A World History of Railway Cultures, 1830–1930
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A WORLD HISTORY OF RAILWAY CULTURES, 1830–1930 A WORLD HISTORY OF RAILWAY CULTURES, 1830–1930 Edited by Matthew Esposito Volume I The United Kingdom First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Matthew Esposito; individual owners retain copyright in their own material. The right of Matthew Esposito to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-8153-7722-1 (set) eISBN: 978-1-351-21184-0 (set) ISBN: 978-0-8153-7751-1 (Volume I) eISBN: 978-1-351-21180-2 (Volume I) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC Publisher’s Note References within each chapter are as they appear in the original complete work TO MY PARENTS MICKEY AND DONALIN, WHO INTRODUCED ME TO THREE OF THE MOST ENDURING POSSESSIONS IN LIFE – LOVE, THE IMAGINATION, AND BOOKS. CONTENTS Acknowledgements xvi Railways and their metonyms: technology and terminology that transformed world cultures, 1830–1930 1 VOLUME I The United Kingdom 47 England as epicenter of railway cultures and the Pax Britannica 49 PART 1 The Rocket, Rainhill Trials, and early promotion of railways 89 1 Early illustrations of the Rocket and Liverpool and Manchester trains 91 2 The Rainhill Trials and Inauguration of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, ‘Account of the Competition of Locomotive Steam-Carriages on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway’, in Mechanics’ Magazine 12: 322 (October 10, 1829), 114–116; 12: 323 (October 17, 1829), 135–141; 12: 324 (October 24, 1829), 146–147; 12: 325 (October 31, 1829), 161; 14: 372 (September 25, 1830), 64–69 94 3 Charles Maclaren, Railways Compared with Canals & Common Roads, and Their Uses and Advantages Explained (Edinburgh: Constable, 1825), pp. 48–54 108 4 Nineteenth-century engravings, lithographs, and prints 112 vii CONTENTS PART 2 Engineering enemies 117 5 Joseph Sandars, A Letter on the Subject of the Projected Rail Road between Liverpool and Manchester. Second ed. (London: W. Wales, 1824), pp. 3–32 119 6 ‘Second Prospectus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company’, Liverpool Mercury XV, December 30, 1825, 203 135 7 George Eliot, Middlemarch. New edition. (Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood, 1874), pp. 407–414 141 8 The Creevy Papers: A Selection from the Correspondence & Diaries of the Late Thomas Creevy. Ed. Sir Herbert Maxwell. (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1904), pp. 429–431, 545–546 149 9 William Wordsworth, ‘On the Projected Kendel and Windermere Railway’, 147, ‘Letters on the Kendal and Windermere Railway, 301–311’, from Vol. 8 of The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth. Ed. William Angus Knight. (Edinburgh: W. Paterson, 1888–1889), pp. 147, 301–311 151 PART 3 Cultures of railway construction 159 10 John Francis, A History of the English Railway: Its Social Relations and Revelations. 2 vols. (London: Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1851). Vol. 2, Chapter 3 pp. 67–91 161 11 Benjamin Disraeli, Sybil or The Two Nations (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1913), pp. 433–441 170 12 Stephen W. Fullom, ‘The Brawl Viaduct’, ‘English and Irish’, and ‘The Reward of Merit’, in The Great Highway: A Story of the World’s Struggles. Third ed. (London: G. Routledge & Co., 1854), pp. 119–146 176 13 Patrick MacGill, Children of the Dead End: The Autobiography of a Navvy (London: H. Jenkins, 1914), pp. 129–145, 209–212, 225–229, 254–262 192 viii CONTENTS 14 Patrick MacGill, ‘A Platelayer’s Story’ and ‘The Navvies’ Sunday’ and from Gleanings from a Navvy’s Scrapbook. Second ed. (Derry, North Ireland: Derry Journal, 1911), pp. 52–53, 55 211 PART 4 Novel impressions: early Victorian railway cultures 215 15 Frances Ann Kemble, Records of a Girlhood. Second ed. (New York: H. Holt, 1884), pp. 278–284 217 16 ‘Railroad Travelling’, Herapath’s Railway Journal (The Railway Magazine) 1 (Mar.–Dec. 1836), 110–112 222 17 Charles Greville, Memoirs (Second Part): A Journal of the Reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1852. 3 vols. Ed. Henry Reeve. (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1885), I, p. 11 224 18 William Makepeace Thackeray, ‘Two Days in Wicklow’, in The Paris Sketch Book of Mr. M.A. Titmarsh, The Irish Sketch Book, & Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (New York: Caxton, 1840), pp. 491–493 225 19 William Makepeace Thackeray, ‘Physiology of the London Idler’, Punch 3 (1842), p. 102, ‘Railway Parsimony’, Punch 13 (1847), 150, ‘Natural Phenomenon’, Punch 14 (1848), 87, and ‘Railway Charges’, Punch 14 (1848), 218 228 20 Albert Richard Smith, The Struggles and Adventures of Christopher Tadpole at Home and Abroad (London: Willoughby, 1847), pp. 481–483 233 21 Charles Dickens, ‘Paul’s Second Deprivation’, in Dombey and Son. 2 Vols. (New York: Harper & Bros, 1852), I: 70–72 236 22 Charles Dickens, ‘Mugby Junction’, in Stories from the Christmas Numbers of “Household Words” and “All Year Round.” (New York: Macmillan and Co., 1896), pp. 464–465, 500–512 239 23 Charles Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (New York: Macmillan, 1907), p. 720 250 ix CONTENTS 24 Charles Dickens, ‘A Flight’, in Reprinted Pieces (New York: University Society, 1908), pp. 151–161 251 PART 5 Timetables, calendars, and stations: Mid-Victorian railway cultures 259 25 Henry Booth, ‘Considerations, Moral, Commercial, Economical’, An Account of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (Liverpool: Wales and Baines, 1830), pp. 85–94 261 26 ‘Easter Travelling’, Illustrated London News, April 29, 1905, 626 266 27 William Powell Frith, ‘The Railway Station’, (Paddington Station) (1862) 269 28 George Catlin, Adventures of the Ojibbeway and Ioway Indians in England, France, and Belgium. Third ed. (London: n.p., 1852), pp. 15, 17, 20–26, 34–35, 123–127, 129, 145–146 270 29 John Overton Choules, Young Americans Abroad (Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1853), pp. 48–52, 92–95 278 30 Miss (Julia) Pardoe, ‘On the Rail’, Reginald Lyle (New York: Burgess & Day, 1854), pp. 103–106 282 31 Elizabeth Gaskell, ‘Mischances’, North and South (London: Oxford University Press, 1908), pp. 312–317 285 32 George Augustus Sala, ‘The Art of Sucking Eggs’, in Temple Bar 1 (1861), 558–564 289 33 Miss. Muloch (Dinah Maria Mulock Craik), A Life for a Life: A Novel (New York: Carleton, 1864), pp. 196–197 296 34 Frances Eleanor Trollope, Veronica, ‘The Railway Waiting Room’, in All the Year Round, New Series V.2 (September 25, 1869), p. 386 297 35 G. K. Chesterton, ‘The Prehistoric Railway Station’, in Tremendous Truffles (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1909), pp. 260–267 298 x CONTENTS PART 6 Subterranean railways and the underground: high Victorian railway cultures 301 36 ‘The Metropolitan Subterranean Railway’, The Times (London), November 30, 1861, p. 5 303 37 Mortimer Collins, The Vivian Romance (New York: Harper, 1870), pp. 31–32 308 38 M. E. Braddon, ‘On the Track’, from Henry Dunbar: The Story of an Outcast, Three Vols. (London: J. Maxwell, 1866), III, pp. 187–201 309 39 M. E. Braddon, The Lovels of Arden (Leipzig: B. Tauchnitz, 1871), pp. 92–97 314 40 Gustave Doré, The Workmen’s Train, Ludgate Hill, and Over the City by Railway. Illustrations originally printed in Doré and Blanchard Jerrold, London: A Pilgrimage. (London: Grant, 1872) 318 41 Lady Margaret Majendie, ‘A Railway Journey’, Blackwood’s Magazine 121 (April 1877), pp. 497–503 319 42 Cover Illustration of H. L. Williams’s adaptation of Dion Boucicault’s play After Dark (1880s), depicting railway rescue scene in the London Underground/Subterranean Railway 328 43 Dion Boucicault, scene II from After Dark: A Drama of London Life in 1868, in Four Acts. (New York: DeWitt, n.d.) pp. 36–37 329 PART 7 Netherworlds and nostalgia: late Victorian and Edwardian railway cultures 331 44 George Gissing, ‘10 Saturnalia!’, in The Nether World (London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1890), pp. 105–113 333 45 James John Hissey, Through Ten English Counties (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1894), pp. 392–393 339 xi CONTENTS 46 Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1896), pp. 341–343 340 47 Arthur Quiller-Couch, ‘The Cuckoo Valley Railway’ and ‘Punch’s Understudy’, in The Delectable Duchy: Stories, Studies, and Sketches (New York: C. Scribners’ Sons, 1898), pp. 61–69, 107–115 342 48 George John Whyte-Melville, The Brookes of Bridlemere (London: Ward, Lock, 1899), pp. 156–161, 200–205 349 49 H. G. Wells, When the Sleeper Wakes (New York: Harper & Bros., 1899), pp. 201–211 355 50 Henry James, ‘London’, English Hours (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1905), pp. 36–39 361 51 Henry James, ‘Isle of Wight’, Portraits of Places (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1911), pp. 292–294 363 52 E. Nesbit, ‘Saviours of the Train’, The Railway Children (London and New York: Macmillan, 1906), pp.