisp air, tilting sunshine, thinning the South (we were in Illinois at the time). wonderful time of year. limbs – fall is the season of brightness... and I was working my way through school, and Through migration, wildlife connects of the rich aromas of wood smoke, of fall- he was working his way through retire- us to the rest of the country, even the rest of en leaves and fungi and marsh sedge, of fal- ment. That morning, the lawns had been the world. The migrations of waterfowl are low pineywoods grasses and musky buck brushed with the season’s first frost. We got truly inspiring, as are the peregrinations of scrapes (and of apple pie fresh from the to talking about the weather and the sea- other birds, some of which are incredibly oven, if you’re lucky). It’s a time of son, and how he yearned to roam “wide prodigious. But ounce per ounce, you’ve urgency, yet we’re compelled to momentar- open country behind good dogs.” He said, got to hand it to the . ily linger, beholding the landscape in the “Boy, sometimes I get the wanderlust so Weighing only half as much as a dollar bill, glinting autumn light. bad...” he paused to wipe his eyes, “I don’t Fall is a time of restless movement, and know how I’ll make it through this world.” Continued on page 47 migration. With few exceptions it’s the I knew the feeling. It’s like that haunting,

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 5 District 2 Clinton Mouser, 4428 Toby Louisiana Wildlife Federation Lane, Metairie, LA 70003; 504 (res) 887-8475; Officers: 4313 (fax) 225 344-0014; mailto: [email protected] (Jefferson, President Keith Saucier, P.O. Box1795 mailto: [email protected] Lafourche, St. Charles, St. Gonzales, LA 70707; Bobby Fulmer, M.D., P.O. James, St. John the Baptist 225 (res.) 647-6653 (wk.) Box 99, New Roads, LA Parishes) 383-7771, Ext. 1561 70760; 225 (res.) 638-8869 District 3 Chuck Seiber, 6970 Cemetary (fax) 677-7416; Jay V. Huner, Ph.D, 130 Rd., St. Martinville, LA mailto:[email protected] Ashland Ct., Lafayette, LA 70582; 337 (res) 394-3393 1st-V. P. Joe L. Herring, 1021 Rodney 70508; 337 (res.) 234-0682 (Lafayette, Vermillion, St. Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70808; (wk.) 482-5239; Martin, Terrebonne, Iberia, St. 225 (res.) 766-0519 mailto: [email protected] Mary, Iberville, Assumption 2nd-V. P. Elbridge A. “Smitty” Smith III Edgar F. Veillon, Rep. to Parishes) 415 Azalea Dr., New Iberia, LA NWF, 4616 South Roman St., District 4 Vacant (Caddo, Bossier, 70560; 337 (res) 364-9341; New Orleans, LA 70125; 504 Webster, Claiborne, Lincoln, mailto: [email protected] (res.) 899-4049 (wk.) 454- Bienville, Jackson Parishes) Secretary Virginia Burkett, Ph.D, P.O. 1212 (fax) 885-4887 District 5 Martha Ann Messinger, 2022 Box 1557, Many, LA 71449; Gemini Dr., Bastrop, LA 318 (wk.) 256-5628; Executive Director 71220; 318 (res) 281-0113 mailto: [email protected] Randy P. Lanctot, P.O. Box (fax) 283-8111; Treasurer Eugene J. Dauzat, Jr., 608 65239 Audubon Station, mailto: [email protected] Meursault, Kenner, LA 70065; Baton Rouge, LA 70896-5239 (Union, Morehouse, East 504 (res.) 468-8408 (wk.) Office: 337 South Acadian Carroll, West Carroll, 524-4444 Thruway, Baton Rouge, LA Ouachita, Richland, Madison, 70806; 225 (wk.) 344-6762 Caldwell, Franklin, Tensas Executive Committee: Parishes) Above 5 Officers and 4 Persons Listed Below: (fax) 344-6707 (res.) 346-0752 mailto: [email protected] District 6 Francis Gautreaux, 12380 Kathy Wascom, 1255 Fernand Rd., Gonzales, LA Aberdeen Ave., Baton Rouge, District Vice-Presidents: 70737; 225 (res.) 673-4991 LA 70808; 225 (res.) 344- (Washington, Tangipahoa, St. District 1 Don Duplantier, DVM, Helena, Livingston, Ascension, 3004 Moss, Violet 70092; 504 East Feliciana, West Feliciana, (res) 682-8056(St. Tammany, East Baton Rouge, West Baton Orleans, St. Bernard, Rouge, Point Coupee Parishes) Plaquemines Parishes) mailto:[email protected] District 7 Jerome C. Haas. Jr., 52 Horseshoe Lane, Sulphur 70663; 337/625-4232 (Beauregard, Allen, Calcasieu, Cameron, Jefferson Davis, Acadia Parishes) District 8 Ken Dancak, Ph.D., 224 Shady Crest Lane, Pineville 71360; 318/487-8879; mailto:[email protected] (Grant, LaSalle, Catahoula, Concordia, Rapides, Avoyelles, Evangeline, St. Landry Parishes) District 9 Sharon Miller, 345 Point 3 Drive, Florien 71429; 318568-4990; mailto:[email protected] (DeSoto, Red River, Sabine, Natchitoches, Winn, Vernon Parishes)

Page 6 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 FOR YOUR INFORMATION

He did make it the next few weekends help now more than ever. I know that there and I’ve started giving squirrels away to peo- are a lot of worthy causes, but please remem- ple that aren’t as fortunate as I am. The ber what we have here in Louisiana – all the Bill Ford “critter dinner” at our church this weekend wonderful natural resources that we are able will not “want” for small game. We also to enjoy, right here at home. It’s up to us to managed to bag a young nutria, and I am see that our children and their children will anxious to see how that turns out. be able to enjoy the outdoors in a clean and Deer and ducks are really what I’m wholesome environment. looking forward to. I didn’t really get into To the new members listed in this issue the early teal season. Mosquitos and sweat- I extend a hearty welcome and thanks for ing aren’t my of a good time. As I age, your commitment and support of the state’s The first cold snap brought me out and I must be setting my comfort level too high leading conservation organization. You are into the woods, scouting earnestly for the --- those things used to not bother me. the Federation and your membership makes first time this year. Came upon some good The “last chance” to enter the 5th a significant difference! scrapes and rubs, but only saw does late that Annual Adventure Sweepstakes was mailed Thinking about new memberships first evening. Although I used to be a big the middle of October and I encourage reminds me that a membership in the bow hunter, age and a shoulder injury have everyone to get your sweeps tickets in ASAP, Louisiana Wildlife Federation would make a subdued that particular aspect of hunting. as the drawing is the 5th of December. good Christmas gift for those outdoor-lov- At the time of writing this article I am anx- Some lucky person will have the choice of ing friends and family members that seem to iously waiting the opening of the muzzle- hunting the Colorado mountains next win- have everything. In keeping with the theme loading season in Area 1. I have spent the ter - or taking a friend and enjoying fishing of this special edition of Louisiana last few Saturdays out practicing with the ole the high mountain Colorado lakes during WILDLIFE Federation magazine, all new “smokepole” (a traditional .50 cal. Hawken) the upcoming summer - or taking that memberships of $50 or more that we receive and feel confident that I can put my first same friend on a Carribean Cruise - OR between now and Jan. 1 in response to this (and only) shot consistently within 2 inches last, but not least, the choice of hard, cold offer will include (while supplies last) a poster featuring native butterflies signed and dated by our “Lepidopterist in Residence”, Dr. Gary Noel Ross, along with a copy of this special edition of WILDLIFE. Use the membership form on page 48 to let us know that you want to take advantage of this offer. In closing, I need to tell you that I will be leaving the Federation at the end of this year. I have been offered an opportunity to work for a company in my hometown of Clinton, LA and have accepted the offer. Among other considerations, not having to commute the 40 miles to Baton Rouge each day is very appealing. I start my new job in January, but I won’t be leaving the Federation entirely. Like many of you, I will be involved as a member and look forward to playing an active role within the Federation's volunteer administration. LWF Development Committee Chairman, Edgar F. Veillon (L) was in Lake Charles recently to present a framed quail print, I am proud to have been associated with “Coastal Covey Bobs” by Jack Cowen, to new LWF Corporate Sponsor Member Sheldon McManus, owner of McManus the Louisiana Wildlife Federation for the Construction. past 12 years and hope I have contributed to its rich tradition and accomplishments. of my aimpoint at up to 75 yards. That’s $2,000.00 in cash. If you’ve already Thank you for your support. good enough for the girls I go out with! responded and sent in an extra contribution On opening day of the squirrel season I for more tickets, I have made a note on your put a dent in the population although it check that I added the appropriate amount took a while. Usually my son accompanies of tickets in your name. me, but this year, at 15 years old, those You will soon receive our Year-End “other” two scents that seem to manipulate Appeal. The monies raised from this young lives kicked in — perfume and gaso- fundraiser play a vital role in keeping LWF line. Ahhhh, to be young again. on solid financial ground, and we need your

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 7 LWF ANNOUNCES 38TH CONSERVATION ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS PROGRAM

Honorable M.J. “Mike” Foster employed in renewable natural resource man- The Louisiana Wildlife Federation is agement or recreation fields including biolo- now accepting nominations for the 38th gists, enforcement officers, wildlife managers, annual Governor’s State Conservation administrators, scientists, researchers, etc. ) Achievement Awards. The awards program seeks to recognize those individuals, organi- 2.) VOLUNTEER CONSERVATION- zations and businesses that have made sig- IST OF THE YEAR nificant and outstanding contributions For outstanding accomplishments dur- toward the protection and wise use of the ing the year in the management, enhance- state’s natural resources — its air, soil and ment, or protection of Louisiana's fish, minerals, its forests, waters and wildlife. wildlife, air, water, soil or forest resources, or There are 8 award categories for which related recreational opportunities by a person nominations can be made. The deadline for acting in a volunteer capacity. submitting nominations is January 29, 2002. Self-nominations are completely 3.) YOUTH CONSERVATIONIST acceptable. Further, in nearly all cases it is OF THE YEAR necessary to enlist the cooperation of the For outstanding conservation effort by a nominee in order to provide the judging youngster (18 years old and younger). Youth committee with adequate supporting infor- groups acting together in a conservation pro- mation. So please do not feel awkward gram are also eligible. The winner should about nominating yourself or providing With the knowledge and under- have demonstrated outstanding ability, lead- background material for someone who may standing that conservation, wise man- ership, and accomplishment in any phase of wish to nominate you for one of these agement and use of our State’s natural conservation either individually or as a group awards. We urge you to bring your accom- resources is essential to the health, effort. plishments or those of others to the public’s happiness, welfare, and economic attention through this program. well-being of Louisiana’s citizens; and 4.) BUSINESS/CORPORATE CON- Awards will be presented at a special with the belief that proper recognition SERVATIONIST OF THE YEAR Saturday evening recognition banquet to be of conservation efforts promotes wise For outstanding achievement by a busi- held in conjunction with the Louisiana resource management and use. ness in pollution control, conservation, pro- Wildlife Federation’s 63rd annual conven- I, M.J. “Mike” Foster, Governor viding public recreation, habitat develop- tion set for March 1-3, 2002, at the Paragon of Louisiana, do hereby endorse the ment, donating lands for public recreation, Casino and Resort in Marksville, LA. concept of the Governor’s State donating lands for public wildlife areas, etc. A nomination form, explanation of the Conservation Achievement Awards (This category is to honor a company and not award categories, regulations and proce- Program as conducted annually under an individual person. It covers a vast variety dures and other details of the program fol- the auspices of the Louisiana Wildlife of possible achievements. If in doubt, submit low. Additional nomination forms are avail- Federation. an entry and let the judges consider your able from the LWF office — P.O. Box nomination.) 65239, Baton Rouge, LA 70896-5239; fax/phone: 225/344-6707; M. J. “Mike “ Foster, Governor 5.) CONSERVATION EDUCATOR mailto: [email protected] OF THE YEAR 1.) PROFESSIONAL CONSERVA- For outstanding effort in conservation Award Categories TIONIST OF THE YEAR education by a professional or volunteer. For outstanding accomplishments dur- Instructors of hunter safety and outdoor Nominations will be accepted for the ing the year by a person who has made a sig- ethics are eligible in this category as are teach- following categories. Winners may not be nificant contribution to the management, ers of the natural sciences, fish and wildlife named in every category. Recognition will enhancement, or protection of Louisiana’s management, environmental design and be based primarily on accomplishments fish, wildlife, air, water, soil or forest management, various aspects of environmen- during 2001. Immediate past winners are resources, or related recreational opportuni- tal education, etc. Emphasis should be on not eligible to succeed themselves in the ties in a professional capacity. ( For the pur- teaching and working with students rather same category of accomplishment for pose of this category a Professional is a person than research or other activities. which they were recognized the previous who receives monetary compensation for the year. work that has resulted in the accomplish- 6.) CONSERVATIONIST OF THE ments for which s/he has been nominated. YEAR - ELECTED OFFICIAL This includes, but is not limited to, persons For outstanding conservation effort by Page 8 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 an elected official. All Louisiana elected 4.) Please specify on the Nomination officials are eligible in this category. GOVERNOR’S AWARD Form the category for which the nomination For the outstanding over-all is made. No nomination will be accepted for 7.) CONSERVATION COMMUNI- conservation effort and achieve- the Governor's Award. Kindly attach to the CATOR/COMMUNICATION OF THE ment. The Governor's Award recip- Nomination Form the nominee's resume’ of YEAR ient is selected by the judging com- achievements. The resume’ should be a nar- For outstanding effort by a writer, mittee from among the top nomi- rative description of the nominee’s accom- reporter, radio or T.V. broadcaster, photog- nees for the 8 conservation award plishments and include an explanation of rapher, artist, cartoonist, radio or T.V. sta- categories. Nominations are not their significance or impact, that is, why the tion, or newspaper or other publication in accepted for this award. nominee’s accomplishments are important creating a public awareness of the impor- and worthy of recognition. It should not tance of environmental quality and natural Program Rules and Procedures exceed 3 single-spaced typed pages. resource conservation or making a signifi- 1.) The Thirty-eighth Governor's State Information such as past recognition, organi- cant contribution toward the solution of a Conservation Achievement Recognition zation memberships, etc. may be appended major conservation problem in the state. Program shall be restricted to achievement to the resume’. Documentation of accom- completed prior to December 31, 2001. plishments such as newspaper clippings, cor- 8.) CONSERVATION ORGANIZA- Awards will be presented based on efforts of respondences, etc. should be included as a TION OF THE YEAR the immediate past year; prior records may supplement to the resume’. If a nomination For outstanding contribution to the be considered but this will be left up to the is for more than one category, a separate conservation effort by a state or local orga- judges. nomination form and complete resume’ nization. Bona fide organizations includ- 2.) Nominations for the Governor's must be submitted for each category entered. ing but not limited to garden clubs, civic State Conservation Achievement Awards 5.) If possible, please include a photo- organizations, sportsmen’s clubs, women’s must be hand-delivered or sent by return graph of the nominee with the nomination. clubs, environmental groups, etc., are eligi- receipt requested mail or other delivery ser- Nominations without photos are acceptable, ble. Recipients should have demonstrated vice, to the Louisiana Wildlife Federation, however, and submission should not be keen interest on projects and programs P.O. Box 65239 Audubon Station, Baton delayed due to unavailability of a photo within the state which deal with basic and Rouge, LA 70896-5239 (street address: 337 which can be forwarded at a later date. serious natural resource problems and have S. Acadian Thruway, Baton Rouge, LA 6.) All rules must be strictly adhered to. evolved an action program from that inter- 70806), and be postmarked on or before Nominations which do not meet all stan- est. In special cases, where state, or federal midnight January 29, 2002. dards and criteria will be returned to sender or local agencies or institutions have 3.) The Conservation Achievement to be resubmitted with appropriate addi- accomplished extraordinary work above Awards shall be presented at the annual tions/modifications. Program judges may and beyond their normal responsibilities, Recognition Banquet held during the 63rd declare any nomination ineligible if proper such organizations will be given considera- Annual Louisiana Wildlife Federation documentation and supportive materials are tion for this award. Convention, Saturday, March 2, 2002, at not included. The decision of the judging the Paragon Casino and Resort in committee will be final. Marksville, LA. NOMINATION FORM Date:

Full Name of Nominee: Category #: Address: Recommended By: Address: Phone: Signed By Title (if any): Reply to: Louisiana Wildlife Federation P.O. Box 65239 Audubon Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70896-5239; 337 South Acadian Thruway, Baton Rouge, LA 70806

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 9 New Members (to $49) Mrs. Walter C. Lindstrom, Monroe New Members ($50 to $99) 8/16/01 through 10/31/01 Blondell M. Logan, Monroe 8/16/01 through 10/31/01 Kenneth G. Lown, Carencro Murdock Adams, Many Jerry R. Lynn, Bastrop John Allred, Grayson Pearl Arceneaux, Lafayette Randall J. Matte, Belle Chasse Dale D. Archer, Jr., Lake Charles Donald G. Arnold, Bentley Jim McGough, Lake Charles -Institute for Neuropsychiatry Ricky L. Audirsch, Farmerville Honorable Wayne McMullen, Natchitoches W. Charles Brown, Mansfield Harry Bamburg, Coushatta Garrett Melliff, Destrehan Carlos M. Choucino, M.D., Lake Charles Malcolm Bearb, Carencro T. J. Miller, Marion Robert L. Colvin, New Roads Conrad Bercier, Crowley Charles W. Miller, Westlake David Conner, Lake Charles C. Bernard Berry, Baton Rouge Victor Monsour, Lake Charles -ServiceMaster Building Maintenance Mitch A. Boenig, Sr., Kinder Elton E. Nix, Shreveport Scott A. Couper, Baton Rouge Ronald L. Bombet, M.D., Baton Rouge Larry Pardue, Jonesboro Steven D. Crews, Natchitoches Jim Bondy, Jarreau Sammy H. Patrick, Saint Francisville -Corkern & Crews, L.L.C. David J. Bordelon, Jr., Covington Nicholas Perez, Baton Rouge Keith DeSonier, Lake Charles Charles B. Bowers, Port Sulphur Curtis Perkins, Lake Charles John H. Dever, Breaux Bridge James G. Boyer, Lake Charles Michael D. Perot, Jr., Baton Rouge -John's Store Randy J. Breaud, Thibodaux Hunter Perrin, Lake Charles Melvin Doggett, Natchitoches Steve Bridges, Pleasant Hill Frank O. Pruitt, Lake Charles -B&D Country Estates Don R. Capron, Jr., Baton Rouge Carl L. Pyle, Westlake Danny J. Eason, Lake Charles William N. Carlisle, Marrero Jim D. Racca, Iowa -Jeff Davis Bank & Trust Walter B. Comeaux, Jr., M.D., Lafayette Hugh W. Raetzsch, D.D.S., Lake Charles Daniel Edgar, Franklin Kirk D. Cooper, Alexandria Fred Reeves, Lake Charles -St. Mary Seafood, Inc. Steve A. Crawford, Oak Ridge David Richardson, Tallulah Hon. Dan Flavin, Lake Charles H. J. Shawn Daily, Jr., Natchitoches Michael J. Rivere, Thibodaux D. C. Flynt, Lake Charles Allain Davidson, Lake Charles John J. Roberson, D.D.S., Monroe -Cafe Margaux R. J. Dugas, Iowa Wayne Rouse, Thibodaux Donald D. Fuselier, Baton Rouge Henry J. Ferguson, Prairieville Mervin Roussel, Reserve Kevin Gary, Shreveport Howard Flowers, Shreveport Carl M. Rupe, Lafayette Michael Guillory, Prairieville Carl Fontenot, Baton Rouge Jason Safford, Port Allen R. E. Heidt, Westlake Mitchell Fontenot, Mamou Joe M. Sampite', Natchitoches -Heidt Construction Co. George E. Gardiner, III, Natchitoches Jerry Saucer, West Monroe Pascual Izaguirre, New Iberia Richard Grabert, Houma Gaynal J. Savoy, Crowley Clay Jackson, Natchitoches James E. Grace, Jr., Plaquemine Dr. Leland Scoggins, Natchitoches -Guaranteed Auto Finance Clarence Graham, Shongaloo Edwin C. Sevin, Lockport D. W. Jessen, Lake Charles Jeffery G. Gregory, Marion Jason D. Shilling, Lafitte Cody Johns, Gonzales Peggy Guidry, Lake Charles Joe Shoemaker, Pearl River Kim Lange, Abita Springs Kim Hagie, Baton Rouge Glenn Smith, Sulphur Richard D. Ledford, Theriot Steven P. Harris, Crowley Larry D. Stewart, M.D., Lake Charles Greg Linscombe, Gueydan Robert D. Hebert, Lake Charles Jack G. Surles, Lake Charles Lorita Lovemore, Natchitoches Neal Hebert, Plattenville Clint Sutherland, Lake Charles -Lott Oil Co., Inc. Lawrence A. Henagan, Dequincy Kenneth Taylor, Arnaudville Floyd H. Matherne, Bourg Lawrence and Charlotte Hitter, New Iberia Keith D. Templet, Greenwell Springs Sue McMillin, Lake Charles Timothy Honea, Deridder Theriot's Heating & Air, Walker -Basell Polyolefins Lowell Hubbard, Winnfield Sean M. Thibodeaux, New Iberia Flo McQuillin, Natchitoches Bill Huckabay, Shreveport Basil L. Tinker, Deridder Worth Scott Moffett, III, Lake Charles Kenny Hunts, Brusly Pat Shelley Todd, Sr., Natchitoches -ERA Moffett Realty, Inc. James Lee Hurdle, Rosedale Thomas Tumilson, Oak Ridge Sam A. Monticello, D.V.M., Lake Charles Denis Husers, Lake Charles Stanley E. Tyler, Colfax John M. Muckleroy, Natchitoches James R. Jeffers, Denham Springs Ruth Unkel, Kinder -First Credit Corporation Donald E. Jones, Bossier City David M. Villneuve, Baton Rouge Vonell Parker, Robeline Clarence H. Jordan, Natchitoches Carl Warren, Amite -Lotus Farm John LaBure, Jr., New Orleans Richard A. Warren, Logansport W. O. Paul, Haughton Kevin Lagneaux, Carencro Bobby Welch, Oakdale Joe Beck Payne, Natchitoches Samuel J. Lamkin, Jonesboro Carles N. White, Leesville -Peoples State Bank, Many Dr. Gene Lampson, Lake Charles A.C. Williamson, Pineville Javier and Ana Pere', M.D.s, Natchitoches Randall J. Langlinais, Saint Martinville Alwyn Willis, Sr., Lake Charles -Natchitoches Pulmonary Jacues LeBlanc, Broussard Michael D. Willis, Haughton Milan W. LeJeune, Basile Adam Lee Willoughby, Ruston Gaylon S. Lenard, West Monroe Eddy Yowell, Minden Continued on page 49 Page 10 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 MANAGING EDITOR

Ross, author and photographer of our spe- ogy (the study of ), and he earned cial monarch section, has become what he both from LSU. After receiving a Ph.D. in Elizabeth DeLouise wanted to be when he “got big.” He can’t the spring, he immediately began teaching remember a time not being fascinated by in the fall of 1967 at Southern University’s butterflies. From a very young age, Dr. Department of Biological Sciences. He Ross has studied and been mesmerized by remained there until he retired in 1992. lepidopterans. His attraction to butterflies Dr. Ross’ interest in monarchs first has not diminished through the years, as his became piqued around 1964 while assisting career has been devoted to the study of graduate students studying migrations moths and butterflies. in Cameron Parish, LA. The students were “I don’t remember a time when I was tracking the southward migration of birds “Interview with a Butterflyer” not interested in butterflies, and my first by pointing telescopes at the moon and Children often know what they want memory seems to go back to when I was 5 counting the silhouettes that passed in a to be when they grow up before they have years old collecting caterpillars in my given amount of time. Some of the silhou- the misfortune of being impeded by the daddy’s flower garden. I would bring them ettes were not birds at all, but butterflies. realities of an adult world. Before they are inside in jelly jars to see what would hap- Monarchs were noticed in this migration swayed by salaries, expense accounts, 401K pen to them,” Gary said during an informal route, distinguished by their eagle-like soar- plans, company cars or titles, they tap into interview. ing flight and smaller stature. Assuming something that gives them joy to learn Driving along on an errand one after- most scientists knew of this transition, Dr. about– they like art in school so they aspire noon, Gary swerves dramatically to avoid, Ross didn’t research the issue further until to be artists; they are fascinated by bugs and not a family reunion of white-tailed deer, in 1991 he got word that many offshore dream of becoming a scientist. Firefighters, but a dainty, flittering butterfly that breezes workers were noticing monarchs landing on astronauts, ballerinas, scientists, train con- across the windshield. “Oops. Almost hit the oil rigs. As it turns out, most profes- ductors, horses and alligators, and for my a Gulf fritillary,” he observes, mostly to sionals didn’t know of the migration, so Dr. sister a teddy bear named Teddy Rukspin, himself. “There’s hardly a butterfly that I Ross retired in 1992 to study this phenom- seem to be common and recurring desired don’t see. My eyes are trained to detect enon intensively; consequently, he can be professions among younger elementary anything flying within my range of vision.” credited with first documenting the trans- aged kids. I say this with such authority When he was fresh out of high school Gulf migration route of monarchs. because I am 4 and 9 years older than my and headed towards college, Gary surveyed “The monarch is the quintessential sister and brother, respectively, and their his possibilities and decided that the best butterfly,” according to Gary. “Though I’m childhood admirations for firetrucks and way for him to be able to make a career out retired, I now spend my time doing what I toy bears were observed with my more of butterflies was to teach at the university like – promoting butterflies to the public, mature perspective. Further, babysitting level. That way, he would have the sum- or evangelizing for butterflies.” was my first attempt at earning an income mers and other time off to trek to Africa, (Appropriately, his email address includes at the age of 10, so I have always been South America, Southeast Asia and other the phrase “butterfly evangelist.”) He around younger kids as a sibling and as a exotic lands to research butterflies’ life teaches a biology course at the Baton Rouge caretaker. cycles and behavior in their native . Community College and tries to instill the My brother wanted to be a firefighter Dr. Ross first attended the University of message that “true joy comes from turning because the appeal of climbing around on a New Orleans as an undergraduate in 1958, your talents into your profession.” shiny truck with ladders was overwhelm- then transferred for his final year of college Much luck to you in creating a viable, ing. He wasn’t aware of the danger; he did- to LSU as a biology major. To be qualified income-earning career based on what gives n’t know what salary meant. It just to teach at the university level, he knew he you true joy. Now, experience the magic of appealed to his ideals of fun and excite- had to get a masters and Ph.D. in entomol- the monarchs. ment. For his 3 year old birthday party, my mother convinced the local fire department Louisiana to attend the fete and bring along the illus- trious truck. The partygoers were then Audubon encouraged to climb about, blow the horn and run the lights. How could you be a 3 Council year old party attendee and be adversely influenced by such splendor?? Many a career choice was made then and there at the cul-de-sac. We still aren’t sure why my sister wanted to be Teddy Rukspin, a mechanical stuffed bear that wore overalls. In a way, you could say that Gary Noel

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 11 President: Continued from page 5

name a few. If there is an issue you’d like your federation to address at the upcoming convention, please contact me or our execu- tive director before mid-January. There will be more details about the convention in the next issue. One of my favorite jobs as Federation president is welcoming new members and affiliates. I am pleased to announce the affiliation of the Hoy Hunting Club of Allen/Beauregard Parishes – Robert Ipes, President, and the Plaquemine Sportsmen’s League of Iberville Parish – Jeff Willie, President. Please join me in welcoming them to the Federation. Also, thank you Because the Mississippi runs through and welcome to all the individuals and busi- nesses who have joined the Federation over us, we are part of the migratory the past few months. Many are listed in this issue. path for millions of butterflies and Another thing I enjoy about being your president is having the opportunity to get birds each year. around the state and visit some of our affil- The purity and availability of iates at their meetings. Most recently, I accompanied 1st Vice-president Joe Herring Louisiana’s waters are vital to them. and our executive director Randy Lanctot to a meeting of the Southwest Louisiana Wildlife Association in Kinder. There was a very nice turnout and excellent program Join us to learn more at about managing deer hunting leases. I don’t think that I’ve ever seen so many jaw drop- ping slides of big bucks. Thanks to Baton Rouge Earth Day SWLWA President Keith Bell and Tom Miller, David Daigle and Cree Owen for Sunday, April 21, 2002, Noon - 8 PM their hospitality. A pleasant surprise for me was meeting for the first time the “leg- Downtown Baton Rouge endary” Jack G. Surles of Lake Charles. Jack was LWF’s District 7 Vice-president for ree Music & Entertainment many years and president of the Southwest ood & Drink for sale Louisiana Birdhunters Association. The birdhunters association is now defunct, but Jack is hanging in there and doing well. He even renewed his long-lapsed contributing membership. Thanks, Jack. My next opportunity to communicate with you through this column won’t be until 2002. In the meantime, I hope you will be spending some time in the outdoors with family and friends, counting our nat- ural blessings. Please accept our very best wishes for a safe, healthy and happy holiday season.

Yours in conservation,

Keith R. Saucier Proceeds Benefit Baton Rouge Earth Day, Inc., a Non-Profit Organization. President

Page 12 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 Text and photos by Gary Noel Ross, PhD. T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY MONARCH What’s in a Name? How noble a creature! How noble a the most epic of any on planet national ecotourists. name! Earth. • The monarch and its dependency Consider the following: • The monarch’s concentrated winter upon specific phytochemicals derived • The butterfly is from its milkweed host is now the de facto frequently cited in many national of the texts as a classical example , and as of coevolution between such has become a animal and plant. common household • The similarity in col- word and the poster oration between the child for the world of monarch butterfly and the entomology and con- unrelated viceroy butterfly servation. is often cited as the classic • Monarchs are very example of Batesian mim- conspicuous— medium icry—a close resemblance sized, bright orange (a between an unpalatable royal color) with black and an edible species. and white markings, • The relationship and have a slow, soar- between the monarch and ing (majestic) flight. Bt corn, a genetically mod- • Monarchs (and ified strain incorporating other butterflies, too) an insect toxin, is com- are potent symbols of monly cited as an omen of rebirth and hope. Male dangers inherent in genetic • For decades, the engineering. monarch has been sin- • And finally, the very gled out in most text- name monarch is easy to books to illustrate a pronounce, easy to spell, typical butterfly life and evokes a majestic, cycle as well as the phe- regal, and perhaps even nomenon called meta- superhero presence. morphosis. With such incredible • The monarch is credentials, it is easy to found in all American understand why scientists states except Alaska and the public at large have and in all regions of embraced this butterfly and Canada except Yukon its name as a perfect mar- Territory and riage, and why the monarch Northwest Territories, is well on its way to becom- and because the species Female ing an American, if not is a notorious wander- international, icon. er, monarchs have been But our traditional observed as vagrants in interpretation may be many Caribbean, putting the proverbial “cart Pacific, and Atlantic islands (including refuges in coastal California and central before the horse” and blinding us to an Great Britain), and Mauritius in the Mexico have been featured over and over important bit of history. You see, most of Indian Ocean. again by the global media, and each year the qualities that we currently associate • The monarch’s annual migrations are are the destinations of thousands of inter- with the monarch were discovered long

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 13 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY AFTER the butterfly received its popular were impressed by the sight of such a mag- William III. Born in 1650 at The Hague name. That’s right! The first actual pub- nificent butterfly, and so they named it in the Netherlands, William, a Protestant, lished usage of the name “monarch” dates ‘monarch’ after King William III, Prince of ousted the Catholic king James to take the to an article by the esteemed American Orange, stateholder of Holland, and later English throne. William reigned jointly entomologist Samuel H. Scudder titled king of England—its orange color no with his wife Mary Stuart ( Mary “English Names of Butterflies” in 1874, doubt suggesting the name. From II) as the monarchs of Great Britain from 1689 until William died in 1702 (Mary had died a few years earlier). William also was titled “Prince of Orange” because he was of the House of Orange, the name of the royal family of the Netherlands. The name ”orange” actually comes from an ancient independent agricultural princi- pality called Orange, today located in the lower valley of the Rhone in the Vaucluse Department of southern France. William was the last of the direct line of the House of Orange. As the new reigning sovereigns of Great Britain, at the time a Catholic dom- inated land, William and Mary stressed tolerance and compassion for all. But although their rule enabled Catholics and Protestants to coexist, religious enmity continued, particularly in Ireland where Male monarch resting on amaryllis flower. large numbers of Protestants (especially Lowland Scots Presbyterians), had immi- published in the scholarly journal Psyche, ‘William’ we get the vernacular ‘Billy,’ and grated and settled in the northeastern part an organ of the Cambridge Entomological hence the name ‘King Billy,’ which has of the island where they formed a secret Club. There, Scudder cites Danaus plexip- also been applied to this butterfly.” In society of “Orangemen.” (Recall the pus as “The Monarch.” (The butterfly’s Robert Pyle’s 1999 book Chasing annual July media accounts of the parades current scientific taxon, Danaus plexippus, Monarchs: Migrating with the Butterflies of of the “Orangemen” in Ireland.) is credited to Carolus Linnaeus, the Passage, Pyle relates, “Don Davis, a won- This endemic hatred between Roman “father of ,” who in 1758 derfully knowledgeable monarch aficiona- Catholic and Protestant in Europe, and in described the species as Papilio plexippus, do in Toronto, told me that his late grand- particular Northern Ireland, has had a as he considered the Papilio to be father knew these butterflies as ‘King profound effect upon American history. appropriate for all butterflies. The Billies.’” And so, it appears as if the but- The original colonies of the incipient monarch, along with other related species terfly we now know as “monarch” has been United States were founded in large part utilizing milkweed as hosts, is placed called “King Billy” as well. by refugees from Western Europe and either within a separate family— My interest in history and academic Great Britain seeking religious freedom Danaidae—or else within a separate sub- sleuthing was piqued. First, I contacted and economic opportunities. Although family— —within the larger Don Davis who eagerly shared with me many of the early immigrants to America family.) But other common some tidbits of family history. According settled in Virginia because of its good names for this regal butterfly have been to Don, his father (1915-2000) and his ports and freedom from Indian attacks, used throughout history, too. In her book grandfather (1882-1962) both alluded to the first American swarming ground for The Common Names of North American the monarch butterfly as “King Billy.” the Scotch-Irish was the backcountry of Butterflies, Jacqueline Miller indicates that Although born in Ontario, both ancestors Pennsylvania (later New York). Mostly “Milkweed Butterfly,” “Storm Butterfly,” were descendants of United Empire Lowland Scottish in origin, these “Wanderer,” and “Archippus” have all Loyalists who had migrated to Canada fol- Protestants had been settled in Ulster been used for Danaus plexippus. lowing the American Revolutionary War. (Northern Ireland) for two or three gener- But perhaps what is most interesting Loyalists came into the Canadian ations but were disturbed by high rents, involves comments in two relatively recent provinces from all the American states, but recurrent crop failures, and, of course, books. In Fred Urquhart’s The Monarch the great bulk of them came from New egregious English discrimination. Butterfly: International Traveler published York, with New Jersey and Pennsylvania So much for history. I find it difficult in 1987 we read: “The early settlers who also providing considerable numbers. to accept that the following are pure coin- came to North America from Europe, par- Next, I delved into British-Colonial cidence and totally unrelated: a) a British ticularly those from England and Holland, America history and the role of King sovereign named King William III, also

Page 14 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY titled Prince of Orange, and a staunch reasons for leaving the Motherland. Not For the tenacious Protestant colonists, defender of Protestantism—in England surprisingly, death claimed many (life I think that the silver lining assumed the and Ireland, b) Protestant English and expectancy was a mere 35 years!) while shape of a common, orange, nameless but- terfly that graced the fresh landscapes each summer, caused no damage to crops, and as if by magic, disappeared each fall only to return en masse the following spring. I think that the presence, natural behavior and mythology of these butterflies not only entranced the very psyche of the colonists, but sparked what may have been their most nostalgic memory of the home- land: King William III, Prince of Orange as the single personage of wealth, power and authority. I think that someone, somewhere in some community settled by Protestant immigrants, perhaps in New York, Pennsylvania, or Virginia–out of respect, tribute, and endearment for the Prince of Orange–referred to those orange insect harbingers of life and hope as “King Billy.” As a sort of tribute and symbol for “Long live the King!” the name probably was an instant hit, becoming the lingua Male monarch nectaring on native sunflower. franca of the day. How long “King Billy” remained in Irish immigrants settling in Colonial others returned to the very land they had widespread usage is, of course, only con- America, c) a bit of folklore from eastern fled. jecture. From Mr. Don Davis we do know Canada suggesting that a bright orange However, I am a firm believer in the that the name was popular within his butterfly, common throughout eastern adage “there’s a silver lining in every Ontario based family until 2000. North America was referred to as “King cloud.” However, I think that as time passed and Billy,” and d) the butterfly in past litera- ture being referred to as “The Monarch” and in more contemporary times simply as “monarch.” To explain the linkage between these facts, I called upon my imagination to step back in time. Of course, I cannot peer into the past, but existing evidence is com- pelling. The following is what I suggest as a plausible paradigm. For Colonial Americans, life was tough. After all, food was scarce, winters severe. A myriad of nameless diseases and pestilence descended as cyclical plagues. Days were defined by hard work and hard- ships. But the “promise of life” must have been a powerful motivator. The pain of reality was most likely tempered by excite- ment sparked by adventure in a new world, but as the business of living was reduced to dire acts of survival, even those individuals exceptionally brave in heart and spirit must have experienced episodes of disappointment, sadness and loneliness. Memories of friends and relatives left behind must have clouded the original Male monarch nectaring on native dewberry.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 15 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY Gardening Tips

To maximize your enjoyment from your butterfly garden, simply follow these rules:

· Locate plants in sunniest location avail- able. Nectar production is dependent upon quality of sunlight, and butterflies enjoy sunny locations to maintain high flight tem- peratures. · Design elevated flower beds for good drainage and weed control. · If you have very limited space, use con- tainers to house your plants. But remember, potted-plants dry-out faster than those in the ground. · Use a soil mixture that is loose, but full of organic compost. This allows good drainage while at the same time maintains adequate moisture. Female monarch nectaring on Mexican flame vine. · Use artificial fertilizers sparingly. When memories faded, King William III became gists alike, there is something more: The the excrement of caterpillars, called frass, for most, a hero in legend, not a real life MONARCH is a traditional American falls to the ground it becomes an excellent personage. Someone, somewhere in butterfly with a decidedly European natural fertilizer that stimulates the Colonial America eventually generalized (British-Irish-Dutch) connection–a living regrowth of the host plant. the name to “The Monarch,” which was nostalgic, international legend. · Deadhead flowers (remove spent flow- then immortalized in the literature in “And now you know the rest of the ers)–this encourages your plants to 1874 by Mr. Samuel Scudder. Later, story.” continue producing flowers. through everyday usage or perhaps even careless printing oversights, “The” was (Modified from an article that appeared in · Incorporate an area of sand or gravel that dropped from the title and we are left with “News of the Lepidopterists’ Society,” Spring you keep moist (particularly during extend- the single word “monarch.” And in an 2001, Vol. 43:1, pages 20, 21, 31.) ed periods of drought) to supply water to ironic twist of history, that name proved those butterflies unable to secure adequate prophetic: the butterfly has become a amounts of fluid from nectars. This is par- unique scientific phenomenon as well as ticularly important for migrant monarchs. the world’s most celebrated insect species. · Include an area in the garden where you The butterfly has become a “monarch” in can set out fermenting fruit for those but- the true sense of the word. terflies that supplement their nectar diets or I can’t prove my interpretation, of that are having a difficult time securing ade- course. The facts are lost in time and folk- quate nectars. lore. However, I am convinced that the · And lastly, NEVER use insecticides in or vernacular name “monarch” for the butter- near your butterfly garden–toxins do not fly known in science as Danaus plexippus, discriminate between “bad” bugs and is the secondary name for “King Billy” and “good” bugs. that both names were coined by colonial Americans to honor a friend and patron, King William III of Great Britain, Prince of Orange. But for etymologists and entomolo-

Page 16 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY flies.” However, out of the 108 species of milkweeds recorded from North America, GardeningGardening ForFor MonarchsMonarchs only 27 are reported to host monarchs. Incidentally, monarchs also are known to species of butterflies utilize different reproduce on several species within the Attracting monarch (and other) but- hosts, including many varieties of trees). related Dogbane Family (Apocyanaceae), terflies to your home turf is relatively easy. Two types of flowering plants are essen- tial: plants that provide nectar for adults to eat (food plants), and plants that sup- ply leaves for caterpillars to eat (host plants). First, food plants. Monarchs feed (nectar) on a large variety of flowering plants, including natives, exotics, annuals and perennials. Throughout Louisiana, most varieties that have been recognized as “butterfly plants” are utilized readily by monarchs. Local spring and summer favorites include blazing star, butterfly bush or Buddleia, butterfly weed, cone- flowers, cosmos, daisies, , Mexican flame vine, Mexican milkweed, Mexican sunflower or Tithonia, pentas and zinnias. In autumn, monarchs seem to be especial- ly attracted to the yellow, purple, and white flowers of asters, goldenrod, iron- weed, Joe-pye weed, sunflowers, and vari- Author’s butterfly garden (summer) in Baton Rouge, LA. Conspicuous plants include zinnias, lantana, Mexican milkweed, ous species of Eupatorium (especially black-eyed Susans, Mexican flame vine and impatiens (the latter is not particularly attractive to butterflies but does add long-lasting color to the garden). mist-flower). Second, host plants. Monarchs lay their mainly on plants within the For this reason, monarchs and their rela- and several other Old World “milkweed Milkweed Family or Asclepiadaceae (other tives are often called “milkweed butter- butterflies” require plants within the Mulberry or Fig Family (Moraceae). Within Louisiana gardens, monarchs seem to prefer the native antelope-horn or spider milkweed ( viridis), butter- fly weed (A. tuberosa), and the exotic Mexican milkweed (A. curassavica)—the latter is the most available from garden centers and A. tuberosa grows best north of Alexandria. All species require sunny, well-drained locations. To quote a well- used phrase: “If you plant them, they will come.” Since monarchs generally do not spend much time in Louisiana, watch for monarch eggs and caterpillars from late March, April and early May (coinciding with the spring migration), and again in September and October (coinciding with the fall migration). During mild winters, and particularly in the extreme southern part of the state–New Orleans, Grand Isle, and Cameron–monarchs may remain all winter and continue to reproduce. Author’s butterfly garden (fall), in Baton Rouge, LA. Conspicuous plants include sunflowers, mist-flower, ironweed and goldenrod. Unfortunately, Spring 2001 was an Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 17 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY exception. Because of the significant reduction in the numbers of monarchs within the Mexican refuges (see “Mexico’s Winter Hideaways,” page 30) during the 2000-2001 winter, virtually no adults were seen within Louisiana, and I know of no gardener in the Baton Rouge area who observed a single , caterpillar or chrysalis. Monarch caterpillars often spend much of the daylight hours resting in shady locations where they are inconspicuous to prowling predators. Chrysalises, also, are often a distance from their hosts and usu- ally are attached to a sturdy substrate in a shaded, quiet location (see “The Circle of Life,” page 20). Therefore, don’t be too alarmed if at first you are unable to locate mature caterpillars and chrysalises. Both larval and adult monarchs have Gulf fritillary butterfly nectaring on Mexican flame vine, an easy-to-grow climber in the South. been shown to benefit from reduced pre- dation. However, the concentrations of plant chemicals that confer the protection upon the monarch differ between species of milkweed plants. Therefore, monarch caterpillars exhibit varying degrees of pro- tection. Furthermore, only vertebrates ( with backbones) seem to be vul- nerable; most invertebrates seem unaffect- ed. But monarchs, as with all insects, are on the bottom of most food chains in that they serve as food for a variety of meat- hungry carnivores. In fact, the vast majority of monarch caterpillars in my garden are routinely decimated by a virtu- al army of ants, assassin bugs, ambush bugs, carabid beetles, dragonflies, lacewings, ladybird beetles, praying man- tises, robber flies, spiders and . (Tiny, young caterpillars are particularly vulnerable.) Although as butterfly garden- ers we hate to loose even one caterpillar, we must remember that death for one ani- mal means food for another. A healthy garden is in reality a mini-ecosystem where there is a balance between herbi- vores (plant-eaters), carnivores (preda- tors), and scavengers. The carnivores are nature’s in-house police force protecting plants from herbivores while scavengers are nature’s clean-up crew. Bear in mind, from the hundreds of eggs that a female monarch may lay, only two must survive to keep the population at a stable level (if any more than two, the population would A monarch trapped in the web of a common garden spider. Invertebrates are not affected by the monarch’s internal explode; if any less, it would become arsenal of toxins. extinct).

Page 18 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY cautioned that the broad use and poorly supervised application of antibiotics can accelerate microbial resistance, creating the potential evolution of “super-bugs” for which we may have no control (remember, Cipro is now the preferred treatment for Anthrax and other poten- tially harmful microbes).

Now, good gardening!

Pentas, a favorite of most southern butterflies. The red-flowering variety is preferred.

But in spite of the necessary natural are least common in adults. However, balance, I am undeniably partial to but- adults can transmit some viruses via the terflies, and so I intervene with Mother eggs to their offspring (incidentally, these Nature in order to tip the scales in favor insect viruses cannot be passed along to of my scaly-winged visitors. Each day my humans). Scientists have proven that the strategy is to launch “garden patrol“ for physiological state of the host plays an what I term “friendless heathens.” When important role in susceptibility to disease. a predator is found, I simply pick it off In other words, increased stress amplifies with my fingers, squash, and finally toss the potential for disease. the lifeless body to the ground. I rational- Monarch larvae seem to be particular- ize my actions by acknowledging that the ly vulnerable to a very contagious nuclear victims benefit a bevy of ground scav- polyhedrosis virus. Termed “wilt disease,” engers. (WARNING: Never use insecti- the pathogen attacks all internal body tis- cides within any butterfly garden!) sues, liquefying and reducing the host to a Before leaving the subject, I must men- sack of black ooze (some bacteria produce tion that there is a vast array of other similar symptoms). Adult monarchs can organisms such as parasites and pathogens fall victim to an amoeboid protozoan that that can attack monarchs in all their weakens its host. These diseases are stages. These include bacteria, viruses, extremely contagious, particularly in arti- fungi, parasites (such as nematodes, pro- ficial conditions such as with container tozoans, horsehair worms) and parasitoids rearing. In order to forestall massive die- (such as wasps and flies). (The latter lay off, all rearing containers used to house their eggs either on or in their host, and immature butterflies should be kept dry their larvae slowly devour the hosts’ inter- and periodically cleansed with hot, soapy nal living tissues). In addition, tiny flies water followed by a five percent solution and mites sometimes attach themselves to of household chlorine bleach. There the wing veins of adult butterflies causing should be a final rinsing with distilled debilitation, and mosquitoes sometimes water. New food leaves should be first feed on the blood of larvae. Amongst the dipped in five percent household chlorine microbes, viruses are the most common bleach and then rinsed in distilled water, pathogens of butterflies. A number of also. To reduce bacterial pathogens, some types have been identified, including aficionados recommend the spraying of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, granulosis food plant material with a dilute mist viruses, and cytoplamic polyhedrosis containing Aureomycin or tetracycline Blazing star visited by painted lady butterflies, a common viruses. These viruses attack all stages but (Cipro), however, some ecologists have species during fall months.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 19 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY toxin can have a negative effect upon cater- pillar growth. To counteract this, caterpillars The Circle of Life have developed a unique strategy: they often sever the petiole of the on which they are feeding. As the leaf droops and “bleeds” its during her brief 2-3 week life. milky poison-laced latex the toxic content of The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, Within 3-4 days an egg hatches into a the leaf is reduced, and the caterpillars are is the quintessential example of insect meta- caterpillar—often mistakenly referred to as a able to feed in relative safety. For butterfly “worm.” This small crawler sports narrow enthusiasts, sagging leaves on a milkweed are multi-bands colored black, yellow and a telltale sign of the presence of monarch white. Additionally, each caterpillar bran- caterpillars. Caterpillars are little more than dishes a pair of thin, fleshy, black filaments eating machines. They grow quickly during at both its anterior and posterior end; these their 11-15 day life span (mature caterpillars cannot sting but are thought to be sensory max out at approximately 1.5 to 2.0 inches and possibly even protective by intimidating in length). (NOTE: The fully grown cater- potential predators. The caterpillars are pillar of the black swallowtail butterfly, equipped with chewing mouthparts (they Papilio polyxenes, looks similar to the cannot bite us, however). After partially con- monarch caterpillar; however, black swallow- suming their eggshells, the tiny caterpillars tails utilize plants within the parsley-carrot begin munching on the tender leaves and family as their hosts and never milkweed.) flower buds of their leafy banquet table. To accommodate this increase in size, each Monarch caterpillars are, for the most part, caterpillar sheds its skin (molts) 4 times pro- immune to milkweed toxins. Actually, the ducing 5 growth stages or instars. To reduce crawlers take advantage of the toxins by detection by invertebrate predators and to incorporating and storing them within their avoid overheating, caterpillars often feed Egg: 3-4 days. own body fluids and tissues. These during the night, resting during much of the The monarch butterfly has a metamorphic life cycle sequestered chemicals are the basis for the day in quiet, shaded locations at the base of consisting of four separate stages: egg, (caterpillar) , monarch’s major defense against predators. (chrysalis), and adult. The entire life cycle takes their milkweed hosts or other nearby objects. approximately four to five weeks to complete. Host plants belong to the milkweed and dogbane plant families. morphosis (change in body form). Consider: Monarchs have four distinct stages of devel- opment–egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult (butterfly). The entire cycle usually takes approximately 4-5 weeks. To begin, a female monarch searches out milkweed plants (family Asclepiadaceae), her major host plants (see “Gardening for Monarchs,” page 17). Milkweeds are endowed with specific plant chemicals or phytochemicals called and car- denolide glycosides. These plant steroids are bitter tasting and can cause congestive heart failure in vertebrates. Throughout history, monarchs not only have learned how to get through the milkweeds’ deadly defense sys- tem but have become dependent upon them. Larva: 11-15 days. When a female monarch visually locates a possible milkweed plant, she investigates The brightly colored coat of each caterpillar When fully grown, a caterpillar ceases to further by “tasting” the leaves with her feet. advertises its hidden arsenal by warning: “I graze. It abandons its host in search of a If she detects the telltale chemicals, she pro- taste bad, leave me alone.” Vertebrates edu- shaded, relatively undisturbed site that can ceeds to lay eggs on the tender leaves or cate well, and the vile gift of the milkweeds provide protection from direct sunlight and flower buds. These harbingers of life are tiny, has over time become one of the monarch’s predators. The wayward crawler then settles. football-shaped and cream-colored, and a hallmarks. After a day or so, the caterpillar begins to female can deposit between 200-400 eggs However, the accumulation of too much weave a small silken mat to which it attaches

Page 20 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY clings with tiny feet to its former shroud, now nothing more than a cellophane-like wisp. Metamorphosis has worked its magic! At first the adult bears little resemblance to a typical butterfly: the abdomen is swollen and the wings are diminutive and crinkled. Within seconds, the misshapen emergent begins to pump body fluids and air into its hollow wing veins. Aided by gravity, the wings rapidly unfurl and expand. Now there is no mistaking the adult monarch. But because the wings remain soft for another 2- 3 hours the butterfly remains in its inverted posture, occasionally uncoiling its siphon- like tongue and fanning its oversized wings. Pupa: 6-10 days. Gradually, wing veins seal and wing mem- branes stiffen. The abdomen ejects a red-col- ably potent and contribute substantially to ored fluid—a sort of afterbirth. The adult is the chemical arsenal of adult monarchs. The striking wing coloration (described by a but- terfly enthusiast as “wings of flame”) adver- Pre-pupa: 1-2 days. tises the butterflies’ distastefulness and potential lethality. The similarly colored but- its hind portion. The caterpillar suspends terfly, viceroy (Basilarchia archippus), does itself, assuming a J-shape. Inside, all larval tis- not possess toxins. By resembling the sues and organs are dissolved, reorganized monarch, the viceroy is able to confuse and reassembled. After another day or so, potential predators and therefore escape the skin splits, peels back, and falls away as a attack. This biological masquerade between crumpled cast, leaving behind a globular-like the monarch and viceroy is termed Batesian mass called the chrysalis. (This process of and is often cited in textbooks. transformation is called pupation. Butterfly The life span of an adult monarch (and caterpillars have a “naked pupa.” On the most other butterflies) is a mere 2-3 weeks other hand, the caterpillars of moths—and with females usually living slightly longer some skippers—spin a silken cocoon to enclose their pupal stage.) The monarch has one of the loveliest chrysalides of any North American butterfly. Jade green in color, studded with several buttons that bear an uncanny resemblance to gold, and a single gold and black ring near the base, the Early pupa: 1 day chrysalis epitomizes the word’s original Greek meaning: “gold box.” The chrysalis hangs motionless, a bit of dew-speckled leaf now fully primed. If temperatures are above as it were, but in reality a cleverly concocted 55 degrees F. (remember, butterflies and camouflage designed by Nature to foil other insects are cold-blooded, that is, their potential predators. While the pupa is to the body temperature is not held constant but outside world a “resting stage,” internally depends upon ambient conditions), the but- there is a whirlwind of activity. Old genes terfly launches and begins its new life as a are turned off. Latent genes are activated. gossamer creature of the heavens— the After approximately 5-7 days the results of proverbial Phoenix reborn. all this reshuffling become obvious. The As with their larval stages, adult monarchs green color switches to orange and black as contain phytotoxins from milkweed plants. the wings of the developing butterfly near But that’s not all. In addition to the milk- completion, revealing themselves through weed toxins, the butterflies possess other bit- the thin, transparent membrane of the ter tasting and lethal compounds that they chrysalis. Finally, after another day or so, secure when feeding on flower nectars—par- and usually within the wee hours of the ticularly from plants within the aster family morning, the chrysalid membrane cracks. A (Asteraceae). Labeled as pyrrolizidine alka- new life form slides out, head first, and loids (PAs), these phytotoxins are remark- Late pupa: 1 day.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 21 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY

The viceroy butterfly is a monarch look-alike. Viceroys are darker in color with a thin black band on the hindwings. The host plant for the viceroy is willow. fall migrants. The following spring, the but- “Migration and Louisiana Connection,” terflies become sexually mature, reverse page 23 and “Mexico’s Winter Hideaways,” their previous treks, and return to northern page 30.) milkweed meadows to lay their first eggs. NOTE: No single monarch lives long enough to witness its first birthday. (See

Monarch emerges from chrysalis. than males. The circle of life is closed when adults mate and females lay their eggs. Throughout the summer months, as many as 3, 4 or even 5 generations rapidly succeed one another. Autumn-emergent monarchs, however, usually have extended life spans— up to 5-7 months. Unlike most butterflies that mate quickly after emerging, these late season “Methuselahs” continue to produce small amounts of juvenile hormones (chem- icals that are responsible for maintaining lar- val stages) that halt sexual development. Autumn virgins convert much of their sugar intake into high-octane fat reserves to use as The caterpillar of the black swallowtail butterfly is often confused with that of the monarch. However, black swallowtail energy for flying southward and westward as caterpillars feed only on plants within the parsley-carrot family.

Page 22 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY Migration and the Louisiana Connection migrants tend to move in massive groups to lay eggs and then die, too. By autumn— Within temperate North America, each (sometimes described as “clouds of butter- and perhaps 3-5 life cycles removed from autumn (September and October) hundreds flies”) or at least, within close proximity to the first—the fresh butterflies instinctively one another. The following spring, many of turn toward the very lands that welcomed these same monarchs—now worn and tat- their forbearers the previous year. tered—return northward, mate, and begin But why an international odyssey?

For seven years the author participated in a tagging program for monarchs. Using an offshore UNOCAL gas production platform (WC-280) south of Cameron, LA, Dr. Ross tagged hundreds of monarchs during his documentation of what he The author on a chenier in Cameron Parish, LA collecting has christened the “Monarch’s Trans-Gulf Express.” monarchs to tag during his ongoing research. The cheniers (ancient beach ridges) of Cameron and Vermilion Parishes are excellent staging grounds for monarchs during spring laying eggs on their milkweed host plants, The monarch, one of many butterflies and fall migrations. thus initiating the new-year’s first genera- called “milkweed butterflies,” are all truly of fresh, bright orange and black monarch tion. The adults soon die, but their caterpil- tropical, that is, they lack the ability to butterflies begin moving southward lars develop, metamorphose to become a hibernate through the winter in any stage of (throughout eastern United States and second generation that continues northward their development (see “Circle of Life,” page Canada) and westward (throughout western United States and Canada). The spectacle is acknowledged as the world’s greatest mod- ern annual animal migration (only the his- toric passenger pigeon, with a population estimated at 2 billion, exceeded the monarch in number of individuals migrat- ing). These featherweight travelers fuel their epic journeys by converting sugars from nectar into high-octane fat reserves (as much as 73 percent of their dry weight), and by suspending energy-sapping activities such as mating and laying eggs regulated through hormonal changes. Although sci- entists don’t fully understand what signals the change in behavior or what orients the insects, shortening periods of daylight, declining air temperatures, polarized light, and the earth’s magnetic fields all seem to be involved. In addition, monarchs seem to have some still-to-be-discovered system whereby individual butterflies are able to During their annual migrations, monarchs often rest at night on the leaves and branches of trees and Spanish moss. recognize the presence of each other; Before taking off the following morning, they expose their wings to the warmth of the new sun.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 23 T HE M ONARCH

Page 24 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 CH B UTTERFLY

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 25 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY nectar—butterfly ambrosia–from the autumnal floral displays. Refreshed, they take off again. (Monarchs have been recorded by hang gliders at an altitude as high as 11,000 feet. Additionally, individ- ual butterflies usually fly 11 to 12 hours and cover 200-400 miles each day–the longest verified distance is 265 miles.) For many years, scientists could only guess at the migration routes utilized by monarchs. For instance, residents of the Midwest and central Texas often reported large numbers of the butterflies each autumn moving southward during the day and descending into trees at dusk to pass the night. Such sightings seemed to substanti- ate the existence of a land-based migratory A newly tagged monarch. route into Mexico. In addition, residents throughout the western states noted that 20 and “Gardening for Monarchs,” page more properly termed emigration. Before monarchs habitually flew toward the Pacific 17). Most temperate and polar butterfly killing frosts arrive each autumn, monarchs coast each fall. Indeed, many aggregations species pass the winter in a prolonged, inac- in temperate North America begin dispers- of monarchs were identified within the tive mode as an adult or in one of the imma- ing from their breeding grounds. The but- coastal communities of California. Then in ture stages such as egg, caterpillar, or terflies usually travel in massive waves. The 1952, Fred A. Urquhart, a zoologist based chrysalis. By exploiting the abundant milk- migrants descend frequently to drink sugary weed plants that grow commonly through- out temperate United States and Canada, the monarch is the most northern represen- tative of its kind. However, although the temperate regions sport a plethora of milk- weeds, the latitudes pose a major flaw: a prolonged winter season when temperatures plummet to levels that are lethal to mon- archs and temporarily destructive to their caterpillar food plants, milkweeds. To resolve this environmental conundrum, the monarch has devised a unique life strategy– migration. Defined as a periodic movement out of one area to another with a subsequent return, the monarch is the only species of butterfly in North American that engages in a true migration. Several other species (see “Other Wanderers,” page 40) engage in more or less one-way movements that are The butterflies often rest through the night clinging to pieces of machinery, ropes and railings.

in Toronto, Canada, and long-time monarch researcher, perfected a system of tagging butterflies to accurately track their movements. Dr. Urquhart designed thumb- nail-sized paper labels, each with a specific number and an address for reporting, that could be glued to one of the forewings of a captured butterfly. These wing tags (also called alar tags) apparently do little damage and do not interfere with the butterflies’ When resting, monarchs orient to prevailing wind direction. aerodynamics, even though an individual monarch weighs a mere 400-500 milligrams

Page 26 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY numbers of individual butterflies range between 1-5 million and constitute approx- imately 5 percent of the world’s monarchs (numbers within individual colonies range from a few dozen to a maximum of 171,000). The community of Pacific Grove, Monterey County, California is known as “Butterfly Town, U.S.A.” Each October, the picturesque community is the setting for a festival celebrating the return of the monarchs. Although several of the win- ter roosts are within state parks and other preserves, many are on private lands, subject to future land development (see “Conservation,” page 33). East of the Rockies, monarchs number- ing in the hundreds of millions fly in a south and southwesterly direction toward the Gulf of Mexico or the mainland of During late October and early April, hundreds or even thousands of monarchs often descend to rest on man-made Mexico. Some local populations of mon- structures fanning out into the Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana’s coastline. (3 photos this page) archs in southern Florida, southern Louisiana, and southern Texas remain in – the weight of a U.S. dollar bill cut in half are male. However, the ratio between male place throughout the winter. But most of – and has a wingspan of only 4 inches. and female in the Mexican winter refuges is those monarchs that move through the Since 1952, many citizens and organizations about equal. American heartland usually continue south- have engaged in capture-recapture programs Until 1991, scientists had traditionally ward through Texas, cross the Mexican bor- involving thousands of monarchs. Tagging come to understand that the monarch trav- der, ascend the Sierra Madre de Oriente and experiments have proven that individual els along two distinct migration routes: the Central Plateau, and eventually wind up butterflies from the East have traveled dis- toward the Pacific coast and toward the Gulf tances greater than 2,000 miles, measured as of Mexico. Monarchs west of the Rocky a straight line from point of origin to point Mountains and the Continental Divide fly of collection. To date, the maximum dis- westward toward the Pacific coast. There tance traveled by a single monarch is 2,595 within a span of about 650 miles between miles, tagged in New Brunswick, Canada on northern Mendocino County, California August 19, 2000, and recovered in the and Ensenada, on the Baja Peninsula, Cerro Pelon colony in Michoacan on March Mexico they concentrate throughout the 9, 2001. International tagging experiments winter in approximately 129 colonies with- have demonstrated another interesting but in coastal groves of cypress, pine, redwood, unexplained fact: most migrating monarchs and within the last few decades, the intro- duced eucalyptus or gum trees. (The largest clusters are found in Santa Cruz and Santa Barbara Counties, California.) The earliest account describing winter masses of mon- archs was published by an anonymous author in the Monterey Weekly Herald on May 30, 1874. The account describes clus- ters of monarchs during a walk in the autumn of 1873 to the Point of Pines, near the present-day location of Pacific Grove: “On my ramble I passed through the favorite haunt of butterflies, a large, brown species, spotted with black, the only kind known to perch in flocks.” However, a booklet titled The Butterfly Trees, published by Lucia Shepherdson in 1914 states that the butterflies were first noticed by locals about 1864. Within the western refuges,

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 27 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY in the high coniferous forests of the water after dark frequently continue to fly insects are fooled by false readings from Transverse Neovolcanic Belt of central throughout the night. If the butterflies their microscopic internal compasses. Mexico, principally within the states of encounter man-made structures such as Furthermore, research by others has indicat- Mexico and Michoacan. There they spend oil/gas drilling rigs or production platforms, ed that monarchs are extremely sensitive to the winter months in a state of reduced the insects descend to rest. After several color, especially yellow (90 percent of my activity awaiting the return of the warmth hours or by dawn of the next day, the but- observations involve man-made structures of spring (see “Mexico’s Winter terflies take off to continue their journey painted bright yellow). Hideaways,” page 30). Although the toward Mexico. The following March, large But how might this work? monarch population was traditionally numbers of monarchs again descend on Structures. Louisiana boasts over 3,400 believed to be distinctly split into subpopu- these same man-made structures in the Gulf man-made oil and gas structures that fan lations between the East and the West, as they backtrack northeasterly toward the out nearly 170 miles into the Gulf. All gen- noted lepidopterist Robert Michael Pyle Louisiana coastline. erate powerful electro-magnetic fields recently documented that some monarchs Although this information has proven to because of their massive iron construction, west of the Rocky Mountains unexpectedly be a showcase phenomenon in itself, analy- as well as telecommunication and electrical fly southeasterly and cross into Mexico. His sis of the pinpoint data reveals an even more generating equipment. These magnetic conclusion: “the eastern and western popu- noteworthy discovery: the existence of a fields can be demonstrated by a simple com- lations are not after all monolithic quanti- consistent and unmistakable over-water fly- pass. ties unto themselves that never shall meet.” way approximately 90 to 100 miles wide Butterflies. Many newly emerged mon- Trans-Gulf Express and 400 miles long extending from the archs heading southward from more north- Between 1991 and 1994, I was able to southwest coast of Louisiana to the north- ern locations arrive at the southwest document the existence of another pathway east coast of Tamaulipas, Mexico. I theorize Louisiana coastline between late September utilized by eastern monarchs: a flyway across that this “highway in the sky”— now chris- and early October. Within the extensive the Gulf of Mexico between Louisiana and tened the “Monarch Trans-Gulf Express”— marshy labyrinth, which is hostile to most Mexico. With cooperation from UNOCAL allows the migrating insects to substantially butterflies, the monarchs find haven on the Corporation and Petroleum Helicopters, shorten, both in time and mileage, their fall elevated and tree-covered land of the Inc., I collected substantial data indicating and spring journeys. region’s distinctive cheniers. There the but- that myriads of monarchs each October uti- Just how airborne monarchs navigate the terflies interrupt their travel. During the lize Louisiana’s cheniers–ancient dry beach Gulf and locate the offshore structures day they feed on the luxuriant displays of ridges dominated by oak trees and unique to remains a mystery. Empirical data, howev- wildflowers that thrive in the well-drained the state’s southwest Cameron and er, suggest that magnetism and color play soils. At night, the insects take refuge in the Vermilion Parishes—as a staging ground. key roles. Past research has proven that the boughs of the numerous trees. After days Then, shortly after the passage of a strong bodies of monarchs contain small quantities (sometimes weeks) of feeding, the butter- cold front from the north, these monarchs of magnetite, an oxide of iron that acts as a flies gain weight due to an increase in their strike out in a south-southwesterly direction biosynthetic compass enabling the insects to fat reserves. Now, they are primed for con- across the open waters of the northern Gulf. orient to Earth’s natural geomagnetism. tinuing their southward journey. (An excel- Most flights take place during daylight Since these facilities generate substantial lent venue to observe monarchs is Pevoto hours, but butterflies caught over open electro-magnetic fields, I theorize that the Woods Sanctuaries near Johnson Bayou, Cameron Parish, and administered by Baton Rouge Audubon Society.) Weather. In autumn, Louisiana experi- ences the passage of a southward moving cold front roughly every 10-14 days. Following frontal passage, winds prevail from the north, skies are clear, relative humidity low, and temperatures mild. Many monarchs that have gathered on the cheniers are now blown offshore by the pre- vailing northerly winds. Others take advan- tage of the tail winds to launch on their own in a south-southwesterly direction out to sea. However, once over open water, the insects’ sensitive internal bio-compasses become confused by bogus readings gener- ated by the numerous offshore structures. As a result of both the tail winds and false A tattered male monarch during its spring migration from Mexico nectars on a thistle near Cameron, LA. magnetic readings, the butterflies are drawn farther and farther into the open Gulf. Soon

Page 28 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY the butterflies become influenced by anoth- headwinds and low energy reserves sets up a butterflies rest, feed and mate. There, too, er factor: the colorful (often yellow) protu- condition for disaster for returning females lay their first eggs on the area’s berances above the deep blue water are mis- migrants. In fact, during several spring sea- abundant antelope-horn or spider milkweed taken for patches of yellow wildflowers, a sons, I personally have witnessed large num- (Asclepias viridis) to jumpstart the year’s first potential source for nectar and energy—“pit bers of dead monarchs washed ashore on generation of new monarchs. While many stops.” The butterflies quickly descend to chenier beaches following frontal passages. butterflies die within a few days, others refuel. Of course, they find nothing move father north before laying to nourish them. However, once their eggs. But they soon die, too. aboard, the confused butterflies take The adults of each new generation advantage of the opportunity to rest, continue to move northward so that often through the night, on the dan- by the next autumn, three to five gling ropes, metal gratings and rail- short-lived generations have suc- ings, and heavy machinery. ceeded one another. The final brood Eventually, the migratory imperative then turns southward to begin the reasserts itself. The wayward butter- same epic journey undertaken by flies abandon their perches to contin- their deceased relatives the previous ue flying south to southwesterly over year. the Gulf. Beyond the range and To be sure, the final story of the influence of the offshore structures Monarch Trans-Gulf Express has the insects’ compasses are reset to a yet to be told. Although I am tan- more westerly direction by the strong talized by the possibility that off- magnetic pull of the nearest land- shore energy development may have mass—Mexico. After another 10-13 inadvertently sparked the evolution hours of non-stop flight, they hit of the flyway, I find that concept landfall where food and water are difficult to accept, acknowledging available. After replenishing with that oil exploration in the Gulf of nectar and water, they continue Mexico dates back only 50 years or toward their goal, the volcanic high- so. I think the probable truth is lands of central Mexico. that monarchs-and Neotropical In March and April, the trend is birds-are simply exploiting man and reversed. Although most of the our activities in the Gulf. I am con- northward bound eastern monarchs vinced, though, that the role of the again travel a land route back to the offshore structures should not be United States and Canada, some fly taken lightly. The rest-stops during eastward toward the Mexican coast- both fall and spring make the Gulf line. There they launch out to sea crossing less perilous and more where after several hours of non-stop rapid to any weary flyer. flight they encounter man-made Furthermore, Louisiana’s coastal structures generating false electro- cheniers present fall migrants with magnetic fields that act as attractors. abundant wildflowers for feeding As with fall migration, many Monarch rests on UNOCAL WC-280, a gas production platform in the and spring migrants with host spring monarchs seize the opportuni- Gulf of Mexico. plants for initiating a new (and ty to alight on the platforms for rest. perhaps even “extra”) generation in Now the man-made structures can be even Offshore structures can spell life or death a location outside of Mexico in advance of more critical to the butterflies than during for butterfly migrants during stressful their land-based cousins. These advantages fall. In Louisiana, spring often witnesses the weather–in much the same way research has certainly enhance survival of individual but- passage of cold fronts. While northerly shown the benefits of these open-water terflies, increases in population size, and in winds act as tailwinds assisting migrants structures to migrating Neotropical birds. time, survival potential for the species as a moving southward in the fall, such winds Since offshore structures gradually increase whole. The Monarch Trans-Gulf Express, act as negative headwinds for spring in number as spring monarchs move farther which may have been initiated in some migrants tracking northward. To intensify north, one might say that the protuberances long-forgotten time and by only a few aber- matters, spring monarchs are severely serve as “flight guides.” By playing a sort of rant wanderers, is now probably being con- depleted of fat reserves, and hence energy “hopscotch” across the Gulf, the weary trav- tinually reinforced and expanded because of (measurements of individual butterflies in elers eventually make landfall in southwest the presence of the petroleum industry in March indicate that fat accounts for only 37 Louisiana. Upon reaching the cheniers with the Gulf of Mexico. percent of dry weight—down from 73 per- their sanctuary of high ground, trees and Time will tell. cent in November). This coupling of strong wildflowers, the aged, tired and emaciated

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 29 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY Mexico’s Winter Hideaways We now understand that the vast major- on page 23). Recent reports indicate that bivouacs remained elusive. Though clues ity of monarchs from eastern United States some western monarchs also wind up in cen- within the region abounded, they remained and Canada move southward each fall and tral Mexico. Although scientists had sus- unrecognized because of nuances in lan- guage. You see, several rivers, mountain peaks and other geographic landmarks with- in the eastern mountains of the state of Michoacan include the words “Las Palomas” in their designation. Now, while the words translate literally from the Spanish as “the doves,” in the region’s local culture of Tarascan and mestizo, the words refer specif- ically to “monarch butterflies.” In fact, for untold centuries the local campesinos (coun- try folk) have viewed the butterflies as good omens since the insects arrive around November 1, the traditional celebration of the Day of the Dead (in Tarascan and mesti- zo myth, the butterflies represent the souls of the departed, especially children). Unfortunately, outsiders unfamiliar with the idiomatic meaning overlooked the signifi- cance of the place names. And so, due to a bit of cultural incompatibility, the monarch trove remained in limbo to the outside world. However, on January 9, 1975, that changed. The “discovery,” or more properly, revelation, is formally credited to the American research assistant Kenneth C. Brugger and his Mexican wife Cathy–volun- teers working under the direction of Dr. Fred A. Urquhart, the same Canadian zoolo- gist who perfected wing tagging for mon- archs. The news quickly spread, making the front-cover of National Geographic magazine in August 1976. Specifically, the butterflies home in on the Transverse Neovolcanic Belt, a mineral-rich mountain range composed of tall, inactive volcanoes stretching across the southern end of the central Mexican plateau within the neighboring states of Mexico and Michoacan. Between 200 to 300 million monarchs congregate in a dozen or so isolat- ed colonies, chiefly in Michoacan, at an ele- vation of 9,000 to 12,000 feet; each colony occupies an area ranging from one-tenth of an acre to 10 acres, ranging within approxi- When the sunlight penetrates the cool fir forests, the sleeping monarchs awake and spread their orange and black wings to warm before taking flight. Often monarchs are so numerous that they cause branches and limbs of the fir trees to mately 2,400 square miles. The butterflies snap. converge–in densities of up to 5 million per acre–on the trunks, branches, and needle- end up in central Mexico by November (see pected that eastern monarchs migrated to leaves of the most common tree species “Migration and the Louisiana Connection” central Mexico for a long time, the winter found at those alpine altitudes, the oyamel

Page 30 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY fir (Abies religiosa). The aggregations repre- much and burning up fat reserves necessary morning visit is best. Then the air within sent approximately 95 percent of all the for their spring return to the north). the colony is cold, foggy, motionless, and monarchs within the North American main- The Transverse Neovolcanic Belt of cen- silent. The high mountain slopes are precip- land. tral Mexico seems to meet all the criteria itous and covered in majestic, dark green But why central Mexico? Why not necessary for monarchs to survive until their “Christmas trees”—the famous oyamel firs Mexico’s Pacific, Gulf, or Caribbean rivieras? return to their breeding grounds the follow- whose sap furnished the ancient Toltec with The answer lies with the species’ tropical ing spring: the tropical geography (latitude is holy incense. One’s initial gaze indicates pedigree; in other words, the inability of south of the Tropic of Cancer) insures a rel- that many of the shaded trunks, limbs, and individual butterflies to withstand extended atively stable climate (this provides mon- leaves are covered in grayish inanimate sliv- archs with long-term accessibility to habitat) ers wedged together. However, closer and a distinct “winter” dry season (the lack inspection reveals that the encrustations are of rain reduces wing and body wear); the actually countless numbers of inactive but- high elevations provide dependable cool, terflies shingled, one upon another, wings rarely sub-freezing, temperatures (these slow closed and vertical. Many of the butterflies the butterflies’ metabolism) and generate fre- seem organized into distinct clusters— glob- quent low clouds and fogs (these slow dehy- ular masses so thick and heavy that tree dration in the butterflies); the dense forests boughs sag to the brink of breaking. As the and their underbrush reduce air movements morning progresses, the fog begins to lift and raise air humidity through leaf transpi- ration (these slow dehydration in the butter- flies); the oyamel tree trunks, limbs, and nee- dle-leaves provide the butterflies with numerous surfaces that are easy to grasp for extended periods of rest; finally, wildflowers and nearby creeks and seeps provide mois- ture for those butterflies in need of occasion- al sustenance. All in all, the oyamel forests of the Transverse Neovolcanic Belt are the ideal winter retreat, and monarchs have been exploiting them for untold millennia. A visit to an overwintering colony can be a magical experience. Most visitors arrive in Angangueo (state of Michoacan) after a four to five hour drive (approximately 100 miles) west from Mexico City. Angangueo is a small, colonial mining town perched precar- iously on the sides of precipitous slopes dropping to a clear, rushing stream. The narrow, cobblestone streets and flower filled Tree trunks can be completely encrusted with sleeping gardens and window boxes provide “Kodak monarchs. The undersurfaces of the wings of monarchs are grayish and give the butterflies a ghost-like Moments” for even the camera shy. From appearance. this base, a narrow winding road (first asphalt, then dirt) takes the visitor to either subfreezing temperatures. The body fluids of the two sites open to tourists–El Rosario of monarchs do contain some biochemicals (Cerro El Campanario) and Sierra Chincua. A Monarch Christmas! (glycoproteins) that act as a type of El Rosario is the most accessible. “antifreeze,” enabling the butterflies to toler- Entrepreneurial residents in Angangueo can allowing shafts of sunlight from the icy blue ate occasional temperatures that dip below be engaged to furnish an assortment of vehi- sky to penetrate the forest. Temperatures freezing, but only for brief periods. In order cles for the 10-mile, hour-long transport up soon climb to near 50 degrees F. Now, the for the butterflies to make it through the the bone-cracking road that leads to El magic really begins. winter, preserving their genes from one year Rosario. Transport to Sierra Chincua takes a Those butterflies bathed in sunlight sud- to another, the tropical-derived species must bit longer. denly unfurl their wings, revealing the char- relocate during the northern winter to an El Rosario has two recently constructed acteristic, brilliant orange and black colors of ecosystem that is not too cold (preventing parking lots. From there, the pilgrim snakes the living monarch. Wings tremble and them from freezing in numbers greater than along a steep dirt and rock trail, often engi- vibrate to generate internal warmth. The their population can withstand) and not too neered with rope railings and wooden stair- once dark, brooding firs unfurl a mantle of warm (preventing them from flying too like risers, for about another mile or so. A orange lace—twinkling like stars suspended

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 31 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY in a crisp, wintry heaven. When tempera- same gradients northward. Also, the inter- One program that has received widespread tures reach 55 to 61 degrees F. and the shafts national voyagers probably take advantage of endorsement focuses on ecotourism. At pre- of sunlight broaden, the butterflies-as if on prominent geographical features such as sent, two of the colonies, El Rosario and cue-launch. The air fills with myriads of large bodies of water, mountain ranges, and Sierra Chincua, are regularly visited by thou- orange gossamer wings, wheeling and reeling perhaps even our highways, to fine-tune sands of national and international pilgrims each year. In the winter season of 1985- 1986, approximately 50,000 persons were recorded. This statistic has continued to swell: in the 1999-2000 season 200,000 individuals converged on the two public reserves, with a whopping 10,000 to the El Rosario colony alone during a single week- end. A sizable tourist-friendly center has developed around the El Rosario colony where a nominal fee of $2.00 (US) is charged. Visitors can purchase butterfly memorabilia, secure hot food and drink, and negotiate for expert guides. In 2002 a small modern museum will open to facilitate edu- cation. At the Sierra Chincua parking site, a cleared meadow, smiling locals are eager to supply obedient horses and knowledgeable guides at nominal prices for those visitors unwilling to walk the nearly two-mile, steep, rocky trail to the colony. This ecotourism provides substantial income for local resi- Hiking at high, cool elevations is often tedious. Locals are eager to rent small horses for the 1-2 mile transport to the dents that heretofore have relied on the butterfly colonies. forests for lumber for construction and fuel for cooking and heating homes in the cool about, spinning and floating and gliding. A their orientation. Then, as the butterflies mountain realm. distinct but faint rustle can be heard and approach Mexico, the strong magnetic field golden flecks rain down. After a few (one of the highest in the western hemi- If you wish to visit the monarchs in their moments you realize that the sound and sphere) generated by the rich ore content of overwintering sites, join Dr. Gary Noel Ross “fairy dust” are the results of an incalculable the Transverse Neovolcanic Belt acts as a (Professor Emeritus, Director of Butterfly number of wing membranes, veins and strong beacon. Final orientation is probably Festivals, North American Butterfly scales rubbing one upon another. As one of controlled once again by local topography as Association) and Dr. Thomas C. Emmel nature’s most spellbinding tableaus contin- well as the recognition of possible scents (Professor and Director, Division of ues to unfold, the scene takes on a surreal (from scales? secretions? body fluids?) left Research, University of Florida, presence. Youngsters become giddy. Adults behind from previous butterflies (to date no Gainesville) on an ecotour this winter. The stand transfixed. Breathing slows, eyes glaze such chemicals have been identified on the specifics are below: over and the mind transcends the body. trees, however). Also, the current season’s January 18-22, 2002, price $750.00/per- How the autumn-emerged butterflies ambient temperatures and availability of son—all inclusive for land travel from actually locate these mountain shade cover probably influence final touch- Mexico City. sanctuaries–and sometimes the exact trees down. Contact: EXPEDITION TRAVEL, INC. used by their ancestors in year’s past–is still Today, the region of Mexico hosting over- 1717 NW 45th Avenue unknown. Remember, there are no sur- wintering monarchs has been declared an Gainesville, FL 32605 vivors from prior years, no butterfly “guides” International Biosphere Reserve—an area Tel: 352-258-2046/2054 to lead them; individuals that arrive each fall designated as having unparalleled biological Tel: 352-377-6300 are the progeny 3-5 generations removed significance (see “Conservation,” page 33). Fax: 352-377-8711 from individuals of the previous year! To be MONARCA, A.C., a Mexican based, pri- http://www.expeditiontravel.net sure, many factors are involved. For vate organization legally constituted in mailto:[email protected] instance, a common theory is that decreasing 1980, acts as a watch-dog and actively amounts of daylight in the fall trigger the searches for practical solutions to conserva- For information on Mexico travel, tele- butterflies’ internal compasses to respond to tion problems based on Mexican realities: phone: 1-800-446-3942. the position of the sun and to geomagnetic Mexico’s political situation, existing eco- gradients by moving southward. In the nomic constraints, and the cultural back- spring, each compass is reset to follow these ground of those communities involved.

Page 32 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY ConservationConservation lenged by a multitude of problems, includ- ership, and therefore, unprotected. Within The monarch butterfly is now widely ing biology, culture and politics. the last few decades, at least 21 overwinter- distributed throughout the world (see Although the monarch is our de facto ing colonies have been destroyed while “Monarch: What’s in a Name,” page 13). national insect, there is no federal law pro- another 7 have been severely damaged. Ideal Consequently, the species is in no imminent viding specific protection. Even in for monarchs, the sites are also prime land danger of becoming extinct. In fact, in 1993 California, where western monarchs num- for motels, hotels and resort complexes bering up to 5 million reside for the winter catering to those sufficiently wealthy to in scattered coastal forests, the butterflies are afford coastal real estate and who demand not singled out for protection. However, clear, picturesque views of the Pacific Ocean. they can be indirectly conserved under state There is also an ironic twist: the eucalyptus and local statutes dealing with natural (gum) trees, naturalized exotics imported resources and the environment. For exam- from Australia during the early part of the ple, the California Department of Parks and twentieth century to reforest the coast line, Recreation as well as several local communi- have become one of the favored roost trees ties manage a number of reserves. The com- for monarchs. Recently, real estate develop- munity of Pacific Grove (“Butterfly Town, ers with support from some environmental- U.S.A.”) even has a municipal code that pro- ists have advocated the removal of the trees tects monarchs from harm. for aesthetic reasons and for a return to For the most part, citizens in California native flora. In spite of it all, however, the respect the monarch. Lately, however, with long-term prognosis for the monarch in the the increasing interest of butterflies for the United States has gone from uncertainty to release at ceremonies, unscrupulous entre- one of guarded optimism. preneurs have begun to exploit relatively For Mexico, the situation is more tenu- remote colonies. This has the potential to ous (See “Mexico’s Winter Hideaways,” page escalate and is a growing concern. 30). The relatively small area within central The greatest threat to the winter colonies Mexico where hundreds of millions of mon- of the western monarch is the potential archs converge each year has been declared development of sites that are in private own- an International Biosphere Reserve. Also,

Although the monarchs’ winter colonies are officially protected by Mexican law, deforestation continues immediately adjacent to the reserves–and often illegally in the reserves.

Dr. Richard I. Vane-Wright introduced the “Columbus Hypothesis” that suggests that the arrival of European colonists and the subsequent destruction and fragmentation of the eastern forests of the United States has encouraged the spread of milkweed plants— and monarch butterflies. (Dr. Vane-Wright suggests that the peopling of the United States and Canada is also responsible for the major 19th century range expansion of the monarch into the Atlantic and Pacific regions.) The population size of the monarch within North America is most like- ly greater now than at any time in recorded history. While the species may not be threatened, the migration behavior is another story. And The majority of Mexico’s rare high altitude fir forests have been severely logged. Today the oyamel fir forests exist only because of the fragile ecology of the over- as a patchwork amidst agricultural fields. The colonial town of Angangueo (Michoacan) is the starting point for most wintering sites, the monarchs are being chal- tourists wishing to see the spectacular aggregations of monarchs.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 33 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY the butterflies’ plight has spawned no less periods and warm temperatures during extra to move–literally. Internationally renowned than three international conferences in warm periods to penetrate the sanctuaries monarch experts Drs. Lincoln P. Brower, more deeply. Consequently, the butterflies William H. Calvert and Robert Michael are forced to adjust their perches to accom- Pyle predict that if human activities are not modate the changes. Today, barely more controlled, within 20 years the habitat will than half of the historic extent of high- be unsuitable for monarchs and that within mountain forest remains intact. 50 years the fir forests will be no more. In Deforestation and burning of areas adjacent essence, the monarch migration as we know to the colonies (and often within the it is an endangered phenomenon and is list- colonies themselves) is common, and sub- ed as such within the Red Data Book of the stantial human settlements now exist right International Union for Conservation of up to the periphery of the El Rosario colony Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). (In in Mexico. With more and more forest 1976, the IUCN named the migratory being logged and more land being cultivat- North American monarch as the number ed, the butterflies are running out of places one priority in world butterfly conservation,

Locals who just a few years ago were logging the fir forests, are now frequently employed by the Mexican government to serve as guides and rangers within the butterfly reserves.

Mexico and the United States, has engaged the energies of the World Wildlife Fund, Monarca, A.C. and the Xerces Society, has won the support of three Mexican presi- dents, has inspired numerous initiatives at every level of the Mexican, Canadian and U.S. governments, and has captured the attention of international film makers. Yet in spite of all this limelight, human exploita- tion in the form of random and commercial logging—both legal and illegal–continues in and around the Mexican reserves. Because the monarch aggregations occupy a habitat that literally pushes the butterflies’ physio- logical tolerance to the edge, even minor changes pose the potential for tragedy. In fact, we now understand that the forested habitat not only provides adequate sanctuary but a buffer to occasional changes in tem- perature and humidity levels. Opening the forest is like cutting a hole in a blanket. The end result is an increase in extreme tempera- tures. For example, the removal of trees Occasionally, winter storms penetrate the dense fir forests. When nighttime temperatures drop below freezing, as much within the colonies and on the periphery as 10 percent of the butterflies may die and drop to the forest floor. If they cannot ascend the trees, they often fall victim permits cold temperatures during extra cool to bird and mammal predators.

Page 34 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY and the species continues to receive special tripled the size of existing reserves to plowed to accommodate pasturing and the attention.) 140,000 acres. More significant, perhaps, a planting of grain crops. Research seems to substantiate the dire $5 million fund was established by the Today, new attitudes and incentives have predictions. For instance, ongoing surveys Packard Foundation for a new “Monarch been spawned. Ejidatarios, who in the past within the Mexican reserves indicate that Fund” to serve as seed money to compensate were motivated to log just to survive, are while the colonies vary in area from year to landowners for relinquishing their logging now motivated to build fences around the

Once common throughout the agricultural lands of the Midwest, milkweed plants (monarchs’ hosts and a favorite nectar source for most butterfly species) are now confined chiefly to roadsides and fencerows. In this photo, at least 5 species of butterflies, eagerly nectar on common milkweed. year, lately there has been a general trend rights and performing conservation work, an preserves and to act as interpretive guides downward. The following data indicate the unprecedented move in Mexico. (Experts within the public reserves for wages suffi- actual surface acreage occupied by monarchs estimate that $30 million and more may cient enough to allow them to purchase in 5 major colonies over the past 7 years: eventually be needed.) Further, non-profit more than they ever imagined possible. 19.3 acres (1994-1995), 30.9 acres (1995- international groups are assisting surround- Additionally, Monarca, A.C. has encouraged 1996), 44.1 acres (1996-1997), 7.9 acres ing communities in developing an alterna- locals to open food and trading concessions (1997-1998), 12.9 acres (1998-1999), 14.7 tive source of income, namely international to attract the tourist market. (The organiza- acres (1999-2000), 5.7 acres (2000-2001). ecotourism. For example, Monarca, A.C. tion has even assisted with the design of sou- Using a figure of 5 million butterflies/acre, (established in 1977) has worked very hard venirs.) The trickle of visitors that began in the total number of butterflies for the 5 to include members of the agrarian collec- the 1980s swelled to 200,000 in 1999-2000, largest colonies in 2000-2001 computes to tives (ejidos), which legally own the land with a whopping 10,000 recorded for one under 30 million—an exponential decrease where monarchs aggregate, as part of their busy weekend alone. Tourism has proven to from the hundreds of millions reported dur- conservation efforts. Historically, the collec- be an important source of alternative income ing research immediately following discov- tive members (ejidatarios) cut wood for con- for local residents and an impetus for edu- ery in 1975. struction to fuel their cooking fires, and to cating both locals and public visitors alike. In response to these grave concerns, the heat their homes. Instead of being reforest- The influx of money has not only assisted Mexican government in November 2000 ed, the cleared land was then burned and individuals but has also sparked a variety of

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 35 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY community-centered projects, such as con- all, we know that monarchs are capable of contents, and then discard cuticles and struction of schools and the acquisition of waging chemical warfare because of toxins wings—the primary depositories of the phy- badly needed amenities including electricity, acquired from leaves of their milkweed hosts totoxins. Experiments indicate that during clean drinking water and health-directed ser- and flower nectars from various asters (see severe winters, (and freezing) have vices. “Gardening for Monarchs,” page 17 and contributed to as much as 15-25 percent But balancing tourism and ecology is a “The Circle of Life,” page 20). But here’s mortality within the butterfly colonies. tough call. Locals clamber for more and the problem: Laboratory experiments indi- Obviously, if the microclimate continues to more touristas. Conservationists warn that a cate that the degree of protection conferred change, yearly butterfly mortality will increase, severely compromising the poten- tial for long-term viability of the sanctuaries. On March 6, 2001, a report from the Reuters news agency surfaced indicating that a large number of monarchs (approximately 300,000) were found dead within two peripheral sanctuaries (San Andres and San Isidro Las Palomas, state of Michoacan). Dead butterflies were reported 7-8 inches deep on the forest floor. At first the evidence seemed to indict a local logging company and its use of an oil-based insecticide to deliberately kill the butterflies. The move was presumed to be a “pre-emptive strike” against the new conservation policies for the Monarch Sanctuaries announced in the fall of 2000 by the Mexican government and the World Wildlife Fund. However, the Mexican government repudiated the allega- tion, claiming instead that the deaths were Each April the nationally renowned Baton Rouge Earth Day celebration kicks off with a parade featuring hundreds of due to exceptionally cold temperatures. costumed children and adults. Butterflies are often featured. Indeed, investigations by responsible scien- tists concluded that a combination of log- carnival setting could inflict irrevocable upon an individual monarch varies accord- ging, wildfire three years prior, and recent damage to the fragile environment; in effect, ing to both the specific milkweed species uti- spring ice storms were the real culprits. tourists could wind up “loving the monarchs lized by the larva and the specific nectar Señor Roberto Solis, director of the San to death.” However, we know that in gener- sources of the adult. In other words, some Andres Monarch Reserve, estimated that the al butterflies are not affected by casual monarchs—adults and larvae—are more refuge supported a population of about 1 human movements and sounds. With an protected than others. million butterflies after it was established in enforced protocol restraining tourists to As one might expect, these variations in November 2000, out of a total of 28.3 mil- trails and to “hands-off” encounters with the palatability have not gone unnoticed by lion monarchs that hibernated in Michoacan butterflies, high-volume visitations may not predators. Two species of birds, black- during the winter of 2000-2001. Although be that harmful. And so, while profit-driven backed orioles (Icterus galbula abeillei) and the death of 300,000 butterflies is ghastly, tourism may not be the ideal permanent black-headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus scientists studying Mexican preserves indi- solution, most scientists agree that it has melanocephalus) regularly visit the monarch cate that the death of approximately one positive short-term benefits and should be colonies to dine on butterflies. However, the third of a colony can be considered within encouraged. Meanwhile, tourism is buying birds feed most heavily during unusually normal parameters for butterfly deaths from time—time for governments, locals and cold periods when the butterflies are unable natural cause. However, these same scien- experts to compromise on a comprehensive to take flight and escape. To make matters tists have suggested that the San Andres for- and permanent management plan. worse, the birds’ dining habits frequently est is now so altered that it is inadequate to Along with the direct negative effects dislodge butterflies, which fall to the forest sustain monarchs. caused by deforestation and human intru- floor. Because the butterflies are too cold to And now the monarchs’ principal breed- sion into the winter colonies has come crawl back to their arboreal perches, they ing grounds in America’s heartland may be another—and unpredicted—assault on the become easy targets for a ground-dwelling threatened by new developments in agricul- butterflies: increased predation. When the predator: a common, small white-footed ture. Once scientists learned to alter genes of Mexican winter colonies experience super- mouse known as Peromyscus melanotis. Both plants and animals, they turned their atten- cooling, monarchs are easily preyed upon by the birds and mice are adept at feeding on tion to bioengineering, that is, the produc- several avian and mammalian predators. At monarchs. For instance, the predators are tion of “genetically modified organisms,” first glance this may seem confusing. After able to eviscerate the butterflies, feed on the GMOs for short. Of course, man has been

Page 36 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY manipulating nature long before recorded spruce budworms in northern boreal forest, leaves and seeds of the new creations con- history–for example, domesticating plants and tussock moth caterpillars in western tained the Bt toxin. Agriculturists now had for crops and animals for livestock and pets. Douglas fir forests. More recently, this “sci- caterpillar (“worm”) resistant crops. In the- Although bioengineering is now big business and its benefits have been promulgated by the agricultural community, U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and ele- ments of academia, disturbing new scientific evidence suggests that one of these trans- genic, or “designer,” crops may be killing monarch caterpillars on their principal breeding grounds. Case in point: Bt corn. For several decades, agronomists have understood that the soil bacterium named Bacterium thuringiensis (Bt) possesses a chemical that acts as a toxin to insects. The commercial implications were immediately obvious. Industrial and academic scientists mobilized and began experimenting. Within a short time they had selected numerous Bt strains that proved toxic to different groups of insects. The “kurstaki strain” targets cater- pillars of butterflies and moths. After expo- Butterfly gardens are now being constructed on school grounds. Teachers have learned that observing the butterfly life cycle first hand is educational and fun for all. sure, the larval gut breaks down, and the host then experiences a gooey, black death. Laboratories began producing and mar- entific tinkering” was upped a notch when ory, the genetically manipulated plants keting the bacteria for use as a “natural insec- the actual gene that produces the toxin from would allow farmers to produce bumper ticide.” Sold as Dipel, the powder was used the bacterium was identified, isolated and crops while at the same time reduce their in home gardens to kill tomato hornworms then spliced into the genetic code (DNA) of dependency upon insecticides. Again in the- and cabbage caterpillars. Commercially, a number of commercial crops including ory, farmers, agriculture industries and envi- Dipel was sprayed to kill gypsy moth cater- potatoes, soybeans, cotton and corn. Viola! ronmentalists alike would be pleased. The pillars throughout eastern deciduous forests, The “God-play” worked: the roots, stems, new technology was lauded as heroic, and by 1998, twenty-five percent (80 million acres) of the total U.S. corn crop was planted with Bt corn and the future looked great. But such was not to be. In May 1999, Cornell University scientists published a report (“Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae”) in the British journal Nature claim- ing that pollen from a popular genetically engineered corn hybrid killed monarch caterpillars in laboratory tests. Apparently, the Bt caterpillar toxin engineered into the corn also was incorporated into the plants’ grains of pollen. When this pollen is dis- persed by the wind, it lands on other plants, including milkweed, the exclusive food of monarch larvae and frequently found grow- ing in and around cornfields (at least 22 species of milkweed have been recorded from the Midwest). Spokesmen from the biotech industries that had produced the Bt Visitors to the memorial butterfly conservatory featured at the “Haynesville Celebration of Butterflies” (premiered in corn readily admitted that they had not test- August 1999 as the state’s first butterfly festival) were able to experience a close encounter with monarchs in all stages ed their new product on monarch caterpil- of development. lars since monarchs never feed on corn. And

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 37 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY of course, no one suspected that the toxin One of the authors, Peter Sauer, states that (“birders”) have been doing for more than a would be incorporated into the corns’ what is actually killing the monarch butter- century. This “butterflying” is the nation’s pollen. (As an aside, at this same time genet- fly is the U.S. economy. His argument ends fastest growing nature-based outdoor activi- ic engineers were beginning to develop with the admonition: “...the citizens of ty. Today, NABA oversees more than 400 GMOs that were resistant to herbicides. In wealthy nations have a responsibility to annual “Fourth of July Butterfly Counts.” theory, these new GMOs would allow farm- understand the degree to which their Established in 1975 by the Xerces Society, ers to produce seedlings unaffected by herbi- lifestyles and financial security are depen- and patterned after the National Audubon cides frequently used to clear fields of unde- dent upon and contribute to the devastation Society’s “Christmas Bird Counts,” these sirable plants or “weeds.” The result of the of tropical forests and the oppression of the community-based surveys assess and moni- use of herbicide-resistant crops is that agri- cultural fields can now be sterile to all vege- tation except the desired crop species. While this may be a blessing for the farmer, the depletion of suitable habitat for native flora, and its interdependent fauna, is potentially disastrous to the overall ecology and ecosys- tem. Over and over again, we have learned that “playing God” can have serious and unpredictable ramifications.) The Cornell report caused a media explo- sion. Environmentalists and lepidopterists sounded alarms about GMOs in general. The powerful agricultural industry respond- ed by belittling the initial report. The debates sparked new experimentation by all parties concerned—this time in the field— to secure additional toxicological data. By November 2000, the assessment was that there was no conclusive evidence to prove that Bt pollen posses a significant detriment A group of children prepare to march in the second annual “Haynesville Celebration of Butterflies .“ Fun events such as to the monarch butterfly. In fact, the fall this help the public develop an appreciation for butterflies–and life in general. 2001 migration of monarchs throughout the entire East and Midwest witnessed the high- est numbers of butterflies in recent memory, forests’ peoples. Unchecked, the current tor butterfly populations in designated and Dr. Orley “Chip” Taylor of regime of international trade has the capaci- locales throughout the United States, MONARCH WATCH predicts that the ty to unleash a biotic holocaust unparalleled Canada and Mexico. Teachers are including monarchs may have recovered significantly in human history.” units on butterflies in their schoolrooms. enough to boost their 2001-2002 overwin- Aiding the monarch’s biotic potential is And living butterflies and butterfly images tering numbers back up to 80-100 million. another empowering force: an international are appearing in motion pictures, television As experimentation continues, the fate of Bt “butterfly renaissance” galvanized by the sit-coms and media commercials advertising corn, other GMOs and the monarch butter- butterfly’s remarkable aesthetics and millenia everything from wine to toilet tissue, from fly remains uncertain. Everyone agrees that of mythology (the ancient Greek word psy- bleach to Internet providers. the GMO issue is indeed very, very complex. che referred to both butterfly and human In conclusion, the monarch seems to have A resolution will require considerable time, soul). For instance, butterfly gardening, emerged from its “cocoon” as a wonder of capital and multi-disciplinary collaboration. butterfly conservatories, butterfly festivals, creation that inspires our psyche and And perhaps just as important, attention and butterfly ecotours are now common- empowers our conscience to act. As such, must include research to determine if sub- place and sought out by thousands of aver- the monarch is a living treasure and a living lethal doses of pollen ingested by monarch age citizens each year. In addition, the legend–a true American icon and the “poster larvae affect the reproductive and/or migra- North American Butterfly Association child” for twenty-first century conservation. tory capacities of adult butterflies. If so, Bt (NABA) constituted in 1993 to “promote Perhaps the insect’s status is best described corn has the potential to deliver the coup de public enjoyment and conservation of but- by Dr. Robert Michael Pyle writing in Orion grace for the migration phenomenon. terflies” is growing rapidly. Throughout the magazine when he proclaims that the The Bt corn saga has far wider implica- warm months, butterfly watchers (“butter- monarch “serves as a powerful tions, though. In the spring edition (2001) flyers” for short) fan out around the country metaphor...that stands for every fine and del- of Orion magazine (“The Monarch’s with close-focusing binoculars in hand to icate thing that philistine force and greed Metaphor”), three experts addressed the engage in recreational butterfly watching in would gladly eradicate from this bruised and complex issue of monarch conservation. much the same manner as bird watchers beautiful world.”

Page 38 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 T HE M ONARCH B UTTERFLY Nuptial MonarchsVersus Butterfly Stewardship

Within the last few years, the practice ing spring. from the interbreeding between wild and of mass releasing commercially farmed live • Wholesale commercial operations can capture-bred butterflies. butterflies (usually monarchs and painted foster the spread of microbial disease as well • Scientific studies and observations ladies) at festive occasions, such as weddings, as parasites and parasitoids into areas previ- (particularly of complex migration phenom- has become a New Age fad-much like the ously unaffected, thereby spawning epi- ena) by professional lepidoperists and recre- release of white doves was ational butterflyers alike trendy in the past. The but- are confused by “unnatur- terflies are shipped in small al” introductions and may envelopes by mail and usu- spark erroneous data. ally distributed to guests at • Commercially-reared the event. Then, at the butterflies often suffer appropriate time, the from poor handling and envelopes are opened and may in fact, arrive dead; the insects fly away. At first after release, hostile envi- glance, this may seem like a ronments such as novel and appropriate way inclement weather, inap- of celebrating. After all, propriate season and isn’t the butterfly the unde- unsuitable habitats may niable symbol of transfor- prove detrimental. mation and new begin- • We don’t allow native nings? But this “magic in an birds to be released envelope” is fraught with throughout the country, serious, inherent dangers. so why should butterflies Let me explain. be excepted? For the most part, but- • Butterflies are living ani- terflies used in ceremonies mals, not theatrical toys or are secured legally from trinkets, and as such commercial breeders, but deserve our respect and there is some illegal traffick- protection. ing in monarchs secured In conclusion, from from their overwintering both a scientific and ethi- sites, especially in cal point of view, the California. Prices range release of artificially-reared from $5.00-10.00 per but- butterflies into native terfly. In 1997, a “Letter of environments poses the Position” was drafted and potential for serious (and signed by leading lepi- perhaps even unimagin- dopterists, including the able) problems. A butter- President of the North fly steward should dis- American Butterfly courage this practice. To Association and the be a butterfly steward, President of The consider voicing the Lepidopterists’ Society, and potential harm generated widely circulated through by releasing commercially- the butterfly-oriented farmed butterflies by writ- media. In effect, the letter ing a letter to the editor of denounced the release of commercially- demics and massive die-offs that can not your local newspaper, discussing with your reared butterflies. The opinion is based on only impact wild species of butterflies, but friends and relatives, or by requesting that the following facts: the plants and crops dependent upon native the USDA enact strict rules and regulations •In the long run, the illegal removal of butterflies for pollination. for the interstate transport of butterflies (in monarchs from their winter colonies can • The fitness of local butterfly popula- much the same manner as it regulates the seriously reduce the individuals necessary for tions may be seriously compromised because transportation of most other commercial initiating the first generation of the follow- of a reduction in genetic variation resulting plant and animal products).

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 39 OTHER WANDERERS Outside of North America, monarchs, as rains to the west, monarchs return westward to occurred in Botswana, southern Africa. An well as several other species of butterflies, their refurbished breeding grounds. estimated 1.5 billion individuals of a sulphur engage in cyclical wanderings. Much of this Several milkweed butterflies other than butterfly known as the African Emigrant activity involves population dispersal or emi- the monarch are known to wander. In the (Catopsilia florella) moved northeast out of the gration– a one-way movement out of an area Dominican Republic (West Indies) a species country. Within the United States, at least 14 (often referred to as a swarm and usually a known as briarea seasonally moves up species have been recorded to move en response to locate additional food or breeding and down the island’s highest mountain and masse—usually one way. These include: grounds). In contrast, a true migration is a aggregates in small numbers (75-250) during cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae), great periodic movement from and return to a given winter. In Taiwan, nine species of “tigers” and southern white (Ascia monuste), little yellow area, often triggered by changes in tempera- “crows” routinely have fall migrations of 180 (Eurema lisa), lyside sulphur (Kricogonia ture. miles or more from the temperate regions of lyside), common buckeye (Junonia coenia), Monarchs in Australia (introduced the northern part of the island to warmer shel- Gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae), American around 1870), which commonly breed in tered valleys in the south. Aggregations may painted lady (Vanessa cardui), red admiral New South Wales and Queensland, move contain 50,000 or more individuals. To date, (Vanessa atalanta), dingy purplewing (Eunica northward to coastal sites where they overwin- these movements in Taiwan represent the clos- monima), American snout (Libytheana cari- ter in wooded gullies and valleys in small est parallel to the monarch migration phe- nenta), long tailed blue (Lampides boeticus) colonies made up of 10-1000 individuals. nomenon in California and Mexico. and ocola skipper (Panoquina ocola). In Comparatively, in Costa Rica, monarchs often Throughout the world, several butterfly California, the California tortoiseshell move from western sectors of the country dur- species are known to have periodic population (Nymphalis californica) moves up and down its ing the annual dry season to more moist explosions, swarms or “blooms.” When this mountainous habitats to where its host plants regions in the east, following the availability of occurs, the butterflies scatter--often in spectac- are in prime condition. their milkweed hosts. After the return of the ular displays. In 1991, one such outbreak MONARCH-WISE For more information about the Texas Monarch Watch monarch butterfly and its migration, con- http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/monarch The Monarch Butterfly: International Traveler by Fred A. Urquhart. Nelson Hall, Chicago, sult: For further reading: Journey North: Illinois. 1987. 232 pages Chasing Monarchs: Migrating with the http://www.learner.org/jnorth/ National Geographic, August 1976: Butterflies of Passage by Robert Michael Pyle. Tel: 952-476-6470 “Found at Last: the Monarch’s Winter Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, mailto: [email protected] Home” by Fred A. Urquhart. Massachusetts. 1999. 307 pages, hard cover. Michoacan Reforestation Fund The National Geographic Society www.michoacanmonarchs.com Everything You Ever Wanted To Know 1145 17th Street N.W. About Butterflies: 100+ Questions and Washington, D.C. 20036-4688 Monarch Butterfly Conservation Fund Answers by Gary Noel Ross, Ph.D. Gary Fax: 202-775-6155 http://www.worldwildlife.org Noel Ross, 6095 Stratford Ave, Baton For educational/fun materials/supplies Monarch Butterfly Fund Rouge, Louisiana. 1995. 52 pages, soft cover, (especially for teachers and students) for mailto: [email protected] Baton Rouge, LA, tel/fax: 225-927-8179, butterflies and other insects, consult: Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary mailto: gnr-butterfly [email protected] Insect Lore Foundation Gardening for Butterflies in Louisiana: A P.O. Box 1535 http://www.mbsf.org Guide for Gardeners, Educators and Shafter, CA 93263-1535 Enthusiasts by Gary Noel Ross. Louisiana Monarch Crisis Information: Tel: 1-800-LIVE BUG Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Mastervision http://www.insectlore.com Natural Heritage Program, P.O. Box 98000, http://www.mastervision.com mailto: [email protected] Baton Rouge, LA 70898-9000, 225-765- Monarch Watch: 2821. 1994. 41 pages, soft cover. For educational materials, equipment, http://www.MonarchWatch.org supplies (including collecting and preserv- Orion, Spring Issue, 2001. “The Tel: 1-888-824-4464 ing) for all insects, consult: Monarch’s Metaphor” Monarchs in the Classroom The Orion Society Bioquip Products http://www.monarchlab.umn.edu 195 Main Street 17803 LaSalle Avenue mailto: [email protected] Great Barrington, MA 01230 Gardena, CA 90248-3602 The Children’s Butterfly Site 413-528-4422 Tel: 310-324-0620 http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/butterfly/butterfly.html http://www.orionsociety.org Fax: 310-324-7931 mailto: [email protected] mailto: [email protected]

Page 40 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 TEXAS WATER PLAN SETS BAD Louisiana Agricultural EXAMPLE FOR WILDLIFE STRATEGY NATIONWIDE Aviation Association As human water consumption surges nationwide, and water shortages become more common, it becomes ever more criti- cal for states to set aside enough of this pre- cious resource for both people and wildlife when planning for the future. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Texas. The second most populous state's proposed water allocation plan would meet human demands for water over the next 50 years -- but would leave wildlife high and dry. Under the plan, rivers and streams could be sucked completely dry during drought periods, devastating fish and wildlife within the state and impacting marine species in the Gulf of Mexico. Migratory wildlife such as the whooping crane would also lose access to critical habi- tat. At a time when many other states are looking to the current Texas planning effort 208 Bellewood Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70806 • Tel 225-925-8897 for guidance in developing their own water plans, they currently have an egregiously Helping to Produce Food and Fiber bad example to follow. to Feed and Clothe the World. Plan Ignores Needs of Wildlife

Following a troubling national pattern, the draft Texas plan relies heavily on mas- sive new reservoir projects and pipelines to Friends of the Monarch! move water from one region of the state to another. Although the plan acknowledges Doug and Kay Duty of Monroe Louisiana the need for more efficient use of existing water supplies, it fails to exploit the poten- tial of water conservation measures to reduce demand and eliminate the need for new water diversions. The failure to consider fish and wildlife demands is particularly troubling because in some rivers, the state has already authorized the withdrawal of so much water that some streams may completely dry up during periods between rainfalls. (Earlier this year, as a result of a combination of massive water diversions and drought con- ditions, the Rio Grande River failed to even reach the Gulf of Mexico!) Reduced flows in the Guadalupe River, which nourishes the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, have severely reduced blue crab populations. The whooping crane relies on the blue crab as a chief food source, and also relies on the Refuge for habitat during winter months. Many Continued on page 48

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 41 CONSERVATION LINE

Commission Proposes Turkey the people of Louisiana at the Coastal look at a variety of issues, such as: how an Season Date Change Summit held last August to bring business unprecedented restoration effort like this and industry and other key constituents to can be consistently managed over an The Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries the table as the state goes forward in its extended period of time; how to secure Commission decided Oct. 4 to move up efforts to stem coastal land loss and estab- and coordinate the vast amounts of state the proposed statewide opening date of lish a sustainable coastal ecosystem. and federal dollars needed to get the job the 2002 turkey season from March 30 to "The time is now to take our coastal done; and how to ensure that restoration is restoration efforts to a new level," approached from a coast-wide perspective, Governor Foster said. "This team of busi- as part of a single action," Milling said. ness, community and government leaders "These are challenging, but necessary will help us focus on solutions and strate- issues to address." gies to effectively administer an expanded Plans are for the Committee to make coastal restoration program and secure the its recommendations to the governor in funds needed to restore our coast, which early 2002. provides vital habitat for fish and wildlife The members of the Governor's and is critical in protecting our nation's Committee on the Future of Coastal energy supply." Louisiana are Chairman R. King Milling - R. King Milling, president of New Orleans; James M. Coleman - Baton Whitney National Bank, will head the Rouge; Nancy Jo Craig - Baton Rouge; Governor's Committee on the Future of Mark Drennen - Baton Rouge; Coastal Louisiana. Milling presently Representative Charlie DeWitt - Lecompte; C. Berwick Duval - Houma; Senator John J. Hainkel, Jr. - New March 23, in response to public comments Orleans; William Jenkins - Baton Rouge; regarding season dates proposed in Alfred Lippman - Morgan City; Mayor August. Since the season would open a Randy Roach - Lake Charles; Clifford week earlier in each of the three turkey Smith - Houma; James Tripp - New York, hunting areas, it would also close a week NY; Frank Walk - New Orleans. earlier than originally proposed, and sea- son dates for wildlife management areas 2001-2002 Fur Trapping Season would be adjusted accordingly. Tom Prickett, wildlife division The 2001-2002 statewide furbearer administrator for the Louisiana trapping season will run from Nov. 20, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, told 2001, to March 31, 2002. The season commissioners that available LDWF data includes all designated fur-bearing species: did not indicate there would be any nutria, muskrat, raccoon, mink, opossum, adverse impacts on turkey populations as a river otter, skunk, red fox, gray fox, bob- result of the changes. cat, beaver and coyote. The season dates, Area A would have a 30-day season which are the same as last year, were devel- (March 23, 2002 - April 21, 2002). Area serves on the board of directors of the oped with input from LDWF biologists B would have a 23-day season (March 23, Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana and members of the Louisiana Fur and 2002 - April 14, 2002). Area C would and has emerged as a strong advocate of Alligator Advisory Council. The season have a 9-day season (March 23-31, 2002). coastal restoration as the future of the The daily bag limit will remain one gob- state's economic well being. bler, with a season limit of two gobblers. Milling said, "The stakes are high for The changes will be reflected when the our state and our nation. Succeeding in commission ratifies season dates in restoring Louisiana's coast can mean the December, subject to further public com- difference in a sound economic future and ment and deliberation in the interim. a disastrous one. Once these wetlands go, so goes the protection of our oil and gas Committee to Look at Future industry, one of the most productive of Louisiana's Coast ecosystems in the world, our economy, our culture, our future. The loss of Governor M. J. "Mike" Foster, Jr. has Louisiana's wetlands will have significant, appointed members to the Governor's negative economic impacts on the United Committee on the Future of Coastal States." length reflects the burgeoningpopulation Louisiana, fulfilling a pledge he made to "The governor has asked this group to of fur-bearing species, a direct result of

Page 42 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 CONSERVATION LINE reduced trapping effort. The reduced to determine the exact origin of the blue Advisory Council, explains the role of the effort can be attributed to lower prices marlin. Blue marlin is a state protected alligator industry in preserving the paid to trappers. and highly regulated game fish that is ille- species--as well as south Louisiana's wet- Permits, maps and trapping season gal to be imported and sold in Louisiana lands habitat, culture and a way of life. It pamphlets may be obtained at district except under special conditions. These includes six panels of photographs, infor- offices between 8 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. on special requirements exist to prevent the mation about wetland conservation, a dis- normal working days. Requests for infor- development of a commercial market, play of alligator products and a nest scene mation on maps, permits and wildlife which can lead to exploitation of sport fish that features several mounted hatchling management areas may be directed to any being sold for economic gain. alligators emerging from eggs. LDWF district office. A list of offices fol- The penalties for selling saltwater The exhibit was unveiled Oct. 18 at a lows. District I - P. O. Box 915, Minden game fish are $350- $500, up to 30 days in reception attended by Mayor Randy 71055 (318/371-3050); District II - 368 jail, or both, plus court costs. In addition Roach of Lake Charles; Darrell Dupont, Century Park Dr., Monroe 71203 to the fines and jail sentences, the license chairman of the Louisiana Fur and (318/343-4044); District III - 1995 shall be revoked for the duration of the Alligator Advisory Council; and Ted Shreveport Hwy., Pineville 71360 license year and for one year thereafter. Joanen, alligator biologist. Fifth graders (318/487-5885); District IV - P. O. Box The penalties for each offense of violating from the Episcopal Day School cut the 1640, Ferriday 71334 (318/757-4571); interstate commerce regulations are $900- ribbon after a presentation by Tanya District V - 1213 N. Lakeshore Dr., Lake $950, up to 120 days in jail, or both, plus Sturman, an educator with the Fur and Charles 70601 (337/491-2575); District court costs and forfeiture of anything Alligator Advisory Council, about the role VI - 5652 Hwy. 182, Opelousas, 70570 seized. The penalties for failure to main- of alligators in Louisiana. (337/948-0255); District VII - P. O. Box tain records are $250-$500, up to 30 days "It is important to educate the public 98000, Baton Rouge 70898 (225/765- in jail, or both, plus court costs. that alligators are not endangered, but are 2360); District VIII - P. O. Box 1190, Agents participating in the case were a renewable resource here in Louisiana," Lacombe 70445 (504/882 0027); District Sr. Agent Jay Diez, Sr. Agent Sean Green noted Darrell Dupont, chairman of the IX - 2415 Darnall Rd., New Iberia 70560 and Sr. Agent Jason Dreher. Louisiana Fur and Alligator Advisory (337/373-0032). Council. "By purchasing alligator prod- Alligator Exhibit ucts, we put money back into our wet- Albertson’s Charged for lands and help preserve the habitat needed Selling Blue Marlin A 10-foot diorama highlighting for alligators' long-term survival." Louisiana alligators is now open to the The mission of the Louisiana Fur and Albertson's Corporation, of Boise, public in the second floor lobby of the Alligator Advisory Council is to promote Idaho, was cited on Sept. 4, with 35 Lake Charles Civic Center. the conservation and management of counts of selling blue marlin, a saltwater The museum-quality exhibit, set up Louisiana's fur and alligator resources. game fish, eight counts of violating inter- by the Louisiana Fur and Alligator Additional information is available from state commerce regulations and 12 counts the council's web site (http://www.alliga- of failure to maintain records. These torfur.com). charges stem from an investigation by the Special Investigations Unit of the Willamette Recognized/Jackson-Bienville Louisiana Department of Wildlife and W.M.A. Marks 50 Years Fisheries Enforcement Division. On Aug. 13, a LDWF agent went to Albertson's Gov. M. J. "Mike" Foster, Jr. present- Supermarket, located at 2678 Johnson St. ed a plaque to officials from Willamette in Lafayette, after a complaint that blue Industries during an Oct. 2 ceremony at marlin was being sold through the seafood the Governor's Mansion in Baton Rouge market of the store. A subsequent investi- recognizing the company's long-standing gation revealed that the store and 24 other commitment to conservation. The event Albertson's stores located in Louisiana commemorated the 50th anniversary of were selling blue marlin distributed from the dedication of Jackson-Bienville the Albertson's warehouse in Katy, Texas. Wildlife Management Area in Bienville, It was determined that Albertson's Jackson and Lincoln parishes. Corporation illegally entered into com- Leased to the state at no charge since merce over 365 pounds of blue marlin in 1951, Jackson-Bienville WMA comprises Louisiana to its stores for sale. Twelve of 32,460 acres of pine-covered hills with the stores did not have any records identi- upland streamside hardwoods. Willamette fying the source of the Blue Marlin being Industries owns 32,000 of those acres, offered for sale, or where the blue marlin which are prime territory for deer and was obtained, therefore agents were unable turkey hunting.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 43 CONSERVATION LINE

"Partnerships such as this one age group. Firearm-related homicide The current schedule of LDWF between Willamette Industries and the declined 9.3%, and suicide dropped 6.2% hunter education courses can be accessed Department of Wildlife and Fisheries have across all ages. While the rate of acciden- at LDWF’s web site: greatly improved public hunting opportu- tal firearm-related fatalities remained http://www.wlf.state.la.us nities here in Louisiana," noted Gov. Information is also available at Foster. "It is my pleasure to recognize 225/765-2932. Willamette for their dedication and dili- gence in preserving our state's hunting Hunter Education Classes heritage." (as of October 30, 2001) "Willamette's participation in the national Sustainable Forestry Initiative has REGION 1 (Contact person: promoted sound land management by Jonathan Glasscock @ 318/371-3043) enhancing wildlife habitat and biodiversi- Webster Parish ty on a large scale," said LDWF Secretary Nov. 27,28, & 29; Minden Wildlife James H. Jenkins Jr. "Willamette is the Office; 1400 Talton Dr.; Contact 318/371 founding cooperator in the Jackson 3049 Bienville Wildlife Habitat Program, which REGION 3 (Contact person: Mark has generated nearly $100,000 in non- Roy @ 318/487-5889) department funds and in-kind services to enhance wildlife resources on Jackson- Rapides Parish Bienville WMA." unchanged, the total number of such inci- Nov. 29, 30, & Dec 1 & last week Jackson-Bienville WMA has wide dents declined from 866 in 1998 to 824 in (Thurs. Fri. & Sat) in every month start- appeal to hunters across the state. 1999, the lowest ever recorded. Initial ing in Feb.; Rapides Parish Sheriff's Office According to LDWF Wildlife Division estimates from the NCHS for the year Shooting Range; Contact Patsy administrator Tom Prickett, 80 percent of 2000 show unintentional firearm deaths at Netherland @ 318/442-9229 deer hunters there hail from south of 808. Firearms were involved in only 1.2% Natchitoches Parish Alexandria, and over 9,000 deer have been of all deaths in 1999, with firearm acci- Every other week; Natchitoches harvested there since 1958. dents representing 0.8% of all accidental Shooting Range; Contact Pop Hyams @ The terrain on Jackson-Bienville deaths. The number of accidental firearm 318/356-9457 WMA is primarily gently rolling hills bor- fatalities for children under the age of 15 REGION 5 (Contact person: dering the Dugdemona River and five totaled 88 in 1999 according to the Kenneth Hebert @ 337/491-2183) intermittent streams. The area is managed NCHS. Calcasieu Parish for timber production and wildlife habitat Signing up potential students NOW!!; by Willamette and other private landown- Hunter Education Course Masonic Lodge on Sampson St., Westlake; ers who allow their land to be used free of Schedule on LDWF Web Site contact Harvey Carlock @ 337/433-2953. charge by Louisiana sportsmen. Feb. 2 & 9; S. J. Welsh Middle Willamette Industries, a national for- Hunter education certification is School, 1500 W. McNeese St., Lake est products company based in Oregon, mandatory for persons born on or after Charles; contact Calcasieu Sheriff's Office owns nine mills in Louisiana and manages Sept. 1, 1969, who seek to purchase a Youth Division @ 337/436-3226. timber and natural resources on 711,297 Louisiana hunting license. The free course Feb. 16 & 23; W W Lewis Middle acres in the state. is available throughout the state through School, 1725 Cypress St., Sulphur; con- Firearms-Related the LDWF Hunter Education Program. tact Calcasieu Sheriff's Office Youth Crime/Accidents Decline Young people 10 years of age and older Division @ 337/436-3226. who attend the course will become perma- The number of firearm-related fatali- nently certified. Those younger than 10 Trio Arrested for Deer Violations ties in the U.S. in all categories and for all will be certified for one year and must age groups continued to drop in 1999 repeat the course annually until reaching Acting on an anonymous tip, wildlife from the previous year, and preliminary that age. enforcement agents arrested three Houma figures for 2000 show they may drop even Certification requires a 10-hour min- men Oct. 17 on charges of possessing ille- further. According to the National Center imum of instruction; hunters must attend gally taken deer and taking deer in excess for Health Statistics (NCHS), the 28,575 all classes within a scheduled course. of the legal limit. Ned Dantin, 33, fatalities in 1999 were the lowest since Course topics include safety, outdoor Randall Sapia, 41, and Noel Williams, 38, 1971, represent a 5.7% drop from 1998. ethics, wildlife management, habitat pref- were taken into custody as they left the The NCHS data reveal that the rate of erences of game species and selecting, han- drainage pumps off Woodlawn Ranch firearm fatalities also declined 6.2% over- dling and maintaining firearms. Students Road. Two deer were found in the vehicle. all between 1998 and 1999, with the also participate in a supervised firing exer- Deer seasons open in Terrebonne largest drop, 26.1% in the 10-14 year-old cise after learning firearms safety. Parish that day were archery and muzzle-

Page 44 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 CONSERVATION LINE

Fishing and Boating' section of depart- security on our nations waterways. Since ment's website at September 11th, we have worked vigilant- http://www.wlf.state.la.us and clicking on ly to reaffirm to Americans that their 'Wildlife Management Areas.' oceans, lakes and rivers are safe. As always, printed copies of WMA maps are available free of charge at LDWF regional offices across the state or from the Forest Stewardship Program department's library. The library is locat- ed on the first floor of the LDWF head- Do you know exactly what you want quarters building at 2000 Quail Dr. in for your property, but are unsure how to Baton Rouge. A map of any WMA or a achieve your goals? If this is the case, then state map showing the locations of all the Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) Louisiana WMAs can also be requested by may be for you. The Forest Stewardship electronic addressed to: Program offers non-industrial private for- mailto:[email protected] or by writing to Librarian, P. O. Box 98000, Baton Rouge, LA 70898-9000. In addition to the name of the WMA for which a map is requested, each request must include a name and a physical address to which the map can be mailed. "Each year, LDWF revises maps for loader. A tipster told agents the deer had the 51 WMAs across the state to reflect been taken with a conventional 7-millime- changes in boundaries, roads and other ter centerfire rifle. features to facilitate public access and Dantin, Sapia and Williams were each increase public hunting opportunities," cited for possession of illegally taken deer. noted Randy Myers, LDWF land acquisi- Dantin was also cited for taking deer in tion program manager. "It's important excess of the legal limit. The penalty for that people have up-to-date maps when possession of illegally taken deer is a fine using the WMA system." of $400 to $750, up to 120 days in jail, or "Before downloading the maps, web both. Taking deer above the legal limit is users are encouraged to download the lat- punishable by fines of $250 to $500, up to est version of Adobe Acrobat Reader, 90 days in jail, or both. which is available free on our website," Agents participating in the case said Nema Davis, LDWF webmaster. included Sr. Agent Thomas Dewitt, Sr. "This will ensure faster download time Agent Bryan Marie and Sr. Agent Richard and minimize download problems." Purvis. Anyone who has information about Coastguard Advises Boaters est landowners a cost-free means of suspected wildlife violations is encouraged obtaining technical assistance. to contact Louisiana Operation Game Since the events of September 11, Landowners with a minimum of ten Thief at 800/442-2511 or by calling the members of the boating community have forested acres qualify. The first program nearest LDWF enforcement office. inquired what they can do to assist the requirement is a statement of multiple Callers may remain anonymous and cash Coast Guard in accomplishing its many objectives for the property such as timber rewards are available for information lead- missions in securing our nation's water- production, wildlife habitat enhancement, ing to the arrest of poachers. ways. forest recreation enhancement, aesthetics, Here are two ways mariners can help: environmental enhancement, and/or graz- W.M.A. Maps Now Available • The Coast Guard asks the boating ing. Once the objectives are established, a on the Web community to remain vigilant in main- LDWF biologist working with the FSP taining a heightened level of security and and/or a local Louisiana Department of Updated maps of Louisiana wildlife report any suspicious activities to the Agriculture and Forestry (LDAF) repre- management areas (WMAs) are now avail- proper authorities. sentative will set up a site inspection with able to the public electronically by visiting • All boaters are asked to have every- the landowner. After site evaluation and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and one on board their vessel wear a life jacket discussion with the landowner, foresters Fisheries website. The maps, which can be to show their support for all Coast Guard will develop a management plan. The downloaded in PDF format and printed, men and women on patrol. can be found by accessing the 'Hunting, The Coast Guard has always provided Continued on page 49

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 45 Editorial Duck and Goose Call: Continued from page 50 by Mark Van Putten ple. Men and women who work the land, whose sense of stewardship comes from till- Conservation Partnerships ing the soil, should have the tools and incen- On Working Landscapes tives they need to be good stewards of the land. That's the essence of common sense A renewal rich in wildlife rewards has conservation. The wisdom of cultivating this quietly been nourishing much of our nation's partnership is apparent in the fact that near- heartland for the past decade and a half in ly half our national landscape, close to 907 one of the most unheralded but significant million acres, is worked as crop-, pasture- conservation success stories of this genera- and rangeland. tion. Streams and rivers have begun to run Thanks to the incentives provided by (L-R) 2001 intermediate division duck calling contest cleaner again. Wildlife has reemerged on CRP, about 35 million acres of what was winners Cade Jefers of Paradis, 1st place; Rene Dandry of once marginal farmland with highly erodible Metairie, 2nd place; Aaron Melancon of Prairieville, 3rd place. soils are now set aside for conservation and covered by wildlife-friendly crops of grasses and ribbons at the close of the contest, the and trees. Similar gains have been made as a winners and runners-up in each competition result of adding to the Farm Bill new incen- drew for a Beretta 391 12 gauge semi-auto- tives designed to encourage protection of matic shotgun. It was won by Lex Theriot. wetlands and other wildlife habitats. Bobby Jorden won a 12 gauge Winchester We have enough experience now to Black Shadow pump shotgun donated by quantify some of the rewards. Each year, Richard Lipsey which was raffled to help CRP alone prevents the erosion of close to defray the costs of holding the contest. 700 million tons of soil. This not only trans- Louisiana Wildlife Federation president, lates to less sediment in rivers and streams, Keith Saucier of Gonzales emceed the con- but due to the healthy, natural ground cover test. The East Ascension Sportsmen’s League on CRP lands, this means less runoff of fer- provided a tasty jambalaya for the enjoyment tilizer and pesticides. It's been documented of the contestants and spectators. again and again that many waterfowl popula- The Baton Rouge Sportsmen’s League tions are flourishing due in large measure to and the Louisiana Wildlife Federation wish Farm Bill safeguards for their Midwestern to thank the following persons, businesses Mark Van Putten prairie pothole nesting sites. and agencies for supporting the contest with I would venture that the unquantifiable their volunteer effort and financial contribu- restored land. Waterfowl and other migrato- rewards are just as great. What's the value of tions: contest judges Mike Barbier, Mark ry bird species have increased in number, a child seeing a great stream of pintail ducks Conway, Fred Parnell, Harry Reed and their nesting habitats secure. following their migratory course over land Chuck Smith; Big Top Tents; Cajun These gifts were forged from the conser- his or her parents - or even grandparents - vation partnerships drawn up with America's have worked? How do you set a price on the farmers under the terms of legislation known satisfaction of the farmer who knows his or as the Farm Bill. Like still water that runs her land is nourishing others as well as deep, this partnership has spread its benefits wildlife? with a calm forcefulness onto the nation's In this Congress a new Farm Bill is working landscapes. being written. You can stay posted on devel- As you would expect, the National opments via our Web site at Wildlife Federation was there at the outset. http://www.nwf.org. As with any legislative Long before the first Farm Bill, we learned measure, there will be pressures to strength- from the bitter experience of the 1930s Dust en, weaken or even omit specific provisions Bowl about the conservation and wildlife to benefit interest groups of every stripe. In costs of neglecting the lands that feed us. So evaluating them, our representatives must when the opportunity arose to craft the 1985 bear in mind the interest we all share: help- 2001 intermediate and junior division blue/snow and Farm Bill, NWF was in the forefront helping ing America's farmers to be true stewards of speckle-bellied goose champs, Lex Theriot (L) of Grand to author what is today arguably the largest our natural heritage. We can keep the Farm Chenier and Hunter Canick of Cameron. and certainly one of the most successful Bill a partnership that keeps giving, so long national conservation efforts, the as we recognize and nourish its potential. Constructors; East Ascension Sportsmen’s Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Mark Van Putten is President & Chief League; Go-Devil Manufacturing of The success of this partnership is firmly Executive Officer of the National Wildlife Louisiana, Inc.; Hunter’s Run Gun Club; based in the soundness of its guiding princi- Federation ISC Instrumentation and Electrical; Lipsey’s,

Page 46 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 HAVE YOUR OWN CAMP IN VENICE, LA !!! http://www.rodnreel.com/buraspointe/ mailto:[email protected]

2001 State Duck and Goose Calling Contest judges with the final scores in the senior duck calling competition. (L- R) Fred Parnell, Mark Conway, Chuck Smith, Mike Barbier, Harry Reed. Buras Inc.; Spillway Sportsman; Gremillion Mechanical; Academy Sports and Outdoors; Acme Refrigeration; Capital Rubber and Specialty; G. N. Gonzales; Haydel’s Game APARTMENTS AND BOAT SHEDS Calls; Home Oil Company; Jim’s Firearms; 1-800-531-3687 www.rodnreel.com/buraspointe Louisiana Fish Fry; Reynerson’s Gunsmith Service, Inc.; Louisiana Department of APARTMENT-BOAT SHED COMBINATIONS Wildlife and Fisheries. The Buras Pointe provides the best of all worlds for the fishermen and hunters of the Venice/Buras area. It's like having a home away from home, or a camp without the hastle. Share fishing and hunting secrets with your neighbors.

Executive Director: Continued from page 5 • OVERSIZED BOAT SHEDS (14’ X 35’ X 12’ high) • APARTMENTS & ROOMS (Various Sizes) it migrates thousands of miles each fall, • YEAR ROUND LEASING (12 month leases) many individuals crossing the open Gulf of Mexico. I’m proud to share the planet with • UTILITIES INCLUDED (Gas, water, electric, 65 channel cable, sewer & garbage) a creature that succeeds at such a feat. • SECURED, WELL LIGHTED, ENCLOSED FACILITY Migration is a risky endeavor. The • EASY ACCESS TO FISHING & HUNTING ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. species that undertake this wonder of • LESS THAN 15 MILES FROM 10 OR MORE BOAT LAUNCHES. Nature require secure habitat at both ends of the journey and at stopover points in • COMMON AREA FOR COOKING, FISH FRYS, WASHING CLOTHES, AND PICNICING. between. They depend on us to provide that security. That’s why conservationists For your convenience we have a fish have to care about what goes on far away cleaning and disposal facility on from home, as well as in our own back- location. You can pull your boat right yards. That’s why we have to be staunch in next to the cleaning shed. our support for federal agriculture policy that encourages habitat conservation and improves water quality from border to bor- der. That’s why we have to work with state and federal land management agencies to make sure public lands can accommodate the needs of all species, including migrato- ry species that aren’t good (or at least legal) in a gumbo. That’s why we need to make sure Louisiana is doing its part to conserve wetlands. That’s why those who enjoy and cherish our wildlife resources need to be informed, and involved in funding and 34442 Highway 11 program decisions that affect those resources. The Louisiana Wildlife Buras, Louisiana 70041 Federation is working to achieve these things and that is why, during this season 1-800-531-3687 of thanksgiving, we need to say “THANK • YOU” for you support.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001, Page 47 Sponsor Members Texas Water Plan: Continued from page 41 First-time $100 or greater LWF Contributing members are entitled to receive marine species, which form the basis of mas- sive commercial and recreational fisheries, a sponsor plaque for their home or office. We extend our grateful appreciation are also dependent on freshwater inflows to the following Sponsor Members of the Louisiana Wildlife Federation. Their that provide the right mix of salinity, nutri- support and that of all our loyal members is directly responsible for the ents, and sediments to keep bays and estuar- Federation’s growth and success. ies productive. Bottomland hardwood forests may also Kent Anderson, Monroe Johnny Mere, Lake Charles suffer from increased water diversions and Albert M. Boswell, Harvey -Mere's Trucking, Inc new reservoir projects. Texas only has one Jeff L. Boudreaux, Jennings Raleigh Newman, Lake Charles large natural lake and well over 7,000 artifi- cial ones. Dams have resulted in the loss of Mark W. Callais, Marrero Edwin Olmsted, Lake Charles hundreds of thousands of acres of bottom- John L. Freeman, Mansfield -Olmsted Shipyard, Inc. land hardwood forests through direct inun- -Cleco Corp. Keith Plaisance, Ama dation and through the loss of critical over- Randall B. Greene, Youngsville Craig A. Pfister, Marrero bank flows needed to support the forests. N. Hemphill, Lake Charles Eric Savoie, New Orleans The Lone Star State's location on critical -Citgo Petroleum Corp. -J&K Cafe migration flyways makes the health of those forests vitally important to wildlife support- Richard T. Illg, Gretna Billy Shelton, Mer Rouge ers across the country. -Cottage Café David Sibley, Pine Grove Larry & Uta Kelly, Anacoco Jim Talmadge, Natchitoches AMERICA'S CAMPUSES: WORK- Bryan R. Lafaye, Lafayette Terry L. White, Sarepta ING FOR A GREENER FUTURE Randy Loup, Gretna Thomas Williams, Calhoun America's colleges and universities have -La. Landscape Specialty, Inc. -Williams Oil Co., Inc. long been at the forefront of balancing Reggie Melancon, Cut Off Honorable Diane Winston human needs with sustaining the health of -La. Representative, Dist 77 our environment. A new survey of 891 of the country's colleges and universities demon- strates how these important learning centers are implementing green programs in every- YES! I WANT TO JOIN. thing from energy conservation to landscap- Please enroll me as a member of the Louisiana Wildlife Federation ing. Responses to the survey included those from presidents, provosts, chiefs of adminis- Name: tration and operations. From the survey results, the National Mailing Address: Wildlife Federation has devised a report card on national campus environmental perfor- City: State: Zip: mance showing areas in which leadership is strong as well as activities and programs that Phone: Email: need more emphasis. The grades are promis- Check preferred member category below, attach your payment, and mail to: ing and provide a valuable tool for facilitating positive change. LWF, P.O. Box 65239 Audubon Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70896-5239. Energy and Water Conservation Sustaining – $35 (LWF lapel pin or logo license plate) Colleges and universities continue to demonstrate positive and practical solutions Sponsor – $100 (sponsor plaque) to the energy debate through conservation Business – $50 (LWF logo T-shirt; M - L - XL) and efficiency. Nearly a quarter of campuses surveyed meet at least some of their energy Corporate – $1,000 (framed, limited edition s/n wildlife print) needs from renewable sources, and almost all Basic/Student – $15 have programs in place or in the works to increase the efficiency of lighting, heating, Payment enclosed but don’t send me anything but ventilation and air conditioning systems. Louisiana WILDLIFE Federation magazine. Additionally, more than half the schools Please send information about your have developed efficiency design codes for ( ) individual or ( ) corporate life membership. new or existing buildings. Taken together, these initiatives represent crucial steps toward All levels of membership include a subscription to Louisiana WILDLIFE Federation magazine. a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. Good practices for water conservation and Page 48 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001 efficiency are also widely embraced by cam- New Members: Continued from page 10 Eric Savoie, New Orleans puses. Seventy-two percent of respondents -J & K Cafe report they have installed efficient toilets, Bryan A. Picou, M.D., Natchitoches Billy Shelton, Mer Rouge showerheads, and faucets and that they re-cir- -The Family Medical Clinic David Sibley, Pine Grove culate water. A few campuses even report James W. Pierson, Natchitoches -David's Dozer & Backhole using recycled water for campus landscapes. -City Bank & Trust Co. Jim Talmadge, Natchitoches Roy Raftery, Jr., Cameron Terry L. White, Sarepta Transportation: ‘Needs Improvement' -Cameron State Bank Thomas Williams, Calhoun Honrable Ned Randolph, Alexandria -Williams Oil Co., Inc. Reducing congestion and pollution asso- Leo Reddoch, Lake Charles Honorable Diane G. Winston, Covington ciated with travel to and from colleges and Jerry L. Rogers, Marrero -La. Rep. Dist. 77 universities is one of the biggest opportunities David Self, Lake Charles campuses have to improve community rela- -Selmart Stores Spring Appeal Donors tions and air quality. At many thousands of James D. Serra, Lake Charles 9/15/01 through 10/31/01 dollars per space, reducing the need for new -KPLC-TV Babs Babin, Plaquemine parking is an added incentive. Yet, trans- Robert Sharp, Covington Gerald A. Boelte, Pearlington portation management remains largely -K and S Dozer Service Charles F. Mitchell, Baton Rouge untapped territory on U.S. campuses. Fewer Dwain P. St. Martin, Henderson -ENT Medical Center, than 25 percent of campuses offer key initia- John C. Stubblefield, M.D., Lake Charles Rena Faulk, Lake Charles tives for reducing single occupant vehicles Daniel E Ulmer, Winnsboro Mary A. Hindermann, New Orleans such as discounted bus passes for students, Barry Wall, Springfield Bruce & Margaret Soltis, New Orleans faculty, or staff; carpooling programs; and James E. Wall, Eros Capt. Jeffrey A. Stogsdill, Haughton incentives not to drive alone such as emer- P. W. Watson, Alexandria CONSERVATION LINE gency rides home. However, most campuses -Yeager, Watson & Associates do provide bike racks. Gabriel T. Willis, Breaux Bridge Continued from page 45 J. F. Winningham, Jr., Natchitoches Environmental Lessons Dr. Michael Woodward, Lake Charles in the Classroom -Voluntary Vet. Assistance Program multiple-use plan will cover a ten-year period and is designed to assist the Trends in curricula are mixed. On one New Members ($100 and up) landowner with recommendations on how hand, half the schools surveyed have pro- 8/16/01 through 10/31/01 to accomplish his or her stated objectives. grams supporting their faculty's professional Once the plan is prepared a landowner is development on environmental topics and 43 Kent Anderson, Monroe nominated for certification. A resource percent offer major or minor programs in Albert M. Boswell, Harvey management professional is then required environmental studies. Jeff L. Boudreaux, Jennings to acknowledge initiation of the owner's On the other hand, many students may Mark W. Callais, Marrero active forest management agenda. During graduate without basic environmental litera- John L. Freeman, Mansfield the certification process, an inspection cy. While environmental courses are inte- -Cleco Corporation team made up of resource professionals is grated into many sciences and humanities Randall B. Greene, Youngsville assembled and the property is reviewed to programs, only eight percent of campuses Patricia N. Hemphill, Lake Charles ensure that all management activities are require all students to take environmental -Citgo Petroleum Corporation conducted in a manner conducive to studies courses regardless of major. Certain Richard T. Illg, Gretna proper forest stewardship. After certifica- professions, such as education and engineer- -Cottage Cafe tion, the landowner will receive a sign to ing - where environmental literacy is crucial - Robert R. Kelly, Norcross, GA display on the property and a laser- benefit relatively little from environmental -Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. engraved plaque recognizing him or her as training at the undergraduate level. Only 12 Larry & Uta Kelly, Anacoco an active member in the Forest percent of engineering and 11 percent of edu- Bryan F. Lafaye, Lafayette Stewardship Program. A revised manage- cation programs, for instance, currently offer Randy M. Loup, Gretna ment plan and recertification are required undergraduate environmental courses. This -La. Landscape Specialty, Inc. at the end of each ten-year period. A contrasts with 68 percent of biology depart- Sheldon J. McManus, Lake Charles recently-added benefit to the FSP is the ments and 33 percent of political science pro- -McManus Construction, Inc. Landowner Antlerless Deer TagProgram. grams. Reggie Melancon, Cut Off Those properties involved in FSP are now Curious about what your alma mater is Johnny Mere, Lake Charles eligible to receive assistance in deer man- doing to help protect the environment? Call -Mere's Trucking, Inc. agement including the issuance of antler- them and ask! Tell them about NWF's Raleigh Newman, Lake Charles less deer tags. For more information on National Report Card on Environmental Edwin Olmsted, Lake Charles the Forest Stewardship Program, contact Performance and Sustainability in Higher -Olmsted Shipyard, Inc. Pat Beard, FSP coordinator, LDAF at Education - and check on their plans for a Craig A. Pfister, Marrero 225/925-4500 or Cody Cedotal, FSP greener future. Keith J. Plaisance, Ama biologist, LDWF at 225/765-2354.

Louisiana Wildlife Federation, September 2001, Page 49 CLUB NEWS AFFILIATE Wells Wins 2001 State Duck Calling Contest CLUBS Lyle Wells of Ponchatoula out-called Wells became the first competitor to win twenty-one other contestants to become three state champion titles in the same year DISTRICT 1 St. Bernard Sportsmen’s League Louisiana’s senior state duck calling champ. when he successfully defended his senior He was competing in the 33rd Annual blue/snow and speckled bellied goose calling DISTRICT 2 titles earlier in the day. Ricky Canik of Grand Clio Sportsman’s League Chenier repeated as champ in the voice call- Jefferson Rod & Gun Bass Club ing category. Lex Theriot of Grand Chenier Jefferson Rod and Gun Club won both the blue/snow and speckle-bellied Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation goose categories in the intermediate division and Hunter Canik, also of Grand Chenier DISTRICT 3 took the blue/snow and speckle-bellied goose Acadiana Bay Association categories in the junior division. Theriot was Iberia Rod and Gun Club also runner-up in the mouth calling for geese DISTRICT 4 category. Claiborne Parish Hunting and Fishing Club Taking third place in senior duck was James Doxey of Cameron. Rene Dandry of DISTRICT 5 Metairie and Aaron Melancon of Prairieville Waterways Access Association took second and third places, respectively, in the intermediate division of the duck calling DISTRICT 6 category. Hunter Webb of Bossier City took Baton Rouge Sportsmen’s League second place and Adam Sturlese of Lafayette Citizens For A Clean Environment was third in the junior duck calling competi- CFACT tion. Webb also was runner up in the junior East Ascension Sportsmen’s League blue/snow goose category. Hunters Against Poachers Lake Maurepas Society Plaquemine Sportsmens League Lyle Wells of Ponchatoula became the first State Duck Point Clair Hunting Club and Goose Calling Contest triple crown winner taking the Central LA Chapter, Safari Club International senior duck as well as the blue/snow and speckle-bellied Triangle “T” Sportsmen’s League goose calling competitions at the 2001 event. DISTRICT 7 Louisiana Wildlife Federation State Duck and Acadiana Sportsmen’s League Goose Calling Contest hosted by the Baton Hoy Hunting Club Rouge Sportsmen’s League. The event was Southwest Louisiana Wildlife Association held October 20, 2001 at the Waddill Wildlife Refuge and Outdoor Education DISTRICT 8 Avoyelles Wildlife Federation Center owned by the Louisiana Department Bayou Bassmasters of Alexandria of Wildlife and Fisheries near Baton Rouge. Rapides Wildlife Association Wells edged out Rod Haydel of Bossier (L-R) 2001 junior duck calling contest winners Bobby City by a mere two points after the two call- Jorden of Lafayette, 1st place; Hunter Webb of Bossier DISTRICT 9 backs required by the World Duck Calling City, 2nd place; and Adam Sturlese of Lafayette, 3rd place. Louisiana Toledo Bend Lake Association Contest, Inc. of Stuttgart, Arkansas, the sanc- This was Jorden’s second consecutive junior division state South Toledo Bend Civic Association tioning body for qualifying state contests. duck calling title. Toledo Bend Bi-State Alliance Haydel led after the first round, but Wells eased ahead with his performance in the final Rick Canik and Mike Smith took second STATEWIDE call-back. Wells is eligible to represent and third places, respectively, in the senior Association of Louisiana Bass Clubs Louisiana in the World Duck Calling blue/snow goose calling category with James Bayou State Bowhunters Association Louisiana Chapter, National Wild Turkey Championship competition Nov. 23-25 in Doxey taking second and Joseph Dantin of Federation Stuttgart. Raceland taking third in the senior speckle- Louisiana Safari Club International In the intermediate (14-16 years of age) belly calling competition. Louisiana Trappers and Alligator Hunters duck calling division, Cade Jeffers of Paradis Altogether, forty contestants competed, Association was the top scorer while Bobby Jorden of traveling from all corners of the state to ply United Commercial Fishermen’s Association Lafayette captured his second consecutive their calling skills in front of 100 spectators title in the junior (under 14) duck calling and five expert judges. competition. Both may compete in Stuttgart In addition to being awarded plaques in their respective divisions. Continued on page 46

Page 50 Louisiana Wildlife Federation, Nov./Dec. 2001