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No. 81 Proc. Japan Acad., 64, Ser. B (1988) 213 54. Discovery of a Podocarpaceous Plant from the Lower Cretaceous of Kochi Prefecture, in the Outer Zone o f Southwest Japan' By Tatsuaki KIMURA,**'Tamiko GHANA,**)and Kenji MIMOT0***' (Communicatedby TeiichiKoBAYASHI, M.J. A.,Oct. 12, 1988) Extant genera of Podocarpaceae (Conif erales) are confined in distribution to the Southern Hemisphere except for the genus Podocarpus which extends northward. The genus Podocarpus consisting of extant 70 species was divided into 8 sections (Buchholz and Gray, 1948) . Of these, Section Nageia is charac- terized by having the leaves with many parallel veins and its extant species have been known from Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Burma (Florin, 1931) and also from Japan. Very recently many leafy-branches, detached leaves and an organically con- nected seed all referable to Podocarpus (Nageia) were collected from the new locality (Fig. 1) corresponding to the lower part of the Monobe Formation of marine origin (lower Barremian; Tashiro and Kozai, 1984; Tashiro, 1987). The finding of this podocarpaceous plant is significant for the Cretaceous palaeobotany and phytogeography in Japan and its adjacent regions, because this is not only the first finding of a classifiable conifer in the Ryoseki-type floras (e, g. Kimura, 1987) in Japan, but also the existence of the species belonging to the Section Nageia of Podocarpus can be traced back to the early Barremian age in Southwest Japan. Besides this new finding, many new bennettitalean and cycadalean taxa were found from the same locality. They will be described in the separate papers. Description. Order Coniferales Family Podocarpaceae Genus Podocar pus L'Heritier, 1807 Section Nageia Endlicher, 1847 Podocarpus (Nageia) ryosekiensis Kimura, Ohana et Mimoto sp. nov. Figs. 2-4 Podozamites lanceolatus (Lindley et Hutton) : Yokoyama, 1894, pl. 23, figs. 4-5 (Tanno; Lower Cretaceous of Tokushima Prefecture). Material : Holotype ; 18109 (kept in the Makino Botanical Garden, Kochi City). Stratum typicum : Lower part of the Monobe Formation (Tashiro and Kozai, 1984; early Barremian [= Lower Monobegawa Group (e. g. Hirata, 1974)]. Locus typicus: About 700 m to the southwest of Ryoseki (village), Nankoku City, Kochi Prefecture (roughly 133°38'20"E, 33°36'49"N). Derivatio nominis : After Ryoseki, a classical locality of fossil plants. Occurrence : Leafy-branches are rather rare, but, detached leaves are common at the locality. ' Supported by the Grant-in-Aids for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (no. 63540623). **' Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184 Japan. ***' Kochi Prefectural Office, Kochi, 780 Japan. 214 T. KIMURA, T. 0 HANA, and K. MIM0T0 [Vol. 64(B), Figs. 1-4. 1: The locality indicated by an arrow. 2: An ultimate leafy-branch bearing a seed with subtended peduncle (Reg, no. 18109; holotype) (nat. size). 3: Drawn from the holotype (enlarged twice). 4: A detached penultimate leafy- branch sending off oppositely two subtended ultimate leafy-branches at the point indicated by an arrow (Reg. no. 18064) (nat. size) (sc, scales; pd, peduncle; ax, axis; nl, nodal lines). No. 8] Early Cretaceous Podocarpus (Nageia) 215 Diagnosis : Leafy-branches with stout axes, up to 0.5 cm wide, sending off leaves and ultimate branches decussately. Leaves oblanceolate in outline each with rounded apex and gradually narrowed and decurrent base, inserted to the axis at a wide angle or nearly perpendicular but the angle reduced distally; typically 4.1 cm long and up to 0.85 cm wide, but the apical one on the ultimate branch 2.8 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. Veins numerous, parallel and not con- verging at apex, some branching dichotomously near the base of leaf; 9-11 in number in small leaf and up to 16 in large leaf. Seed with subtending rather long and stout peduncle, not swollen but still retaining woody, 1.5 cm long and 0.25 cm wide ; seed spherical in form, 1.2 cm in diameter ; several scales presenting beneath the seed and nodal lines at its proximal part. (Cuticle not preserved and male fructification not known.) Discussion and comparison. Fortunately our holotype bears spherical female reproductive organ with axillary rather long and stout peduncle with scales just beneath the seed and nodal lines at its proximal part. Judging from the form of our reproductive organ and decussately disposed leaves with numerous veins not converging at apex, our plant is externally referable to Podocarpus and also to its Section Nageia and its Subsection B, according to the key to sections and subsections of Podocarpus given by Buchholz and Gray (1948), because our receptacle (upper part of peduncle) of seed re- mains woody, instead of the receptacle of seed being swollen (Subsection A). Were our axillary reproductive organ not preserved in organic connection, we might accommodate our leafy-branches with Nageiopsis, a coniferous form- genus instituted by Fontaine (1889). From the Japanese Mesozoic three Nageiopsis species were described by Oishi (1940) and also two doubtful forms by Kimura and Matsukawa (1979). These are, however, safely distinguished from our species by their leaf-form. Krassilov (1965) originally described Podocarpus (Nageia) sub f unensis from the Lower Cretaceous Lypovetz Formation, Southern Primorye on the basis of his detached leaves and their cuticle. His species is distinguished from our species by its large-sized leaves with acuminate apex. Besides the above, Krassilov (1965, 1967) described three other podocarpaceous conifers from the Lower Cretaceous of Southern Primorye. Therefore, the presence of podocar- paceous conifers in the Early Cretaceous Ryoseki-type floras in East Asia is undoubtedly real. Many detached leaves were obtained in association with the present leafy- branches. They may be misidentified with the detached leaves of Podozamites. In fact, Yokoyama (1894) described two detached leaves as Podozamites lanceo- latus (Lindley et Hutton) (his pl. 23, figs. 4-5). We are of the opinion that they are not Podozamites but referable to the present Podocarpus (Nageia) ryosekiensis. Matsuo (1977) illustrated an ultimate leafy-branch bearing alternately dis- posed oval or oblong leaves with short petiole and a single female reproductive organ consisting of spherical body and its long and axillary peduncle. His leafy- branch is referable to those of Podozamites reinii Geyler known from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Zone of Japan, South Korea and Siberia. Matsuo's repro- ductive organ appears to be podocarpaceous and similar in habit to those of Podocarpus nagi Zollinger et Moritzi extant in Southwest Japan. On the basis of his leafy-branch mentioned above, Matsuo (1977) informally proposed Podo- carpus reinii (Geyler), instead of Podozamites reinii Geyler. 216 T. KIMURA,T. OHANA, and K. MIM0T0 [Vol. 64(B), However, the leaves of Podozamites reinii differ from those of the present Podocarpus (Nageia) ryosekiensis as follows : In the former, the leaves are oval or ovate and disposed alternately on the axis and veins are converged at broadly rounded apex, but in the latter, the leaves are oblanceolate, opposite or sub- opposite and veins are not converged at apex. In addition Matsuo's Podocarpus rein ii also differs from extant P. nagi in its alternate leaves with broadly rounded apex and veins converging at apex. In fact, Podozamites leafy-shoots known from the Triassic-Lower Jurassic plant-beds differ from those known from the younger Mesozoic plant-beds, although they are all similar in form and size with each other, because the former leafy-shoots are usually in association with such female reproductive organs as Cycadocarpidium and Swedenborgia, but these reproductive organs have not been found in association with the latter leafy-shoots. Accordingly, Podozamites leafy-shoots known from the younger Mesozoic plant-beds do not belong to the Podozamitales (e. g. Gothan and Weyland, 1964), but possibly and mostly to other coniferous family or families. Although our seed is represented only by its impression, it is true that our leafy-branches are no other than those referable to Podocar pus (Nageia) and therefore we here propose Podocar pus (Nageia) ryosekiensis sp. nov. to accomo- date our leafy-branches with seed. Acknowledgements. We express our sincere gratitude to Professor Emeri- tus Teiichi Kobayashi, M. J. A., of the University of Tokyo, for giving us the facilities to publish this paper. Our thanks are extended to Mr. Shinji Sato who offered his specimen (holotype) for our study and to Mr. Akira Kawazoe who cooperated with us in many ways. References Buchholz, J. T., and Gray, N. E. (1948) : Journ. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard Univ., 28, 49-63. Florin, R. (1931) : K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl., N. S., 10(1), 1-588. Fontaine, W. M. (1889) : The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora. Monograph of the USGS, vol. 15: Text (Part 1), 377 pp.; Plates (Part 2). Gothan, W., and Weyland, H. (1964) : Lehrbuch der Palaobotanik. Akad.-Verlag, Berlin, 594 pp. Hirata, M. (1974) : Illustrated Catalogue of Fossils. 2. Mesozoic Fossils (excluding fossil plants) from Kochi Prefecture. Hirata Geol. Inst., 99 pp. (in Japanese). Kimura, T. (1987) : Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ., (4), 39, 87-115. Kimura, T., and Matsukawa, M. (1979) : Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, (C), 5(3), 89-112, pls. 1-6. Krassilov, V. A. (1965) : Journ. Bot., Acad. Sci. USSR, 50(10),'1450-1455, pls. 1-4 (in Russian). (1967) : Early Cretaceous Flora from Southern Primorye and its Significance for Stratigraphy. Nauka, Moscow, 248 pp., 93 pls. (in Russian). Matsuo, H. (1977) : Catalogue of Trees in Ishikawa Prefecture. Part 1. Fossil species. Forestry Inst., Ishikawa Prefecture, 35 pp. (in Japanese). Oishi, S. (1940) : Journ. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Imp. Univ., (4), 5(2-4), 123-480, pls. 1-48. Tashiro, M. (1987) : Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., no. 147, pp. 91-108. Tashiro, M., and Kozai, T. (1984) : Res.
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    AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS White, Mary E., 1981. Revision of the Talbragar Fish Bed Flora (Jurassic) of New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 33(15): 695–721. [31 July 1981]. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.33.1981.269 ISSN 0067-1975 Published by the Australian Museum, Sydney naturenature cultureculture discover discover AustralianAustralian Museum Museum science science is is freely freely accessible accessible online online at at www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/ 66 CollegeCollege Street,Street, SydneySydney NSWNSW 2010,2010, AustraliaAustralia REVISION OF THE TALBRAGAR FISH BED FLORA (jURASSiC) OF NEW SOUTH WALES MARY E. WH ITE The Australian Museum, Sydney. SUMMARY The three well known form-species of the Talbragar Fish Bed Flora-Podozamites lanceolatus, Elatocladus planus and Taeniopteris spa tu lata - are redescribed as Agathis jurassica sp. nov., Rissikia talbragarensis sp. novo and Pentoxylon australica sp. novo respectively. The minor components of the assemblage are described and illustrated, and in some cases, reclassified. Additions are made to the list of plants recorded from the horizon. INTRODUCTION The Talbragar Fish Beds are characterised by their beautifully preserved fish and plant remains which occur in great profusion throughout the shale lens which comprises the Beds. The ochre-coloured shale is ferruginous, with impressions of plants and fish, white in colour, standing out dramatically. The weathering of the outer layers of blocks of the shale has resulted in contrasting bands of iron-rich stain framing many of the specimens and enhancing their appearance. Specimens are much prized by collectors. The fossil locality is the valley ofthe Talbragar River, about twenty miles due North of Home Rule Mine in the Cassilis District, "on the southern boundary of Boyce's selection" (Anderson 1889).
  • Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia

    Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia

    RAP PUBLICATION 2006/07 MANGROVE GUIDEBOOK FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA The designations and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors alone and do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO. Authored by: Wim Giesen, Stephan Wulffraat, Max Zieren and Liesbeth Scholten ISBN: 974-7946-85-8 FAO and Wetlands International, 2006 Printed by: Dharmasarn Co., Ltd. First print: July 2007 For copies write to: Forest Resources Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200 Thailand E-mail: [email protected] ii FOREWORDS Large extents of the coastlines of Southeast Asian countries were once covered by thick mangrove forests. In the past few decades, however, these mangrove forests have been largely degraded and destroyed during the process of development. The negative environmental and socio-economic impacts on mangrove ecosystems have led many government and non- government agencies, together with civil societies, to launch mangrove conservation and rehabilitation programmes, especially during the 1990s. In the course of such activities, programme staff have faced continual difficulties in identifying plant species growing in the field. Despite a wide availability of mangrove guidebooks in Southeast Asia, none of these sufficiently cover species that, though often associated with mangroves, are not confined to this habitat.