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Revalidation of the Spider Genus Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924

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Revalidation of the Spider Genus Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924 A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 495:Revalidation 1–19 (2015) of the spider genus Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924 (Araneae, Segestriidae) 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.495.8950 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Revalidation of the spider genus Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924 (Araneae, Segestriidae) André Marsola Giroti1,2, Antonio Domingos Brescovit2 1 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 321, 05508-090, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-090, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Corresponding author: André Marsola Giroti ([email protected]) Academic editor: C. Rheims | Received 14 November 2014 | Accepted 21 March 2015 | Published 8 April 2015 http://zoobank.org/073B4B8A-7B4F-4438-9C92-0EE2012F6AD9 Citation: Giroti AM, Brescovit AD (2015) Revalidation of the spider genus Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924 (Araneae, Segestriidae). ZooKeys 495: 1–19. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.495.8950 Abstract Citharoceps Chamberlin was diagnosed by the presence of a very distinctive stridulatory apparatus com- posed of two patches of ridges on the sides of the cephalic region, and a stridulatory thorn on the pro- lateral region of the femur I. Currently, this genus is a junior synonym of Ariadna Audouin, with the as- sumption that the stridulatory apparatus could constitute an exclusive feature of its unique known species, Citharoceps fidicina Chamberlin, currently senior synonym of Citharoceps californica Chamberlin & Ivie. In the present study, Citharoceps is revalidated and redescribed based on the occurrence of the stridulatory apparatus in C. fidicinaand Segestria cruzana Chamberlin & Ivie, and also on the presence of distin- guishable characters, such as the length of the labium-sternum junction, ventral median spine on male metatarsi I, and strong sclerotized interpulmonary fold in females, forming a conspicuous median flap. Segestria cruzana is transfered to Citharoceps, with C. californica removed from the synonym of C. fidicina, and proposed as a junior synonym of C. cruzana, due to the similarity between the additional material examined and the original description. Males of C. fidicina and C. cruzana are described for the first time. Keywords Taxonomy, Haplogynae, Synspermiata, Dysderoidea, California, stridulatory apparatus Copyright André M. Giroti, Antonio D. Brescovit. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 André M. Giroti & Antonio D. Brescovit / ZooKeys 495: 1–19 (2015) Introduction Segestriidae currently comprises 120 species distributed in three genera: Segestria La- treille, 1804, Ariadna Audouin, 1826 and Gippsicola Hogg, 1900 (World Spider Cata- log 2015). Ariadna is the most diverse genus, with 99 taxonomically valid species and four generic junior synonyms: Pylarus Hentz, 1842, synonymized by Emerton (1890), Macedonia Hogg, 1900, synonymized by Rainbow (1911), and Segestriella Purcell, 1904 and Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924, both synonymized by Beatty (1970). The genusCitharoceps was described by Chamberlin (1924) to include only Citha- roceps fidicina,described based on an immature holotype from Ensenada, Baja Cali- fornia, Mexico. He distinguished this genus from other segestriids by the presence of a stridulatory apparatus composed of two distinctive patches of grooves on both sides of the cephalic region and a stridulatory thorn located on the prolateral region of femur I. Later, Chamberlin and Ivie (1935) described a new species, Citharoceps californica, based on immatures from Laguna Beach, California, USA, distinguishing it from C. fidicina by the larger size and darker coloration. Beatty (1970) examined the holotype of C. fidicina and paratypes of C. californica, and synonymized C. californica with C. fidicina, and Citharoceps with Ariadna. After the study was submitted to publication, Beatty (1970: 485) discovered a male speci- men of C. fidicinawith stridulatory patches like those found on the female. To the author, this characteristic, together with other structural features, confirms his assump- tions on the synonymy of Citharoceps with Ariadna. This comment was included in the publication as an addendum. In the present study, the revalidation of the genus Citharoceps is proposed, based on the presence of the stridulatory apparatus, together with distinctive characters, such as the labium-sternum length equal or smaller than the endite-sternum junction, a ven- tral median spine in the metatarsi I of males, and the internal female genitalia with a strong sclerotized interpulmonary fold, forming a conspicuous median flap. The genus is redescribed with more detailed information on the morphological characters, mainly with regard to male and female genitalia. The male of C. fidicina is described for the first time. Citharoceps californica is removed from the synonym of C. fidicina and pro- posed as a junior synonym of Segestria cruzana Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, together with the transfer of this species to Citharoceps, and the first description of its male. Materials and methods The specimens examined are deposited in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York (AMNH; L. Prendini), California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- cisco (CAS; C. E. Griswold), Collection of the Cabrillo National Monument Park, San Diego (CNMP; K. Lombardo), Darrel Ubick collection, San Francisco (CDU), Revalidation of the spider genus Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924 (Araneae, Segestriidae) 3 Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (IBSP; A. D. Brescovit), and Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QM; R. Raven). The morphological examinations and descriptions follow Grismado (2008) and were made under Leica MZ6 and MZ12 stereomicroscope. Spine notation was modified from Grismado (2008) with the absence of the term “apical” (ap), and description of the leg IV spination. Measurements are in millim- eters. The male genitalia was divided into bulb and embolus by the narrowing of the spermatic duct, where it has a less sclerotized region (Figs 6A–B, 8A–C; see Lipke et al. 2014, fig. 10). The investigation of the internal female genitalia followed three steps: (I) dissection of the ventral anterior region of the abdomen; (II) digestion of the dissected material with Ultrazime® contact lenses cleaner enzyme in 1 tablet/5 ml distilled water for 24 hours; (III) posterior treatment with heated KOH for 20 minutes, according to Platnick et al. (1999). Spigot nomenclature followed Plat- nick et al. (1991) and Griswold et al. (2005). Illustrations were made under a Zeiss Axioscop 20, with a camera lucida attached. Photographs were taken with a Leica DFC 500 digital camera attached to a Leica MZ16A stereomicroscope. Extended focal range photos were composed with Leica Application Suite 3.3. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the body parts were dehydrated through a series of graded ethanol (80% to 100%), dried by critical-point drying method, mounted on metal stubs using adhesive copper tape and nail polish for fixation, and sputter coated with gold. SEM photographs were taken with a FEI Quanta 250 scanning electron microscope from the Laboratório de Biologia Celular of the Instituto Bu- tantan, São Paulo. Abbreviations: AC–aciniform gland spigot; ALS–anterior lateral spinnerets; AR–anterior receptaculum; B–bulb; d–dorsal; DL–dorsal lobe; E–em- bolus; GD–glandular ducts plate; IF–interpumonary fold; LS–less sclerotized por- tion of the sperm duct; mAP–minor ampulate gland spigot; MAP–major ampulate gland spigot; p–prolateral; PI–piriform gland spigot; PLS–posterior lateral spinner- ets; PMS–posterior median spinnerets; PR–posterior receptaculum; r–retrolateral; T–tracheal trunk; UE–uterus externus; v–ventral; VL–ventral lobe; vp–ventropro- lateral; vr–ventroretrolateral. Geographical coordinates were obtained with Google Earth (Lat/Lon-WGS84). Vouchers for comparative studies: Segestria senoculata (Linnaeus, 1758): DEN- MARK: Zealand Island: Tisvilde, Tisvildeleje (56°03'08"N; 12°05'05"W) (DMS), 1♂ 1♀ 3imm., 19-20.V.1991, C. Griswold & N. Scharff leg. (CAS 9032847). Ariadna maxima (Nicolet, 1849): CHILE: Concepcion Province: Estación Escuad- rón [36°55'59"S; 73°09'00"W] (DMS), 2♂ 5♀ 3imm., 20.IX.1980, N. Cekalovic leg. (AMNH); Santiago Province: Santiago [33°26'16"S; 70°39'01"W] (DMS), 1♀, 20.X.2009, T. H. Kawamoto leg. (IBSP 166664). Gippsicola sp.: AUSTRAL- IA: Queensland: Massey Range, 4km W of Centre Bellender Ker, 1250m (17°16'S; 145°49'E) (DMS), 2♂, 9–11.X.1991, Monteith, Janetzi & Cook leg. (QM S91041); Bellender ker Range, Summit TV Station, 1560m [17°14'S; 145°52'E] (DMS), 1♀, 1–7.XI.1981, Earthwatch/Queensland Museum leg. (QM S30617). 4 André M. Giroti & Antonio D. Brescovit / ZooKeys 495: 1–19 (2015) Taxonomy Segestriidae Simon, 1893 Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924, gen. reval. Citharoceps Chamberlin, 1924: 607. Type species. Citharoceps fidicina Chamberlin, 1924 Diagnosis. The genus Citharoceps is distinguished from other segestriid genera by the presence in males, females and immatures of a conspicuous stridulatory apparatus composed of two patches of grooves on both sides of cephalic region (Figs 1A–C) and a stridulatory thorn located on the prolateral region of femur I (Figs 2A–B; 5C, H; 7C, H). Citharoceps has a labium with the distal
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