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A.Gurbanow, L.N.Gurbanowa, B.Jumaýewa Ülkäni öwreniş Ýo ka ry okuw mek dep le ri üçin okuw kitaby Türkmenistanyň Bilim ministrligi tarapyndan hödürlenildi Aşgabat Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy 2015 UOK 908 + 913 (4) : 378 G 80 Gurbanow A. we başg. G 80 Ülkäni öwreniş. Ýokary okuw mekdepleri üçin okuw kitaby. –A.: Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy, 2015. Okuw kitabynda Beýik Britaniýanyň geografiýasy, döwlet gurluşy, hukuk, habar beriş serişdeleri, ylym, bilim, uniwersitetleri, sungaty, däp- dessurlary beýan edilýär. TDKP № 144, 2015 KBK 26.89 (4) + 26.891 ýa 73 © Gurbanow A. we başg., 2015. TÜrkMeniSTAnYŇ PreZiDenTi GUrBAnGUlY BerDiMUHAMeDOw TÜrkMeniSTAnYŇ DöwleT TUGrASY TÜrkMeniSTAnYŇ DöwleT BAÝDAGY TÜrkMeniSTAnYŇ DöwleT SenASY Janym gurban saňa, erkana ýurdum, Mert pederleň ruhy bardyr köňülde. Bitarap, garaşsyz topragyň nurdur, Baýdagyň belentdir dünýäň öňünde. Gaýtalama: Halkyň guran Baky beýik binasy, Berkarar döwletim, jigerim-janym. Başlaryň täji sen, diller senasy, Dünýä dursun, sen dur, Türkmenistanym! Gardaşdyr tireler, amandyr iller, Owal-ahyr birdir biziň ganymyz. Harasatlar almaz, syndyrmaz siller, Nesiller döş gerip gorar şanymyz. Gaýtalama: Halkyň guran Baky beýik binasy, Berkarar döwletim, jigerim-janym. Başlaryň täji sen, diller senasy, Dünýä dursun, sen dur, Türkmenistanym! PrefAce This book attempts to present a picture of the British country and people as they are at the beginning of the 21st centuries. It has been designed for advanced students of English in order to help them meet the usual requirements for the examination in the subject of country study. Its main objective is to convey basic information about the ge- ography of Great Britain, and some of the country's institutions in- cluding the political system, the law, the mass media, the education, etc. The life of the British community has its difficulties, problems and its irrationalities, and many features which produce friction and dissatisfaction among the British people themselves. Hence, wherever the facts suggest problems, we try to indicate what the problems are and analyse and discuss them. “The book consists of ten chapters. Each chapter of the book has a simple introduction that ought to present little difficulty to ad- vanced students of English. These introductions ought therefore to be looked upon as the preliminary material for further intensive study. In other words, the student of English at college level should consider the introductions to the various chapters as the minimum assignment in English Background. The texts that are included in each chapter to illustrate a particu- lar aspect of British life may be used for either home or classwork. Most of the exercises provide work on the specific vocabulary of this book. The teacher may think it advisable to take them in class, or let the students work on them independently at home. The idea is to make students use intensively the existing dictionaries of modern English, especially the one directly relating to Things British, titled: Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь. М., 1978. 7 i. SUrveY Of THe BriTiSH GeOGrAPHY Britain forms the greater part of the British Isles, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland Europe. The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain com- prises England, Scotland and Wales. With a total area of about 244,000 sq km, Britain is just under 1,000 km long and some 500 km across in the widest part. London is the capital. Other major cities include Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. There are some 58 million people. Population density is highest in England and lowest in Scotland. Structure. A basic highland/lowland division – NW/SE. Mountain regions include: the Scottish Highlands–Ben Nevis 1,343 m; the Lake District–Scafell 978 m; North Wales–Snowdon 1,085 m; the Pennines–a limestone “backbone” in North England; the Jurassic limestone escarpments, especially the Cotswolds; the chalk escarp- ments, especially the Chilterns, the North and South Downs; NB: the Weald, the Fens (north of Cambridge), the Broads (east of Norwich). climate. The climate is changeable through the seasonal cycle. Generally, the winter months from December to February are the col- dest, with the shortest hours of daylight. The temperature rises through the spring months of March to May, and is highest throughout the sum- mer months from June to August. Temperatures rarely exceed 32°C (90°F) or fall below -10°C (14°F). London is the hottest place. The weather is mainly influenced by depressions moving eastwards across the Atlantic. The average annual rainfall is more than 1,600 mm (over 60 inches) in the highland areas of the west and north but less than 800 mm (30 inches) over the more fertile lowlands of the south and east. Britain's lowest air temperatures -27°C was recorded at Braemar in Scotland in February 1895, whilst the highest, 37.1°C, was regis- tered at Cheltenham south-west England, in August 1990. Wildlife. The most widespread wild vegetation in Britain are the heather, grasses, gorse and bracken of the moorland countryside in 8 the highland regions. In lowland Britain, with the exception of a few patches of heath and forest, farmland mainly covers the area. Com- mon trees include oak, beech, ash and, in Scotland, pine and birch. Wild animal life comprises mainly species of smaller mammals (such as badgers, foxes and rodents), birds (over 400 species of which have been recorded, either breeding or migrating) and insects. There are about 30 kinds of freshwater fish. Reptiles and amphibians are few. Common and gray seals may be seen off parts of the coast. For many years Britain has had policies and laws to protect its natural environment–e.g., designating national parks and areas of out- standing natural beauty. People. Britain absorbed a range of foreign cultures and traditions during the early centuries–Roman, Viking and Norman among them. In more recent times people from overseas have continued to settle in Bri- tain, either to escape political or religious persecution, or in search of economic opportunities. Ethnic minorities now comprise about 5.5 per cent of the population. All citizens enjoy the same rights and privileges. Racial discrimination is unlawful under the Race Relations Act of 1976. languages. English is the official language, although the Welsh language has equal validity in Wales. Cornish is now extinct (last speaker died around 1800); Welsh is spoken by 25 per cent of total population of Wales but in some rural areas by 75 per cent: still very much alive with radio and TV programmes, newspapers and festivals (Eisteddfod). Gaelic is only spoken in rural N.-W. Scotland: in contrast to Welsh, it is rapidly declining with fewer than 50,000 speakers. Local place names in all these areas are based on the appropriate language, however. Irish Gaelic (Erse) is rather artificially imposed within the education system. It is the natural speech of only small numbers along the West coast. land Use and Agriculture. Although Britain is an industrial nation, most of the country is under cultivation and around 10 per cent of the land is covered by legally protected national parks. Agriculture, which meets nearly 60 per cent of Britain's food needs, accounts for 77 per cent of land use. Woodland and urban development account for 10 per cent each. Mountainous and other areas make up the remaining 10 per cent. About 66 per cent of agricultural land is under crops and grass, the rest being used for grazing by farm animals. There are about 240,000 farms with an average size of 70 hectares (170 acres). Over half of farms are devoted 9 to dairy products or beef cattle or sheep. These are reared chiefly in Scot- land, Wales, Northern Ireland, and northern and south-western England. Pig farming occurs principally in Eastern and Northern England. Output of poultry meat has increased by over a third since 1980. Arable crops include cereals, higher-yielding wheat, barley, and oilseed rape. Potatoes and vegetables are cultivated in Eastern Eng- land and Scotland. Sugar beet provides over half of Britain's require- ments. Field vegetables are grown throughout the country and glass- houses are used for cultivating tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers, lettuces and flowers. Manufacturing. Many major industrial processes and products were pioneered in Britain. Today, almost all manufacturing is by pri- vate businesses. The largest industries are machinery and transport equipment, chemi cals, motor vehicles and aerospace, electronic and electrical engi- neering, steel, mechanical engineering and metal goods, food and drink, and textiles. The chemical industry is the third largest in Western Europe and is Britain's biggest export earner. Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) accounts for a major part of production, making basic industrial chemicals, synthetic fibres, fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, paint, pharmaceuticals. British computer companies cater for business, science and the domestic user. Telecommunications is an important sector. British Tele- com (BT) has led in the production of optical fibre communications systems. Britain leads in the manufacture of navigational aids for ships and aircraft, thermal imagining systems and signalling equipment. Bri- tish firms are in the forefront of technical advances in radar, another British invention. Other companies make electronic medical equipment originally developed in Britain, such as ultrasound scanners. Britain's aerospace industry is the second largest in the Western world, after that of the United States. British Aerospace, Short Brothers and Rolls-Royce are the biggest of some 300 companies designing and constructing airframes, aero-engines, guided weapons, space satellites and aerospace equipment. Britain has the largest energy resources of any country in the European Union. It is a major world producer of oil and natural gas. Around 25 per cent of its electricity supply is provided by nuclear power stations. Britain also encourages the exploitation of renewable sources of energy, like solar and wind power.
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