DOCSLIB.ORG

Variable Structural Style Along the Karakoram Fault Explained Using Triple-Junction Analysis of Intersecting Faults

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Variable Structural Style Along the Karakoram Fault Explained Using Triple-Junction Analysis of Intersecting Faults Variable structural style along the Karakoram fault explained using triple-junction analysis of intersecting faults N.S. Raterman* E. Cowgill Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8605, USA Ding Lin Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China ABSTRACT Co fault system likely initiated between 10 and small (<100-km-long) faults and have been geo- 3 Ma to accumulate 25–32 km of total left sep- graphically restricted to the San Andreas and Structural style along the active, NW-strik- aration. We suggest that the Gozha–Longmu Red River fault systems. In addition, the origin, ing, right-slip Karakoram fault in western Co fault system formed during late Miocene and thus general kinematic signifi cance of fault Tibet ranges from transpression in the north to Pliocene structural reorganization of the junctions such as that defi ned by the intersection (37° to 34°N) to transtension in the south (34° southwestern Altyn Tagh and southern Kara- of the San Andreas and Garlock faults, remains to 32°N). This transition in structural style koram fault systems to allow eastward migra- an open question (e.g., Bohannon and Howell occurs at a 27-km-wide bend in the fault. Our tion of the Tibetan Plateau and northward 1982; Spotila and Anderson, 2004). This defi - new neotectonic mapping has documented migration of the Pamir syntaxis. ciency in the understanding of the geometric the long-asserted structural linkage between and kinematic evolution of intersecting major the ENE-striking Gozha–Longmu Co fault Keywords: strike-slip faults, Himalayan orog- faults warrants further investigation of natural system and the similarly oriented active, left- eny, kinematics, fault zones, triple junctions. examples of such systems. slip Altyn Tagh fault to the northeast. This A number of very large active strike-slip mapping also indicated that the restraining INTRODUCTION fault systems cut the Indo-Asian collision zone bend in the Karakoram fault is located where (Fig. 1, inset), the largest active continental oro- this fault intersects the Gozha–Longmu Co Understanding the pattern of deformation that gen on Earth. As a result, this collision serves as extension of the Altyn Tagh fault to the west. occurs where two or more fault systems inter- an excellent natural laboratory to investigate the Additional observations from remotely sensed sect is a basic problem in determining how fault geometric and kinematic evolution of intersect- imagery suggest that the total left-separation systems help accommodate continental defor- ing major faults (Armijo et al., 1989; Molnar and along the Gozha–Longmu Co fault system is mation during orogenesis. Several studies have Tapponnier, 1978; Peltzer et al., 1989; Tappon- 25–32 km. We use the new neotectonic map- addressed this problem. Bohannon and Howell nier and Molnar, 1977). These structures have ping and published slip rates to develop a (1982) examined the intersection between the strike lengths in excess of 1000 km and cumula- simple kinematic model for the main active San Andreas and Garlock faults and argued that tive displacements of several hundred kilometers faults in western Tibet to explore the genetic slip on the Garlock fault may have infl uenced or more (Armijo et al., 1989; Molnar and Tap- relationship between slip along the Gozha– the formation of the Big Bend and the Big Pine ponnier, 1975; Molnar and Tapponnier, 1978; Longmu Co fault system and the geometric fault. Work by Wang et al. (1998) demonstrated Peltzer et al., 1989; Tapponnier and Molnar, and kinematic evolution of the Karakoram that slip along the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault 1977). One of the clearest zones of intersection fault. This model combines published geodetic resulted in an ~60-km-wide defl ection of the between two major strike-slip faults within this and Quaternary slip rates with the known Red River fault. Additional studies of the San collision zone occurs in western Tibet, where fault geometries and demonstrates that the Andreas system and Eastern California shear the 325°-striking, right-slip Karakoram fault lies transition from transpression to transtension zone have used geodetic data to show that fault near the southwest end of the Gozha–Longmu along the Karakoram fault can be explained intersections are often associated with increased Co extension of the 070°-striking, left-slip Altyn by differential motions between the NW Hima- strain rates (King and Cocco, 2001; Snay et al., Tagh fault (Fig. 1) (e.g., Peltzer et al., 1989). The laya, the Tianshuihai terrane, and the Tibetan 1996) and may result in transient strain accumu- active, left-slip Gozha–Longmu Co fault system Plateau. These motions produce bending and lation, secular variation in fault slip rates, and separates the Tianshuihai terrane to the north- transtension along the central and southern earthquake clustering (e.g., Peltzer et al., 2001). west from the Tibetan Plateau to the southeast Karakoram, respectively, and movement of Still other studies have shown that fault inter- (Fig. 1) (Liu, 1993). Evaluation of the extent to the Tibetan Plateau at a rate of 6–13 mm/ sections play fundamental roles in how fault which the Altyn Tagh and Karakoram faults may yr toward the east-southeast relative to the systems geometrically evolve and transfer strain infl uence one another requires investigation of Pamirs. We also fi nd that the Gozha–Longmu throughout an orogen (Ando et al., 2004; Spotila the geometric and kinematic evolution of the and Anderson, 2004; Van der Woerd et al., 1999). zone of intersection between them (Avouac and *E-mail: [email protected]. Most of these previous studies have focused on Tapponnier, 1993; Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975, Geosphere; April 2007; v. 3; no. 2; p. 71–85; doi: 10.1130/GES00067.1; 7 fi gures; 1 table, 1 online map. For permission to copy, contact [email protected] 71 © 2007 Geological Society of America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/3/2/71/893719/i1553-040X-3-2-71.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 Raterman et al. K 75°E o 81°E 2004a; Phillips et al., 2004; Searle, 1996). Its n g u r S vertical extent remains to be determined. h a Tarim Basin n China Figure 2 Previous work along the Karakoram fault has Altyn Tagh F. established that the late Miocene to recent slip W Pamirs estern Kunlun Shan direction along the fault north of its intersec- Karak 36˚N ax Fault tion with the Gozha–Longmu Co fault (34.5°N latitude) differs from that observed to the south. ~150 km Tianshuihai separation of the Along the northern Karakoram fault, transpres- Baltoro granite o F. ha C sional deformation is suggested by Neogene to Goz Tajikistan S out h K Quaternary fault strands that have both thrust ai las T Co F. hr Longmu and strike-slip kinematics (Searle et al., 1998) NW Himalaya us t and apatite fi ssion-track ages that indicate 5 Ma Pakistan Tibetan Plateau to recent rapid exhumation of the ranges fl ank- High Himalay Exhumed Pangong Maximum extension ing the fault (Foster et al., 1994). In contrast, Range (Baltoro directions 85o ± 28o 33°N Granite + Tangtse Leucogranite) transtensional deformation is suggested along Shi quan a he F. the southern portion of the Karakoram fault K a ra by active normal faults and tension gash data k o ra o o (Murphy and Burgess, 2006; Murphy et al., m 89 ± 5 F . 2000, 2002; Ratschbacher et al., 1994), as well as reconstructed offset terraces and moraines S S o ou u th t K h ai (Brown et al., 2002; Chevalier et al., 2005). T las ib Thr eta ˚ ust n De Although this variation in structural style is a tac Gurla Mandhata hm e India nt fi rst-order characteristic of late Cenozoic slip 81°E 0 km 100 along the Karakoram fault, the cause of this variation remains poorly understood. Figure 1. Simplifi ed map of major Cenozoic structures in western portion of India- Here we investigate the extent to which this Asia collision zone. Blue corner ticks delineate area shown in dynamic Web-based map pronounced variation in structural style along (http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00067.s1, which is shown in simplifi ed form in Figure 2. the Karakoram fault may be due to the relative Arrows with wedges indicate the mean extension directions (arrow) and error (wedge) motions between the NW Himalaya, the Tian- compiled from measurements of normal faults and tension gashes near the southern Kara- shuihai terrane, and the Tibetan Plateau (Fig. 1) koram fault (Ratschbacher et al. [1994] in the north and Murphy et al. [2000] in the south). and associated slip along the Gozha–Longmu Co Map is simplifi ed from Murphy et al. (2000) and Phillips et al. (2004). Black earthquake extension of the Altyn Tagh fault. We present new focal mechanisms are from Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalog (http://www. (Fig. 2, red faults) and compiled (Fig. 2, orange, seismology.harvard.edu/CMTsearch.html). Green earthquake focal mechanisms are from yellow, and blue faults) neotectonic mapping of Armijo et al. (1986). Inset shows location of Figure 1 in context of major structures within the region encompassing the intersection of the the India-Asian collision zone. western Altyn Tagh and Karakoram faults. We then review previously published work on the slip rates of these faults and combine them with 1977; Peltzer and Tapponnier, 1988; Tapponnier 87°E to 90°E, the fault is thought to extend to the the newly mapped fault geometries to construct and Molnar, 1976; Tapponnier et al., 1982). base of the lithosphere (Wang et al., 2003; Witt- a simple kinematic model of the intersection of The Altyn Tagh fault (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chemical Evolution of Nb-Ta Oxides and Cassiterite in Phosphorus-Rich
    minerals Article Chemical Evolution of Nb-Ta Oxides and Cassiterite in Phosphorus-Rich Albite-Spodumene Pegmatites in the Kangxiwa–Dahongliutan Pegmatite Field, Western Kunlun Orogen, China Yonggang Feng 1,2,* , Ting Liang 1,2,*, Xiuqing Yang 1,2, Ze Zhang 1,2 and Yiqian Wang 1,2 1 School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (Y.W.) 2 Laboratory of Mineralization and Dynamics, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.F.); [email protected] (T.L.) Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 2 March 2019; Published: 8 March 2019 Abstract: The Kangxiwa–Dahongliutan pegmatite field in the Western Kunlun Orogen, China contains numerous granitic pegmatites around a large granitic pluton (the Dahongliutan Granite with an age of ca. 220 to 217 Ma), mainly including barren garnet-, tourmaline-bearing pegmatites, Be-rich beryl-muscovite pegmatites, and Li-, P-rich albite-spodumene pegmatites. The textures, major element contents, and trace element concentrations of columbite-group minerals (CGM) and cassiterite from three albite-spodumene pegmatites in the region were investigated using a combination of optical microscopy, SEM, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. The CGM can be broadly classified into four types: (1) inclusions in cassiterite; (2) euhedral to subhedral crystals (commonly exhibiting oscillatory and/or sector zoning and coexisting with magmatic cassiterite); (3) anhedral aggregates; (4) tantalite-(Fe)-ferrowodginite (FeSnTa2O8) intergrowths. The compositional variations of CGM and cassiterite are investigated on the mineral scale, in individual pegmatites and within the pegmatite group.
    [Show full text]
  • Prokaryotic Biodiversity of Lonar Meteorite Crater Soda Lake Sediment and Community Dynamics During Microenvironmental Ph Homeostasis by Metagenomics
    Prokaryotic Biodiversity of Lonar Meteorite Crater Soda Lake Sediment and Community Dynamics During Microenvironmental pH Homeostasis by Metagenomics Dissertation for the award of the degree "Doctor of Philosophy" Ph.D. Division of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen within the doctoral program in Biology of the Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) Submitted by Soumya Biswas from Ranchi (India) Göttingen, 2016 Thesis Committee Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany PD Dr. Michael Hoppert Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Members of the Examination Board Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Second Reviewer: PD Dr. Michael Hoppert, Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany Further members of the Examination Board: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Morgenstern, Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany PD Dr. Fabian Commichau, Department of General Microbiology,
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Status Records from China: Data Base Documentation
    Lake status records from China: Data Base Documentation G. Yu 1,2, S.P. Harrison 1, and B. Xue 2 1 Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany 2 Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Nanjing 210008, China MPI-BGC Tech Rep 4: Yu, Harrison and Xue, 2001 ii MPI-BGC Tech Rep 4: Yu, Harrison and Xue, 2001 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ iii 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 1.1. Lakes as Indicators of Past Climate Changes........................................................1 1.2. Chinese Lakes as Indicators of Asian Monsoonal Climate Changes ....................1 1.3. Previous Work on Palaeohydrological Changes in China.....................................3 1.4. Data and Methods .................................................................................................6 1.4.1. The Data Set..................................................................................................6 1.4.2. Sources of Evidence for Changes in Lake Status..........................................7 1.4.3. Standardisation: Lake Status Coding ..........................................................11 1.4.4. Chronology and Dating Control..................................................................11 1.5. Structure of this Report .......................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • The Moho Beneath Western Tibet: Shear Zones and Eclogitization in the Lower Crust ∗ Zhongjie Zhang A,1, Yanghua Wang B, Gregory A
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 408 (2014) 370–377 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl The Moho beneath western Tibet: Shear zones and eclogitization in the lower crust ∗ Zhongjie Zhang a,1, Yanghua Wang b, Gregory A. Houseman c, , Tao Xu a, Zhenbo Wu a, Xiaohui Yuan d, Yun Chen a, Xiaobo Tian a, Zhiming Bai a, Jiwen Teng a a Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China b Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK c School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK d GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The Tibetan Plateau is formed by continuing convergence between Indian and Asian plates since ∼50 Ma, Received 11 July 2014 involving more than 1400 km of crustal shortening. New seismic data from western Tibet (the TW-80 Received in revised form 10 October 2014 ◦ experiment at 80 E) reveal segmentation of lower crustal structure by the major sutures, contradicting Accepted 13 October 2014 the idea of a mobile lower crust that flows laterally in response to stress variations. Significant changes Available online xxxx in crustal structure and Moho depth occur at the mapped major tectonic boundaries, suggesting that Editor: A. Yin zones of localized shear on sub-vertical planes extend through the crust and into the upper mantle. Keywords: Converted waves originating at the Moho and at a shallower discontinuity are interpreted to define a Tibetan Plateau partially eclogitized layer that extends 200 km north of the Indus–Yarlung Suture Zone, beneath the Moho segmentation entire Lhasa block at depths of between 50 and 70 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Triassic-Jurassic Granitoids and Pegmatites From
    GeoScienceWorld Lithosphere Volume 2020, Article ID 7282037, 22 pages https://doi.org/10.2113/2020/7282037 Research Article Triassic-Jurassic Granitoids and Pegmatites from Western Kunlun-Pamir Syntax: Implications for the Paleo-Tethys Evolution at the Northern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau 1,2 1 3,4 1 1 Xiao-Qiang Liu , Chuan-Lin Zhang , Haibo Zou, Qian Wang, Xiao-Shu Hao, 5 1 Hai-Xiang Zhao, and Xian-Tao Ye 1College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China 2School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China 3Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA 4State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China 5School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China Correspondence should be addressed to Chuan-Lin Zhang; [email protected] Received 7 March 2020; Accepted 5 December 2020; Published 31 December 2020 Academic Editor: Alexander R. Simms Copyright © 2020 Xiao-Qiang Liu et al. Exclusive Licensee GeoScienceWorld. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). The Western Kunlun-Pamir-Karakorum (WKPK) at the northwestern Tibetan Plateau underwent long-term terrane accretion from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic. Within this time span, four phases of magmatism occurred in WKPK during the Early Paleozoic, Triassic-Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. These voluminous magmatic rocks contain critical information on the evolution of the Tethys Oceans. In this contribution, we provide field observations, petrography, ages, whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, and zircon in situ Lu-Hf isotopes of the Triassic-Jurassic granitoids and pegmatites from the Dahongliutan in Western Kunlun and Turuke area at the Pamir Plateau, in an attempt to constrain their petrogenesis and to decipher a more detailed Paleo-Tethys evolution process.
    [Show full text]
  • Age and Origin of High Ba–Sr Appinite–Granites at the Northwestern
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Gondwana Research 13 (2008) 126–138 www.elsevier.com/locate/gr Age and origin of high Ba–Sr appinite–granites at the northwestern margin of the Tibet Plateau: Implications for early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt ⁎ Hai-Min Ye a, Xian-Hua Li b, Zheng-Xiang Li c, Chuan-Lin Zhang a, a Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China b Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China c Institute of Geoscience Research (TIGeR), Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia Received 10 May 2007; received in revised form 3 August 2007; accepted 5 August 2007 Available online 7 September 2007 Abstract The Buya appinite–granite is a typical high Ba–Sr granite emplaced at the northern West Kunlun orogenic belt along the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The granite is dated at ca. 430 Ma using the SHRIMP U–Pb zircon method. It consists of alkaline feldspar granites with coeval appinite enclaves. The granite possesses high SiO2 (69.77–72.69%), K2O (4.44–5.10%) and total alkalinity (K2O+Na2O=8.80–9.92%), Sr (655–1100 ppm), Ba (1036–1433 ppm) and LREE, and low HREE and HFSE contents and insignificant negative Eu anomalies. Consequently, # the samples have very high Sr/Y (74–141) and (La/Yb)N (37–96) ratios. On the other hand, they have low MgO (or Mg ), Cr and Ni contents and low radiogenic Nd isotopes (ɛNd(T)=−8.4 to −10.4).
    [Show full text]
  • Raipur Kala and Tested Positive for the Disease
    ) ' 9,"2 # + : + : : RNI Regn. No. CHHENG/2012/42718, Postal Reg. No. - RYP DN/34/2013-2015 ,*214:;< *+,-,*- .*/0! +*/&1 2."6 7-( 1=7 1- -7% 1 (77,(,0(67(10 0 <7 721011( 2 , > ,1 27 = 21=1>=2( @6* 7 0,* ,!4 (1 (1 20( 1 -1( (10 =(11> ?1=11 .)*9&% !54 ;1."#1 % ' = ' >& ," . # " + " "# ranab Mukherjee was never A people’s leader, he loved that a journalist was not sup- tinguished India? I have called the only 22 *.") " Pa domineering presence in adda (idle talk) which Bengalis posed to sleep, or even have gathering one I know. I hope you groom Bengal politics; in fact, he was enjoy for hours at end. This was dinner, by 10 pm, he said he seated some others #+ hardly a political presence in a daily source of inspiration normally came home around overlooking after 243,,1 )234 his home State at all. But his degree skills, she reinducted nomic matters. and provided an opportunity to this hour, had a bath, did puja the Mogul you.” endearing persona and mag- him into the Cabinet and party Many were initially sur- rummage through his phe- for an hour, before sitting down Gardens was an ," ." nificent erudition made him, hierarchy. prised that a man who rose nomenal memory, which for dinner. He walked me to the honour I will notwithstanding his strong Very soon, ditto with Rajiv from the ranks of a school- stunned friend and foe alike. sitting area and over two cups probably never " rural Bengali accent, a highly Gandhi who unceremoniously teacher in Midnapore, West On a personal note, I recall of coffee we resumed our adda.
    [Show full text]
  • (West Tibet) Mafic Rocks and Granite Resulting from Cretaceous Jinsha Subduction
    *Highlights • Lungmu Co (west Tibet) mafic rocks and granite resulting from Cretaceous Jinsha subduction. • Cooling in the early Upper Cretaceous and final exhumation in Paleocene. • Paleocene NW Tibet uplift as a far field effect of India/Eurasia collision. *Graphical Abstract Section A Field observations S 7000 K1C11 Active LMC fault K1C21 6500 LMC fault zone Mangtsa leucogranite K1C20 80°E8 81°E 116.9±1 Ma 6000 0°E 50 km ? Altitude (m) Tianshuihai 5500 N 5000 Aksai Gozha L. 35°N Chin KUNLUN BLOCK 2 km ult a fa ozh GGozha fault Mafic rocks geochemistry 35°N 1000.0 B 100.0 Lo e qzung Rang 10.0 KunKun LLunun BBlocklock 1.0 TianshuihaiTianshuihai terraneterrane Lungmu Co samples/MOR 0.1 Ba Rb K Th Ta Nb La Ce P Nd Sm Zr Hf Eu Ti Tb Dy Y Y b Cretaceous supra subduction setting lt fau QiangQQiangQiaianngg TangT TangTaanngg BlockB BlockBlolockck u Co FIg.2a gm K1L38 -50 LungmuLunLungmu Co LungmuCo fault fault Co Range 900 Upper Cretaceous magmatism andcoolingK1L26 K1L25 K1L24 800 Cooling history34°N QIANGTANG BLOCKU/Pb zircon - volcanic rock U/Pb zircon - plutonic rock 700 Ar/Ar muscovite biotite K-feldsparPaleocene cooling K1L17 K1C21 6 00 U/He zircon apatite linked with Tibet uplift Quaternary K89G181 500Fault Ice cap K1C11 slow cooling since ~55 Ma East LungmuCenozoic Co range 400 Lake K1C20 Temperature (°C) structural K1C20 Cretaceous 300 mu Northwest Tibet trend Jurassic 200 K1L24 River1 K1C21 Triasic 100granite K1L23 2 Road India-Asia Deformationin Paleozoic Carboniferous-Permian 0 collision northernTibet 0 5 0152025303540 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105110120 KunLun bock QiangTang block Time (Ma) *Manuscript Click here to view linked References p.1 1 1 Successive deformation episodes along the Lungmu Co zone, west-central 2 3 2 Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Xiao Et Al..Fm
    International Geology Review, Vol. 45, 2003, p. 303¡ª¡-328. Copyright © 2003 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved. Multiple Accretionary Orogenesis and Episodic Growth of Continents: Insights from the Western Kunlun Range, Central Asia WENJIAO XIAO,1 Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China FANGLIN HAN, Shaanxi Institute of Geology Survey, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi, China BRIAN F. WINDLEY, Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom CHAO YUAN, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China HUI ZHOU, Bureau of Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China AND JILIANG LI Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 9825, Beijing 100029, China Abstract The Western Kunlun Range in northwestern Tibet records a history of enlargement of the Central Asian crust. In the Early Ordovician a south-dipping intra-oceanic subduction-accretion complex was accreted to the Tarim block, forming an Andean-type margin in the Late Ordovician. This mar- gin grew southward (present-day coordinates) in the Early Silurian, with an accretionary complex on its southern side against which the Kudi gneiss-schist complex was attached. Clastic sediments continued to infill forearc/intra-arc basins on the top of the arc-accretionary complexes during Devo- nian–Carboniferous time. In the Early to Mid-Carboniferous, tectonic and magmatic quiescence is indicated by an absence of volcanic and plutonic rocks in the Kudi area, whereas subduction was still active in the western part of the range in the Gaz area near the present-day Pamir syntaxis.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhopal on August He Also Distributed Food Pack- All Possible Help
    8,"1 # + 9 + 9 9 RNI Regn. No. MPENG/2004/13703, Regd. No. L-2/BPLON/41/2006-2008 ,*142:;< ! "#"!#$ %!&'( !&)* 1."5 6-( 0=6 0- -6% 0 (66,(,/(56(0/ / <6 610/00( 1 , > ,0 16 = 10=0>=1( @5* 6 /,* ,!3 (0 (0 1/( 0 -0( (0/ =(00> ?0=00 : 6)*9 % !; :0."#0 "!' 0 ' =& 9 ," . # " + " "# 11 ranab Mukherjee was never A people’s leader, he loved that a journalist was not sup- tinguished India? I have called the only Pa domineering presence in adda (idle talk) which Bengalis posed to sleep, or even have gathering one I know. I hope you groom *.") " Bengal politics; in fact, he was enjoy for hours at end. This was dinner, by 10 pm, he said he seated some others #+ hardly a political presence in a daily source of inspiration normally came home around overlooking after 123,,4 )132 his home State at all. But his degree skills, she reinducted nomic matters. and provided an opportunity to this hour, had a bath, did puja the Mogul you.” endearing persona and mag- him into the Cabinet and party Many were initially sur- rummage through his phe- for an hour, before sitting down Gardens was an ," ." nificent erudition made him, hierarchy. prised that a man who rose nomenal memory, which for dinner. He walked me to the honour I will notwithstanding his strong Very soon, ditto with Rajiv from the ranks of a school- stunned friend and foe alike. sitting area and over two cups probably never " rural Bengali accent, a highly Gandhi who unceremoniously teacher in Midnapore, West On a personal note, I recall of coffee we resumed our adda.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Metagenomic Exploration of Ethiopian Soda Lake Sediments: Microbial Diversity and Community Structure By Mesfin Tafesse Gemeda A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology and Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of the Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biology (Applied Microbiology) July, 2014 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES Metagenomic Exploration of Ethiopian Soda Lake Sediments: Microbial Diversity and Community Structure By Mestin Tafesse Gemeda ~ Presellted to tlte ScllOOI oJ Graduate Studies oJthe Addis Ababa Ulliversity ill Partial - nI oj the Requiremellts Jor the Degree oj Doctor oj PhilosopllY ill Biology (Applied _:n=)o, ogy) __"",~db~ Examining Board: arne Signature (Advisor) ~~~~~=-~+-___ fr.mcis Mulaa (Examiner) --''4~~0~~--­ -assil Assefa (Exami ner) -.f-.~t:.,Ji4--Ac-_-­ -assil A s sefa (Chairman) -+i~P;f!.4=----- 2 Acknowledgements The work presented in this PhD thesis has been carried out at the Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. Funding for laboratory bench has been supported at various times from University of Western Cape, South Africa and University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Addis Ababa science and Technology University, my current host University, has also supported my PhD study to persist to the end while pay ing my fulltime salary. I am thankful to Dr. Amare Gessesse to support the primary phase of my PhD work on 16S rRNA clone library construction for Chitu and Shalla Lakes through the trilateral collaborative NUFU funded project between Addis Ababa University, Institute of Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics (IMBM), University of the Western Cape, South Africa, and University of Bergen, Norway.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Lithological Mapping Using ASTER-TIR Data: Case Study for the Tibetan Plateau and the Surrounding Area
    geosciences Article Regional Lithological Mapping Using ASTER-TIR Data: Case Study for the Tibetan Plateau and the Surrounding Area Yoshiki Ninomiya 1,* and Bihong Fu 2 1 Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 3058567, Japan 2 Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-29-861-3975 Academic Editors: Kevin Tansey and Stephen Grebby Received: 9 May 2016; Accepted: 23 August 2016; Published: 2 September 2016 Abstract: The mineralogical indices the Quartz Index (QI), Carbonate Index (CI) and Mafic Index (MI) for ASTER multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) data were applied to various geological materials for regional lithological mapping on the Tibetan Plateau. Many lithological and structural features are not currently well understood in the central Tibetan Plateau, including the distribution of mafic-ultramafic rocks related to the suture zones, the quartzose and carbonate sedimentary rocks accreted to the Eurasian continent, and sulfate layers related to the Tethys and neo-Tethys geological setting. These rock types can now be mapped with the interpretation of the processed ASTER TIR images described in this paper. A methodology is described for the processing of ASTER TIR data applied to a very wide region of the Tibetan Plateau. The geometrical and radiometric performance of the processed images is discussed, and the advantages of using ortho-rectified data are shown. The challenges of using ASTER data with a small footprint in addition to selecting an appropriate subset of scenes are also examined.
    [Show full text]