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Conifer Wood from the Upper Jurassic of Utah; I, Xenoxylon Morrisonense Sp

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Conifer Wood from the Upper Jurassic of Utah; I, Xenoxylon Morrisonense Sp Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Faculty Publications 1975-02-01 Conifer wood from the Upper Jurassic of Utah; I, Xenoxylon morrisonense sp. nov. William D. Tidwell David A. Medlyn Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub Part of the Geology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Tidwell, William D. and Medlyn, David A., "Conifer wood from the Upper Jurassic of Utah; I, Xenoxylon morrisonense sp. nov." (1975). Faculty Publications. 1452. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1452 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Amer. J. Bot. 62(2): 203-208. 1975. CONIFER WOOD FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC OF UTAH PART I: XENOXYLON MORRISONENSE SP. NOV.1 DAVID A. MEDLYN AND WILLIAM D. TIDWELL Department of Botany, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 ABSTRACT A new species of conifer wood, Xenoxylon morrisonense, is described from the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. It is compared with other species of Xenoxylon, with X. latiporosum being the closest. Xenoxylon morrisonense differs from X. latiporosum in its marked indentations, simple pits on the horizontal and tangential walls of ray cells, absence of crassulae, presence of wood parenchyma, and thin borders on podocarpoid type crossfield pits. The origin of the septa in the tracheids is summarized, and the possible affinity of Xeno- xylon with the Podocarpaceae is considered. THE PETRIFIEDWOOD considered in this report Tangential-Rays 2-35 cells high, commonly was collected from the Upper Jurassic Morrison 10-15 (Fig. 3), cells squarish, largest about Formation on the Colorado Plateau in southcen- 25 fLm; rays mostly uniseriate, frequently partiaUy tral Utah. The locality, near Clay Point, Garfield biseriate, rarely entirely biseriate; tracheids with Co., Utah2, was shown to us by Mr. and Mrs. numerous septa (Fig. 3, 7), tangential pitting Thomas Hopkins of Hanksville, Utah. The site absent. is relatively undisturbed and contains several well- preserved specimens. Petrified woods are 10caUy Radial- Tracheary pits uniseriate, round, com- abundant in the Morrison Formation. Many of monly vertically flattened (Fig. 4, 9), mostly these woods are highly siliceous and variously contiguous with adjacent pits, rarely separate, colored and are often poorly preserved. However, pit diam varies from 16 fLm in late wood to 27-30 some specimens are well preserved and are ge- fLm in early wood, pit aperture circular 5-7 fLm, nerically comparable to previously reported fos- pit border nearly fills entire width of the lumen; silwoods of similar age. crassulae absent, contact line of adjacent pits com- The specimen, a trunk measuring approximately monly appear dark brown; tracheids with numer- twenty-two in. at its widest diam, was embedded ous septa (Fig. 3, 4, 7, 8); ray crossfields with in a pebble conglomerate (Fig. 1). The axis is one (Fig. 5), often two (Fig. 10), large podo- partly silicified and contains areas of structurally carpoid pits 10-16fLm in diam, with elliptic aper- preserved cells favorable for study. However, the tures (Fig. 5); pit borders thin, crescent shaped, pith, primary xylem, and phloem are not pre- some crossfields appear to be occupied by a large served. Pinus silvestris-type pit (although the lack of border could be a feature of preservation); hori- DIAGNOSIS: Xenoxylon morrisonensesp. n.- zontal and tangential waUs of ray parenchyma Transverse section-Growth rings narrow, some- pitted with numerous indentations; tangential walls timesindistinct (Fig. 2), 2-3 cells wide, late wood of ray parenchyma typically meet horizontal tracheids tangentially flattened, angular to waUs mostly at right angles; ray tracheids absent; rounded, 20 fLm in diam, lumens round to elliptic; axial parenchyma throughout stem and commonly early wood tracheid size varies from 25-50 fLm in appear as swollen bulbous cells (Fig. 6, 8). diam,tracheids more or less regularly aligned, oc- casionaUy with smaUer tracheids interspersed Holotype: Brigham Young University Reposi- among the larger; cell walls 5-6 fLm thick in both tory 926. early and late wood; wood parenchyma present but not readily observable in cross section; rays Horizon: Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. uniseriate,occasionally biseriate, separated by one to five rows of tracheids, commonly four; hori- DISCUSSION-Xenoxylon was proposed by Got- zontal walls of ray parenchyma pitted with 1-2 han (1905) for specimens of wood previously de- simplepits. scribed by Cramer (1868) as Pinites latiporosus from Green Harbor, Spitzbergen. The diagnostic 1 Received for publication 16 January 1974. 'U.S. Geo!. Surv. Map, Hall Mesa Quadrangle, T 35 characteristics of this genus are (1) the occur- S, R 10 E, N. E. 1,4 Sec. 24. rence of at least some vertically flattened and 203 204 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY [Vol. 62 travers ely elongated pits on the radial walls of thin border on some of the crossfield pits of our tracheids; (2) the absence of pitting on the hor- specimen is also a notable difference. izontal and tangential walls of rays; and (3) large Wood parenchyma is present in Xenoxylon oval pits on the radial walls of the ray cells. morrisonense but not in X. latiporosum. The lat- Xenoxylon spans a comparatively narrow geo- ter species has small oval or circular pits on the logical range (Middle Triassic to Lower Creta- tangential walls of the late wood tracheids (Shima- ceous). However, geographically it is widely kura, 1936), which are missing in the former. distributed in northern latitudes. Since 1905, Seward (1919) stated there are no resin canals an increasing number of occurrences have been or xylem parenchyma in Xenoxylon. However, cited. In 1906, Gothan reported Xenoxylon from X. hopeiense Chang, recorded from China in the Jurassic of Poland, and Holden (1913) de- 1929, is said to differ from other described spe- scribed it from the Jurassic of Yorkshire, En- cies of Xenoxylon in having crassulae, wood pa- gland. The oldest occurrence was cited by Fliche renchyma, occasional biseriate rays, and resinous ( 1910) from Middle Triassic strata of France. cells in the rays. Xenoxylon has been reported from the Jurassic of Thus, on the basis of marked indentations, pit- China (Chang, 1929; Gothan and Sze, 1933), ted horizontal and tangential walls of ray cells, Korea (Ogura, 1931), Japan and Manchuria absence of crassulae, thin borders on podocar- (Shimakura, 1936; Watari, 1960), Jurassic of poid-type crossfield pits, and wood parenchyma, France (Grambast, 1953), and also the Creta- X. morrisonense is proposed as a new species. ceous of Alaska (Arnold, 1952). The origin of the septa in tracheids has been Five previously described species of Xenoxylon reviewed and postulated by several authors. Pen- are X. latiporosum (Cramer) Gothan, X. phyllo- hallow (1907) attributed similar structures to cladoides Gothan, X. conchylalianum Fliche, X. resin plates which divided the tracheids. Con- hopeiense Chang, and X. barberi (Seward) Kdiu- rad (1910) and Record (1918) proposed that sel. Xenoxylon morrisonense shows a close af- these septa are of parenchymatous origin. Thom- finity to X. latiporosum on the basis of the diag- son (1913) described septate tracheids from the nostic tracheid septation which is lacking in the xylem of the Araucarineae. Some of these are other four species. These thin, transverse septa- partial septations composed of secondary walls, tions were figured by Gothan (1905), Ogura whereas others are complete septations which (1944), Arnold (1952), and Watari (1960) in Thomson described from Agathis bornensis and their reports of X. latiporosum. Xenoxylon mor- A. alba. In connection with the latter, Thomson risonense differs from X. latiporosum in the ab- (1913, p. 25) stated "... there are often paren- sence of crassulae, and in having marked in- chyma cells replacing some of the septated parts. dentations and simple pits on both the horizontal This may go so far that the whole tracheid is re- and tangential walls of the rays (Fig. 5). The placed parenchyma, but usually there is some latter condition is not compatible with the generic vestige of the origin of these vertical series of cells designation, but it is not inconsistent with the from the tracheary elements." He also mentioned admixture of characters associated with transi- that septate tracheids and parenchyma cells re- tional conifers. Shimakura (1936) and Watari place tracheids in vertical rows in the wood of (1960) has stated that true crassulae, as seen in Abies and also in association with the resin canals abietinean wood, are never present in X. laii- of pines. Jeffery (1925) considered septate tra- porosum, although the contact between the bor- cheids to be intermediate stages between tracheids ders of two adjacent pits are often dark brown. However, Arnold (1952) pointed out distinct and wood parenchyma, as viewed in Picea, and crassulae that had apparently been overlooked that they represent a primitive form of axillary by authors who previously described this species. parenchyma. He further mentioned that tracheids He described these crassulae as being narrow be- in the roots and cones of pine are occluded by in- cause of the crowded condition of the pits. The growing parenchyma cells (Jeffery, 1917), al- tracheal pitting of X. morrisonense is always con- though this condition is not normal to the vegeta- tiguous (Fig. 9), but the pits are not always verti- tive axis of living pines. Jane (1956) discussed cally flattened and horizontally elongated as in horizontal biconcave resin plates characteristic of X. latiporosum. The conspicuous presence of a the genera Agathis and Araucaria. He explained ..,) Fig. 1-6. Xenoxylon morrisonense. BYU 926 holotype. 1. Holotype specimen imbedded in pebble conglom- erate. 2. Transverse section, illustrating the homogenity of xylem and a narrow growth ring. X 145. 3. Tan- gential section, showing the septa in the tracheids.
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